International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research IJETSR www.ijetsr.com ISSN 2394 – 3386 Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2018

Review: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Sylvestre.

1 Shobha Rupanar, 2Shirish Pingale 1. Research Scholarat Baburaoji Gholap College, New Sangavi, Pune & Faculty at Dr. D.Y.Patil School of Engineering, Maharashtra, India. 2Dept. of Chemistry, A. C. S. College Narayangaon, Junnar, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Medicinal are the key source for drugs in the Indian medicine system and also in other ancient systems in the world.Nutritional value of medicinal plants has been intensively evaluated for many decades.Gymnema sylvestre, awell- known antidiabetic important medicinal , whose therapeutic value has been studied in different systems of traditional medication. The plant used for the management of different disease and ailments of human beings. Along with this G. sylvestre have antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Present review gives information about recent studies done on G.sylvestre& highlights its phytochemical and biological potential. Key words: Gymnema sylvestre, Phytochemical, Pharmacological profile

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1Information of Plant Gymnema sylvestre Wild R.Br belongs to family (Subfamily: Asclepiadaceae), an herbal medicinal plant used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes.In ancient times, Gymnema was known as ‘Gurmar’, which means sugar killer. This plant is used by Indian healers for nearly 2000 years as part of the Ayurvedic traditional system. Forcenturies, Gymnema plant extracts have been used as treatment for diabetes,aas it can lead to serious complications ranging from stroke to blindness. The plant has wide utilityin treatment of both types of diabetes, type I and II. Literature search shows that it not only lowers the level of blood sugar but may help repair damaged cells in pancreas, the gland in which insulin is produced thereby improving production. In addition, Gymnema is reputed to reduce the urge to eat sweets thus it helps to avoid eating sweets. Many individuals have experienced that drinking a cup of tea with a few drops of gymnema extract will make sweet things bitter for at least two hours. Therefore, this herb is useful in controlling diabetes in the existing and prospective patients.It is a valuable medicinal plant used in folk medicine to treat diabetes, obesity, asthma etc. in India for antiquity. Itis also used in the treatment of asthma, eye complaints, inflammations, family planning and snakebite. It also acts as feeding deterrents tocaterpillar, Prodenia eridania. It alsoprevents dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans and in skin cosmetics [1].The plant is used as therapeutic agents for treatment of several pathogenic caused diseases. 1.2 Botanical description of the plant:The medicinal plant is avaliable throughout India, in dry forests upto 600 m, common throughout the district from January to November. Distributed in Asia, Trophical Africa, Malaysia and Srilanka [1]. (a) Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledoneae Order: Contortae Family:Apocynaceae 756 Shobha Rupanar, Shirish Pingale International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research IJETSR www.ijetsr.com ISSN 2394 – 3386 Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2018

Sub Family: Asclepiadaceae Genus:Gymnema Species:Sylvestre R.Br. Botanical Name: Gymnema Sylvestre R.Br. (b) Botanical synonym: Asclepias geminata Roxb, sylvestris Retz. (c)Vernacular name:[2], Sanskrit: Meshashringi, Madhunashini, Hindi: Gur-mar, Merasingi, Marathi: Kavali, Kalikardori,Vakundi, Gujrathi: Dhuleti, Mardashingi, Telugu: Podapatri, Tamil: Adigam, Cherukurinja, Kannada: Sannagerasehambu. 1.3 Part used: Leaves, Stem, Root [3]& Fruit [4] 1.4 Botanical Description: Fig. 1 shows a G.sylvestre plant. G. sylvestre is a large &woody climber. Leaves of this plant are opposite, usually elliptic or ovate (1.25– 2.0 inch × 0.5–1.25 inch). Flowers are small, yellow, in umbellate cymes. Follicles are terete, lanceolate, upto 3 inches in length.

Fig.1:

2.0PHYTOCONSTITUENTS OF G. SYLVESTRE Gymnema sylvestre is one ofmedicinal plant used in traditional Indian medicine system and studies on this plant were started as early as 1930. It is well known antidiabetic plantcontains several secondary phytochemicals belonging to category alkaloids, terpenoids, tannin, saponin, flavonoid, phenols, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, and glycosides[2].Due to the large range of biological activities, considerable work has been done to isolate and identify chemical constituents of these leaves.Gymnema leaf contains 4 to 10 % of a group of more than 20 saponins glycosides of the olenane-type including gymnemic acids I-XVIII and gymnemasaponins I-V, Some of the gymnemic acids are acylated (Contains an acyl group), while the gymnemasaponins are non acylated. Acylation affects pharmaceutical activity. Dammarane-type saponins and a polypeptide consisting of 35 amino acid residue called gurmarin and other olenane-type saponins (gymnemasins) have also been isolated.

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Leaves of G. sylvestre contain triterpene saponins belonging to oleanane and dammarene classes. Oleanane saponins are gymnemic acids and gymnemasaponins, while dammarene saponins are Gymnemoside[5].The group of antidiabetic molecules has been identified as a gymnemicacids after it was successfully isolated and purified fromthe leaves of G. sylvestre [6]. Along with this other plant constituents are flavones, anthraquinones, hentriacontane, pentatriacontane, α and β-chlorophylls, phytin, resins, dquercitol, tartaric acid, formic acid, butyric acid, lupeol, β- amyrin related glycosides and stigmasterol.Leaves of this species produce acidic glycosides,anthraquinones and their derivatives [7]. The essential oil obtained fromleaves of G.sylvestre plant shows antioxidant and antimicrobial activity [8]. The reported bioactive phyto constituents of G.sylvestre are summarized in Table No.

Table No. 1 ReportedBioactive Phytoconstituents fromG.Sylvestre Sr. No. Reference Phytoconstituents & Their Biological activity 1 Arun et al (2014) Gymnemic acid Anti-ulcer, anti-stress, anti-allergic, and functional properties [9] 2 Gupta et al (2014) Gymnemic acid Antimicrobial activity [10] 3 Khanna et al (2009) Gymnemagenol Leishmanicidal activity[11] 4 Vediyappan et al (2011) Gymnemic acids Antifungal applications[12] 5 Daisy Pitchai et al (2009) Dihydroxy gymnemic Normoglycemic&Hypolipi triacetate demic activity[13] 6 Wu Xiangyang et al (2008) Polysaccharides Scavenge hydroxyl radicals [14] 7 Zhongyao et al (2008) Conduritol Hypoglycemic activity [15] 8 Khanna et al (2008) Saponins Antimicrobial activity [16] 9 Sarkar, Sudip et al (1995) Triterpenold saponins Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic[17] 11 Kurihara et al (1992) Gymnemic acid homologues Sweetness-inhibiting and Gurmarin substances[18] 10 Toshiaki et al (1991) Peptide Suppressive effect on the neural responses[19] 11 Dateo et al (1973) Gymnemic acid, Antisaccharine [20] 12 Kurihara et al (1969) Gymnemic acid A1 and its Antisweet activity [21] derivatives 13 Singh et al (2016) Gymnemic acid, Immunomodulatory property[22] 14 Verma, Nimisha et al (2008) Glycoside Antidiabetic activity[23] 15 Sugihara et al (2000) Gymnemic acid IV Antihyperglycemic effects[24] 16 Tasaki et al (1988) Gymnemic acids Intestinal sugar absorption inhibiting and anticaries activity[25] 17 Rao et al (1974) Triterpenoid saponins Antiviral activity[26] 18 Sinsheimer et al (1968) Gymnemic acids Antiviral activity[27]

19 Maeda et al (1989) Gymnemic acid [28]

758 Shobha Rupanar, Shirish Pingale International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research IJETSR www.ijetsr.com ISSN 2394 – 3386 Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2018

20 Rao et al (1970) Gymnemic acids A-D [29]

21 Wang, Ying et al (2004) Gymnemic acid A. [30]

22 Dateo et al (1973) Gymnemic acid A1 [31]

23 Rao et al (1971) Gymnemagenin and [32] Gymnestrogenin 24 Yoshikawa et al (1989) Gymnemic acid V, VI and VII [33]

25 Lu et al (2009) Conduritol A [34] 26 Wei et al (2008) Conduritol a [35] 27 Zhu et al (2008) Triterpenoid saponins [36] 28 Benbassat et al (2006) Triterpenic prosaponin and [37] sapogenin 29 Daisy et al (2007) Gymnemic triacetate [38] 30 Peng, Shu Lin et al (2005) Triterpenic acid [39] 31 Liu et al (2004) Flavonol glycosides [40] 32 Ye et al (2001) 23-hydroxylongispinogenin, [41] Gymnestrogenin and Gymnemanol. 33 Ye et al (2001) Antisweet saponins [42] 34 Murakami et al (1996) Gymnemosides a (I) and b (II), [43] gymnemic acid V 35 Ye et al (2000) Oleanane saponins [44] 36 Sahu et al (1996) Triterpenoid saponins [45] 37 Yoshikawa et al (1993) Gymnemic acids XV-XVIII [46] 38 Miyatake et al (1993) Conduritol A [47] 39 Yoshikawa et al (1991) Gymnemosides I-VII, [48] 40 Yoshikawa, Kazuko(1991) Gymnemasaponins I-V [49] 41 Yoshikawa et al (1989) Gymnemic acid V, VI and VII [50] 42 Stoecklin et al (1969) Glycosides and aglycons [51]

3.0 STUDIES ON PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE 3.1General properties of the Plant: Literature search indicatesGymnema Sylvestre can be used for the following purpose: 1. Normalizes high blood sugar levels (hypoglycemic) 2. May put the brakes on the urge to eat sweets 3. Diuretic 4 Astringent 6. Stomachic 3.2Gymnema sylvestre is known to possess many pharmacological Properties too these include: 1. Antidiabetic, 2. Antiobesity 3. Hypolipidemic 759 Shobha Rupanar, Shirish Pingale International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research IJETSR www.ijetsr.com ISSN 2394 – 3386 Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2018

4. Antimicrobial, 5. Free radical scavenging 6. Anti-inflammatory The current review highlights ethnobotanical and traditional uses as well as reported phytochemicals and pharmacological properties ofG. sylvestre.Recent reviews state that they are used for making antidiabetic formulations in folk, ayurvedic and homeopathic medicines [24,25]. In Vivo studies shows that G. Sylvestreextractcontaining gymnemic acid suppress the elevation of blood glucose levels by inhibiting glucose uptake in the intestine and by increasing insulin release from pancreas [52]. A number of studies have evaluated the effects of G. sylvestre on blood sugar in animals[46]. A systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements used for glycemic control in diabetics has been conducted [53]. It concluded that the evidence for beneficial effects of G. sylvestre in diabetes is suggestive, although inconclusive given the limited data. 3.3Lipid lowering activity: A dose –dependent increase in fecal cholesterol and cholic acid derived bile acid excretion has been demonstrated in rats [54]. 3.4Weight loss: Anincrease in body weight was significantly suppressed in long term study of the administration of G. sylvestre extract in rats fed a high –fat diet. However, in rats receiving a normal diet, no significant suppression of weight gain was observed[55]. G. sylvestre helps to promote weight loss possibly through its ability to reduce cravings for sweets and control blood sugar level. It has been reported that the gurmar in peptide, block the ability to tasked sweet or bitter flavors and thus reduces sweet cravings [56, 57]. A standardized G. sylvestre extract in combination with niacin-bound chromium and hydroxycitric has been evaluated for antiobesity activity by monitoring changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI), appetite, lipid profiles, serum leptin and excretion of urinary fat metabolites. This study showed that the combination of G. sylvestre extract and hydroxycitric acid, niacin bound chromium can serve as an effective and safe weight loss formula that facilitate a reduction in excess body weight and BMI while promoting healthy blood lipid level [58]. 3.5 Suppression of sweet taste: Gymnema extract inhibits with the ability of the taste buds to taste sweet and bitter flavors (such as sugar or quinine), but the ability to taste sour, astringent, or pungent substances is maintained [59]. 3.6Antiinflammatory activity: Anti-inflammatory properties of G.Sylvestre have been demonstrated. Biochemical markers of inflammation, such a gamma –glutamyl trans peptidase, superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxides are enhanced, increasing protection against leukotriene’s and free radicals and aiding rapid tissue repair and remodeling. The aqueous extract of G. sylvestre leaves was also investigated for evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity in rats at a dose 200, 300 and 500 mg/kg in carrageen induced paw edema and Cotton Pellet method[60]. 3.7Antidiabetic activity:Antihyperglycemic action of a crude saponin fraction and five triterpene glycosides derived from methanol extracts of G. sylvestre has also been investigated. [61]. 3.8Antimicrobial activity: Research articles shows thatG.sylvestre plant shows antimicrobial and antibacterial activity. The ethanolic extract of G. sylvestre leaves showed good antimicrobial activity against Bacillus pumilis, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and no activity were found against Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli [62]. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of G. sylverstre leaves also showed moderate activity against the three pathogenic Salmonella species (S. typhi, S. typhimurium and S. paratyphi). Out of the two extracts used, aqueous extract showed higher activity against the Salmonella species [63]. Ethanolic, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of the aerial parts of G. sylvestre also reported to have antibacterial effects against P. vulgaris, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and S. aureus [64]. In vitro antibacterial potentials of different solvent extracts of Gymnema sylvestre were also demonstrated.The extracts were also tested against five gram-positive. (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus fecalis, Staphylococcus aureus) and five gram-negative. (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella boydi, Shigella dysentriae) bacterial strains were tested[65] 760 Shobha Rupanar, Shirish Pingale International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research IJETSR www.ijetsr.com ISSN 2394 – 3386 Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2018

4.0 OTHER USES 4.1Immunomodulatory effect of Gymnema sylvestre (R.Br.) leaf extract: Immunomodulatory properties of methanolic extarct of leaf of G.sylvestre were studied by using In vitro model[66].In this study, the traditionalknowledge of anti-diabetic property of G. sylvestre is scientifically supplemented with its Immunomodulatory properties 4.2 Antibacterial activity of Gymnema Sylvestre R.Br. ex Schult: In vitro antibacterial potentials of different solvent extracts of G. sylvestre werestudied[67]. 4.3 Antiasthmatic activity:Ethanol ext. of G. sylvestre leaves was evaluated for antiasthmatic activity using histamine andacetylcholine-induced bronchospasm, mast cell degranulation and histamine induced constriction on isolated guinea pig tracheal chain at different dose levels.The present study concludes that the antiasthmatic activity of ethanolic ext. of G. Sylvestre leavesmay be due to the presence of flavonoids or steroids.[68] 4.4 Anti-ulcer, anti-stress, anti-allergic, and functional properties of Gymnemic acid isolated from Gymnema sylvestre R Br:The preliminary phytochemical screening of G. Sylvetsrefor bioactive compds. From aq. extractrevealed the presence ofalkaloids, triterpene, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins. The antioxidant activities were investigated using DPPH radical scavenging method. The in vivo studies on albino mice proved the purified fractions obtained from aq.extracts of G.sylvestrepossess anti-stress/anti-allergic activity against milk induced leukocytosis/eosinophilia and able to inhibit the aspirin induced gastric ulcers [7]. 4.5Hypoglycemic effect of Gymnema sylvestre: Hypoglycemic activity of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats was determined [69]. 4.6 Larvicidal activity of Saponin isolated from G. sylvestre R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae): The present investigation proved that G. Sylvestre could be possibly utilized as an important component in the Vector control Programme. Larvicidal activity of various extracts of G.sylvestre against the Japanese Encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorynchuswere studied in this paper [70].Larvicidal activity of crude hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of G.Sylvestre against mosquitoesalso studied[71]. 4.7 In vitro antioxidant and iron chelating activity of G. sylvestre:In vitro antioxidant free radical activityof 70% methanolic ext. of G. sylvestre leaves, which is was well known for its antidiabetic and sweet suppressing properties [72].Total phenolic content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and alpha amylase inhibitory potential was studied forG.sylvestre[73].Recently antioxidant activity of water extract of G.Sylvestre Leaf, stem & root were reported[4]. 4.8 Anticancer& Cytotoxic activity: Gymnemagenol saponin isolated from G.Sylvestre having vitro anticancer cytotoxic activities on HeLa and HEPG2 cells [10]. Anticancer activity of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and alcohol leaf extract of G.Sylvestrehas been studied on A549 (Human lung cancer) cell.Bio functionalized G. sylvestre gold nano particles shows cytotoxic activity againsthuman cancer cell line [74].

5.0 CONCLUSION The pharmaceutical potential of G. sylvestre, an Indian medicinal woody climber, is well known. This review will serve to extend and advance the current knowledge of the medicinal plant,G. sylvestre.This medicinal plant contains biologically active phytoconstituents. Reports onG.Sylvestre indicate that, the plant leaves has medicinal & nutritional value. Other that Leaf, Stem, Root and Fruit of G.sylvestre is also important from research pointof view.

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