DOCSLIB.ORG

LOWER ORANGE RIVER FORUM – Maintaining South Africa's Largest

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
LOWER ORANGE RIVER FORUM – Maintaining South Africa's Largest Water resource management Drinie van Rensburg Drinie van LOWER ORANGE RIVER FORUM – Maintaining South Africa’s largest river The Lower Orange River Forum (LORF) is is a source of water for agricultural dams, which are used for electricity a working example of how citizens are and domestic use, while the river generation, flood regulation and itself supports various aquatic organ- agricultural activities. As a result, working together with government and non- isms both within its own catchment the former variable river flow has government organisations to protect South and those of other catchments in the become more regulated. This has Africa’s valuable water resources. Article Eastern Cape through inter-basin facilitated the establishment of transfer schemes. breeding sites for the agricultural submitted by Peter Ramollo of the Northern For the arid Northern Cape the pest black fly, which causes great Cape Department of Environment and Orange River, along with its main economic losses to livestock farming Nature Conservation. tributary, the Vaal River, is an artery and tourism in the Northern Cape. of life. However, urbanisation, indus- The LORF was established in trial and mining developments as well 2003 after an outbreak of toxic riginating in the Kingdom as pollution are placing increasing blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) that of Lesotho, the Orange strain on this important resource. resulted in massive fish kills in the River is the longest river in The Orange River is regulated Orange River. The initial objective of OSouth Africa, and is shared among through several weirs and some of the forum was to engage with water four countries, namely South Africa, the country’s largest dams, includ- users along the river and provide Lesotho, Botswana and Namibia. It ing the Gariep and Vanderkloof them with relevant information 40 The Water Wheel January/February 2014 Water resource management regarding issues affecting the river this and other environmental fac- therefore using more water, which system. Since then the forum has tors, the saltmarshes that harboured ultimately leads to groundwater grown, attracting various stakehold- the bird populations for which the depletion. Thought it is difficult to ers and specialists on water manage- mouth was awarded Ramsard status, completely eradicate invasive alien ment and conservation. have collapsed. plants, LORF calls on communities Last year, an event was held in If the custodian of South Africa’s to assist the government in control- October in Upington, where several water resources, namely the Depart- ling these invasive species as water scientists and other specialists pre- ment of Water Affairs, is to succumb availability is everybody’s concern. sented information on various top- to pressures to approve water use for Though the LORF is committed ics, such as biomonitoring and water the increasing developments under- to ensuring that South Africa’s main resource planning. This forum gives way in the province, it might lead to artery of life does not get reduced Without water a platform to communities, farm- a water shortage within the North- into a vein the reality is that the all forms of life ers and scientists dependent on the ern Cape or lead to extreme capital Orange River will remain stressed is threatened river to develop measures together to expenses to ensure that the available in the foreseeable future, driven safeguard the river. water can be cleared from pollution. by anthropogenic impacts such as so it is up to There are various developments The riparian zone of the Orange urbanisation, increasing agricultural the residents underway in the province, such as River is dominated by mixed woody and mining activities, and pollution living adjacent renewable energy plants, which are vegetation, such as buffalo thorn, from various sources. to the Orange expected to place an even bigger pres- wild olive, indigenous wild tamarisk, Without water all forms of life is River to help sure on water supply. All the weirs are sweet thorn, cape willow, karee trees threatened so it is up to the residents protect it. earmarked for hydropower energy and reeds that stabilise the bank and living adjacent to the Orange River to generation, and there are also plans prevent bank erosion and degrada- help protect it. Citizens are asked to to build more weirs for hydropower tion. On the other hand, invasive report any pollution, such as sewage stations within the river system. alien vegetation, such as wild tobacco, running into the river, to relevant Due to existing river regulation castor oil bush, Mexican poppy and local and government authorities. If less water is reaching the Orange mesquite has created impenetrable the authorities fail to act, communi- River Mouth estuary, a wetland of thickets along the Orange River banks ties should consider taking legal international importance. This is in areas like Onseepkans, Pelladrift, action against the polluters. In this because the water released from the Goodhouse and Vioolsdrift. way, they will be protecting their Vanderkloof Dam takes up to six The mesquite especially grows health and well-being as outlined in weeks to reach the mouth. Due to faster than indigenous vegetation, section 24 of the Bill of Rights. HOW CAN I ENTER? Register to participate at one of the regional heats or send us your video entry by 15 February 2013. Johannesburg • SciBono Discovery Centre WHO CAN ENTER? 21 February 2013 • 09h30 Durban • Gateway Science Centre You can! ... if you are between the ages of 21 and 35 and currently registered, studying or 26 February 2013 • 09h30 working in science, technology, engineering or mathematics in South Africa. Cape Town • Science Centre 28 February 2013 • 09h30 This includes private and public sector employees, teachers, technicians and anyone working in the fields of natural sciences and engineering ... including biology, biotechnology, For full details and to register visit: chemistry, computer science, engineering, mathematics, medicine, pharmacy, physics, www.britishcouncil.org.za/famelab psychology, robotics, astronomy and more. The Water Wheel January/February 2014 41.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phytosociology of the Upper Orange River Valley, South Africa
    PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF THE UPPER ORANGE RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH AFRICA A SYNTAXONOMICAL AND SYNECOLOGICAL STUDY M.J.A.WERGER PROMOTOR: Prof. Dr. V. WESTHOFF PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF THE UPPER ORANGE RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH AFRICA A SYNTAXONOMICAL AND SYNECOLOGICAL STUDY PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRUGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT TE NIJMEGEN, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS PROF. MR. F J.F.M. DUYNSTEE VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN HET COLLEGE VAN DECANEN IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP 10 MEI 1973 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 4.00 UUR. DOOR MARINUS JOHANNES ANTONIUS WERGER GEBOREN TE ENSCHEDE 1973 V&R PRETORIA aan mijn ouders Frontiepieae: Panorama drawn by R.J. GORDON when he discovered the Orange River at "De Fraaye Schoot" near the present Bethulie, probably on the 23rd December 1777. I. INTRODUCTION When the government of the Republic of South Africa in the early sixties decided to initiate a comprehensive water development scheme of its largest single water resource, the Orange River, this gave rise to a wide range of basic and applied scientific sur­ veys of that area. The reasons for these surveys were threefold: (1) The huge capital investment on such a water scheme can only be justified economically on a long term basis. Basic to this is that the waterworks be protected, over a long period of time, against inefficiency caused by for example silting. Therefore, management reports of the catchment area should.be produced. (2) In order to enable effective long term planning of the management and use of the natural resources in the area it is necessary to know the state of the local ecosystems before a major change is instituted.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment
    Study Name: Orange River Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Report Title: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Submitted By: WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE Pty Ltd, Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd Authors: A Jeleni, H Mare Date of Issue: November 2007 Distribution: Botswana: DWA: 2 copies (Katai, Setloboko) Lesotho: Commissioner of Water: 2 copies (Ramosoeu, Nthathakane) Namibia: MAWRD: 2 copies (Amakali) South Africa: DWAF: 2 copies (Pyke, van Niekerk) GTZ: 2 copies (Vogel, Mpho) Reports: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Review of Surface Hydrology in the Orange River Catchment Flood Management Evaluation of the Orange River Review of Groundwater Resources in the Orange River Catchment Environmental Considerations Pertaining to the Orange River Summary of Water Requirements from the Orange River Water Quality in the Orange River Demographic and Economic Activity in the four Orange Basin States Current Analytical Methods and Technical Capacity of the four Orange Basin States Institutional Structures in the four Orange Basin States Legislation and Legal Issues Surrounding the Orange River Catchment Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective of the study ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Labeo Capensis (Orange River Mudfish) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2014 Revised, May and July 2019 Web Version, 9/19/2019 Image: G. A. Boulenger. Public domain. Available: https://archive.org/stream/catalogueoffres01brit/catalogueoffres01brit. (July 2019). 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Froese and Pauly (2019): “Africa: within the drainage basin of the Orange-Vaal River system [located in Lesotho, Namibia, and South Africa] to which it is possibly restricted. Hitherto thought to occur in the Limpopo system and in southern Cape watersheds [South Africa] which records may be erroneous.” From Barkhuizen et al. (2017): “Native: Lesotho; Namibia; South Africa (Eastern Cape Province - Introduced, Free State, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape Province, North-West Province)” 1 Status in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. There is no indication that this species is in trade in the United States. Means of Introductions in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. Remarks A previous version of this ERSS was published in 2014. 2 Biology and Ecology Taxonomic Hierarchy and Taxonomic Standing From ITIS (2019): “Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Actinopterygii Class Teleostei Superorder Ostariophysi Order Cypriniformes Superfamily Cyprinoidea Family Cyprinidae Genus Labeo Species Labeo capensis (Smith, 1841)” From Fricke et al. (2019): “Current status: Valid as Labeo capensis (Smith 1841). Cyprinidae: Labeoninae.” Size, Weight, and Age Range From Froese and Pauly (2019): “Max length : 50.0 cm FL male/unsexed; [de Moor and Bruton 1988]; common length : 45.0 cm FL male/unsexed; [Lévêque and Daget 1984]; max.
    [Show full text]
  • Orange River Project
    ORANGE RIVER PROJECT: OvERVIEW South Africa NAMIBIA BOTSWANA Orange-Senqu River Basin Vanderkloof Dam LESOTHO Gariep Dam LOCATION SOUTH AFRICA The Orange River Project (ORP) is the largest scheme in the Orange–Senqu River basin, and includes the two largest dams in South Africa, the Gariep and Vanderkloof. They regulate flows to the Orange River and increase assurance of supply. DESCRIPTION Gariep and Vanderkloof dams were constructed as part of the project, and have a combined storage of 8,500 million m3. The ORP includes several sub-systems. The Orange–Riet Water Scheme.* The Orange–Fish Transfer Tunnel.* The Orange–Vaal Transfer Scheme.* Bloem Water: Pipeline network between Gariep Dam and the towns of Trompsburg, Springfontein and Philippolis. Irrigation abstractions: Between Gariep Dam and downstream of Vanderkloof Dam, up to the confluence of the Vaal and Orange rivers (near the town of Marksdrift). Urban and industrial abstractions: Between Gariep Dam and Marksdrift (including Hopetown and Vanderkloof towns). Support to the Lower Orange Water Management Area Schemes: * Support to most of the demands in the Gariep Dam (© Hendrik van den Berg/Panoramio.com) Lower Orange, including irrigation, urban use and power generation. Caledon–Bloemfontein Government Water Scheme.* * Further details are given on separate pages PURPOSE The purpose of this very complex scheme is to supply demands within several sub-systems, including the Upper and Lower Orange water management areas all the way down to the Orange River mouth, and the Eastern Cape Province. These demands include irrigation, urban, industrial and environmental water requirements. Power generation is also part of the system, including at Gariep and Vanderkloof dams, which contributes to the Eskom national power grid.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality in the Orange River
    Study Name: Orange River Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Report Title: Water Quality in the Orange River Submitted By: WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE Pty Ltd, Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd Authors: T Coleman, A van Niekerk Date of Issue: August 2007 Distribution: Botswana: DWA: 2 copies (Katai, Setloboko) Lesotho: Commissioner of Water: 2 copies (Ramosoeu, Nthathakane) Namibia: MAWRD: 2 copies (Amakali) South Africa: DWAF: 2 copies (Pyke, van Niekerk) GTZ: 2 copies (Vogel, Mpho) Reports: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Review of Surface Hydrology in the Orange River Catchment Flood Management Evaluation of the Orange River Review of Groundwater Resources in the Orange River Catchment Environmental Considerations Pertaining to the Orange River Summary of Water Requirements from the Orange River Water Quality in the Orange River Demographic and Economic Activity in the four Orange Basin States Current Analytical Methods and Technical Capacity of the four Orange Basin States Institutional Structures in the four Orange Basin States Legislation and Legal Issues Surrounding the Orange River Catchment Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 2 DESCRIPTION OF CATCHMENT FROM WATER QUALITY PERSPECTIVE .................... 2 2.1 Upper Vaal WMA .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Toxic Algal Incident in the Orange River Northern Cape 2000
    Potentially Toxic Algal Incident in the Orange River, Northern Cape, 2000 by C.E. van Ginkel & B. Conradie IWQS & NC Region • I bEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY I 0 -,_. TITLE: POTENTIALLY TOXIC ALGAL INCIDENT IN THE ORANGE RIVER, NORTHERN CAPE, 2000. REPORT NUMBER: N/D801/12/DEQ/0800 PROJECT: Eutrophication Project STATUS OF REPORT: Final DATE: July 2001 This report should be cited as: Van Ginkel, C.E. and B. Conradie (2001). Potential toxic algal incident in the Orange River, Northern Cape, 2000. Draft Report No. N/D801/12/DEQ/0800. Institute for Water Quality Studies, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Pretoria. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1. All the external stakeholders who assisted in collecting, storing and transporting samples. These include (not in any order of priority): • Mr Jaco Goussard (JCG Water Treatment) • Mr Gert Meiring (Upington Municipality) • Mr Gawie Moon (Council for Geo Science) • Personnel at the Pelladrift and Namakwa Water Boards • Personnel of the Trans Hex Limited mining company at Reuning and Baken • Personnel of the Alexkor Limited mining company (at the mine and on the farms) • Personnel of Global Diamond Resources at Grasdrift • Personnel of the Richtersveld National Park • Mrs Bettie Nieuwouldt, Richtersveld Farmers' Union • Springbok Lodge and Restaurant perspnnel • Northern Cape Nature Conservation Services • Wilna Barkhuizen at the Vioolsdrift Irrigation Board 2. Personnel of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) who contributed beyond their normal duties to make the task possible, including: • Personnel from the Institute for Water Quality Studies (IWQS): DWAF who visited Upington promptly to supply preservatives and sampling equipment to the office and assisted the Upington office in numerous logistical arrangements as well as providing expertise as member of the National Toxic Algal Forum (Mrs Carin van Ginkel), laboratory personnel (Eisabe Truter, Chris Carelson, Doris le Roux) and the technical team {Annelise Gerber) who assisted with data collection, analysis and reporting.
    [Show full text]
  • Transboundary Regimes in the Orange Senqu Basin
    TRANSBOUNDARY REGIMES IN THE ORANGE SENQU BASIN Ecologic – Institute for International and European Environmental Policy Pfalzburger Str. 43/44, 10717 Berlin, Germany Phone: +49 30 86880-0, Fax: +49 30 86880-100 CONTRIBUTION TO NEWATER DELIVERABLE 1.3.1 Report of the NeWater project - New Approaches to Adaptive Water Management under Uncertainty www.newater.info Title Review on Transboundary Regimes The Orange-Senqu Basin Purpose Working paper providing background information on transboundary issues in the Orange-Senqu basin with a focus on information management and institutional design Filename del131_OrangeSenqu_final_051213.doc Authors Nicole Kranz, Eduard Interwies, Rodrigo Vidaurre. Ecologic – Institute for International and European Environmental Policy Document history First draft 25 July 2005 Comments from NeWater partners Draft October 2005, finalized after NeWater GA in November 2005 Current version. Final version Changes to previous version. Executive summary added, changes to section on water policy, additions to chapter on donors Date December 2005 Status Final version Target readership NeWater research community, General readership External experts at selected workshops, transboundary research community Correct reference Kranz, N., E. Interwies, R. Vidaurre (2005): Transboundary Regimes in the Orange Senqu Basin, Contribution to Deliverable 1.3.1 of the NeWater Project, Berlin Nicole Kranz, Eduard Interwies, Rodrigo Vidaurre Ecologic – Institute for International and European Environmental Policy December 2005 Prepared under contract from the European Commission Contract no 511179 (GOCE) Integrated Project in PRIORITY 6.3 Global Change and Ecosystems in the 6th EU framework programme Deliverable title: Transboundary Regimes in the Orange-Senqu Basin Deliverable no. : D 1.3.1 Due date of deliverable: Month 10 Start of the project: 01.01.2005 Duration: 4 years Preamble The project has assembled a group of enthusiastic people with different scientific and practical background.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Management Plan for the Orange River Mouth Ramsar Site (Version 0.4)
    Strategic Management Plan for the Orange River Mouth Ramsar site (Version 0.4) Cover Pages Please note that the cover pages and associated logos are still to be developed by the BCLME SAP IMP Project in consultation with relevant government department and funding agencies. Date: March 2013 This report should be referenced as: Macfarlane, D.M. (2013). Strategic Management Plan for the Orange River Mouth Ramsar site. Version 0.4. Report prepared for the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). ORM Management Plan - Draft March 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS __________________________________________________________________ I ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ______________________________________________________ III LIST OF FIGURES _____________________________________________________________________ IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ________________________________________________________________ V RELATED DOCUMENTS_________________________________________________________________ V CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ___________________________________________________________ 1 1.1 Location and extent ..................................................................................................................1 1.2 Catchment context ...................................................................................................................2 1.3 History..............................................................................................................................3 1.4 Socio-economic context ............................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Water Research Commission Working Group for Mineralization
    Water Research Commission Working Group for Mineralization SUMMARY REPORT CA. BUCKLEY f?eoT Dept cf Dub i:: 62'1 SA Tel: 0314i3L20 Fax: O1-161I1$ STUDIES OF MINERALIZATION IN THE GREAT FISH AND SUNDAYS RIVERS OOO4DD Pretoha April 1985 C.A. BUCKLEY Asaociate R xch Profeaaor Dept of C'emicxl Engneolng UNIVER51TY OF N;TAL Duoban 4001 Teltx: 621 31 SA Tel: 031-8163120 Fax: 031 161118 Water Research Commission Working Group for Mineralization SUMMARY REPORT STUDIES OF MINERALIZATION IN THE GREAT FISH AND SUNDAYS RIVERS Edited by Garth C.HaIl formerly of the National Institute for Water Research Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria April 1985 FOREWORD Over the past twenty to thirty years the salinity of a number of South African rivers has increased so significantly as to present serious problems to various users of the waters. Along the Witwatersrand and on the coal fields of the Eastern Transvaal and parts of Northern Natal saline discharges from both point and diffuse sources, usually associated with mining and industrial activity, have been largely responsible for these increases in salinity, but mineralization (salinization) from natural non-point sources has also played a deleterious role in rivers draining certain semi-arid catchment areas. Among the latter rivers are the Berg, Breg and Olifants of the Western Cape and the Fish, Sundays, Bushmans and Kowie of the Eastern Cape Province. The significance of the effects of non-point mineralization is illustrated by the serious damage to apricot orchards in the Golden Valley area of the Great Fish River during the sixties and the relatively recent deleterious effects of high chloride concentrations on citrus crops in the Klrkwood area of the Sundays River.
    [Show full text]
  • Rewilding the Namibian Deep South PLANNING CHECKLIST
    Rewilding the Namibian Deep South PLANNING CHECKLIST O Make sure you understand and agree to Oana Namibia’s Terms and Conditions in the Participation Form and Risk Awareness Form. O Make sure you have all the necessary vaccinations. O Review the packing list to make sure you have all the clothing, personal supplies, and equipment needed. O Make sure your passport is current and, you have obtained your visa. O Leave copies of your photo ID, travel insurance and flight reservation number with a parent, relative, or friend. Upload the documents to the cloud, share with the Oana booking team and have an electronic copy with you. Read this expedition briefing thoroughly. It provides the most accurate information available at the time of your Oana Namibia’s staff project planning, and will likely answer any questions you have about the project. However, please also keep in mind that conservation in Africa requires improvisation, and you may need to be flexible. There could be unpredictable factors such as weather, equipment failure, and travel challenges. To enjoy your expedition to the fullest, remember to expect the unexpected, be tolerant of repetitive tasks, and try to find humour in difficult situations. If there are any major changes to the project or field logistics, Oana Namibia will make every effort to keep you well informed before you go into the field. Make sure you understand and agree to Oana Namibia’s Terms and Conditions in the Participation Form and Risk Awareness Form. AIRPORT TRANSFER Airport transfer to Base Camp is included, and involves an overnight stop at one of our partners en route.
    [Show full text]
  • ORANGE RIVER COLONY: Part 2 POSTMARKS; Version January 2017
    African Postal Heritage; African Studies Centre Leiden; APH Paper 14 (Part 2); Ton Dietz South Africa: ORANGE FREE STATE / ORANGE RIVER COLONY: Part 2 POSTMARKS; Version January 2017 African Studies Centre Leiden African Postal Heritage APH Paper Nr 14, part 2 Ton Dietz ORANGE FREE STATE/ORANGE RIVER COLONY: POSTMARKS Version January 2017 Introduction Postage stamps and related objects are miniature communication tools, and they tell a story about cultural and political identities and about artistic forms of identity expressions. They are part of the world’s material heritage, and part of history. Ever more of this postal heritage becomes available online, published by stamp collectors’ organizations, auction houses, commercial stamp shops, online catalogues, and individual collectors. Virtually collecting postage stamps and postal history has recently become a possibility. These working papers about Africa are examples of what can be done. But they are work-in-progress! Everyone who would like to contribute, by sending corrections, additions, and new area studies can do so by sending an email message to the APH editor: Ton Dietz ([email protected]). You are welcome! Disclaimer: illustrations and some texts are copied from internet sources that are publicly available. All sources have been mentioned. If there are claims about the copy rights of these sources, please send an email to [email protected], and, if requested, those illustrations will be removed from the next version of the working paper concerned. 98 African Postal Heritage; African Studies Centre Leiden; APH Paper 14 (Part 2); Ton Dietz South Africa: ORANGE FREE STATE / ORANGE RIVER COLONY: Part 2 POSTMARKS; Version January 2017 African Studies Centre Leiden P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Orange–Vaal Transfer Scheme (Alsoknownasthe Loca ‹ ‹ ‹ Right-Hand Side of the Vaalright-Hand Sideofthe Plots
    ORANGE RIVER PROJECT ORANGe–VAAL TRANSFER SCHEME South Africa Orange–Vaal Transfer RUSTENBURG Scheme MAHIKENG PRETORIA MIDDELBURG Town NORTH WEST JOHANNESBURG River and dam s GAUTENG t r a Provincial boundary H t ts MBABANE oo ar ERMELO Gr H Loop LOCATION in e International boundary Kl VEREENINGING POTCHEFSTROOM Vaal K l r Vaal Dam a KLERKSDORP o rv Vaal River catchment m ate The Orange–Vaal Transfer Scheme (also known as the Harts Yster e W Witbank lm Vaal b M o Koppies og B a Grootdraai a k m Dam Orange–Douglas Government Water Scheme) is located on w Vaal Dam b a o s Klip e s i s e H Vals eu Renoster Wilge the Orange and Vaal rivers, near the confluence of the two. KURUMAN nin g Krom KROONSTAD Hol i e l NEWCASTLE FREE STATE Vals V s VRYHEID g Blom r Bloemhof WELKOM e b n DESCRIPTION e Dam b e i D Sa Allemanskraal L NORTHERN Vet o nd rin Dam HARRISMITH The transfer scheme consists of the Marksdrift Pump CAPE g BETHLEHEM B o Erfenis Dam s Vaal s i Laai Taaibos PHUTHADITJABA e Station, located on the Orange River, and Douglas Klein Vet KWAZULU- G Sterkfontein Dam ro 3 KIMBERLEY Krugersdrif Dam o NATAL t V Weir (full supply capacity, 16 million m ), located on Doring et RITCHIE der Mod DOUGLAS the Vaal River, as well as three canals, namely: JACOBSDAL BLOEMFONTEIN Rustfontein ge Riet M MASERU an Kalkfontein Dam o r d Bosman Canal (or Orange–Vaal Canal): O d The transfer Orange e Dam Tierpoort r Dam LESOTHO scheme consists of a pump station at Marksdrift, with ie PRIESKA Four PIETERMARITZBURG the 22-km Bosman Canal ending at Douglas Weir.
    [Show full text]