MANGOES in JULY Report on Cook Islands Public Service Climate Change Functional Review and Institutional Structure Development
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MANGOES IN JULY Report on Cook Islands Public Service Climate Change Functional Review and Institutional Structure Development Christina Newport and Tamarii Tutangata For Cook Islands Office of the Public Service Commissioner March 2011 Credits The title of this report is based on a presentation by the Cook Islands Ministry of Education’s Science Adviser, Jane Taurarii, and CEO Policy Planning and Review at the UNESCO World Expert Seminar on Climate Change Education in Paris, July 2009). This seminar meeting brought together approximately 60 international representatives/delegates who have been recognised for either research or aspects of best practice in Climate Change Education. The Cook Islands presentation/s focused on the implications of climate change on culture and livelihoods and discussed issues such as politics, demography, water, land use, traditional practices, community and family relationships, and arapo (moon calendar). ` Jane’s presentation was titled Tauianga Tuatau or "Why do I have mangoes in July?" In early July, after working in Aitutaki, Jane returned to Rarotonga with a mango. Of course, July was way too early for mangoes and this prompted a discussion which led to the title of the presentation and a metaphor for changing patterns. Cover Photo downloaded 15 February 2011 from: http://www.fieryfoods.com/dave2/images/mango/mangos_on_tree.jpg Disclaimer and Statement regarding Conflict of Interests The findings and recommendations expressed in this Report are those of the independent reviewers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Cook Islands Government. CNC Ltd has not previously been engaged by the Cook Islands Public Service Commission to undertake assignments. Acknowledgements The Public Service Climate Change Functional Review and Institutional Arrangement Development was carried out by a team of national reviewers working under the direction of the Chief Executive officer of the Office of Public Service Commissioner and the Team Leader of the Islands Futures Team of the National Environment Service of the Cook Islands. The review team would like to thank the Public Service Commissioner Mr. Navy Epati, Public Service Chief Executive Officer, Ms Priscilla Maruariki, Director of National Environment Service, Mr. Vaitoti Tupa and Team Leader Ms Pasha Carruthers and their staff who provided advice, information and facilitated access to key stakeholders. We wish to acknowledge the time and interest of the participants, who took part in group and individual interviews, meetings and assisted with providing data and documents. Finally, we would like to extend our appreciation to the people who participated in the review for their openness and interest. We valued the experience, knowledge and insights which were shared with us during this time. Christina Newport and Tamarii Tutangata 2 Mangoes in July – Cook Islands Public Service Climate Change Functional Review Report 2011 List of Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank CCA Climate Change Adaptation CIIC Cook Islands Investment Corporation CICAN Cook Islands Climate Action Network CI Gov Cook Islands Government CIRC Cook Islands Red Cross CLIMAP Climate Change Adaptation Programme CPPO Central Policy and Planning Office DM Disaster Management DRM Disaster Risk Management DRM AC Disaster Risk Management Advisory Committee DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EMCI Emergency Management Cook Islands EU European Union GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Green House Gases HOM Head of Ministry IC Infrastructure Committee INC Initial National Communication (to UNFCCC) IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDGs Millennium Development Goals MFAI Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration MFEM Ministry of Finance and Economic Management MMR Ministry of Marine Resources MOE Ministry of Education MOIP Ministry of Infrastructure & Planning MTBF Medium Term Budgetary Framework NAP National Action Plan NAPA National Adaptation Programme for Action NCSA National Capacity Self Assessment NCCCT National Climate Change Country Team NDRMC National Disaster Risk management Council NES National Environment Service NESAF National Environment Strategic Action Framework NGO Non-Government Organisation NGOs Non Government Organisations NSDC National Sustainable Development Commission 3 Mangoes in July – Cook Islands Public Service Climate Change Functional Review Report 2011 NSDP National Sustainable Development Plan OPM Office of the Prime Minister PACC Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change PASAP Pacific Adaptation Strategic Action Programme PICCAP Pacific Islands Climate Change Assistance Programme OPSC Public Service Commission SNC Second National Communication (to UNFCCC) SOEs State Owned Enterprises SOPAC South Pacific Applied Geosciences Commission SPREP Secretariat for the Pacific Regional Environment Programme TAU Te Aponga Uira UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 4 Mangoes in July – Cook Islands Public Service Climate Change Functional Review Report 2011 Glossary Term Definition Adaptation Intends to reduce the vulnerability of human or natural systems to the impacts of climate change and climate-related risks by maintaining or increasing adaptive capacity and reliance. This encompasses a range of activities from information and knowledge generation, to capacity development, planning and the implementation of climate change adaptation actions. For example, in post-cyclone reconstruction, rebuilding houses and public buildings to a standard that will better withstand a level and intensity of extreme weather events brought about by climate change. Adaptive capacity The potential for adjustments, processes (both natural and human), practices or structures to moderate or offset the potential for damage, or take advantage of opportunities, created by variations or changes in the climate Disaster An actual event, or a high probable risk, involving serious disruption to the functioning of a community causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss and which exceeds the ability of the affected community to cope using its own resources. Climate The long-term average of conditions in the atmosphere, ocean, and ice sheets and sea ice described by statistics, such as means and extremes. Climate Change Trends or other systematic changes in either the average state of the climate, or in its variability (including extreme events), with these changes persisting for an extended period, typically decades or longer (i.e. longer term). Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forces, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. Note that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in its Article 1, defines “climate change” as: “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.” The UNFCCC thus makes a distinction between “climate change” attributable to human activities altering the atmospheric composition, and “climate variability” attributable to natural causes. Climate Variability Natural changes in climate that fall within the normal range of extremes for a particular region, as measured by temperature, precipitation, and frequency of events. Drivers of climate variability include the El Niño Southern Oscillation and other phenomena. Disaster Risk Performing and undertaking all activities including structural and non- Management structural measures to avoid or to limit risks and lessen the impacts of natural, man-made, environmental or technological Disasters or Emergencies. Disaster Risk Reduction Minimising and reducing Disaster risks or vulnerabilities so as to avoid adverse impacts of hazards within the broad context of sustainable development. 5 Mangoes in July – Cook Islands Public Service Climate Change Functional Review Report 2011 Enabling environment The enabling environment for adaptation comprises the high level and robust systems and capabilities that foster the adaptation process, including innovation, revitalization of traditional knowledge and practices, application of human knowledge and skills, policies, financing, legislation and regulations, information, markets and decision support tools. It encourages and supports the “climate proofing” of development projects and related initiatives, as well as being supportive of the wider sustainable development process. Greenhouse gases Those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiant heat energy at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere and clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and ozone are the principal greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. There are also several entirely human-made greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as halocarbons and other chlorine and bromine- containing compounds. Mainstreaming (of The effective and equitable integration of adaptation activities into the adaptation) preparation and implementation of policies, plans and other instruments concerned with economic development, social progress and/or environmental protection. Mitigation (Climate Contributes to the objective