THE

XITH OLYMPIC GAMES BERLIN, 1936

OFFICIAL REPORT

VOLUME II

BY

ORGANISATIONSKOMITEE FÜR DIE XI. OLYMPIADE BERLIN 1936 E.V.

PUBLISHED BY WILHELM LIMPERT, BERLIN, S.W. 68 The Dietrich Eckart Open-Air Theatre provided an ideal site for the gymnastic competitions.

Gymnastics When the preliminary work for the gymnastic contests was begun in 1933, the circumstance arose that the body concerned, the German Gymnastic Association, did not belong to the International Gymnastic Federation. Individual German gymnasts had competed in earlier Olympic Games, but there had been no official participation of the German Gymnastic Association. Now, in the few years between 1933 and 1936, it was necessary to establish a union with the nations represented in the International Gymnastic Federation. The Gymnastic World Championship contests, held in Budapest in 1934, offered the first opportunity to establish this contact. On the occasion of these contests, Germany, that is, the German Gymnastic Association, was admitted into the International Gymnastic Federation. On this occasion, the German men gymnasts for the first time participated as a group

837 in an international contest, competing against 12 nations. The Olympic Games offered the German women gymnasts their first opportunity to test their ability in an international contest. The problem of the manner in which the gymnastic contests should be carried out was studied in great detail by the Organizing Committee. When it was certain that the Dietrich Eckart Theatre would be constructed, the problem of a suitable contest site was solved. It was then possible to begin the purely technical part of the preparations-the provision of the apparatus, the publication of the exercises, etc. It developed that international requirements and customs necessitated the pur- chase of some new equipment and the improvement of existing equipment. The Olympic apparatus was the result of numerous experiments and the closest collaboration between international gymnasts, judges and manufacturers, and represented an advance which, without these Olympic Games, international gymnastics would not so soon have enjoyed. After the World Championship Contests of 1934 in Budapest, the Technical Commission of the International Gymnastic Federation entrusted the Technical Director of the German Gymnastic Association, Martin Schneider, with the task of compiling the exercises for the men’s twelve-exercise competition. Through a number of detailed discussions with German and Swiss gymnasts, as well as practical tests, a uniform formulation of the exercises was attained. The vocabulary was adjusted as closely as possible to the gymnastic vocabulary of other countries. The decisions of the International Language Congresses held in Antwerp in 1886 and in Brussels in 1887 were authoritative in determining the names of the exercises. An innovation at the Berlin Olympic Games was the inclusion for the first time of contests for women gymnasts. This was a team contest, consisting of eight exercises. Six of these were on apparatuses-bars, horse, balancing beam. Two were group exercises—one without apparatus and one with portable apparatus. The exercises were compiled by Mme. H. Provcznikova, of Czechoslovakia, a member of the Committee for Women’s Gymnastics. All the compulsory exercises for men and women were ready for publication in the summer of 1935. The descriptions of the exercises were printed in five languages. Diagrams were included with the descriptions, which made the esercises unmistakably clear. Moreover, in Sep- tember, 1935, small films were made of the compulsory exercises for men and women. These were sent before the end of 1935 to all the nations participating in the gymnastics contests. The Dietrich Eckart Open-Air Theatre proved to be an ideal contest site. The gymnastic contests of both the men and the women were held in the orchestra ring and on the main stage, which had been built specially for this purpose. The main stage was provided with a tent roof, in case the weather should become bad. Since women’s contests were included for the first time, the number of contests was much greater than hitherto. Their successful organization had also become more difficult. In the night between Tuesday, August 11th, and Wednesday, August 12th, a complete change in the arrangement of the stage and gymnastic platform had to be made. The organization of men’s gymnastics suggested by Germany, and accepted by the Technical Commission of the International Gymnastic Federation, proved very successful. From early in the morning until late in the evening, the contests took place before a crowded “house”. The technical installations, such as the announcement board and the loud-speakers which announced the results, proved very satisfactory. The discussions between the judges preceding the contests also were most helpful. It was discovered that the very exact descriptions of the exercises in the regu- lation books had prevented all misunderstandings. Therefore, in the judges’ discussions, there was no need to consider the exercises themselves. It was not necessary for the jury of appeal to meet once during the men’s contests. This was a proof that there was the closest possible uniformity in the judges’ understanding of the exercises.

838 Alfred Scwarzmann (Germany, victor in the 12-event competition, performing the “scissors” on the pommelled horse. The first women’s Olympic gymnastic competition was also successful on the whole, although some doubts were expressed as to the wisdom of the order in which the contests followed one another, and there were objections to the manner of evaluating the exercises, in particular the group exercises. * Lots were drawn on August 5th under the direction of the Technical Commission of the International Gymnastic Federation. As a result, the following countries were in Division I: Bulgaria, Finland, Japan, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, and the U.S.A. In Division II were France, Italy, Luxemburg, Rumania, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia and Germany. The order in which the different apparatuses would be used, was also decided by lot. On Monday, August 10th, at 7 a.m., the ceremonial entry of the seven nations of Division I of the Olympic gymnastic contests began. After the first three exercises, it was seen that three countries were definitely in the lead: Finland, Yugoslavia, and—to the surprise of most of the spectators—Japan. The results of Division I—six compulsory exercises and optional horse vault—were as follows: 1. Finland ...... 483,069 points 2. Yugoslavia ...... 462,999 ,, 3. Japan ...... 443,228 ,, 4. Hungary ...... 427,462 ,, 5. U.S.A...... 420,967 ,, 6. Austria ...... 402,603 ,, 7. Bulgaria ...... 290,167 ,,

The gymnastic contests of Division I had been watched with great interest. However, the interest in the contests of Division II was even greater. The great battle between Germany and Switzerland would be fought in this division. After the seven exercises, which lasted until late in the evening, the following order resulted: 1. Germany ...... 501,298 points 2. Switzerland ...... 500,202 ,, 3. Czechoslovakia ...... 480,198 ,, 4. France ...... 438,897 ,, 5. Italy (for 7 gymnasts, since Neri had been injured) . . . . 436,500 ,, 6. Luxemburg ...... 359,032 ,, 7. Rumania ...... 234,065 ,,

The semi-finals—five optional exercises in two divisions—took place on Tuesday morning. France, Japan, Yugoslavia, Luxemburg and the U.S.A. competed in Division I; Bulgaria, Italy, Austria, Rumania and Hungary in Division II. In Division I, the Yugoslavian team also made an excellent showing in the optional exercises, and was first among the five teams, with 320,160 points. As had been expected, Italy was the best team in Division II. With seven competitors, the Italian team obtained 305,398 points. Finland, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia and Germany competed in the finals of the four best teams in the compulsory exercises. Only one gymnast performed his exercises at a time. The announcement boards clearly showed the status of the contest after each exercise, for each competitor and for each team. The women’s gymnastic contests consisted of a group exercise, then six exercises on apparatus, followed by a concluding group exercise. The following eight nations competed: Great Britain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, U.S.A., and Germany. The interest of the spectators in this contest was also unexpectedly great. This was a proof that present-day views concerning women’s gymnastics are shared by everyone. The organization was not entirely fortunate,

840 An outstanding gymnast and a magnificent gymnastic arena. Eugen Mack (Switzerland) on the rings. since it was necessary for each team to complete its team exercise before the exercises with apparatus began. This resulted in a rather long waiting period for the teams. This made the contest less exciting for the spectators than it would otherwise have been. The effect upon the competitors was also unfortunate. The different nations expressed varying opinions concerning the value of the group exercises. These varying opinions explain the great lack of uniformity in the jury’s evaluation of the exercises. It was not easy for the spectators to follow the contest, since there was no uniform evaluation even for the exercises with apparatus. It may be said, however, that the men’s and women’s gymnastic contests at the Olympic Games of 1936 were the greatest gymnastic event the world has ever seen. The splendid achievements of the competitors, the exciting course of the contests and the interest in the contest of approximately 100,000 spectators combined to make the event unforgettable.

Men’s Gymnastics

Entries and participation. Entered: 14 nations with 111 gymnasts. Competed: 14 nations with 111 gymnasts

TIME-TABLE August 10th—7.00 a.m.: All Compulsory Exercises and the Voluntary Exercise on the Long Horse for the following countries: Bulgaria, Finland, Japan, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary and U.S.A. 2.00 p.m.: All Compulsory Exercises and the Voluntary Exercise on the Long Horse for the following countries: France, Italy, Luxemburg, Rumania, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia and Germany. August 11th—7.00 a.m.: All Voluntary Exercises with the exception of that on the Long Horse for the following countries: Bulgaria, France, Italy, Japan, Yugoslavia, Luxemburg, Austria, Rumania, Hungary and U.S.A. 2.00 p.m.: All Voluntary Exercises with the exception of that on the Long Horse for the following countries: Finland, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia and Germany.

GOVERNING BODIES AND ORGANIZATIONS Federation Internationale de Gymnastique International Jury President: Count A. Zamoyski (Poland) Count A. Zamoyski (Poland) Honorary Secretary: J. Dalbanne (France) A. Huguenin (Switzerland) Secretary General: H. Clement (Luxemburg) Paillot (France) M. Schneider (Germany) Department for Gymnastics in the Reich Association for Physical Training Chairman: Reichssportführer von Tschammer und Osten Technical Committee Director: C. Steding Count A. Zamoyski (Poland) Technical Director: M. Schneider H. Clément (Luxemburg) A. Huguenin (Switzerland) M. Schneider (Germany) J. Dalbanne (France)

RULES The rules governing the Gymnastic Competitions were those of the “Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique”. In the case of disagreement on the interpretation of these rules, the French text alone was authoritative. The men’s apparatus contests at the Olympic Games comprised a 12-exercise competition consisting of ten apparatus exercises and two free exercises. Five of these ten exercises at the apparatuses and one of the two free exercises were compulsory, the remainder being voluntary. The score was established

a) according to nations (team competition) for the whole 12-exercise competition, b) according to individual performances in the whole 12-exercise competition, c) according to each apparatus (apparatus exercises and free exercise).

The scoring was based on the total number of points obtained in the compulsory and voluntary exercises. In the team scoring only the points awarded to the six best gymnasts of each team were counted, i.e. the two gymnasts with the lowest number of points were not reckoned in the establishment of the total number of points for the team competition.

842 Olympic victor Konrad Frey (Germany) “travelling” on the pommelled horse, 843 INDIVIDUAL SCORING TWELVE-EXERCISE COMPETITION OLYMPIC VICTOR: Alfred Schwarzmann (Germany) Second: Eugen Stack (Switzerland) Third: Konrad Frey (Germany)

The scoring system and also the number of apparatuses required varied at former Olympic Games. In St. Louis, 1904, the gymnastic pro- gramme included athletic exercises as well as gymnastics.

Paris, 1900: S. Saudras (France) Antwerp, 1920: G. Zampori (Italy) St. Louis, 1904: J. Lenhardt (U.S.A.) Paris, 1924: L. Stukely (Yugoslavia) London, 1908: A. Braglia (Italy) Amsterdam, 1928: G. Miez (Switzerland) Stockholm, 1912: A. Braglia (Italy) Los Angeles, 1932: R. Neri (Italy)

VICTORS AT THE APPARATUSES PARALLEL BARS OLYMPIC VICTOR: Konrad Frey (Germany) Second: Michael Reusch (Switzerland) Third: Alfred Schwarzmann (Germany)

Athens, 1896: A. Flatow (Germany) Paris, 1924: G. Güttinger (Switzerland) There were no individual victors on the Amsterdam, 1928: L. Vacha (Czechoslovakia) parallel bars at the Olympic Games of Los Angeles, 1932: R. Neri (Italy) Paris, 1900, St. Louis, 1904, London, 1908, Stockholm, 1912, and Antwerp, 1920.

Jury for the parallel bars: Pololampi (Finland), Penninger (Czechoslovakia), Domenichelli (Italy) and Dickstein (Hungary)

The Compulsory Exercise Height of Bars: 1.60 m.—Length: 3.00–3.40 m.—Width between Bars: 42–46 cm. Dash (—) signifies a clearly perceptible pause Outer sidestand: With mixed grip frontal swing into a momentary support-lever, drop backward to somersault under the bars (basket) into hand hang, glide-kip into a balance support—lift the straight body (arms slightly bent) into handstand—twice ¼ turn backward through side-support with undergrip on the bar (i.e. a total of ½ turn left or right in the handstand)—forward swing with support-turn left or right, throw body backward on the upper arms, roll backward into a momentary handstand, lower to cross-support, underswing into upper arm-hang, swing-backward to swing-stem (rise) with ½ turn left or right (support-turn), swing backward into handstand with an immediate ¼ turn left or right into a side-handstand and straddle-dismount into an outer sidestand rearways, bending knees half deep and raising arms sideward, straighten knees and lower arms to the fundamental position.

844 Left: Konrad Frey (Germany), the Olympic vic- tor on the parallel bars, performing a “roll”.

Right: The win ner of second place on the parallel bars, Michael Reusch (Switzerland) “straddling” after a side- handstand.

Below: The winner of third place on the long horse, Matthias Volz (Germany). LONG HORSE OLYMPIC VICTOR: Alfred Schwarzmann (Germany) Second: Eugen Mack (Switzerland) Third: Matthias Volz (Germany)

Athens, 1896: K. Schumann (Germany) Paris, 1924: A. Kriz (U.S.A.) There were no individual victors on the Amsterdam, 1928: E. Mack (Switzerland) long horse at the Olympic Games of Los Angeles, 1932: S. Guglielmetti (Italy) Paris, 1900, St. Louis, 1904, London, 1908, Stockholm, 1912, and Antwerp, 1920.

Jury for the long horse: Ulivi (Italy), Stoffel (Luxemburg), Dergang (Yugoslavia) and Forsell (U.S.,\.)

The Compulsory Exercise Length of Horse: 1.80 m.—Height: 1.30 m.—Height of board: 10 cm.—The distance of the board from the horse was optional The vault over the horse was executed twice. Both executions were rated. The better rating counted as the score. With a running start and support upon croup; stoop vault. The body was pushed off vigorously; at first the legs were squatted, but soon straightened. During the flight the body was straightened out vigorously. Landing with knees bent half deep and arms raised sideward, knees straightened and arms lowered to fundamental position.

POMMELLED HORSE OLYMPIC VICTOR: Konrad Frey (Germany) Second: Eugen Mack (Switzerland) Third: Albert Bachmann (Switzerland)

Athens, 1896: E. Zutter (Switzerland) Paris, 1924: G. Wilhelm (Switzerland) There were no individual victors on the Amsterdam, 1928: P. Hänggi (Switzerland) pommelled horse at the Olympic Games Los Angeles, 1932: St. Pelle (Hungary) of Paris, 1900, St. Louis, 1904, London, 1908, Stockholm, 1912, and Antwerp, 1920.

Jury for the pommelled horse: Bougouin (France), Bordang (Luxemburg), Lerch (Switzerland) and Strauch (Germany)

The Compulsory Exercise Length of Horse: 1.80 m.—Height: 1.10 m.—Breadth: 35–37 cm.—Height of pommels from horseback, 12 cm.—Distance between pommels 42 cm.—Pommels were of polished wood. The upper horizontal part had a length of about 8 cm. Sidestand frontways with grip on pommels, swing right leg under left hand, scissors toward right, saving left leg under left hand, flank- swing right and travel to the right to support rearways on the croup (left hand on rear pommel, right hand on croup), swing (circle) the right leg under left and right hand, dorsal swing left with ½ turn left into support rearways over the saddle, flank-swing backward under the left hand into support frontways over the pommels, swing right leg under right hand, scissors toward the left, swing left leg under right hand, circle both legs under left, right and left hand, swing right under right hand, scissors toward left, scissors toward right, swing left under left hand, circle both legs under right, left, right, left and right hand with a dorsal-swing left with ½ turn left into a side-support rearways over the croup (left hand supported with reverse undergrip on rear pommel, right hand on croup), flank-swing under left hand with ¼ turn left to cross support with both hands upon the croup, a further ¼ turn left with flank-swing right to a side-stand rearways, bending knees half deep and raising arms sideward, straighten knees and lower arms to the fundamental position. This exercise could be executed the opposite way or counter-like, but only “in toto”, not the individual parts.

846 The first decision in the individual competitions. Schwarzmann (Germany) won the gold medal, the prominent Swiss gymnast, Mack, the silver, and Volz (Germany) the bronze.

Steffens (Germany) demonstrates perfect form in the free exercise. RINGS OLYMPIC VICTOR: Alois Hudeæ (Czechoslovakia) Second: Leon Stukely (Yugoslavia) Third: Matthias Volz (Germany)

Athens, 1896: M. Mitropoulos (Greece) Paris, 1924: L. Martino (Italy) There were no individual victors Amsterdam, 1928: L. Stukely (Yugoslavia) on the rings at the Olympic Games of Los Angeles, 1932: M. Gulack (U.S.A.) Paris, 1900, St. Louis, 1904, London, 1908, Stockholm, 1912, and Antwerp, 1920. Jury for the rings: Aubry (France), Ronzoni (Italy), Planicku (Czechoslovakia) and Soos (Hungary)

The Compulsory Exercise Height of the highest point of suspension: 5.50 m.—Height of rings from floor: 2.40—2.50 m.—Wooden rings with an inner diameter of 18 cm.—Thickness of rings: 28 mm. Dash (—) signifies a clearly perceptible pause Straight hang (it was optional whether grip was high up with the balls of the hands or not)—Raise the straight body into an inverte hang, bend hips in the half inverted hang, hip-swing-up into balance-support—Raise the bent body into handstand—Lower to a free lever with straight arms—Lower to a hang with arms sideward (cross hang)—Lower to a lever frontways, swing downward backward, and dislocate forward to inverted hang, drop forward and swing backward with a stem (rise) to support, circle backward to a handstand-Lower to balance-support, lower legs to support, bend arms slightly and throw body backward to a hang, dislocate (high) backward to hang, swing forward and turn-over (backward) with straddling of legs to stand, bending knees half-deep and raising arms sideward, straighten knees and lower arms to fundamental position.

848 Olympic victor Alois Hudec (Czecho- slovakia) in perfect form on the rings.

Alois Hudec (Czechecho- slovakia), Leon Stukelj (Yugoslavia), second, and Matthias Volz 54 (Germany), third, at the vic- tory ceremony for the winners of the compe- tition on the rings. FREE EXERCISES

OLYMPIC VICTOR: Georges Miez (Switzerland) Second: Josef Walter (Switzerland) Third: Eugen Mack (Switzerland) and Conrad Frey (Germany)

Before the Olympic Games at Los Angeles, 1932, there was no individual victor in the free exercises Los Angeles, 1932: St. Pelle (Hungary)

Jury for the free exercises: Maurer (Switzerland), Dr. Sterce (Czechoslovakia), Schmidt (Hungary), and Kopp (Germany)

The Compulsory Exercise The free exercise was to be executed in one flow, i.e. without interruption Dash (—) signifies a clearly perceptible pause

Fundamental position: Open legs to a parallel position of the feet (pivot on ball of foot and opening of heels). Clench hands loosely, raise arms fore-upward, bend trunk slightly backward, look upward. With a rebounding swing whip trunk and knees and swing arms fore-down and backward (bend trunk fore-downward, bend knees, and straighten knees again). With a swing, whip, trunk and knees and swing arms down and fore-upward. Open the fists—, palms forward—, knee-push (a loose knee whip) and bend trunk slightly backward, lower arms sideward with a spring or rebound. Palms of hands upward. Knee-push with a rebound of the arms in the sideward position and immediately swing arms upward. Palm of hands facing each other (knees were straight). Lunge, (charge) left sideward, bend trunk to the left side, circle both arms sideward toward the right, downward and upward. Palms of hands facing each other. Change knee-bending, circle both arms toward the left, downward and upward. Palms of hands facing each other. Straighten right knee, with ¼ turn left, arms remain upward. Slightly bend and straighten left leg, lower body forward and raise right leg backward to a lever frontways standing on left leg, circle arms backward, downward and upward (in line with body), palms facing downward. Lower arms sideward.—¼ turn right to a lever left sideways.—Cartwheel right into a handstand.—Roll forward to a seat with arms raised forward. Whip or dip trunk forward twice. (Hands touch feet.) Roll backward into a momentary handstand. Lower legs with a vigorous push-off from the floor (snapdown) to a deep knee-bent position, swing arms sideward and downward. Jump upward high in place with a vigorous straightening of the body and into a side-straddle-stand (spring or rebound in knees), with 1½ circle of arms (beginning forward) to upward position (with the jump 1 upward ½ circle upward, with the jump downward /1 circle to upward position), palms of hands facing each other. Bend trunk forward, swing arms downward through or between legs. Whip once in this bent position (an after-bend). Straighten trunk, whip knees, bend trunk backward, swing arms fore-upward, palms of hands forward. Whip once in this bent position. Bend left knee, turn trunk right and bend forward (twist-bend), swing arms fore-down and backward. Change knee bending, straighten trunk and return facing to front, swing arms down and fore-upward and straighten right knee (both legs are straight, body facing forward or front, palms of hands toward front. Bend right knee, turn trunk left and bend forward (twist-bend), swing arms fore-down and backward. Change knee bending, straighten trunk and return facing to front, swing arms down and fore-upward and straighten left knee (both legs arc straight, body facing front, palms 1 of hand toward front. Lower body toward right and raise left leg to a lever sideways on the right leg, /1 circle right arm inward, (the right arm lies close to the ear), ½ circle left arm inward (the left arm on the leg which is raised sideward). ¼ turn right into a momentary lever frontways, raise the trunk. Swing the left leg vigorously down and forward, jump in place with ½ turn right, follow with a swing of the right leg (the legs close in the air), swing the left arm upward and drop to support-lying frontways. Jump and bend the legs to a knee-stand, with hands supporting on floor (knees are slightly apart between the hands). Straighten trunk and bend far backward, raise arms fore-upward, palms of hands to the front,- straighten trunk, and with hollow back, roll forward into a handstand.—Lower to a head-stand. Headspring forward into a deep knee-bent position with arms raised backward. Jump in place (with closed legs) with ½ turn left into a slight cross- 1 straddle-stand (one foot close in back of the other), swinging arms fore-upward with the upward jump, after the ½ turn describe /1 circle with the arms, beginning backward, into the upward position, palms of hands facing front. ¼ turn right, lunge, (charge) right sidewards, bend trunk sideward, lower arms sideward. Cartwheel left, ¼ turn left into a momentary handstand on right leg, with outstretched left leg (arms remained upwards), immediately step with left leg forward, turn over forward with hands supporting on floor, half knee-bent position with arms raised sideward, straighten knees and sink arms to the fundamental position. (Cartwheel and turn-over lay in the direction of motion.)

Free Exercises

850

Switzerland is supreme in the free exercises. Mack, one of the world’s outstanding gymnasts.

HORIZONTAL BAR OLYMPIC VICTOR: Aleksanteri Saarvala (Finland) Second: Konrad Frey (Germany) Third: Alfred Schwarzmann (Germany)

Athens, 1896: P. Weingärtner (Germany) Paris, 1924: A. Stukely (Yugoslavia) There were no individual victors on the Amsterdam, 1928: G. Miez (Switzerland) horizontal bar at the Olympic Games Los Angeles, 1932: L. Bixler (U.S.A.) of Paris, 1900, St. Louis, 1904, London, 1908, Stockholm, 1912, and Antwerp, 1920. Jury for the horizontal bar: Stenman (Finland), Sumi (Yugoslavia), Ineichen (Switzerland), and Eichinger (Germany)

The Compulsory Exercise Bar of polished Steel. Height of bar: 2.40 m. Diameter of bar: 28–30 mm. Sidestand: From a slight preliminary swing with under-grip, high underswing, backward swing, swingstem (rise) with a high frontal turn into a momentary handstand with upper grip (i. e. ½ turn about the stationary hand, either left or right), lower body to a free support, free hip-circle backward with straddling over bar into a balance-support, seat or balance-circle backward, drop backward, return-straddle of legs and at once squat through and hip-swing-up rearways forward with flanking backward into a momentary side-support frontways, underswing with ½ turn left or right, forward swing into giant-circle-swing into a momentary handstand with mixed grip, (change to upper grip) two giant-circles backward, with the second circle ½ turn left or right into a handstand with undergrip, one giant-circle forward, at the next giant-circle forward stoop through arms and over bar, scat-circle forward and jump forward into a sidestand rearways, knees bent half deep and arms raised sideward, straighten knees and lower arms to the fundamental position. The exercise was to he executed without interruption,

852 Georges Miez (Switzerland), the Olympic victor in the free exercises.

Josef Walter (Switzerland), winner of second place.

853 Left: The three victors in the 12-event competition. Left to right: Mack (Switzer- land), Schwarz- mann (Germany) and Frey (Germany).

Right: As though liberated from the force of gravity, Schwarzmann (Germany) flies over the bar in a “straddle.”

854 TEAM SCORING OLYMPIC VICTOR: Germany 657.430 Points Second: Switzerland 654.802 Points Third: Finland 638.468 Points The scoring systems, also the number of gymnasts entering a team and the number of apparatuses required varied at former Olympic Games. In Athens, 1896, team competitions for each apparatus were held. In St. Louis, 1904, athletic exercises were included with the proper gym- nastic exercises, while in Stockholm, 1912, and Antwerp, 1920, the team victors of Swedish Gymnastics were not taken into consideration. Athens, 1896: Germany London, 1908: Sweden Antwerp, 1920: Italy Amsterdam, 1928: Switzerland St. Louis, 1904: Germany Stockholm, 1912: Italy Paris, 1924: Italy Los Angeles, 1932: Italy

855 The Dietrich Eckart Open-Air Theatre during the ring competitions. The Olympic victor, Aleksanteri Saarvala (Finland), completing the compulsory exercises. TABLE OF POINTS SCORED BY THE TEAMS Rank according to the various apparatuses The following tables show the results obtained by each gymnast in the team competitions. The sequence of the gymnasts does not indicate each the various apparatuses. The figures surrounded by a 1. GERMANY

Parallel Bars Total Long Horse Total Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Schwarzmann ...... 9.500 9.467 18.967 3. 9.433 9.767 19.200 1. 9.500 9.500 19.000 7. 2. Frey ...... 9.500 9.567 19.067 1. 8.333 9.333 17.666 20. 9.800 9.533 19.333 1. 3. Volz ...... 7.933 9.100 17.033 38. 8.967 9.500 18.467 3. 9.433 9.333 18.766 10. 4. Stadel ...... 9.033 9.100 18.133 18. 9.100 8.933 18.033 14. 9.467 9.400 18.867 9. 5. Beckert ...... 8.800 9.133 17.933 21. 8.333 9.067 17.400 25. 9.467 9.067 18.534 13. 6. Steffens ...... 7.467 9.367 16.834 42. 8.867 8.367 17.234 29. 9.500 9.533 19.033 5. 7. Stangl ...... 9.333 6.400 15.733 63. 8.367 9.300 17.667 19. 9.000 8.900 17.900 28. 8. Winter ...... 7.700 8.800 16.500 49. 8.433 9.467 17.900 17. 7.833 9.600 17.433 35. 69.266 70.934 140.200 — 69.833 73.734 143.567 — 74.000 74.866 148.866 —

2. SWITZERLAND

Parallel Bars Total Long HorseTotal Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Points Points Points Place Comp. Vol. Vol. Comp.Comp. Vol.

1. Mack ...... 9.267 9.567 18.834 5. 9.267 9.700 18.967 2. 9.500 9.667 19.167 2. 2. Reusch ...... 9.567 9.467 19.034 2. 8.833 9.433 18.266 7. 9.600 9.400 19.000 7. 3. Steinemann...... 9.200 9.300 18.500 8. 9.000 9.200 18.200 10. 9.333 8.833 18.166 18. 4. Bach ...... 9.333 9.400 18.733 6. 9.233 9.167 18.400 4. 9.633 9.400 19.033 5 . 5. Bachmann...... 9.100 9.167 18.267 13. 8.267 9.700 17.967 15. 9.500 9.567 19.067 3. 6. Miez ...... 8.567 8.933 17.500 27. 9.067 9.167 18.234 8. 9.100 9.467 18.567 11. 7. Walter ...... 9.033 9.233 18.266 14. 8.667 9.567 18.234 8. 8.200 9.500 17.700 32. 8. Beck ...... 8.900 8.800 17.700 23. 8.700 9.667 18.367 5. 8.467 8.067 16.534 48. 72.967 73.867 146.834 — 71.034 75.601 146.635 — 73.333 73.901 147.234 —

3. FINLAND

Parallel Bars Total Long Horse Total Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Uosikkinnen ...... 9.000 9.433 18.433 11. 9.167 9.133 18.300 6. 9.533 9.533 19.066 4. 2. Savolainen ...... 9.133 9.500 18.633 7. 8.133 8.867 17.000 38. 9.267 8.133 17.400 36. 3. Noroma ...... 8.867 9.267 18.134 17. 8.600 8.600 17.200 31. 9.200 8.900 18.100 21. 4. Saarvala ...... 9.267 8.767 18.034 19. 7.800 7.367 15.167 75. 8.500 9.467 17.967 25. 5. Seeste ...... 8.667 7.767 16.434 52. 8.133 8.967 17.100 37. 8.367 9.000 17.367 37. 6. Pakarinen ...... 6.633 9.033 15.666 67. 7.567 8.533 16.100 57. 9.000 9.233 18.233 16. 7. Teräsvirta ...... 8.767 8.733 17.500 27. 8.167 8.367 16.534 48. 7.500 8.833 16.333 53. 8. Tukiainen ...... 8.000 8.767 16.767 46. 8.633 6.933 15.566 67. 8.367 9.300 17.667 33. 68.334 71.267 139.601 — 66.200 66.767 132.967 — 69.734 72.399 142.133 —

4. CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Parallel Bars Total Long HorseTotal Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Hudeè ...... 9.433 9.533 18.966 4. 8.667 9.200 17.867 18. 9.233 8.733 17.966 26. 2. Kollinger ...... 8.933 9.033 17.966 20. 8.633 8.667 17.300 27. 8.133 9.000 17.133 40. 3 . Sládek ...... 8.433 8.633 17.066 37. 8.700 8.533 17.233 30. 8.900 9.000 17.900 28. 4. Gajdoš ...... 8.533 8.933 17.466 29. 8.733 8.833 17.566 23. 8.400 7.767 16.167 57. 5 . Petáè ek ...... 9.233 8.933 18.166 16. 8.100 8.700 16.800 42. 7.933 7.933 15.866 60. 6 . Tintì ra ...... 8.533 8.733 17.266 32. 8.867 8.733 17.600 22. 7.967 8.500 16.467 50. 7. Löffler ...... 8.167 8.900 17.067 36. 7.067 8.500 15.567 66. 9.300 8.000 17.300 38. 8. Povejšil ...... 8.867 7.967 16.834 42. 8.833 7.933 16.766 43. 8.133 1.333 9.466 102. 70.132 70.665 140.797 — 67.600 69.099 136.699 — 67.999 60.266 128.265 —

858 AT THE VARIOUS APPARATUSES and the 12-exercise competition gymnast’s place according to each contest but that obtained in the 12-exercise competition. The tables also show each gymnast’s rank according to square refer to victors of gold, silver and bronze medals GERMANY Total Position in RingsTotal Free Exercises Total Horizontal Bar Total Results the Twelve- Place Place Place Number Points Points Points Exercise Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points Competition

1. 9.167 9.367 18.534 4. 9.033 9.133 18.166 10. 9.700 9.533 19.233 3. 56.333 56.767 113.100 1. 2. 8.533 9.200 17.733 18. 9.233 9.233 18.466 3. 9.700 9.567 19.267 2. 55.099 56.433 111.532 3. 3. 9.100 9.567 18.667 3. 9.133 9.233 18.366 5. 9.300 9.500 18.800 11. 53.866 56.233 110.099 7. 4. 8.433 8.533 16.966 36. 9.200 9.100 18.300 6. 9.400 9.300 18.700 14. 54.633 54.366 108.999 8. 5. 9.033 9.500 18.533 5. 8.967 8.800 17.767 17. 7.700 9.333 17.033 45. 52.300 54.900 107.250 15. 6. 8.033 8.100 16.133 58. 9.167 9.133 18.300 6. 9.333 9.633 18.966 8. 52.367 54.133 106.500 17. 7. 8.600 8.767 17.367 26. 8.500 8.633 17.133 37. 9.400 9.767 19.167 4. 53.200 51.767 104.967 20. 8. 7.967 8.200 16.167 57. 8.700 8.933 17.633 19. 9.133 1.000 10.133 98. 49.766 46.000 95.766 58. 68.866 71.234 140.100 — 71.933 72.198 144.131 — 73.666 67.633 141.299 — 427.564 430.599 858.163 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 200.733 657.430 SWITZERLAND Total Position in Rings Total Free Exercises Total Horizontal Bar Total Results the Twelve- Place Place Place Number Points Points Points Exercise Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points Competition

1. 8.733 9.267 18.000 13. 9.233 9.233 18.466 3. 9.300 9.600 18.900 9. 55.300 57.034 112.334 2. 2. 9.067 9.367 18.434 6. 8.600 8.800 17.400 22. 9.133 9.433 18.566 18. 54.800 55.900 110.700 5. 3. 8.300 8.867 17.167 31. 8.967 8.833 17.800 15. 9.333 9.467 18.800 11. 54.133 54.500 108.633 10. 4. 7.667 8.533 16.200 55. 8.967 8.633 17.600 20. 8.833 9.500 18.333 23. 53.666 54.633 108.299 11. 5. 8.300 8.900 17.200 29. 8.867 8.800 17.667 18. 8.167 9.167 17.334 42. 52.201 55.301 107.502 13. 6. 7.233 8.667 15.900 64. 9.333 9.333 18.666 1. 9.167 9.300 18.467 20. 52.467 54.867 107.334 14. 7. 6.900 8.267 15.167 71. 9.233 9.267 18.500 2. 7.867 9.033 16.900 47. 49.900 54.867 104.767 21. 8. 7.733 8.233 15.966 62. 9.167 8.833 18.000 13. 9.167 9.000 18.167 28. 52.134 52.600 104.734 22. 53.933 70.101 134.034 — 72.367 71.732 144.099 — 70.967 74.500 145.467 — 424.601 439.702 864.303 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 209.501 654.802 FINLAND Total Position in Rings Total Free Exercises Total Horizontal Bar Total Results the Twelve- Place Place Place Number Points Points Points Exercise Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points Competition

1. 8.267 9.367 17.634 22. 9.200 9.067 18.267 8. 9.333 9.667 19.000 7. 54.500 56.200 110.700 5. 2. 9.233 9.167 18.400 8. 9.267 8.933 18.200 9. 9.400 9.733 19.133 5. 54.433 54.333 108.766 9. 3. 8.767 9.033 17.800 17. 8.600 8.367 16.967 41. 9.000 9.600 18.600 15. 53.034 53.767 106.801 16. 4. 8.600 8.933 17.533 23. 8.400 8.767 17.167 33. 9.700 9.667 19.367 1. 52.267 52.968 105.235 19. 5. 8.233 8.500 16.733 40. 8.867 8.933 17.800 15. 9.067 9.433 18.500 19. 51.334 52.600 103.934 24. 6. 8.300 8.300 16.600 45. 8.933 8.433 17.366 27. 9.567 9.500 19.067 6. 50.000 53.032 103.032 28. 7. 8.300 8.333 16.633 44. 8.133 9.000 17.133 37. 9.300 9.433 18.733 12. 50.167 52.699 102.866 29. 8. 8.467 8.767 17.234 27. 8.067 8.533 16.600 51. 9.033 9.167 18.200 26. 50.567 51.467 102.034 33. 68.167 70.400 138.567 ——69.467 70.033 139.500 74.400 76.200 150.600 — 416.302 427.066 843.368 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 204.900 638.468 CZECHOSLOVAKIA Total Position in Rings Total Free ExercisesTotal Horizontal Bar Total Results the Twelve- Place Place Number Points Points Points Place Exercise Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points Competition

1. 9.633 9.800 19.433 1. 9.300 8.833 18.133 11. 9.367 9.467 18.834 10. 55.633 55.566 111.199 4. 2. 9.000 9.433 18.433 7. 8.967 8.167 17.134 36. 7.867 8.900 16.767 49. 51.533 53.200 104.733 23. 3. 8.000 9.033 17.033 34. 8.767 8.033 16.800 46. 8.400 8.967 17.367 40. 51.200 52.199 103.399 26. 4. 8.633 9.033 17.666 21. 9.233 8.767 18.000 13. 8.500 7.700 16.200 59. 52.032 51.033 103.065 27. 5. 8.767 9.267 18.034 12. 8.900 7.867 16.767 48. 7.733 8.600 16.333 56. 50.666 51.300 101.966 34. 6. 8.367 8.867 17.234 27. 8.567 7.867 16.434 53. 8.100 8.300 16.400 54. 50.401 51.000 101.401 38. 7. 8.933 9.300 18.233 10. 9.067 9.033 18.100 12. 6.167 8.800 14.967 81. 48.701 52.533 101.234 40. 8. 7.167 8.600 15.767 66. 9.100 8.233 17.333 29. 8.833 8.767 17.600 36. 50.933 42.833 93.766 69. 68.500 73.333 141.833 — 71.901 56.800 138.701 — 34.967 59.501 134.468 — 411.099 409.664 820.763 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 195.000 625.763

859 Continuation of the table of points scored 5. ITALY

Parallel Bars Total Long Horse Total Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Gugliclmetti ...... 9.033 9.433 16.466 9. 8.867 9.167 18.034 13. 8.633 9.500 18.133 20. 2. Capuzzo ...... 7.533 8.567 18.100 57. 8.633 6.333 14.966 79. 8.967 9.467 18.434 14. 3. Armelloni ...... 7.300 8.900 16.200 53. 8.367 8.533 16.900 41. 9.100 9.467 18.567 11. 4. Fioravanti ...... 7.567 8.033 15.600 68. 8.967 9.100 18.067 12. 8.467 9.333 17.800 31. 5. Tognini ...... 8.133 8.800 16.933 40. 8.500 8.867 17.367 26. 8.233 8.833 17.066 43. 6. Tronci ...... 8.433 8.900 17.333 31. 8.100 6.587 14.667 85. 8.767 9.167 17.934 27. 7. Ternelli ...... 7.333 8.167 15.500 69. 7.800 8.633 16.433 50. 9.033 9.067 18.100 21. 8. Neri ...... injured — — — ——— — 8.567 injuried 8,567 — 55,332 60,800 116,132 — 59,234 57,200 116,434 — 69,767 64,834 134,601 —

6. YUGOSLAVIA

Parallel Bars Total Long Horse Total Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Grilec ...... 9.133 7.833 16.966 39. 9.200 8.900 18.100 11. 8.400 8.733 17.133 40. 2. Primožiè ...... 8.700 8.833 17.533 25. 8.833 8.300 17.133 35. 8.167 8.533 16.700 47. 3. Stukely ...... 9.067 8.800 17.867 22. 8.233 5.667 13.900 92. 8.233 9.000 17.233 39. 4. Forte ...... 8.833 7.633 16.466 51. 9.067 8.867 17.934 16. 8.000 8.767 16.767 46. 5. Vadnoy ...... 7.500 7.833 15.333 70. 9.067 8.567 17.634 21. 7.967 7.400 15.367 66. 6. Pristov ...... 8.000 6.667 14.667 74. 8.500 8.433 16.933 40. 8.300 7.933 16.233 55. 7. Merzlikin ...... 8.867 6.800 15.607 66. 5.667 9.133 14.800 81. 7.367 5.667 13.034 85. 8. Gregorka ...... 6.700 7.033 13.733 86. 8.233 8.200 16.433 50. 8.200 7.400 15.600 62. 66,800 61,432 128,232 — 66,800 66,067 132,867 — 64,634 63,433 128,067 —

7. HUNGARY

Parallel Bars Total Long Horse Total Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Pelle ...... 9.167 9.167 18.334 12. 7.500 8.233 15.733 64. 8.833 9.367 18.200 17. 2. Tóth ...... 8.867 9.567 18.434 10. 6.033 8.600 14.633 87. 9.300 9.067 18.367 15. 3. Péter ...... 9.100 9.067 18.167 15. 7.900 9.233 17.133 35. 5.267 9.267 14.534 74. 4. Kecskeméti ...... 7.733 9.067 16.800 45. 7.500 7.867 15,367 71. 6.333 7.533 13.866 77. 5. Sárkány ...... 6.333 8.133 14.466 76. 8.700 8.500 17.200 31. 6.433 7.433 13.866 77. 6. Sarlós ...... 5.467 9.133 14.600 75. 6.933 8.467 15.400 70. 7.433 6.033 13.466 81. 7. Hegedüs ...... 7.200 8.033 15.233 71. 6.833 6.667 13.500 97. 8.833 9.200 18.033 24. 8. Mogyorossý ...... 7.733 8.000 15.733 63. 8.400 5.000 13.400 98. 6.733 8.767 15.500 64. 61,600 70,167 131,767 — 59,799 62,567 122,366 — 59,165 66,667 125,832 —

8. FRANCE

Parallel BarsTotal Long HorseTotal Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Walter ...... 8.033 7.700 15.733 63. 8.000 8.667 16.667 45. 8.100 8.200 16.300 54. 2. Solbach ...... 8.133 8.000 16.133 56. 8.067 6.733 14.800 81. 8.233 8.767 17.000 44. 3. Masset ...... 8.167 8.000 16.167 54. 7.567 8.233 15.800 63. 7.233 8.367 15.600 62. 4. Herold ...... 8.233 8.367 16.600 48. 7.867 7.667 15.534 68. 7.467 8.933 16.400 52. 5. Schildwein ...... 8.333 7.600 15.933 58. 7.900 8.367 16.267 55. 7.600 6.967 14.567 73. 6. Rousseau ...... 8.067 8.100 16.167 54. 7.200 8.000 15.200 74. 8.367 8.600 16.967 45. 7. Masino ...... 7.367 7.767 15.134 72. 8.033 7.900 15.933 60. 6.467 5.967 12.434 90. 8. Aubry ...... 8.133 5.767 13.900 84. 7.567 6.500 14.067 91. 7.533 5.767 13.300 83. 64,466 61,301 125,767 — 62,201 62,067 124,268 — 61,000 61,568 122,568 —

860 by the teams at the various apparatuses ITALY Total Position in Rings Total Free Exercises Total Horizontal Bar Total Results the Twelve- Place Place Plaec Number Points Points Points Exercise Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points Competition

1. 8.833 9.133 17.966 14. 9.167 8.000 17.167 33. 8.433 9.500 17.933 30. 52.966 54.733 107.699 12. 2. 8.967 9.400 18.367 9. 8.700 8.533 17.233 30. 8.567 8.833 17.400 39. 51.367 51.133 102.500 30. 3. 7.200 9.000 16.200 55. 8.467 8.167 16.634 50. 9.167 7.933 17.100 43. 49.601 52.000 101.601 36. 4. 8.133 8.467 16.600 45. 9.000 8.233 17.233 30. 7.700 8.467 16.167 61. 49.834 51.633 101.467 37. 5. 8.333 8.533 16.866 37. 8.867 8.500 17.367 23. 8.267 7.400 15.667 70. 50.333 50.933 101.266 39. 6. 8.667 9.033 17.700 19. 8.300 8.733 17.033 39. 7.500 8.433 15.933 66. 49.767 50.833 100.600 41. 7. 7.733 8.333 16.066 61. 8.633 8.233 16.866 45. 8.633 8.900 17.533 38. 49.165 51.333 100.498 42. 8. 8.733 injured 8.733 — 8.967 injured 8.967 — injured — — — 26.267 — 26.267 111. 66.599 61.899 128.498 — 70.101 58.399 128.500 — 58.267 59.466 117.733 — 379.300 362.598 741.898 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 126.765 615.133

YUGOSLAVIA Total Position in RingsTotal Free Exercises Total Horizontal Bar Total Results the Twelve- Place Place Place Number Points Points Points Exercise Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points Competition

1. 8.933 7.867 16.800 39. 8.533 7.733 16.266 56. 9.367 9.000 18.367 22. 53.566 50.066 103.632 25. 2. 8.300 8.000 16.300 53. 9.067 8.267 17.334 28. 9.034 8.333 17.367 41. 52.101 50.266 102.367 31. 3. 9.467 9.400 18.867 2. 8.233 8.567 16.800 46. 8.433 9.200 17.633 35. 51.666 50.634 102.300 32. 4. 8.633 8.067 16.700 41. 8.300 7.600 15.900 64. 6.500 8.933 15.433 74. 49.333 49.867 99.200 46. 5. 8.600 7.467 16.067 60. 8.533 7.767 16.300 54. 6.733 8.500 15.233 77. 48.400 47.534 95.934 56. 6. 8.133 7.833 15.966 62. 8.034 7.300 15.333 75. 7.800 8.000 15.800 67. 48.767 46.166 94.933 61. 7. 8.567 8.100 16.667 43. 8.900 7.600 16.500 52. 9.300 8.600 17.900 31. 48.668 45.900 94.568 63. 8. 6.933 7.367 14.300 80. 7.367 7.033 14.400 90. 7.000 8.767 15.767 68. 44.433 45.800 90.233 78. 67.566 64.101 131.667 — 66.967 61.867 128.834 — 64.167 69.333 133.500 — 396.934 386.233 783.167 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 184.801 598.366

HUNGARY Total Position in Rings Total Free Exercises Total Horizontal Bar Total Results the Twelve- Place Place Place Number Points Points Points Exercise Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points Competition

1. 8.533 8.933 17.466 25. 8.200 9.167 17.367 23. 9.133 9.333 18.466 21. 51.366 54.200 105.566 18. 2. 7.500 8.933 16.433 50. 7.067 8.600 15.667 68. 9.033 9.300 18.333 23. 47.800 54.067 101.867 35. 3. 7.433 8.667 16.100 59. 8.000 9.033 17.033 39. 6.900 9.167 16.067 63. 44.600 54.434 99.034 47. 4. 8.867 9.233 18.100 11. 8.233 8.500 16.733 49. 8.233 8.667 16.900 47. 46.899 50.867 97.766 51. 5. 8.167 9.033 17.200 29. 7.300 8.300 15.600 70. 8.433 7.800 16.233 58. 45.366 49.199 94.565 64. 6. 8.433 9.100 17.533 23. 7.000 8.533 15.533 72. 8.000 8.600 16.600 50. 43.266 49.866 93.132 71. 7. 7.933 8.933 16.866 37. 7.200 8.300 15.500 73. 4.333 8.533 12.866 90. 42.332 49.666 91.998 75. 8. 6.233 8.433 14.666 77. 6.867 8.400 15.267 76. 7.300 8.100 15.400 75. 43.266 46.699 89.965 80. 63.099 71.265 134.364 — 59.867 68.833 128.700 — 61.365 69.500 130.865 — 364.895 408.998 773.893 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 181.963 591.930

FRANCE Total Position in Rings Total Free Exercises Total Horizontal Bar Total Results the Twelve- Place Place Place Number Points Points Points Exercise Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Comp. of Points Competition

1. 7.733 8.500 16.233 54. 8.500 7.600 16.100 61. 8.533 9.367 17.900 31. 48.899 50.034 98.933 49. 2. 8.000 8.533 16.533 48. 8.833 7.300 16.133 60. 7.667 9.367 17.034 44. 48.933 48.700 97.633 52. 3. 8.033 8.533 16.566 47. 8.900 8.600 17.500 21. 6.633 8.967 15.600 72. 46.533 50.700 97.233 53. 4. 7.333 8.067 15.400 68. 8.667 7.200 15.867 66. 7.500 8.867 16.367 55. 47.067 49.101 96.168 55. 5. 8.767 8.933 17.700 19. 7.467 7.433 14.900 81. 7.333 8.933 16.266 57. 47.400 48.233 95.633 59. 6. 8.733 8.433 17.166 32. 7.433 6.800 14.233 92. 5.833 9.100 14.933 83. 45.633 49.033 94.666 62. 7. 8.933 9.000 17.933 15. 8.733 7.300 16.033 62. 7.433 8.667 16.100 62. 46.966 46.601 93.567 70. 8. 7.933 7.967 15.900 64. 8.000 7.567 15.567 71. 6.233 7.467 13.700 88. 45.399 41.035 86.434 86. 65.465 67.966 133.431 — 66.533 59.800 126.333 — 57.165 70.735 127.900 — 376.830 383.437 760.267 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 180.001 580.266

861 Continuation of the table of points scored 9. JAPAN

Parallel BarsTotal Long HorseTotal Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp.Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Taketa ...... 8.800 8.867 17.667 24. 8.667 8.533 17.200 31. 7.400 7.800 15.200 67. 2. Arimoto ...... 6.233 7.900 14.133 78. 8.500 8.133 16.633 47. 7.967 8.467 16.434 51. 3. Miyake ...... 7.400 9.067 16.467 50. 8.000 8.333 16.333 53. 7.433 7.167 14.600 72. 4. Nosaka ...... 8.700 8.833 17.533 25. 5.333 8.200 13.533 96. 8.533 8.567 17.100 42. 5. Toyama ...... 8.200 7.567 15.767 61. 8.000 7.833 15.833 62. 7.633 7.200 14.833 70. 6. Sone ...... 5.800 7.333 13.133 90. 7.933 8.033 15.966 59. 8.200 7.767 15.967 59. 7. Kakuta ...... 6.500 7.933 14.433 77. 7.433 8.167 15.600 65. 8.100 7.300 15.400 65. 8. Matsunobu ...... 7.233 7.600 14.833 73. 6.800 7.467 14.267 89. 8.467 6.600 15.067 68. 58.866 65.100 123.966 — 60.666 64.699 125.365 — 63.733 60.868 124.601 —

10. U.S.A.

Parallel Bars Total Long Horse Total Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Cumiskey ...... 8.467 8.433 16.900 41. 7.400 9.267 16.667 45. 8.767 9.333 18.100 21. 2. Meyer ...... 7.767 8.000 15.767 61. 7.933 8.767 16.700 44. 9.033 9.133 18.166 18. 3. Wheeler ...... 8.667 8.433 17.100 34. 8.333 9.100 17.433 24. 8.233 4.333 12.566 89. 4. Phillips ...... 8.200 9.200 17.400 30. 8.400 7.533 15.933 60. 7.533 5.800 13.333 82. 5. Pitt ...... 8.367 5.200 13.567 87. 7.100 8.133 15.233 72. 8.133 6.767 14.900 69. 6. Haubold ...... 5.500 8.600 14.100 80. 6.933 8.100 15.033 77. 8.867 7.167 16.034 58. 7. Jochim ...... 3.067 8.267 11.334 96. 6.333 7.433 13.766 94. 7.467 6.800 14.267 76. 8. Griffin ...... 7.633 8.200 15.833 59. 6.567 8.567 15.134 76. 5.567 5.000 10.567 96. 57.668 64.333 122.001 — 58.999 66.900 125.899 — 63.600 54.333 117.933 —

11. AUSTRIA

Parallel Bars Total Long Horse Total Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Hermann ...... 8.400 8.800 17.200 33. 8.933 6.300 15.233 72. 8.933 8.933 17.866 30. 2. Pannos ...... 8.500 8.267 16.767 46. 8.667 8.300 16.967 39. 8.567 7.933 16.500 49. 3. Sturm ...... 8.033 7.800 15.833 60. 7.433 8.867 16.300 54. 6.500 8.267 14.767 71. 4. Hollenstein ...... 6.767 7.333 14.100 80. 7.900 7.133 15.033 77. 7.600 8.600 16.200 56. 5. Scheffknecht ...... 6.700 7.333 14.033 83. 7.167 7.467 14.634 86. 5.576 7.633 13.200 84. 6. Redl ...... 7.467 2.000 9.467 104. 7.333 8.800 16.133 56. 5.033 7.600 12.633 88. 7. Swoboda ...... 5.967 7.300 13.267 89. 8.200 8.200 16.400 52. 6.667 7.767 14.434 75. 8. Pranz ...... 6.767 7.100 13.867 85. 5.667 4.767 10.434 101. 5.900 7.667 13.567 80. 58.601 55.933 114.534 — 61.300 59.834 121.134 — 54.767 64.400 119.167 —

12. LUXEMBURG

Parallel BarsTotal Long Horse Total Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Logelin ...... 8.400 8.700 17.100 34. 7.000 7.333 14.333 88. 8.667 8.800 17.467 34. 2. Kugeler ...... 8.067 8.767 16.834 42. 8.433 8.767 17.200 31. 7.967 7.733 15.700 61. 3. Romersa ...... 6.267 7.767 14.034 82. 7.767 8.300 16.067 58. 7.000 5.733 12.733 87. 4. Haupert ...... 4.133 6.733 10.866 98. 7.667 7.233 14.900 80. 7.333 6.333 13.666 79. 5. Leineweber ...... 5.767 5.900 11.667 94. 6.600 8.133 14.733 83. 5.367 6.633 12.000 92. 6. Klein ...... 6.433 6.667 13.100 91. 7.233 7.000 14.233 90. 5.633 6.767 12.400 91. 7. Cillien ...... 5.567 7.200 12.767 93. 4.667 4.400 9.067 102. 5.933 5.900 11.833 94. 8. Frang ...... 6.167 6.167 — 4.333 4.000 8.333 105. — ——— 50.801 51.734 102.535 — 53.700 55.166 108.866 — 47.900 47.899 95.799 —

862 by the teams at the various apparatuses JAPAN Total Position in Rings Total Free Exercises Total Horizontal Bar Total Results the Twelve- Place Place Place Number Points Points Points Exercise Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points Competition

1. 7.367 8.333 15.700 67. 8.633 8.333 16.966 42. 9.000 6.73317.733 33. 49.867 50.599 100.466 43. 2. 8.233 8.167 16.400 51. 8.533 8.633 17.166 35.7.533 8.133 15.666 71. 46.999 49.43396.432 54. 3. 7.767 7.633 15.400 68. 7.800 6.933 14.733 85. 9.267 8.33317.600 36. 47.667 47.466 95.133 60. 4. 7.633 7.500 15.133 72. 7.633 7.600 15.233 77.8.333 6.93315.266 76. 46.165 47.633 93.798 68. 5. 8.133 8.867 17.000 35. 7.833 6.933 14.766 84. 7.500 7.000 14.500 85. 47.299 45.400 92.699 72. 6. 8.467 8.233 16.700 41. 8.933 8.300 17.233 30.9.300 4.00013.300 89. 48.633 43.66692.299 73. 7. 6.600 7.700 14.300 80. 8.333 6.733 15.066 80. 9.100 7,40016.500 53. 46.066 45.233 91.299 76. 8. 7.333 6.767 14.100 83.8.633 7.633 16.266 56. 7.367 8.167 15.534 73. 45.833 44.23490.067 79. 61.533 63.200 124.733 — 66.331 61.098 124.429 — 67.400 58.699 126.099 — 378.529 373.664 752.193 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 181.366 570.827

U.S.A. Total Position in Rings Total Free Exercises Total Horizontal Bar Total Results the Twelve Place Place Place Number Points Points Points Exercise Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points Competition

1. 6.467 7.767 14.234 82. 7.133 7.367 14.500 88. 9.200 9.400 18.600 15. 47.434 51.567 99.001 48. 2. 5.600 5.967 11.567 98. 8.400 7.300 15.700 67. 7.467 9.133 16.600 50. 46.200 48.300 94.500 65. 3. 6.767 6.667 13.434 87. 8.867 8.500 17.367 23. 7.200 8.767 15.967 65. 48.067 45.800 93.867 67. 4. 6.567 6.567 13.134 88. 8.333 8.600 16.933 43. 5.333 8.667 14.000 87. 44.366 46.367 90.733 77. 5. 7.467 7.233 14.700 75. 7.433 7.033 14.466 89. 7.000 9.200 16.200 59. 45.500 43.566 89.066 82. 6. 5.600 7.400 13.000 89. 7.900 6.933 14.833 83. 7.100 8.033 15.133 79. 41.900 46.233 88.133 83. 7. 7.767 8.567 16.334 52. 8.533 7.500 16.033 62. 6.400 8.733 15.133 79. 39.567 47.300 86.867 85. 8. 7.233 8.167 15.400 68. 7.700 7.167 14.867 82. 6.333 5.667 12.000 93. 41.033 42.768 83.801 90. 53.468 58.335 111.803 — 64.299 60.400 124.699 — 56.033 67.600 123.633 — 354.067 371.901 725.968 Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 170.668 555.300

AUSTRIA Total Position in Rings Total Free Exercises Total Horizontal BarTotal Results the Twelve- Place Place Number Points Points Place Points Exercise Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points Competition

1. 4.967 6.700 11.667 97. 8.467 8.900 17.367 23. 9.200 9.400 18.600 15. 48.900 49.033 97.933 50. 2. 5.667 6.333 12.000 94. 7.533 7.867 15.400 74. 8.967 9.333 18.300 25. 47.901 48.033 95.934 56. 3. 5.467 6.333 11.800 96. 7.533 7.633 15.166 79. 9.200 8.967 18.167 28. 44.166 47.867 92.033 74. 4. 5,467 6.467 11.934 95. 8.067 8.133 16.200 58. 7.333 8.733 16.066 64. 43.134 46.399 89.533 81. 5. 4.433 5.933 10.366 105. 7.700 7.467 15.167 78. 8.467 9.200 17.667 34. 40.034 45.033 85.067 87. 6. 6.967 7.700 14.667 76. 7.833 9.067 16.900 44. 6.600 8.633 15.233 77. 41.233 43.800 85.033 88. 7. 4.000 6.500 10.500 104. 6.767 7.433 14.200 93. 7.133 8.633 15.766 69. 38.734 45.833 84.567 89. 8. 6.233 6.433 12.666 91. 7.867 7.800 15.667 68. 6.233 8.300 14.533 84. 38.667 42.067 80.734 91. 43.201 52.399 95.600 — 61.767 64.300 126.067 — 63.133 71.199 134.332 — 342.769 368.065 710.834 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 165.301 545.533

LUXEMBURG Total Position in RingsTotal Free Exercises Total Horizontal Bar Total Results he Twelve- Place Place Place Number Points Points Points Exercise Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points Competition

1. 8.533 8.633 17.166 32. 8.500 7.667 16.167 59. 9.133 9.067 18.200 26. 50.233 50.200 100.433 44. 2. 8.700 9.167 17.867 16. 8.400 7.500 15.900 64. 7.267 9.300 16.567 52. 48.834 51.234 100.068 45. 3. 7.533 7.500 15.033 73. 7.300 7.367 14.667 87. 7.067 7.900 14.967 81. 42.934 44.567 87.501 84. 4. 7.533 6.933 14.466 79. 6.567 6.600 13.167 100. 3.333 7.967 11.300 94. 36.566 41.799 78.365 92. 5. 5.867 5.667 11.534 100. 6.900 6.967 13.867 94. 4.333 7.733 12.066 92. 34.834 41.033 75.867 94. 6. 6.333 6.067 12.400 92. 6.633 6.833 13.466 97. 2.500 6.567 9.067 101. 34.765 39.901 74.666 95. 7. 6.067 6.200 12.267 93. 7.633 7.067 14.700 86. 2.833 5.000 7.833 104. 32.700 35.767 68.467 100. 8. 7.167 — 7.167 — — — — — 5.333 — 5.333 — 23.000 4.000 27.000 110. 57.733 50.167 107.900 ——51.933 50.001 101.934 — 41.799 53.534 95.333 303.866 308.501 612.367 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 95.467 516.900

863 Four gymnasts on their way to the victory ceremony. In addition to Georg Miez and Josef Walter, winners of first and second place, Eugen Mack (Switzerland) and Konrad Frey (Germany) tied for third place in the free exercises. Continuation of the table of points scored 13. BULGARIA

Parallel Bars Total Long Horse Total Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Mirtscheff ...... 5.800 8.333 14.133 78. 8.233 9.067 17.300 27. 6.000 6.800 12.800 86. 2. Dimitroff ...... 6.433 6.867 13.300 88. 8.300 8.200 16.500 49. 3.667 1.667 5.334 109. 3. Cristoff ...... 6.667 6.433 13.100 91. 7.500 6.300 13.800 93. 4.500 6.200 10.700 95. 4. Tschureschki ...... 5.233 5.333 10.566 99. 7.933 6.800 14.733 83. 3.667 3.667 7.334 108. 5. Sidoff ...... 3.767 5.733 9.500 103. 7.733 4.167 11.900 99. 4.233 5.867 10.100 97. 6. Obretenoff ...... 4.700 6.333 11.033 97. 5.833 7.767 13.600 95. 4.000 5.000 9.000 104. 7. Støitscheff ...... 1.667 5.900 7.567 108. 4.733 2.467 7.200 108. 4.167 5.633 9.800 100. 8. — — ——— — — — — — — — — 34.267 44.932 79.199 — 50.265 44.768 95.033 — 30.234 34.834 65.068 —

14. RUMANIA

Parallel BarsTotal Long Horse Total Pommelled Horse Total Place Place Place Points Points Points Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol.

1. Draghici ...... 2.667 7.133 9.800 102. 7.233 8.233 15.466 69. 4.033 4.700 8.733 105. 2. Matuºek ...... 3.767 6.233 10.000 101. 5.000 4.000 9.000 103. 5.100 4.400 9.500 101. 3. Ludu ...... 2.700 5.067 7.767 107. 4.333 4.200 8.533 104. 5.333 6.633 11.966 93. 4. Abraham ...... 4.900 6.767 11.667 94. 1.867 4.533 6.400 109. 4.733 5.300 10.033 98. 5. Dan ...... 4.533 5.633 10.166 100. 4.833 3.333 8.166 106. 4.167 5.200 9.367 103. 6. Schmidt ...... 2.867 5.333 8.200 106. 1.500 4.133 5.633 110. 4.267 4.233 8.500 107. 7. Albert ...... 2.333 6.433 8.766 105. 2.900 5.200 8.100 107. 4.500 5.400 9.900 99. 8. Moldoveanu ...... 4.400 — 4.400 — 6.500 5.167 11.667 100. 3.567 — 3.567 — 28.167 42.599 70.766 — 34.166 38.799 72.965 — 35.700 35.866 71.566 —

864 The winning teams during the victory ceremony: Germany, Switzerland, winner of second place following a close contest, and Finland, by the teams at the various apparatuses BULGARIA

Total Position in Rings Total Free Exercises Total Horizontal Bar Total Results the Twelve- Place Place Place Number Exercise Points Points Points Compe- Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points tition

1. 7.800 8.667 16.467 49. 9.033 7.267 16.300 54. 8.800 8.133 16.933 46. 45.666 48.267 93.933 66. 2. 6.400 7.333 13.733 86. 7.400 6.900 14.300 91. 7.267 6.833 14.100 86. 39.467 37.800 77.267 93. 3. 5.567 8.367 13.934 84. 7.100 6.200 13.300 98. 5.333 4.267 9.600 99. 36.667 37.767 74.434 96. 4. 7.200 7.667 14.867 74. 6.500 6.800 13.300 98. 4.000 6.800 10.800 95. 34.533 37.067 71.600 98. 5 . 6.267 7.567 13.834 85. 7.100 6.400 13.500 96. 4.000 6.333 10.333 97. 33.100 36.067 69.167 99. 6. 4.733 6.133 10.866 102. 7.267 6.333 13.600 95. 2.500 5.333 7.833 104. 29.033 36.899 65.932 101. 7. 5.833 7.067 12.900 90. 6.533 5.300 11.833 105. 4.000 3.567 7.567 106. 26.933 29.934 50.867 106. 8. — —— 43.800 52.801 96.001 — 50.933 45.200 96.133 — 35.900 41.266 77.166 — 245.399 263.801 509.200 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 56.867 452.333 RUMANIA Total Position of Rings Total Free Exercises Total Horizontal Bar Total Results the Twelve- Place Place Place Number Exercise Points Points Points Compe- Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. Comp. Vol. of Points tition

1. 6.500 8.067 14.567 78. 5.667 6.733 12.400 103. 5.000 7.533 12.533 91. 31.100 42.399 73.499 97. 2. 5.000 6.567 11.567 98. 4.700 5.767 10.467 107. 3.333 5.833 9.166 100. 26.900 32.800 59.700 102. 3. 5.200 6.167 11.367 101. 5.133 5.500 10.633 106. 2.000 6.533 8.533 102. 24.699 34.100 58.799 103. 4. 4.833 5.867 10.700 103. 5.800 6.700 12.500 102. 2,000 5.400 7.400 107. 24.133 34.567 58.700 104. 5. 5.267 5.067 10.334 106. 5.233 6.667 11.900 104. 2.000 5.933 7.933 103. 26.033 31.833 57.866 105. 6. 2.167 4.567 6.734 110. 5.667 6.967 12.634 101. 3.333 7.167 10.500 96. 19.801 32.400 52.201 107. 7. 3.000 5.900 8.900 107. 4.000 5.833 9.833 108. — 5.567 5.567 — 16.733 34,333 51.066 108. 8. 4.667 — 4.667 — 4.233 — 4.233 — 2.500 — 2.500 — 25.867 5,167 31.034 109. 36.634 42.202 78.836 — 40.433 44.167 84.600 — 20.166 43.966 64.132 — 195.266 247.599 442.865 — Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 82.100 360.765

55 865 The Hungarian gymnasts during their team exercise.

Women’s Gymnastics (Team Competition Only)

OLYMPIC VICTOR: Germany Second: Czechoslovakia Third: Hungary Amsterdam, 1928: Holland

Entries and participation. Entered: 8 nations with 64 gymnasts. Competed: 8 nations with 64 gymnasts

Before the XIth Olympiad, Women’s Gymnastic Competitions were held only at the Olympic Games, Amsterdam, 1928. Women’s gymnastic displays have been included, however, in the Olympic programmes ever since the Games at Stockholm in 1912

GOVERNING BODIES AND ORGANIZATIONS Federation Internationale de Gymnastique Deutsche Turnerschaft President: Count A. Zamoysky (Poland) Chairman: Reichssportführer von Tschammer und Osten Honorary Secretary: I. Dalbanne (France) Director: C. Steding Secretary General: H. Clément (Luxemburg) Technical Committee for Women’s Gymnastics Technical Committee for the Women’s Gymnastics President: Countess H. Zamoyska (Poland) Directress: Mrs. H. Warninghoff International Jury Countess H. Zamoyska (Poland) Mrs. H. Provacznikova (Czechoslovakia) Mrs. H. Warninghoff (Germany)

RULES The rules governing the Women’s Gymnastic Competitions were those of the “Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique”. In the case of disagreement on the interpretation of these rules, the French text alone was authoritative. A team competition alone was held for the women. It included an 8-exercise competition which consisted of six apparatus exercises and two group exercises. The apparatus exercises were compounded of three compulsory and three voluntary exercises, while the group exercises consisted of a free exercise and an exercise with portable apparatus. The scoring was based on the total number of points obtained in the compulsory and voluntary apparatus exercises and the points gained in the group exercises. This result did not include the two lowest scores obtained on the apparatuses. The figures deciding the final result, therefore comprised the individual scores of the six best gymnasts of each country added to the results of the group exercises of all 8 gymnasts.

866 Above: Vlasta Above: Käthe Dìkanová Sohnemann (Czechoslov.) (Germany) performing during her the compul- voluntary per- sory exercises formance on on the parallel the parallel bars. bars.

Left: The Polish gymnasts per- forming on the balancing beam.

55* 867 The Polish team demonstrates unusual bow-drawing exercises during their team presentation.

1. Group (Team) Exercise: Entrance: Combined movements or exercises for loosening arms, trunk and legs. Sequence and duration as well as selection and composition of exercises were optional. (Execution with music or song, optional.) Duration: Four or five minutes.

2. Group (Team) Exercise: Exercises with portable apparatus, accompaniment with music or song, optional, also selection and composition of exercises. Duration: Four or five minutes.

The Compulsory Exercises at the Apparatus Dash (—) signifies a clearly perceptible pause Parallel Bars (each bar of different height – the higher bar 2.30 m., the lower 1.50 m.). From a side-stand facing the lower bar with mixed grasp (right hand under, left hand upper grip): Hip-swing-up to support frontways on the lower bar, frontal swing left grasping at the same time the higher bar with under grip, rearvault-swing right over the lower bar into 1 hang-lying frontways on the thighs, with bent arms and straightened trunk, with both hands in upper grip on the higher bar,— /1 circle with both legs toward the right and return to hang-lying with bent arms,—with left hand forward to upper grip, leg swing right between 3 the bars with /4 turn right backward and to an outer cross-scat upon the lower bar in front of right hand. The right leg is swung well back (screw turn right backward), — squat right leg upon bar and raise left leg forward, change left hand to upper grip and straighten the right knee, keeping the left leg raised forward, swing the left leg backward with ¼ turn left and swing (cut) left leg under left hand to a stand on the right leg, the left leg hooked over the bar between hands,-raise arms obliquely fore-upward (palms toward front), bend trunk back- ward (about 450),—straighten trunk, lower arms, grasp higher bar with under grip,—swing the right leg over the higher bar with ½ turn left to support frontways with upper grip, change left to under grip, front-vault right, grasping over with right hand upper grip to support on lower bar and with bent arm hang left on the higher bar and immediately rear-vault right and a half turn right to an outer cross-stand right bending knees slightly and raising arms forward, straighten knees and lower arms to fundamental position. Horizontal Balancing Beam (8 centimetres wide, 120 centimetres high, length about 5 metres). From a sidestand frontways before the left third: Jump to support frontways, swing left leg upon beam with ¼ turn right to support-lying frontways, the right leg raised backward,-place the right knee close to the hands, place the left knee upon beam and sit upon the right heel,—straighten trunk and raise arms obliquely fore-upward (palms toward front),—bend trunk well backward,—straighten trunk, move arms downward and backward (palms backward), straighten right leg (straighten hips)—and stride forward with left leg, raise right leg forward, raise right leg backward, raise arms obliquely fore-upward (palms forward) and bend trunk backward,—straighten trunk, lower arms fore-downward and stride forward with right leg,—raise left leg forward and swing arms backward (palms backward), raise left leg backward, raise arms obliquely fore-upward (palms forward) and bend trunk backward,—straighten trunk, lower arms fore-downward and step left leg forward,-raise right leg forward and raise arms horizontally forward, circle leg sideward and backward with straight swing down of arms, along the body, and raise arms upward (standing lever, palms downward, back hollow),—balance—(supporting leg slightly bent by return movement of right leg, and straightened with raising of arms),—raise the trunk (keep arms raised) and place the right before the left foot, raise heels with lowering of arms to side (palms downward), 1¼ circle left to fundamental position (turn on left foot—change 1 of right foot in /1 circle during second part of turn), bend knees and hips slightly and lower arms backward (palms backward), jump forward (dismount), straighten body in air and raise arms forward (palms forward), slight bending of knees with arms horizontal—fundamental position.

Side Horse (without pommels, without springboard, height 95 centimetres. With a running start and a take-off from one foot a free jump over the horse (without support of hands), legs closed and straight forward to a slightly knee-bent position with arms raised forward, straighten knees and lower arms to fundamental position. Scoring. Optional exercises at apparatus: As in the cast of the compulsory exercise, perfect execution scored a maximum of ten points, difficulty, another five points. Therefore, for a perfect exercise the maximum rating was fifteen points, and this only in case of extraordinary difficulty.

Free exercises, team exercises with optional apparatus: Difficulty of execution was rated up to 20 points; beauty of composition and the body building value, up to 20 points; exactness of execution and the general effect, up to 30 points. Therefore each exercise could score a maximum of 70 points. The team exercises (free exercises, team exercises with portable apparatus) were rated by 3 groups of judges. Each group consisted of 4 mem- bers, each of whom had to be of a different nationality. 1. Group: Rating of difficulty and body building value of an exercise. 2. Group: Rating of beauty and composition of the exercise. 3. Group: Rating of execution and of the performance as a whole.

869 TABLE SHOWING THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS SCORED 1. GERMANY

1st Group Exercise Parallel Bars Balancing Beam Entrance Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. Total Place

1. Meyer ...... Points awarded by the Points 9.05 14.05 23.10 1. 9.20 13.40 22.60 8. 2. Bürger ...... 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 8.30 14.05 22.35 11. 8.95 14.10 23.05 3. 3. Sohnemann . . . . woman judge ed 8.55 14.50 23.05 2. 8.55 13.30 21.85 15. 4. Frölian ...... I. Group: 14.0 12.0 18.0 11.5 13.00 8.45 14.20 22.65 7. 7.95 13.15 21.10 29. 5. Bärwirth ...... II. Group: 17.0 18.0 20.0 9.0 17.50 8.20 12.90 21.10 23. 8.35 13.55 21.90 13. 6. Pöhlsen ...... III. Group: 28.0 25.5 25.0 28.0 26.75 8.15 14.20 22.35 11. 8.10 13.55 21.65 18. 7. Iby ...... 8.80 14.10 22.90 5. 9.10 11.90 21.00 33. 8. Schmitt ...... 8.25 13.30 21.55 18. 8.85 12.40 21.25 24. Total: 57.25 67,75 111.30 179.05 — 69.05 105.35 174.40 —

2. CZECHOSLOVAKIA

1st Group Exercise Parallel Bars Balancing Beam Entrance Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. Total Place 1. Foltová ...... Points awarded by the Points 8.20 13.65 21.85 17. 9.15 13.50 22.65 7. 2. Dìkanová ...... 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 8.35 14.25 22.60 8. 8.80 12.60 21.40 22. 3. Veømiøovská . . . woman judge ed 8.00 13.95 21.95 14. 9.00 14.10 23.10 2. 4. Pálfyová ...... I. Group: 13.0 13.2 13.5 20.0 13.35 8.30 13.00 21.30 20. 7.10 13.95 21.05 31. 5. Høebøinová . . . . . II. Group: 15.0 20.0 16.0 20.0 18.00 7.50 13.50 21.00 26. 8.25 12.25 20.50 38. 6. Dobešová . . . . . III. Group: 27.5 20.2 27.5 23.5 25.50 8.25 13.65 21.90 16. 6.45 12.85 19.30 46. 7. Vetrovská . . . . . 7.60 11.35 18.95 43. 8.90 12.25 21.15 27. 8. Bayerowa ...... 7.35 13.25 20.60 35. 7.00 11.25 18.25 52. Total: 56.85 63.55 106.60 170.15 — 64.65 102.75 167.40 —

3. HUNGARY

1st Group Exercise Parallel Bars Balancing Beam Entrance Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. Total Place 1. Csillic ...... Points awarded by the Points 8.75 14.05 22.80 6. 9.20 13.10 22.30 10. 2. Toth ...... 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 8.05 13.90 21.95 14. 7.50 13.70 21.20 25. 3. Nagy ...... woman judge ed 8.60 14.40 23.00 3. 8.30 13.30 21.60 19. 4. Mészáros ...... I. Group: 15.0 19.8 16.0 10.5 15.50 7.80 13.00 20.80 31. 9.15 14.55 23.70 1. 5. Voit ...... II. Group: 19.0 17.0 17.0 12.0 17.00 7.85 13.20 21.05 24. 8.25 13.35 21.60 19. 6. Törös ...... III. Group: 28.2 28.0 24.0 28.5 28.10 7.90 12.95 20.85 30. 7.95 13.90 21.85 15. 7. Madary ...... 7.95 12.70 20.65 34. 8.05 13.90 21.95 12. 8. Kalocsai ...... 6.80 10.05 16.85 61. 8.95 14.00 22.95 5. Total: 60.60 63.70 104.25 167.95 — 67.35 109.80 177.15 —

YUGOSLAVIA

1st Group Exercise Parallel Bars Balancing Beam Entrance Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. Total Place

1. Radivojeviè . . . . Points awarded by the Points 7.70 13.50 21.20 22. 8.35 12.55 20.90 35. 2. Rupnik ...... 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 8.10 14.25 22.35 11. 6.50 12.50 19.00 48. 3. Pustišek ...... woman judge ed 7.45 12.95 20.40 37. 8.80 11.40 20.20 41. 4. Rajkoviæ ...... I. Group: 13.0 13.0 14.2 20.0 13.60 7.65 13.15 20.80 31. 7.95 13.25 21.20 25. 5. Djordjeviæ . . . . . II. Group: 17.0 20.0 15.0 20.0 18.50 7.55 11.25 18.80 46. 8.90 13.00 21.90 13. 6. Gopurenko . . . . . III. Group: 26.0 15.5 28.0 25.0 25.50 7.55 13.40 20.95 27. 7.15 12.60 20.35 39. 7. Hribar ...... 7.75 13.15 20.90 28. 7.70 10.40 18.10 54. 8. Veršec...... 5.75 11.55 17.30 57. 8.55 12.50 21.05 31. Total : 57.60 59.50 103.20 162.70 — 64.50 98.20 162.70

Bold figures indicate points 870 BY THE TEAMS AT THE VARIOUS APPARATUSES GERMANY Result Vaulting Horse Total Result 2nd Group Exercise of the indi- Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. vidual scores Place 1. 7.90 13.95 21.85 7. 26.15 41.40 67.55 1. Points awarded by the Points 2. 8.25 13.80 22.05 3. 25.50 41.95 67.45 2. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 3. 8.20 13.95 22.15 2. 25.30 41.75 67.05 3. woman judge ed Final 4. 8.15 13.85 22.00 4. 24.55 41.20 65.75 8 . I. Group: 14.0 16.5 17.0 14.0 15.25 Re- 5. 8.90 13.55 22.45 1. 25.45 40.00 65.45 9 . II. Group: 15.0 4.0 20.0 5.0 10.00 sult 6. 7.80 13.20 21.00 16. 25.30 41.75 67.05 12. III. Group: 29.0 23.5 26.5 25.0 25.75 7. 7.85 12.00 19.85 38. 25.75 38.00 63.75 17. 8. 8.05 11.25 19.30 43. 25.15 36.95 62.10 27. 65.10 105.55 170.65 — 201.90 322.20 524.10 — Total: 51.00 632.35 Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 125.85 506.50

CZECHOSLOVAKIA Result Vaulting Horse Total Result 2nd Group Exercise of the indi- Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. vidual scores Place 1. 8.15 13.80 21.95 5. 25.50 40.95 66.45 5. Points awarded by the Points 2. 8.50 13.45 21.95 5. 25.65 40.30 65.95 6. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 3. 7.75 13.10 20.85 18. 24.75 41.15 65.90 7. woman judge ed Final 4. 8.45 13.30 21.75 8. 23.85 40.25 64.10 16. I. Group: 14.0 11.0 14.0 20.0 14.00 Re- 5. 13.15 21.20 II. Group: 19.0 20.0 12.0 20.0 19.50 8.05 15. 23.80 38.90 62.70 21. sult 6. 8.50 12.95 21.45 11. 23.20 39.45 62.65 22. III. Group: 26.0 15.0 29.5 25.0 25.50 7. 7.95 12.20 20.15 31. 24.45 35.80 60.25 38. 8. 7.90 12.60 20.50 23. 22.25 37.10 59.35 45. 65.25 104.55 169.80 — 193.45 313.90 507.35 — Total: 59.00 623.20 Decuded: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 119.60 503.60

HUNGARY Result Vaulting Horse Total Result 2nd Group Exercise of the indi- Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. vidual scores Place 1. 7.60 12.60 20.20 29. 25.55 39.75 65.30 11. Points awarded by the Points 2. 8.50 13.05 21.55 10. 24.05 40.65 64.70 13. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 3. 6.90 13.05 19.95 35. 23.80 40.75 64.55 15. woman judge ed Final 4. 6.85 11.70 18.55 54. 23.80 39.25 63.05 19. I. Group: 13.0 20.0 16.0 11.0 14.50 Re- 5. 12.60 20.25 28. 23.75 39.15 62.90 20. II. Group: 17.0 12.0 15.0 11.0 13.50 7.65 sult 6. 6.50 12.70 19.20 47. 22.35 39.55 61.90 30. III. Group: 26.5 29.5 27.0 29.0 28.00 7. 7.00 11.65 18.65 53. 23.00 38.25 61.25 33. 8. 7.25 12.80 20.05 33. 23.00 36.85 59.85 41. 58.25 100.15 158.40 — 189.30 314.20 503.50 — Total: 56.00 620.10 Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 121.10 499.00 YUGOSLAVIA Result Vaulting Horse Total Result 2nd Group Exercise of the indi- Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. vidual scores Place 1. 8.25 11.95 20.20 29. 24.30 38.00 62.30 25. Points awarded by the Points 2. 8.25 12.65 20.90 17. 22.85 39.40 62.25 26. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 3. 8.50 12.90 21.40 12. 24.75 37.25 62.00 28. woman judge ed Final 4. 7.45 12.55 20.00 34. 23.05 38.95 62.00 28. I. Group: 12.0 14.0 14.0 19.0 14.00 Re- 12.35 20.50 23. 13.0 20.0 11.0 20.0 16.50 5. 8.15 24.60 36.60 61.20 34. II. Group: sult 6. 7.55 11.90 19.45 42. 22.85 37.90 60.75 35. III. Group: 27.0 18.5 29.0 27.0 27.00 7. 8.15 13.45 21.60 9. 23.60 37.00 60.60 36. 8. 7.65 12.65 20.30 27. 21.95 36.70 58.65 46. 63.95 100.40 164.35 — 187.95 301.80 489.75 — Total: 57.50 604.85 Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 119.25 485.60 not recorded by the judges 871 Above: Gabriella Mészáros The best performer (Hungary.) on the balancing beam.

Left: Consetta Anne Caruccio (U.S.A.).

872 Left: The German team during its exercise with the Indian clubs.

Below: The vic- torious teams: Germany, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Continuation of the table showing the total number of 5. U.S.A.

1st Group Exercise Parallel Bars Balancing Beam Entrance Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. Total Place

1. Caruccio ...... Points awarded by the Points 8.35 14.60 22.95 4. 9.05 14.00 23.05 3. 2. Caputo ...... 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 8.20 14.40 22.60 8. 7.60 13.95 21.55 22. 3. Haubold ...... woman judge ed 7.75 13.55 21.30 20. 8.00 13.00 21.00 33. 4. Duff ...... I. Group: 13.0 15.0 15.0 17.0 15.00 7.45 13.05 20.50 36. 7.00 13.30 20.30 40. 5. Lunardoni . . . . . II. Group: 15.0 16.0 13.0 14.0 14.50 6.80 13.00 19.80 41. 7.95 12.80 20.75 36. 6. Meyer ...... III. Group: 26.3 21.0 26.0 25.5 25.75 7.05 14.00 21.05 24. 5.60 12.55 18.15 53. 7. Wright ...... 6.90 11.60 18.50 47. 7.90 11.25 19.15 47. 8. Kibler ...... 5.75 injured 5.75 — injured injured — — Total: 55.25 58.25 94.20 152.45 — 53.10 90.85 143.95 —

6. POLAND

1st Group Exercise Parallel Bars Balancing Beam Entrance Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. Total Place

1. Sieronska ...... Points awarded by the Points 8.05 13.40 21.45 19. 8.90 13.85 22.75 6. 2. Majowska ...... 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 8.00 11.95 19.95 38. 8.95 13.45 22.40 9. 3. Osadnik ...... woman judge ed 8.20 14.20 22.40 10. 8.05 12.10 20.15 43. 4. Noshiewicz . . . . . I. Group: 17.0 13.8 10.0 10.0 11.90 7.80 12.05 19.85 39. 7.45 13.70 21.15 27. 5. Skirlinska ...... II. Group: 20.0 13.0 17.0 17.0 17.00 7.40 11,05 18.45 48. 8.25 13.60 21.85 15. 6. Cichecka ...... III. Group: 26.0 19.8 20.0 27.0 23.00 7.85 12.00 19.85 39. 6.70 13.50 20.20 41. 7. Wojciechowska . 7.85 13.05 20.90 28. 8.40 12.15 20.55 37. 8. Krupowa ...... 7.70 11.25 18.95 43. 5.60 11.75 17.35 56. Total: 51.90 62.85 98.95 161.80 — 62.30 104.10 166.40 —

7. ITALY

1st Group Exercise Parallel Bars Balancing Beam Entrance Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. Total Place

1. Canella ...... Points awarded by the Points 7.65 11.20 18.85 45. 9.25 12.35 21.60 19. 2. Bimbocci ...... 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 7.60 11.75 19.35 42. 7.95 13.15 21.10 29. 3. Cividino ...... woman judge ed 7.90 10.45 18.35 50. 9.55 12.75 22.30 10. 4. Toso ...... I. Group: 11.0 15.2 15.0 16.0 15.10 7.90 10.40 18.30 51. 6.85 11.90 18.75 51. 5. Cipriotto ...... II. Group: 20.0 6.0 15.0 13.0 14.00 6.90 10.15 17.05 60. 8.20 11.20 19.40 45. 6. Avanzini, A. . . . III. Group: 28.3 22.3 21.0 22.0 22.15 7.05 10.45 17.50 55. 8.10 10.75 18.85 49. 7. Avanzini, V. . . . . 7.45 10.50 17.95 52. 8.95 9.85 18.80 50. 8. Guaita ...... 7.15 7.25 14.40 63. 7.80 11.65 19.45 44. Total: 51.25 59.60 82.15 141.75 — 66.65 93.60 160.25 —

8. GREAT BRITAIN

1st Group Exercise Parallel Bars Balancing Beam Entrance Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. Total Place

1. Heaton ...... Points awarded by the Points 7.50 13.25 20.75 33. 7.90 8.35 16.25 57. 2. Kelly ...... 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 7.65 9.85 17.50 55. 7.90 9.85 17.75 55. 3. Ridgewell . . . . . woman judge ed 7.55 10.25 17.80 53. 6.25 9.65 15.90 58. 4. Blake ...... I. Group: 16.0 13.0 11.5 12.0 12.50 7.35 11.05 18.40 49. 6.40 9.25 15.65 59. 5. Crowe ...... II. Group: 16.0 14.0 13.0 16.0 15.00 6.25 11.05 17.30 57. 4.00 9.30 13.30 60. 6. Hanson ...... III. Group: 26.5 22.5 22.0 27.5 24.50 6.50 10.65 17.15 59. 2.65 10.00 12.65 61. 7. Wharton ...... 6.55 11.25 17.80 53. 6.60 3.25 9.85 63. 8. Gross ...... 5.55 9.65 15.20 62. 0.79 9.65 10.44 62. Total: 52.00 54.90 87.00 141.90 — 42.49 69.30 111.79 —

Bold figures indicate points 874 points scored by the teams at the various apparatuses U.S.A. Result Vaulting Horse Total Result 2nd Group Exercise of the indi- Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. vidual scores Place 1. 7.60 13.25 20.85 18. 25.00 41.85 66.85 4. Points awarded by the Points 2. 7.55 13.75 21.30 13. 23.35 42.10 65.45 9. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 3. 7.15 13.00 20.15 31. 22.90 39.55 62.45 23. woman judge ed Final 4. 7.15 12.55 19.70 39. 21.60 38.90 60.50 37. I. Group: 12.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 10.00 Re- 11.50 5. 6.70 13.00 19.70 39. 21.45 38.80 60.25 38. II. Group: 13.0 8.0 14.0 10.0 sult 6. 7.10 10.25 17.35 62. 19.75 36.80 56.55 50. III. Group: 22.0 17.5 24.0 23.6 22.80 7. 6.50 10.95 17.45 61. 21.30 33.80 55.10 54. 8. injured injured — — 5.75 — 5.75 — 49.75 86.75 136.50 — 161.10 271.80 432.90 — Total: 44.30 532.45 Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 60.85 471.60

POLAND Result Vaulting Horse Total Result 2nd Group Exercise of the indi- Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. vidual scores Place 1. 7.35 13.10 20.45 25. 24.30 40.35 64.65 14. Points awarded by the Points 2. 7.30 13.50 20.80 20. 24.25 38.90 63.15 18. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 3. 7.55 12.35 19.90 36. 23.80 38.65 62.45 23. woman judge ed Final 4. 7.25 13.15 20.40 26. 22.50 38.90 61.40 32. I. Group: 19.0 10.0 13.0 9.0 11.50 Re- 7.75 12.15 19.90 36. 23.40 36.80 60.20 40. II. Group: 19.0 14.0 13.0 18.0 16.00 5. sult 6. 7.30 12.35 19.65 41. 21.85 37.85 59.70 44. III. Group: 18.5 14.5 20.2 27.0 19.35 7. 7.00 9.40 16.40 63. 23.25 34.60 57.85 47. 8. 8.20 12.45 20.65 21. 21.50 35.45 56.95 49. 59.70 98.45 158.15 — 184.85 301.50 486.35 — Total: 46.85 585.10 Deduced: Points obtained by 6th and 8th gymnasts: 114.80 470.30

ITALY Result Vaulting Horse Total Result 2nd Group Exercise of the indi- Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. vidual scores Place 1. 8.55 12.75 21.30 13. 25.45 36.30 61.75 31. Points awarded by the Points 2. 7.15 12.15 19.30 43. 22.70 37.05 59.75 42. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 3. 6.60 12.50 19.10 50. 24.05 35.70 59.75 42. woman judge ed Final 4. 7.50 13.05 20.55 22. 22.25 35.35 57.60 48. I. Group: 10.0 8.0 12.0 10.0 10.00 Re- 5. 7.85 11.05 18.90 51. 22.95 32.40 55.35 52. II. Group: 9.0 6.0 5.0 8.0 7.00 sult 6. 6.60 10.95 18.85 52. 23.05 32.15 55.20 53. III. Group: 25.25 14.0 26.0 23.5 24.40 7. 7.25 10.75 18.00 59. 23.65 31.10 54.75 55. 8. 6.60 10.95 17.55 60. 21.55 29.85 51.40 59. 59.40 94.15 153.55 — 185.65 269.90 455.55 — Total: 41.40 548.20 Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 106.15 442.05

GREAT BRITAIN Result Vaulting Horse Total Result 2nd Group Exercise of the indi- Comp. Vol. Total Place Comp. Vol. vidual scores Place 1. 6.75 12.40 19.15 49. 22.15 34.00 56.15 51. Points awarded by the Points 2. 7.30 11.15 18.45 55. 22.85 30.85 53.70 56. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th record- 3. 7.10 12.20 19.30 43. 20.90 32.10 53.00 57. woman judge ed Final 4. 6.05 12.35 18.40 56. 19.80 32.65 52.45 58. I. Group: 13.0 8.0 10.0 11.0 10.50 Re- 5. 6.75 11.65 18.40 49.00 60. II. Group: 11.0 12.0 11.0 15.0 11.50 56. 17.00 32.00 sult 6. 6.50 12.70 19.20 47. 15.65 33.35 49.00 60. III. Group: 21.0 18.2 21.0 26.5 21.00 7. 7.90 11.40 19.30 43. 21.05 25.90 46.95 62. 8. 7.25 10.95 18.20 58. 13.59 30.25 43.84 63. 55.60 94.80 150.40 — 152.99 251.40 404.09 — Total: 43.00 499.09 Deduced: Points obtained by 7th and 8th gymnasts: 90.79 408.30 not recorded by the judges 875