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Designing Sustainable Alpine Skis Combining User Needs with Ecological, Social, and Economical Sustainablility

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Designing Sustainable Alpine Skis

Combining user needs with ecological, social, and economical sustainablility

Tom-Oskar Barreflod
Matilda Nilsson

Industrial Design Engineering, master's level
2020

Luleå University of Technology
Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences

Designing sustainable alpine skis

Combining user needs with ecological, social, and economical sustainablility

Tom-Oskar Barreflod
Matilda Nilsson

2020

SUPERVISORS: Patrik Sannes (Norse Skis) & Eva-Leva Bäckström (LTU)

REVIEWER: Erika Möller & Ylva Jersenius

CIVILINGENJÖR I TEKNISK DESIGN Master of Science Thesis in Industrial Design Engineering

EXAMINER: Åsa Wikberg Nilsson

Designing sustainable alpine skis Combining user needs with ecological, social and economical sustainability

© Tom-Oskar Barreflod & Matilda Nilsson

Published and distributed by Luleå University of Technology SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden Telephone: + 46 (0) 920 49 00 00

Cover: Render by Tom-Oskar Barreflod

Printed in Luleå Sweden by Luleå University of Technology Reproservice Luleå, 2016

Acknowledgment

First of all, we would like to thank Norse Skis for giving us the opportunity to conduct this master thesis project together with them. ank you for your time, welcoming atmosphere, and providing us with a place to work.
We would also like to give a huge thank you to our supervisor Patrik Sannes at Norse Skis, for all the knowledge, endless answering of questions, and great discussion. ank you for the great skiing in Sälen, we hope that we get to ski with you again soon!
We would also like to thank Eva-Lena Bäckström, our supervisor at Luleå University of Technology. ank you for your great inputs that have helped us think outside the box and challenged us through the design process.
anks to all of you that have taken part in our surveys and provided us with invaluable user data to build our design from. is ski is made for you!
Lastly, we want to thank our family and friends who have believed in us and supported us through the whole project. You have stood by our side through the highs and the lows.
Again, thank you to all of you that have been a part of this project! It has been a pleasure. We have learned so much from you and we hope that our paths will cross again anytime soon.

  • Tom-Oskar Barreflod
  • Matilda Nilsson

Gothenburg, Sweden, June 2020

  • Abstract
  • Sammanfattning

As alpine skiing is becoming more and more popular the need for sustainable products are increasing in order to enable great skiing and snowy winters in the future. e ski industry is unfortunately far behind many other industries when it comes to sustainability and the shiſt towards sustainable skis is going slow. Norse Skis is a unique ski manufacturer as they have a sustainable profile and are always in the lookout for new possibilities to take that forward. e goal in this master thesis project is to develop a pair of sustainable skis that will widen Norse Skis’ product catalog. e project was conducted in collaboration with Norse Skis as a master thesis project within the degree of Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology. three concepts were created which eventually resulted in one final design.
Samtidigt som skidåkning blir mer och mer populärt för var dag som går så ökar behovet av hållbara produkter som möjliggör framtida snöiga vintrar och bra skidåkning. Tyvärr ligger dagens skidtillverkare långt bakom många andra branscher när det kommer till hållbarhet och skiſtet mot hållbara skidor går trögt. Norse Skis är en unik skidtillverkare då de har en hållbar profil och ständigt letar eſter möjligheter att komma ännu längre fram i utvecklingen. Målet i detta examensarbete är att utveckla ett par hållbara skidor som kan bredda Norse Skis produktkatalog. Projektet utfördes i samarbete med Norse Skis som ett examensarbete på Civilingenjör Teknisk Design med inriktning produktdesign vid Luleå Tekniska Universitet.
Projektresultatet är ett par 90 mm breda skidor med fokus på hållbarhet som är högpresterande och lekfulla i pisten som även ger en härlig åkning utanför. Ur den sociala aspekten är de gjorda för skidåkare istället för enbart män, kvinnor eller någon specifik åldersgrupp. Genom användning av material som är miljövänligare än de som Norse Skis tidigare använt och antingen har samma eller lägre pris så är skidor både hållbarare ur både ett ekologisk och ett ekonomiskt perspektiv. Designen har bekräſtats av användarna vilket ledde till att rekommendationen att bredda Norses Skis produktkatalog med skidorna som var resultatet av detta examensarbete.
e project result is a pair of 90 mm wide skis with focus on sustainability that are high performing and playful in the piste while providing a nice off- piste ride as well. From the social aspect, they are created with the skier in mind instead of either men, women, or some specific age group. By using materials that are more environmentally friendly than what is used in Norse Skis’ skis today and that either have the same or lower price, the skis are more sustainable from both an ecologic and economic perspective. e design has been approved by the users which led to the recommendation of broadening Norse Skis’ current product catalog with the ski that was the result of this master thesis project.
NYCKELORD: Produktutveckling, Produktdesign, Civilingenjör Teknisk Design, Hållbarhet, Hållbar Produktutveckling, Användarcentrerad design, Alpina skidor, Normkreativ design.
During the development of the skis, the usercentered design process Design inking Process was used. e process was divided into three phases; Inspiration, Ideation, and Implementation. During the design process, most of the energy was put on creating a ski that meets the user needs and is as sustainable as possible. rough constant dialog with the users, feedback and evaluation were gained to customize the product to the needs and opinions of the users. To develop skis that are as sustainable as possible, the project has had its base in the three aspects of sustainability; ecological, economic, and social, which are defined in the Brundtland report (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987).
Under utvecklingen av skidorna användes den användarcentrerade designprocessen Design inking Processsomäruppdeladitrefaser;Inspiration,Ideation, och Implementation. Under designprocessen låg fokus på att skapa en skida som uppfyller användarbehoven och samtidigt är så hållbar som möjligt. Genom att hela tiden återkoppla med användarna för utvärdering och feedback kunde produkten anpassas eſter deras behov och tycke. För att utveckla en så hållbara skida som möjligt har projektet utgått från de tre perspektiven av hållbarhet; ekologisk, ekonomisk, och social som identifieras i Brundtlandsrapporten (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987).
I projektets startskede införskaffades en djup förståelse alpina skidor och alpin skidåkning. Detta följdes av djupdykning i användaren genom enkäter och användarobservationer. Det identifierades att användaren spenderar mest tid i pisten, men har en vision om att vara en off-pist åkare. Detta ledde fram till slutsatsen att designa en skida som är högpresterande i pisten med också ger användaren möjlighet till bra off-pist åkning. I en benchmarking jämfördes sedan Norse Skis nuvarande skidor med konkurrenternas för att identifiera Norse Skis styrkor och vad som kunde göras bättre. När en förståelse över produkten och användarna skapats gick projektet in i idégeneringsfasen. Där skapade olika lösningsförslag på längder, former, namn, färg, grafik, och material. Genomanvändarundersökningarkundetreslutkoncept tas fram som slutligen resulterade i ett slutgiligt resultat.
KEYWORDS: Product Development, Product Design, Industrial Design Engineering, Sustainability, Sustainable Product Development, User-centered Design, Alpine Skis, Norm-Creative design

  • At the beginning of the project,
  • a
  • deep

understanding of alpine skis and alpine skiing was gathered. is was followed by a thorough examination of the users through surveys and user observations. It was identified that the users spent most of their time skiing on the piste, but had a vision of being an off-piste skier. is led to the conclusion of designing a ski that is high performing on-piste but also gives the user the possibility to great off-piste skiing. In a benchmarking, Norse Skis’ current skis were compared to their competitors’ to identify Norse Skis’ strengths and what could be improved. When an understanding of the product and the users was gained, the project proceeded into the ideation phase. In the ideation phase solutions on lengths, shapes, names, colors, graphics, and materials were created. rough user surveys,

List of appendices

Contents

Appendix A: External benchmarking - skis

Appendix B: External benchmarking - companies

Appendix C: Survey results

1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Internal stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.2 External stakeholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Aims and purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4 Project scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.5 Thesis outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Skis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.1 Ski terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.2 Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.3 Skiing terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.4 Ski profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.5 Types of skis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.6 Ski construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.7 Ski characteristics based on the shape . 13
2.2 Target group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3 Benchmarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.1 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3.2 Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Theoretical framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1 Industrial Design Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
3.1.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 3.1.2 Terms within design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 3.1.3 User-centered design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
3.2 Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
3.2.1 Sustainable design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
3.3 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.1 Choosing material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.3.2 Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.3.3 Epoxy Resin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.3.4 Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.3.5 Sidewalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.6 Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.7 Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.8 Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.3.9 Top Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4 Sandwich construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
4 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.1 Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.2 Project planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.3 Inspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
4.3.1 Information gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 4.3.2 Literature review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 4.3.3 Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 4.3.4 Persona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.3.5 Mood board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.3.6 Benchmarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
4.4 Ideation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.4.1 Word Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.4.2 Brainstorming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.4.3 Creative Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 4.4.4 Mock-up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 4.4.5 vALUe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 4.4.6 Dot voting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.5 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.5.1 Digital prototyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.6 Method discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
5.1 Inspiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
5.1.1 User survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 5.1.2 Persona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 5.1.3 Mood boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
5.2 Ideation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
5.2.1 Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 5.2.2 Ski shape and ski profile . . . . . . . . . . . .50 5.2.3 Tip and tail shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.2.4 Full shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 5.2.5 Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 5.2.6 Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.2.7 Graphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.2.8 Three concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 5.2.9 Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.3.1 Digital representation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5.3.2 Evaluation of final results. . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6 Final Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
6.1 Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 6.2 Shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6.3 Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 6.4 Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 6.5 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.1 Positioning the result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 7.2 Relevance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 7.3 Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 7.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.4.1 Research question 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 7.4.2 Research question 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 7.4.3 Research question 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.5 Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Appendix D: Mood board - gender design - good examples Appendix E: Mood board - gender design - bad examples

Appendix F: Calculations of lengths Appendix G: Lengths of skis Appendix H: Names Appendix I: Colors Appendix J: Graphics Appendix K: Final Evaluation

List of figures

Figure 1: Picture of Norse Skis's The Enduro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 2: Research questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 3: Thesis outline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 4: Picture of Norse's skis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 5: Types of ski profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 6: Construction of a ski. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 7: Fibers direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 8: Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 9: Ski characteristics part 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 10: Ski charecterstics part 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 11: Average technical aspects of competitors’ skis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 12: Comparison between competitive companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 13: Comparison between competitors’ skis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 14: Norse's The Enduro and The Freeride skis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph by: Norse Skis Figure 15: Summary of how to communicate sustainability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 16: Picture of Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph by: Ekrulila Figure 17: Ideation of colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 18: An illustration of IDEO’s design thinking process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 19: An illustration of the project’s timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 20: Screenshots from each Instagram survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Screenshot by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 21: An illustration of the benchmarking process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 22: Word association. The best words are in the top right corner. . . . Photograph by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 23: A picture of the ski templates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 24: A picture of some tools and graphics painted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 25: A picture of one of the workshops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 26: A picture of all ski color ideas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 27: A picture of the mock-up. By putting the paper skis on a pair of actual skis, a more realistic view of the tips could be seen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod

Figure 28: A picture of the modified vALUe method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod

Figure 29: A picture dot voting on ski colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photograph by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 30: Geometric model created in Autodesk Fusion 360 . . . . . . . . . . . . Screenshot by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 31: Photorealistic render created in Blender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Screenshot by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod
Figure 32: Ideation of graphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 33: Results from the survey of wanted characteristics, unwanted characteristics and price. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 34: A summary of the conclusions made of what ski to design. . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 35: Persona illustrated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 36: Gear the persona would buy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collage by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 37: Context of where the skis will be used.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collage by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 38: An evolution scheme of the process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 39: The four lengths chosen for the medium wide ski.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 40: The dimensoins of Norse’s ski The Enduro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 41: Ski charecterstics part 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 42: Tip and tail shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 43: Full shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 44: Good and bad examples of names of skis today. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 45: Norse's The Enduro and The Freeride skis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 46: The four most highest-ranked graphics among the users. . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 47: Three final concepts and base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Matilda Nilsson Figure 48: Render of final design.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Render by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 49: Illustrations of the length variations mock-ups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 50: An illustration of the project’s timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 51: Sideview render of the skis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Render by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 52: Render highlighting the graphics of the tails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Render by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 53: Render showing the part just below the binding points.. . . . . . . . Render by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 54: Render showing top, side, and bottom view of The Venture. . . . . Render by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 55: Render showing the skis' contrast to snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Render by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 56: Illustrated material comparison between The Enduro and The Venture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod Figure 57: Render of top and bottom of skis on snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Render by: Tom-Oskar Barreflod

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