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(Homoptera: Aphididae) Associated with Brassicaceae Crops in Iraq

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(Homoptera: Aphididae) Associated with Brassicaceae Crops in Iraq Available online freely at www.isisn.org Bioscience Research Print ISSN: 1811-9506 Online ISSN: 2218-3973 Journal by Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network RESEARCH ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 2018 15(2): 975-979. OPEN ACCESS Abundance of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) associated with Brassicaceae crops in Iraq Hayder Badry Ali Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadiria Baghdad, Iraq *Correspondence: [email protected] Accepted: 06 May 2018 Published online: 09 June 2018 This study was based on the collection and determination of aphid species that colonize leaves of Brassicaceae crops in Iraq. Population abundance of these aphid species was studied during crops season. (Nov. 2016 – Apr. 2017). Five aphid species belongs to family Aphididae: Brevicoryne brassica (Linnaeus, 1758), Lipaphis lepidii (Nevsky, 1929), Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis, 1914), Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach, 1843), Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) were included in the this study. The results indicated that the temperatures and precipitation had clear effect on the abundance of aphids associated with Brassicaceae crops. B. brassicae and L. pseudobrassicae were the most abundant aphid species detected on on Brassicaceae crops. Keywords: Brassicaceae aphids, population abundance, Aphid Fauna of Iraq INTRODUCTION temperature, relative humidity and rainfall in not The family Brassicaceae includes 350 genera and much than other factors, temperature is an about 3000 species which are cultivated mainly in important environmental variable that affects the the Northern Hemisphere (Hegi, 1986). The rate of aphid development, reproduction, mortality, brassicaceous crops are very common and survival and subsequently its population increase considered important hosts of many (Dixon, 1987). According to Cividanes and phytophagous insects. Many aphids‟ species are Santos‑Cividanes, (2012) climatic factors, widely distributed among temperate regions of the temperature, air relative humidity, rainfall, and world where it may severely damage sunshine hours play an important role on Aphid brassicaceous field crops by feeding and population peaks in Brassicaceae transmitting about 20 plant viruses some are This study was carried out to investigate aphids specialist to Brassicaceae such as Brevicoryne infest Brassicaceae includes several Iraq brassicae (Linnaeus). (Blackman & Eastop, 1984; provinces, since the information about these Dixon, 1998), Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) species from this region are little (Bodenheimer (Blande et al., 2004, Cividanes and and Swirski, 1957; Daoud and El-Haidari,1968; Al- Santos‑Cividanes, 2012), Lipaphis Ali,1977; Ali et al., 2012 a,b). The purpose of this pseudobrassicae (Davis) (Agarwala, et al., 2009; study was to determine the seasonal population Sampaio, et al., 2017), Lipaphis lepidii (Nevsky) abundance through season Nov. 2016 – Apr. (Heie, 1994) and the others are polyphagous like 2017 of these aphid species and identify the Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Cividanes and spectrum of aphid species attacking Brassicaceae Santos‑Cividanes, 2010; Phuong, et al., 2015; crops in this area. Sampaio, et al., 2017). The seasonal abundance of aphid is significantly MATERIALS AND METHODS influenced by the environmental factors such as Hayder Badry Ali Abundance of aphids on Brassicaceae crops The study was performed during Brassicaceae RESULTS crops season. (Nov. 2016 – Apr. 2017) from A total of five aphids species Brevicoryne several locations of Iraq provinces: Baghdad, brassica (Linnaeus, 1758), Lipaphis lepidii Babylon, Kerbala, Najaf, Tikrit, and Diyala. (Nevsky, 1929), L. pseudobrassicae (Davis, Brassicaceae crops included in this study were 1914), L. erysimi (Kaltenbach, 1843), Myzus listed in table 1. persicae (Sulzer, 1776) were counted during Aphids were collected from their host plants with a period from Nov. 2016 to Apr. 2017 that fine brush and put into a tube which contained colonizing about ten Brassicaceae crops from 70% alcohol. The collecting and preserving approximately 134 field distributed over six Iraqi technique was based mainly on Eastop, and Van provinces. L. erysimi was recorded for the first Emden (1972) method. Identification keys from time for Ornamental cabbage in Al-Jadiria camp Ilharco, and van Harten (1987) were principally university of Baghdad / Baghdad, Ali et al. (2012) referred for the identification of collecting species. proved in their investigation in Iraq that all The aphids were systematically classified from the Lipaphis specimens conformed to L. catalog of Remandière, and Remandière (1997) pseudobrassicae. List of host plants and their Aphid specimens were deposited in the collection infected aphids are given in table 1. of Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum / University of Baghdad / Baghdad / Iraq. Table 1. Scientific and Common names of Brassicaceae crops and their associated aphids in Iraq. Brassicaceae crops Aphid species Scientific name Common name Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis cauliflower B. brassica L. pseudobrassicae M. persicae Brassica oleracea var. Capitata cabbage B. brassica L. pseudobrassicae M. persicae Brassica oleracea Gongylodes kohlrabi B. brassica L. pseudobrassicae M. persicae Brassica oleracea var. acephala Ornamental cabbage L. erysimi Brassica napus var. napobrassica purple rutabaga L. pseudobrassicae M. persicae Brassica rapa var. rapa white turnip L. pseudobrassicae M. persicae Eruca sativa arugula M. persicae Lepidium draba pepperweed L. lepidii M. persicae Raphanus sativus purple radish L. pseudobrassicae M. persicae Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus white radish L. pseudobrassicae M. persicae Figure 1. abundance of five species of aphids associated with Brassicaceae crops based on weekly counts over the season (Nov. 2016 – Apr. 2017).in Iraq Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(2): 000-000 976 Hayder Badry Ali Abundance of aphids on Brassicaceae crops The population abundance of these aphid species 2016 in almost all Brassicaceae crops fields and is presented in Figure 1, from these aphid all provinces, except the Ornamental cabbage species, B. brassicae and L. pseudobrassicae Brassica oleracea var. acephala then increased were the most abundant. Although B. brassicae gradually and reached a peak at first week of reaches higher population levels than the other Feb., before the peaks of the specialist aphids two aphid species, its populations may decline in species, thereafter a decline in population. While number and even disappear for several months. the peaks of the specialist aphids B. brassica, L. B. brassicae tends to create „hot spots‟ or colonize lepidii, L. pseudobrassicae and L. erysimi are in heavily single plants within crops. (Micic, 2005), third week of Feb.; third week of Feb.; first week whereas other aphids species attack more evenly of March and third week of March respectively through a whole paddock and can cause damage when the temperatures arise again after sharp that is less noticeable. High aphid populations drop in temperature during the winter and may reduce plant quality and, such a reduction increase in the Precipitation (18.2 mm- 24.1 mm). may negatively influence aphid population size. The increase in aphid populations as a result to (Dixon, 1977; Karley et al. 2004; Sampaio et al. increase in precipitation and temperature after 2017), Since M. persicae is a most common sharp decline in temperature consistent with the polyphagous aphid in this area and found results of Sampaio et al., (2017), since this abundantly in most of these localities and hosts situation followed by a significant rise in (Ali et al., 2012). The population of the generalist temperature. (Figure 2) aphid M. persicae appeared in early November Figure 2. Average of high, low temperatures and precipitation for the duration of Nov. 2016 to May 2017, Baghdad province (Middle of studied area), Iraq Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(2): 000-000 977 Hayder Badry Ali Abundance of aphids on Brassicaceae crops The remarkable increase in the occurrence of with these terms. population of B. brassicae began when temperature began to rise steadily, while the REFERENCES increase in the occurrence of population of M. persicae was during the peak of the Precipitation Agarwala B, Das K, Raychoudhury P, 2009. season which consistent with what Cividanes and Morphological, ecological and biological Santos‑Cividanes,( 2012) provided, they find that variations in the mustard aphid, Lipaphis the number of days with minimum temperature pseudobrassicae (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: >15°C is the best predictor of the alate B. Aphididae) from different host plants. Journal brassicae, and the number of days with rainfall of Asia-pacific Entomology - J Asia-Pac occurrence for M. persicae. Entomol. 12: 169-173. The population peak of L. lepidii was the Al-Ali AS, 1977. Phytophagous and lowest on all Brassicaceae crops since this aphid entomophagous insects and mites of Iraq species preferred colonize wild Brassicaceae Nat Hist Res Cent Publ 33: 1-142 plants such as Cardaria sp. and Isatis sp. rather Ali HB, Agarwala BK, Al-Zubaidi FS, 2012a. First than Brassicaceae crops (Ali et al., 2012). These Records of Aphids Species Genus results indicate that the temperature and Brachycaudus van der Goot (Homoptera, precipitation was positively related to aphid Aphididae, Aphidinae) in Iraq with keys to occurrence of population. species. Inter J Rec Sc Res, 3: 985-991 Ali HB, Agarwala BK, Kaddou IK, 2012b. New CONCLUSION records of Aphids of
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