PROTEUS JOURNAL ISSN/eISSN: 0889-6348

SELF-CONFIDENCE A DEMEANOR TO EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Dheeraj Upadhyay, Shivangi Talwar, Shivani Tiwari & Dr. Harminder Gujral (Faculty) Amity University, Noida.

Abstract

Self-confidence is basically a competence which allows individuals to persist positive yet sensible perspectives on themselves and their situations. Self-confident people have trust on their capabilities, have an overall control when it comes to their lives, sensibly speaking, they will have the option to do whatever they desire, plan, and want to anticipate. As per available literature 55%-63% of youths are at low degree of emotional intelligence which brings about low confidence.Emotional intelligence is defined as how an individual is able to manage, know and further use the emotions in a positive way so that challenges can be overcome and effective communication can take place along with empathizing with others. The research was conducted on a sample of 157 individuals and the results demonstrated that emotional intelligence and self- confidence are very important part of individuals’ satisfaction and happiness. Further the obtained value of r 0.727 reflects there exists positive relationship when it comes between self- confidence and emotional intelligence. The research is very relevant as it reflects that self- confidence and emotional intelligence are important perimeters of personal and professional success.

Keywords: Self-confidence, Demeanor, Competence, Emotional Intelligence. Introduction

As we adventure into the new age of humans, the word feeling has developed another significance or meaning. The word emotion relates to "markedly stimulated or unsettled in feeling or sensibilities (Goleman,1998). An individual is supposed to be called good at emotional intelligence when he feels appropriate feeling in a legitimate circumstance and express it in a legitimate amount.(Law KS et. al, 2004)

Over the time emotional intelligence has become intriguing subject of brain science also, and a lot of studies have been carried out for emotional intelligence. In 1990 Mayer and Salovey presented emotional intelligence concept and as per them emotional intelligence alludes psychological capacity that people haverelated with feelings so that thoughts can be improvedalong with advancing scholarly furthermore, enthusiastic development. Numerous analysts have discovered person contrasts in enthusiastic knowledge (Mayer et. al, 2008). The

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focal point behind various researches is regarding the investigation of what capacities emotions hold as the predictor of mental prosperity, wellbeing and social working.

EI can be characterized as the capacity to accurately comprehend, assess what's more, impart feelings (Heck et. al., 2008) People who can understand and direct their feelings can for the most part hold a greater perspective on life furthermore, with several experiencescomes better prosperity mentally when compared with those who are not able to do so (Mayer et. al.,1995).

At the point when an individual can acknowledge his/her shortcoming and deficiencies and all the while perceives his/her qualities and positive characteristics, the individual will encounter solid self-esteem and high confidence. Schutte et al., (2002) give proof that a correlation exists when it comes betweenemotional intelligence and confidence of an individual.

Also, emotional intelligence is a basic factor to flourish the capacities of individuals so that they can achieve success in their life, which is credited to enthusiastic and mental health (Bar et. al., 2006). Moreover, the individual segment is significant in emotional intelligence, which demonstrates as an individual' capacity to the mindfulness and controlling of feelings, including confidence, mindfulness, assertiveness, independence, and self-realization.

Research studies have showed that females will in general be more passionate furthermore, warm seeing as compared tomale counterpart, so they are considered as more emotionally intelligent (Duckett et.al., 1989) Society plays a major role in making ladies all the more genuinely shrewd. In addition, greater emotional intelligence among younger girls can likewise be portrayed with their character attributes (Sandhu P. et al., 1999). Young ladies are required to be additionally cautioning, vehement and more socially active and are raised in the manners which increases their level of emotionally intelligence (Tapia ML et. al., 1999).

Talking about self-confidence it is a disposition which permits people to have positive yet sensible perspectives on themselves and their circumstances. With the help of self-confidence people are able to have faith in their capacities, have an overall feeling that yes, they can take control of their lives, and accept that, with self-confidence they will have the option to do whatever they want whatever they wish, plan, and anticipate. Self-confidence is key to great mental alteration, the happiness of an individual and powerful working in both youngsters and grown-ups. The term self-confidence is utilized to allude to person's judgment about what they think of themselves. People with over all high self-ideas are sure about their capacities to achieve their objectives, scholarly ability and have better relationship with guardians and friends. On the other hand, people with low self-confidence in general be troubled about voicing disagreeable or surprising thoughts and abstain from standing out from the crowd.

Having self-confidence doesn't mean that individualscan do everything. Self-assured people have goalswhich are practical. In any event, when their goals are not met, they stay on being more positive and hold the right attitude.

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When it comes to Self-confidence it isn't really an overall trademark which swarms all parts of an individual's life. Normally, there are few aspects in lives of people where they feel very certain or confident, e.g., scholastics, games, while simultaneously they do not feel at all sure about different regions, e.g., individual appearance, social connections. Self-confidence makes you believe in yourself and your capacities, a psychological disposition of trusting or depending on yourself. Confidence of a person is now and then likened with opportunity from question; anyway, when confidence is required especially when the result is doubtful, so confidence makes you feel stable even with vulnerability even though one do not know what the result will be.

A mainstream expression of Swami Vivekananda "Stand up, be intense, be solid. Assume the entire liability on your shoulders and realize that you are the maker of your own predetermination. All the quality and aid you need is inside you. In this manner, make your own future."

Review of Literature

The timid feelings which are a part of our everyday lives and we accept and listen to them regularly without acknowledging them should never be overlooked. ~Vincent Van Gogh, 1889.

Emotion as a word can be referred to as the feeling which consists of the psychological changes including articulation conduct but on the other side analysts, scholars, researchers etc. have a different opinion and develop different hypothesis which has increased the area of interest in this field . To understand the supreme human being theologists study emotions or how emotions are controlled whereas in the opinion of the therapist’s emotions can sometimes lead individual to be against the society.Psychologists who are very appropriate in understanding the emotions have a different opinion and they always wish to understand the root cause and advancement of emotions. Now with the research in this area the understanding of scientists in relation to emotions have been changed from where they accepted emotions can be very exasperating to the point where they now feel and accept that emotions always occur because of a certain reason and they both are interrelated or associated and almost every part that Scientists had moved from the stage where they accepted that feelings are troublesome, to a stage where they saw that feeling and reason are interconnected and that the greater part of theevents, discernment or thinking goes before sentiments. Emotions and Information known to be different and separated areashave now composed in the new field "Comprehension and influence" (Mayer, 2001)

The ability to understand others as well as one’s own assumptions and emotions, identify the difference between them and use this information to control individual thinking and action. (Salovey and Mayer, 1990) John Mayer and Peter Salovey in 1990, for the first time used the word “Emotional Intelligence” in their writing notwithstanding the way that the field of energetic information is a truly new one(Cherniss, 2000),this thought got massively notable because it explains and outfits evidence on people with a fair Intelligence Quotient on occasion misfire and

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the people those who never went to school or got dropped from it, considered moronic continue to transform amazingly in their respective areas (Goleman, 1995).

The four- bifurcation model developed by Mayer and Salovey’s of Emotional Intelligence laid accentuation observation, enthusiastic osmosis, comprehension and the board (Mayer, Salovey, and Caruso, 2004), while the characteristics on which Reuven Bar-On (2002) conquers are the enthusiastic mindfulness, resistant to stress, confidence, satisfaction, and so forth as those that choose the enthusiastic insight of an individual. Goleman (1998) then again calls attention to passionate self-mindfulness, discretion, sympathy, critical thinking, refereeing, and authority including the qualities which help to build up a smart human. The blended capacity model proposed by Reuven Bar-On underscores on how the character attributes impact a person’s general prosperity and Goleman’s model spotlights on working environment achievement (Stys and Brown, 2004).

The four-branch model of Mayer and Salovey’scomprehends enthusiastic insight as a psychological capacity and presents the four levels through which an individual turns out to be sincerely astute. Contrary to this model, another model was prepared and proposed by the researchers Reuven Bar-On (2002) and Goleman on blended capacity that incorporates character qualities too. The enthusiastic insight model which was proposed by Bar-On (2002) relates to the prospective for accomplishment and implementation, rather than execution or accomplishment itself, which includes cycle that is result-oriented. It endeavors to recognize in an individual the idle capacity of being sincerely wise. `

They are like Mayer and Salovey’s model on passionate mindfulness, restraint, self-articulation, and sympathy, however alongside these viewpoints, the testing of the reality which was proposed by Bar-On that identifies the relation among the experience and the real idea behind the article, resilience to the stress, including solidarity of being cheerful with idealistic evenness and difficulty. Goleman’s model goes amiss somewhat as he incorporates hierarchical mindfulness, initiative, cooperation and joint effort alongside mindfulness, restraint and compassion, as his attention is on working environment achievement.

In the late 20 th century, there was a swing increasing the positive impact of emotions in an individual’s life. The reason discovered behind this swing was the was the immense dependency accumulated for the acumen in return which lead to the absence of understanding in the individual’s own and social life relations (Mathews et. al. 2004). An individual scholarly recognition got begrudged, and yet was viewed with scorn. He was turning into a disparagement including the TV which personified the character as a “nerd” and in return he came up short on even the essential social abilities and was never on top of the real world (Zeidner and Mathews, 2000).

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When the population was undergoing brutality with a very small incitement at that point of time the hypothesis on the subject of Emotional Intelligence came into play and that was the suitable time when this could be introduced to the general public. In a book which is referred to as “Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child”written byJohn Gottman in 1997 where he stated about the issues which youngsters face and what approach they follow..

As the enthusiasm related to expression was founded long before but the inside it has currently focused in the minds of the population came from the structure which lead the foundations from the build of Mayor and Salovey in 1990. (Leuner, 1966, as referred to in Petrides, 2011). It was a very innovative idea as whenever depicted it revealed a large amount of information. But the amount of fame which the hypothesis has received is because of the book written by Daniel Goleman in respect to the subject “Emotional Intelligence and why it is more important than IQ” (1995).

The first person who applied the idea of Emotional Intelligence in relation to business was done by Goleman (1998) in his review article of Harvard Business Review. A high intelligent quotient accompanied by the solid information were the two important minimum capabilities that was required by the person when he is entering into the business environment (Goleman 1998).Intelligent quotient in addition to emotional intelligence can help an individual to get a secured position in his job and to be very effective in the corporate business environment(Emmerling and Goleman, 2003; Cherniss et. al. 1998; Boyatzis and Oosten, 2002)

A questionnaire developed by Richard Boyatzis(1994), on the self-assessmenthelped to analyze the skills and the capabilities which were required by the employers, top management. A different model which was referred to as theEmotional Competency Inventory (ECI) was built up by Goleman acted as an instrument which gave an insight to the individual HR department and also the friend appraisals on enthusiasm and its progression (Stys and Brown, 2004).

Emotional Competence Inventory i.e. ECI is dynamic, powerful as well as controversial because it gives anoverview of self-evaluation for a person and organization, on the other hand, it caters to an issue of dependability. Therefore, a person’s evaluation of himself being appreciated is questionable, with respect to a response in view of his presumptionsand enthusiastic capabilities. A presumptuous person might comprehend himself as sincerely skilled even though a person low on confidence may underestimate his abilities. As Grubb and McDaniel (2007) watch, the blended models are inimical to pretend as they are defenseless andconsist of “non-psychological dimensions”, utilizing self-report parameters. Equivalently, it is assumed that the element of ECI cover within any event in four of the Big Five-character measurements and other cognitive ideas are inspirational and initiative (Matthews et. al., 2002; Van Rooy&Viswesvaran, 2004, as referred to in Conte, 2005). Not many “peer explored evaluations of the undeviating aspect and illicitness of ECI have been embodied and proclaimed” (Conte, 2005), it is ideal to abandon thevalidity of development to future exploration and study.

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Self-Confidence is having faith in your own caliber to carry out an activity and get an outcome. (Bandura, 1977; Chemers, et al., 2000). For instance, to have conviction is to look towards the data that help buy a choice illustrating data search fearlessness. This peculiarkind of fearlessness is a unique connection with confidence;however,it could potentially grow autonomously like an outcome of encounters identified with that particular errand (Bandura, 1977, 1988; Park and Crocker, 2005). Individuals understand and embrace choices, by increasing explicit input regarding their capacities, along these lines build up the convictions in those capacities, with those convictions depicted as fearlessness (Park et al., 2007).

Self-Confidence is certifiably by no means a persuasive viewpoint without anyone else. However,it’s a judgment in regard to thedexterity for achieving some objective, and, along these lines, it is ought to contemplate an extensive conceptualization of inspiration that provides the purpose & target setting. Kanfer (1990a) presents a case of the psychologically driven structure of inspiration for such a conversation. Self-Confidence allows individuals to convince others to attempt activities, inclusive of buying choices, has been a zone of enthusiasm for quite a few years in the social brain science, advertising .

The terms such as, "fearlessness," "self-adequate," "recognized capability," "discern fitness" etc are used to predict an individual's capacity to achieve particular degree of execution. Bandura (1977) uses "self-adequacy" expression to display the conviction an individual is having the option to execute a specific task efficiently (e.g., facing a numerical statement) to obtain particular result (e.g., educator acknowledgment) and, in this manner, can be taken as conditionally explicit self-confidence.1 Self-viability isn't worried about a person's abilities, yet, rather, with the decisions of what an individual can achieve with those aptitudes (Bandura, 1986). Bandura (1986, 1990) recognizes "self-viability" and "fearlessness": self-assurance contributes to immovability however doesn't signal towards its heading; self-adequacy remarks the selection of an objection.

A few terms identified with fearlessness are at times mistaken for the build. A few authors (e.g., Kirsch, 1985) made attempt to actualize Bandura's (1977) idea about self-assurance (self- viability) as an anticipation build. Bandura recognizes decisions of one’s adequacy right from the anticipation develop in hope by-esteem hypotheses (e.g., Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975; Triandis, 1977): fearlessness is a result of individual capability to perform at a particular level; hopes anticipated from results from a given exertion degree. Generally, certainty desires are worried about convictions individual ability and result desires are worried about convictions about individualsituation.

Social self-assurance, now and again named social self-viability, is strong confidence in individualability to socialize or potentially maintaining relational tie ups (Bandura, 1993; Gecas, 1989; Paridon et al., 2006; Wright, 1975). Individuals having less social fearlessness will in general be much helpless to others impact (Gecas, 1989; Pool et al., 1998). Thus,shows less degrees of certainty put an individual in subordinate situation with other people, and

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consequently follow-up conduct of others trying to be publically acknowledged. The converse got less consideration (Chelminski and Coulter, 2007; Soyeon, 1996). How more significant stages of public self-assurance may carry an individual to rise to characteristic pioneer having a capacity to impact individual choices stays unveiled.

Social Confidence depends upon that a significant function is assumed in the development of characteristic conclusion pioneers who can affect the decision of friends. Fearless individuals are generally more propelled when it comes to embracing the conduct whenever they are quite sure about it. It comes from the conviction that the difficulties can be tackled by them which are shown by the conduct. (Chemers, et al., 2000; Schunk, 1990). In such situation, social fearlessness will progress individuals about being more friendly with other individuals around. Thus, individuals will have the conviction that the social associations can be dealt by them, adequately managing the good and bad incidents that ordinarily come up at the time of social trades. Friendlier individuals are able to make more social bonding in a companion bunch as compare to others during a gathering, expanding thecapacity to impact every individual in the gathering with the help of social contact (Berndt, 2002). By this their buy conduct will be more obvious, also conceivably much alluring and copied by everyone around them, because it marksgreater social situation at gathering. Not exclusively can greater self-assurance propel an individual to participate in a conduct all the more frequently, research has discovered they all the more adequately deal with their conduct along with time (Sanna and Pusecker, 1994; Zimmerman et al., 1992). An individual having more noteworthy social fearlessness will have the option for a social setting survey and comprehend the situation inside. The appraisal might not really be coordinated for accomplishing impact, yet is probably going to bring about it. An individual with more prominent social self-assurance will in general invest more energy and mental assets understanding the more extensive ramifications of their activities and overseeing outside elements that can impact their individual social achievement (Bandura, 1990; Sanna and Pusecker, 1994). Fearlessness drives individuals to zero in compared to their own capacities, as they realize, they possess the capacities and there is no need to create them (Bandura, 1990). Fearlessness consequently gives the chance to individuals to appropriately survey the social setting around them, driving individuals to participate in the social conduct which are adequate and engaging companions, finally to settle on choices which are more socially worthy and are probably going to be imitatedby other individuals.

The adverse-impacts of less confidence likewise do influence the impact of an individual on his/her friends. Individuals encountering less self-assurance along with an undertaking are found to play out the assigned work all the much more unpredictably (Bandura, 1993; Bouffard- Bouchard, 1990). An individual having less social self-assurance, with related inconsistent social conduct, will be quite less unsurprising to everyone. Although unusual or an unpredictable individual is probably not going to fabricate or support incredible degrees of relational impact. Effective progressing towards good social relations require constant effortsor steady upkeep for maintaining them (Carstensen, 1993; Gaine and Guardia, 2009; Peirce et al., 2000). Absence of

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fruitful friend relationships, a result of less social confidence, tiny open door is accessible to companions so as to be affected or when it comes to buying choices whether watched and copied.

Other adverse-impact of lessself-confidence emerges from its bonding with the authority an individual feels over one's life. People with less fearlessness will in general consider them to be as dependent upon outer powers, with these outside powers being of more noteworthy effect on personal choices (Coffeea et al., 2009; Gilbert and Malone, 1995). These outside powers decide how fruitful theendeavors are and not considering the own capacity (Gist and Mitchell, 1992). Inside social settings people with less fearlessness can consider them to be much dependent upon the choices of other individuals, and consequently they will be more averse to endeavor to impact everyone. Although this doesn't furnish strong proof that individual withgreater self- assurance will apply that power on the social setting it dorecommends that a connection between greater fearlessness and more noteworthy relational impact is likely.

Research Methodology

The Study Objectives :

 To evaluate Self-Confidence level in the sample population.  To evaluate Emotional Intelligence level in consideration of all 5 competencies.  To evaluate what relationship exists between Self-Confidence and Emotional Intelligence considering the sample population.

Sample Size : Total Sample size is 157.

Sample Design: Non- Probability Convenience Sampling.

Sample Area: India

Data Analysis

Descriptive and inferential data analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). The analysis of the collected data was done using Mean and Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient.

To evaluate the level of Self-confidence and Emotional Intelligence in the participantsDescriptive Statistics was applied. Whilst to determine what relationship exists between Emotional Intelligence and Self-ConfidenceWhilst Pearson Correlation was applied.

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1. Level of Self-Confidence in the sample population:

Mean 4.0064 4.1677 4.3397 3.9935 3.9285 4.1346 3.7070 3.8645 4.0064 4.5909

Standard 0.0650 0.0632 0.0541 0.0741 0.0731 0.0744 0.0757 0.0813 0.0694 0.0484 Error

Median 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 Mode 4 4 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 Standard 0.8098 0.7880 0.6767 0.9262 0.9082 0.9303 0.9490 1.0134 0.8641 0.6008 Deviation

Sample 0.6558 0.6210 0.4580 0.8580 0.8249 0.8656 0.9007 1.0269 0.7467 0.3609 Variance

Range 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 N 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157

Mean Total: Sum of all Means/No. of Questions; 40.7392/10 = 4.07392

Interpretation

Table 1 depicts the Mean value for each question asked with respect to Self- Confidence. To evaluate the level of Self-Confidence, responses were segregated according to the score range i.e.

< 2 (Low on Self-Confidence)

< 3 (Below Average on Self-Confidence)

3-4 (Good/Above Average Self-Confidence)

4-5 (High Self Confidence)

Thus, according to the analysis the Self-Confidence of sample population is 4.07392 i.e. the Confidence level is high.

2. Level of Emotional Intelligence in the sample population:

Descriptive Self- Managing Motivating Empathy Social Emotional

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Statistics awareness emotions oneself skills Intelligence Mean 12.8512 10.8659 11.8315 12.0778 11.88 59.8841 Standard 0.2107 0.2495 0.23336 0.22822 0.23954 1.1612 Error Median 13 12 12 12 12 61 Mode 15 11 14 14 14 68 Standard 2.6134 3.1011 2.8963 2.8337 2.9731 14.4176 Deviation Sample 2.3253 3.2409 2.8116 2.6781 2.9506 14.0065 Variance Range 11 12 11 12 12 58 N 154 155 155 154 156 157

Interpretation

To check the level of EI, the above table was interpreted on the basis of score chart was given in the standardized questionnaire. Following are the score range: 15-34 (Low Emotional Intelligence level) 35-55 (Moderate Emotional Intelligence level) 56-75 (High Emotional Intelligence level) Table 2 depicts the Mean value of EI which is 59.88 that lies in the range of 56-75. Thus, the sample population is emotionally intelligent considering all the competencies.

3. Relationship between Self-Confidence and Emotional Intelligence by Pearson Correlation Coefficient:

Correlations Self- Emotional Confidence Intelligence Self-Confidence Pearson Correlation 1 .727 ** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 157 157 Emotional Pearson Correlation .727 ** 1 Intelligence Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 157 157 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

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Interpretation

The data was also analysed to check what relationship exists between Self-Confidence and EI.

From obtained value of r 0.727 significant at< 0.01. reflects strong relationship between Self- Confidence and Emotional Intelligence.

Discussion & Conclusion

The research was done so as to examine the Self-Confidence, Emotional Intelligence levelsand their relationship in the sample population.

 The first objective of the research was to evaluate Self-Confidence level in the sample population.It was confirmed that Self-Confidence level in the population is high which indicates that the people have trust on themselves and that they are aware about the strengths and weaknesses by having a positive attitude and sense of acceptance towards their own capabilities.  The second objective evaluates Emotional Intelligence level in consideration of all the 5 competencies. The study demonstrated that people are high on Emotional awareness and management. The self-motivation, empathy and social skills levels were also confirmed to be high which reflectsthat people are cognizant, empathetic and mindful if it’s down to their values, goals, choices etc.  The third objectivewas to evaluate what relationship exists between Self-Confidence and Emotional Intelligence considering the sample population.Also, the relationship between the Self-Confidence and EI was identified through SPSS. The analysis illustrated r = 0.727, significant on < 0.01showed a strong, significant and linear relationshipwhen it comes between the Self-Confidence and Emotional Intelligence.

Thus, by the results obtained it can be easily concluded that self-confidence is a demeanor to Emotional Intelligence.Hence, the training should be providedon self-confidence and emotional skills at every step which will be helpful to give a positive progress in life and will definitely affect the future employment, and social performance in the workplace.

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