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Ipomoea Cairica (L.) Sweet and Jacquemontia Pentantha (Jacq.) G

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Ipomoea Cairica (L.) Sweet and Jacquemontia Pentantha (Jacq.) G Cairo University Faculty of Pharmacy Pharmacognosy Department Phytochemical and Bioactivity Studies on Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet and Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don (Family Convolvulaceae) A thesis submitted by Dina Mahfouz Eskander Research Assistant, Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, Cairo for the PhD. Degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacognosy) Under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Elsayed Ali Aboutabl Professor of Pharmacognosy Pharmacognosy Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Ibrahim Ali Nassar Professor of Natural Products Chemistry Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department National Research Centre, Cairo Pharmacognosy Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University 2016 Abstract (Key Words: Jacquemontia pentantha - Ipomoea cairica - Convolvulaceae - DNA fingerprinting - proximate analysis – flavonoids – quantitative phenolic acids - HPLC profile - biological activities ). This work includes phytochemical and bioactivity studies on Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G Don and Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet, family Convolvulaceae. Studying the following: literature survey of phytoconstituents and bioactivities of certain Convolvulaceae species, DNA fingerprinting, phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of both plants, HPLC profile of flavonoid compounds of both plants, quantitative estimation of phenolic acids and flavonoids of aerial parts of both plants and isolation, characterization and structure elucidation of the main constituents in the methanol soluble fraction of the aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don .Also, evaluation of certain biological activities of extracts of the aerial parts of both plants including: determination of acute toxicity (LD50), anti-inflammatory activity, antihyperglycemic activity, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective activity and also evaluation of antimicrobial activity of extracts of the aerial parts of both plants . INTRODUCTION Convolvulaceae, known commonly as the bindweed or morning glory family of flowering plants, includes 57 genera and about 1600 species, widely cultivated for their colourful funnel-shaped flowers and heart-shaped leaves. Most are twining and erect herbs, with a few woody vines, trees, and shrubs (Austin, 1973). In Egypt, Convolvulaceae is represented by 10 genera and 43 species (Boulos, 1983, Tackholm, 1974). The family is widespread in both tropical and subtropical areas (Meira et al., 2012). Convolvulaceae has many economic uses as, edible crops, ornamentals, medicinal plants, some serious weeds. It comprises important food plants e.g., the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) and Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. It includes several ornamentals used in horticulture, several medicinal plants (Ipomoea, Cuscuta, Dichondra, Evolvulus) and numerous noxious weeds (Cuscuta and Convolvulus) (Rhui-cheng and Shu-huain, 1979). Secondary metabolites of Convolvulaceae may be accumulated in all parts of the plant or only in specific organs, e.g., seeds, leaves or roots (Eich, 2008). Phytoconstituents of many species of this family include; alkaloids (Leistner and Steiner, 2009), phenylpropanoids including flavonoids, as well as terpenoids and coumarins are constituents of plants of this family (Eich, 2008). In contrast, resin glycosides, characteristic constituents of complex resins occurring usually with lactifers, represent unique metabolites in the plant kingdom confined to the Convolvulaceae (Pereda- Miranda et al., 2010). These glycoresins constituents are responsible for the purgative properties of some species of the Convolvulaceae (Pereda-Miranda and Bah, 2003). Species of family Convolvulaceae are recieving increasing interest, as they are biologically active. Bioactivities, so far, detected in these species are antioxidant (Mahmood et al., 1993), antimicrobial (Panaccione, 2005), anti-inflammatory (Ferreira et al., 2006), antidiabetic (Jayaweera, 1982) and ( Malalavidhane et al., 2001) and anticancer activity (Cho et al., 2004). Accordingly; two plants Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don and Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet belonging to family Convolvulaceae cultivated in Egypt were chosen for investigation of their phytoconstituents and bioactivities. The aim of work : A. Literature survey of phytoconstituents and bioactivities of certain Convolvulaceae species. B. Identification of DNA Fingerprinting of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don and Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet leaves. C. Phytochemical study of the aerial parts of each Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don and Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet including the following: Phytochemical screening and proximate analysis. Quantitative estimation of phenolic acids and flavonoids. HPLC profile of flavonoid compounds. Isolation, characterization and structure elucidation of the main constituents in the methanol soluble fraction of the aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don . D. Evaluation of certain biological activities of extracts of the aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don and Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet including: Determination of acute toxicity (LD50) Anti-inflammatory activity Antihyperglycemic activity Antioxidant activity Hepatoprotective activity Antimicrobial activity Review: 1. Phytoconstituents reported from certain Convolvulaceae species Several constituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, Phenolic acid derivatives, coumarins, triterpenes and sterols, lignans, fatty acids and resin glycosides are reported in different species of the family. 2. Bioactivities reported from certain Convolvulaceae species: Allelopathic potential of compounds isolated from Ipomoea tricolor cav. Convolvulaceae, was studied by Anaya et al., 1990. Ipomoea asarifolia was screened for inhibitory activity on AchE, the results obtained were very interesting for further isolation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, to be used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (Feitosa et al., 2011). Bioactivity-guided purification of n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of Evolvulus alsinoides resulted in the isolation of two new compounds, 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3- methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy)- phenyl]-2-propenoate and 1,3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester. Compound displayed most promising antistress effect by normalizing hyperglycemia, plasma corticosterone and adrenal hypertrophy. Compound was also effective in normalizing most of these stress parameters (Gupta et al., 2007). The antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neurodegenerative disease was studied. (Auddy et al., 2003). These plants including Evolvulus alsinoides are used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, loss of memory, degeneration of nerves and other neuronal disorders by the Ayurvedic practitioners. Evolvulus alsinoides is well known for its memory enhancement, antiepileptic and immunomodulatory properties in the traditional Indian system of medicine. It exhibited adaptogenic and memory enhancing properties in rodents (Siripurapu et al., 2005). The antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antispasmodic, antiviral and antifungal activities have been reported (Singhel et al., 2011) for Argyreia nervosa (Convolvulaceae). The use of Convolvulus arvensis as a candidate medicinal plant including anti-tumor, anti-angiogenesis and immunostimulatory activities (Mahmoudi et al., 2014). Antioxidant activity, antimicrobial effect, anthocyanin and phenolic content of purple sweet potato and its sections were evaluated. The high phenolic and anthocyanin content was responsible for its significant antioxidant activity (Cevallos- Casals and Cisneros-Zevallos, 2002). Summary: Convolvulaceae, known commonly as the bindweed or morning glory family of flowering plants, which includes 57 genera and about 1600 species, widely cultivated for their colourful funnel- shaped flowers and heart-shaped leaves. The family is widespread in both tropical and temperate areas. In Egypt , there are 10 genera and about 43 species of Convolvulaceae (Boulous , 1983) (Tackholm, 1974). Phytoconstituents of many species of family Convolvulaceae include; alkaloids, tannins,triterpenes, carbohydrates, flavonoids, sterols and coumarins. Two plants Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don and Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet belonging to family Convolvulaceae were chosen to carry out phytochemical and bioactivity studies on them. 1. DNA Fingerprinting of Jacquemontia pentantha and Ipomoea cairica aerial parts The genomic DNA of the two species has been subjected to RAPD and ISSR analyses. Eleven decamer olygonucleotide primers induced successive amplifications with a large number of polymorphic bands.The analysis of the amplicons generated by RAPD and ISSR reactions revealed that the biotypes of Jacquemontia pentantha and Ipomoea cairica species were reproducer and gave different molecular patterns. The banding patterns produced by the primers OP–AO2, OP – AO7, and HB–O9 generated the highest degree of polymorphism and induced unique fragments. Therefore, this primers could be used to discriminate between interspecific species. However, primer OP–AO1, HB-12 generated the lowest percent of polymorphism with consequent high percent of similarity coefficient.This primer could be used for the identification of the genotype. RAPD and ISSR technique are widely used to fingerprint and assess genetic diversity as previously reported by (Dalhaber
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