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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typemiter face, Mile men may be ftom any type of cornputer printer. The quality of mis repmduction is dependent upori the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct @nt, colored or poor quality itlustrations and photographs, print Meedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignrnent can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manusuipt and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauttiarized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indikate the deletion. Oversize materials (e-g., maps, drawings, charb) are reproduced by sectiming the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and contirwing from left to n'ght in equal sedons with small werlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6' x 9" black and white photographie pnnts are available for any photographs or illustrations appeamg in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell 8 Howell Inforniaticri and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521- TRADE UNION INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY: EXPLORING THE UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT OF GRASSROOTS SOLIDARITY FUNDS WITHIN CANADIAN UNIONS by Karen M. Brown Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August, 1999 Copyright by Karen M. Brown, 1999 National Library Bibliothegue nationale m*I of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bi bliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 W Jlington Street 395. rue WMigtm OttawaON KlAON4 OtrawaON K1AW Canada CaMda The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur fomat électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial exîracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. TO ALL THE DEDICATED TRADE UNION ACTIVISTS WHO HAVE WORKED SO HARD OVER THE YEARS TO ADVANCE THE INTERESTS OF THEIR UNION SISTERS AND BROTHERS AND THE WORKINC CLASS IN THE GREATER COMMUNITY TABLE OF CONTENTS ... List of Tables and Figures ........................................................................................... viii Abstract ........................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... x Preface ............................................................................................................................. xi Chapter One: Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1 -1 The Objective of This Study ........................................................................ 1 1.2 Methodology ................................ ..,, .............................................................2 1.2.a Participants in the Study: Two English-Canadian Labour Centrals .......................................... 5 1.2.b The Focus is On: Unions With Solidarity Funds and Unions Without ............................................ 6 1-3 Background Information on the Nine Unions ............................................ 11 1.4 The Earliest Stages of Labour Internationdism ......................................... 20 1.5 Canadian Unions and 'Official' Labour Intemationalism .............................. ,,37 1-5 .a The ICFTU .................................... .... .......................................... -,73 1.5.b The ITSs ......................................................................................... 24 1 -6 'Unofficial' Labour Internationalism ............................................................. 25 1 -7 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................. 26 Chapter Two: Moving From Business Unionism to Social Unionism?: Grassroots International Solidarity as a Sign ............................................................. 29 2.1 Some Preliminary Observations About the Solidarity Funds ....................... 29 2.2 International Solidarity and Two Models of Trade Unionism ...................... 30 2.3 Considering Business Unionism ................................................................. 31 2.4 Considering Social Unionism ....................................................................... 34 2.5 The Conflict Between Social and Business Unionism ................................. 34 2.6 The Link Between Business Unionism, Bureaucracy, and the Postwar Compromise ............................................... 35 2.7 Feminist Critique of Business Unionism ...................................................... 38 2.8 Unmasking Social Unionism ........................................................................ 38 2.9 Can a Union Change?: Sociai Unionism and Global Solidarity .................. 40 2.10 Individual Unions: Bureaucracy. Militancy and Social Movements .......... 42 2.1 O.a Unions With Funds ...................................................................... 44 (1 ) Canadian Union of Public Employees ............................... .... 44 (2) Canadian Auto Workers ......................................................... 50 (3) Communications. Energy and Paperworkers Union ............................................................... 54 (4) United Steelworkers of Arnerica .......................................... 57 (5) La Confédération des Syndicat Nationaux ............................. 64 2.1 O.b Unions Without a Fund ................................................................ 70 (6) Canadian Union of Postal Workers ........................................ 70 (7) Public Service Alliance of Canada ......................................... 77 (8) Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees ......................... 82 (9) United Food and Commercial Workers Union ....................... 88 2.1 1 Anal ysis and Summary ................................................................................ 93 2.1 1 .a Unions With a Fund ..................................................................... 95 2.1 1 .b Unions Without a Fund ............................................................... 97 2.1 1 .c Canadian Unions and a Discourse of 'Class Conflict' ............... 100 2.1 1 .d The Influence of Marginaiised Groups ...................................... 102 Chapter Three: Two Types of Trade Union International Solidarity: Bureaucratic versus Grassroots .................................................................................. 105 3.1 Whose International Solidarity 1s It?: Grassroots Activists Claim a Larger Space ................................................ 105 3.2 Evolution of the 'Made in Canada' International Solidarity Funds ............ 113 3 2.a Creating a Sol id Structure ....................................................... 113 3 .2 .b The CLC Model ........................................................................... 115 3.2.c Having a History is Important .................................................. 115 3.2.d Significance of International Networks and Coalitions ............... 116 3.2.e The CLC Conflicts With its Affiliates: The American Comection ........................................................... 119 3 2.f The Hegernony of a Single Voice is No Longer Viable ............... 125 3.2.g The Growth of the CSN's International Solidarity Fund: Separate But Similar .................................................................... 126 3 -3 The LIDC: Singing From the Sarne Songbook? ....................................... 130 3.4 International Solidarity Funds: Administration and Projects ..................... 134 ( 1 ) Canadian Union of Public Employees - CUPE Union Aid ................... 135 (2) Auto Workers - Social Justice Fund .................................................. 137 (3) Communications. Energy and Paperworkers Union . CEP Humanity Fund ............................................................................ 140 (4) Steelworkers Humanity Fund ............................................................... 142 (5) La Confëdération des Syndicats Nationaux - Alliance Syndicats Tiers Monde .............................. .... .................... 146 3.5 Overview of the Funds' Similarities ............................................................ 146 3.6 Summary: The Funds and Their Finances ................... .... .............. 147 Chapter Four: Unravelling the Uneven Development of International Solidarity Funds Amongst Canadian Unions .........................................................