Revenue Expenditure Has Includes Post Devolution Revenue Deficit Grant of Increased by 15.77 Per Cent in 2016-17 As Against 9.68 `3,350 Crore
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1 CHAPTER POPULATION AND THE MACROECONOMY Chapter 1, Population And The Macroeconomy 3 CHAPTER POPULATION AND THE MACROECONOMY POPULATION PROFILE OF THE STATE According to the Census of India 2011, the of children in the age group 0-6 years in Kerala population of Kerala was 33,406,061, or 2.76 per was 12 per cent at the Census of 2001 and 10 per cent of India’s population. Of the States total cent at the Census of 2011(The corresponding population, 48 per cent population are males and figure for India in 2011 was 13 per cent). 52 per cent are females. Figure 1.1 presents a picture of child population in the districts of Kerala in 2001 and 2011. The The decadal growth rate of Kerala’s population highest proportion of child population was in Malappuram district and lowest proportion was was 4.9 per cent, the lowest among Indian States. in Pathanamthitta district. The decreasing trend Among the districts of the State, Malappuram is seen in all districts of the State. The southern has the highest growth rate (13.4 per cent), and districts of Kerala show 2 per cent decline except Pathanamthitta has the lowest growth rate (-3.0 Kollam which has a decline of 1 per cent in the per cent). Idukki also has a negative growth rate proportion of child population, while the northern (-1.8 per cent). The growth rate of population is districts in Kerala show 1 per cent decline in the lower in six southern districts (Idukki, Kottayam, proportion of child population except Wayanad Alappuzha, Kollam, Pathanamthitta and which has a decline of 2 per cent. It shows that Thiruvananthapuram) than in other districts of new addition to population in northern districts the State. is faster than in the southern districts. Details are given in Appendix 1.1. Child Population The share of urban population in Kerala was 47.7 per cent, representing a decadal increase of The child population (0-6 years) in Kerala shows 21.74 per cent between 2001 and 2011. As many a declining trend. Census data shows an absolute as 15,934,926 persons in the State were living in decline in the child population in the State. Kerala’s urban areas. The rural population was 17,471,135. total child population in 2011 was 3,472,955 and The district in which the proportion of the urban 3,793,146 in 2001 census data. The population to total population was highest is Ernakulam Chapter 1, Population And The Macroeconomy 4 Figure 1.1 Child Population in Kerala, in per cent Source: Census 2001, 2011 (68 per cent). The share of urban population is sex ratio of Kerala was 1022 in 1961 and increased lowest in Wayanad (3.9 per cent). to 1016 in 1971. It further increased to 1032 and 1036 in 1981 and 1991 respectively. Sex ratio of Literacy Tamil Nadu is 996, of Karnataka is 973, of Andhra Pradesh is 993 and that of India is 943. Kerala has the highest proportion of literate persons in the population among Indian States. The Among the districts, Kannur has the highest sex effective literacy rate is 93.91 per cent. Literacy was ratio (1136) followed by Pathanamthitta (1132). 90 per cent at the Census of 2001. The national While Idukki has the lowest ratio (1006), Ernakulum literacy rate is 72 per cent. Among districts, is just above with 1027. All the districts have sex Kottayam tops in the literacy chart with 97.2 per ratio above 1000. In 2001, only Wayanad had ratio cent and Pathanamthitta is just behind with 96.5 below 1000 (994). The difference between the per cent. Wayanad has the lowest literacy rate of lowest (Idukki, 1006) and highest (Kannur, 1136) 89 per cent and Palakkad is just above with 89.3 is 130 points. Details are given in Appendix 1.2. per cent. Even the lowest literacy rate of Wayanad (89 per cent) is higher than national rate of literacy. All districts have a score above 90 except Palakkad Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Years) (89.3) and Wayanad (89). The difference between the lowest and the highest value is just 8.2. As Child sex ratio in Kerala is 964 as per the 2011 compared to 2001, literacy rate of all the districts census data. It was 960 in 2001. The child sex has improved. Details are given in Appendix 1.1. ratio in Tamil Nadu is 943, Karnataka 948, Sex Ratio Andhra Pradesh 939 and the national figure is 919. Among districts, Pathanamthitta has the The sex ratio (number of females per thousand highest ratio (976) followed by Kollam (973) and males) of Kerala according to Census 2011 is 1084 Kannur (971). Thrissur has the lowest ratio (950), and has improved by 26 points from 2001. The and Alappuzha is just above with a ratio of 951. Economic Review 2017, Kerala State Planning Board 5 The difference between lowest and highest is 26 Analysis of district-wise distribution of State points. All districts have a ratio below 1,000. When population for the last 40 years from 1981 to analysing the decadal change, the highest increase 2011 shows that Malappuram district continues is in Kollam (13) followed by Kozhikode (10). to hold largest share of State population followed The decadal change in other districts is below 10. by Thiruvananthapuram and Ernakulam. Wayanad Thrissur (-)8, Idukki (-)5 and Alappuzha (-)5 have continues to have the smallest share of State negative decadal change in child sex ratio. Details population. Idukki, Kasragode and Pathanamthitta are in Appendix 1.2. also have a lower share of State population. Density of Population Age Group Distribution It is interesting to note the demographic transition Kerala’s density of population as per 2011 census in Kerala during the last fifty years. It is observed is 860 persons per sq. km. While density of that the proportion of population in the age population in Tamil Nadu is 555, Karnataka 319, group of (0-14 years), has declined from 43 per Andhra Pradesh 308, and that of India is 382. cent in 1961 to 23 per cent in 2011. In the case of Thiruvananthapuram is the most densely populated working age group (15-59 years), the population district (1,508) while, Idukki is the least densely is increasing but at a lower rate. However, due to populated district (255). Density of population the increasing life expectancy and availability of increased in all districts between the Censuses of health facilities, the proportion of population in 2001 and 2011, other than in Pathanamthitta and the old age group (60 years and above) is showing Idukki . Details are in Appendix 1.1. an increasing trend from 6 per cent in 1961 to 13 per cent in 2011 (Figure 1.2). District-Wise Distribution of Population If the trend continues like this, in the near future, The details of District-wise population in the State the addition to the working age group (15-59) are in Table 1.1. will decrease as the feeder category (0-14) is Table 1.1 District-wise Population from 1981 to 2011, in per cent Unit 1981 1991 2001 2011 Kerala 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Kasaragod 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.9 Kannur 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.6 Wayanad 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.4 Kozhikode 8.8 9.0 9.0 9.2 Malappuram 9.4 10.6 11.4 12.3 Palakkad 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.4 Thrissur 9.6 9.4 9.3 9.3 Ernakulam 10.0 9.7 9.8 9.8 Idukki 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.3 Kottayam 6.7 6.3 6.1 5.9 Alappuzha 7.3 6.9 6.6 6.4 Pathanamthitta 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.6 Kollam 8.5 8.3 8.1 7.9 Thiruvananthapuram 10.2 10.1 10.2 9.9 Source: Census 1981,1991,2001,2011 Chapter 1, Population And The Macroeconomy 6 Figure 1.2 Age Group Distribution (percentage) Kerala 1961-2011 Source: Census 1961,1971,1981,1991,2001,2011 diminishing. Moreover, proportion of the old areas of agricultural land with hamlets distributed age dependent group (60 and above) will increase sporadically. However, in Kerala, a number of which will entail higher social security expenditure small and medium towns are distributed in the by government. village background. Urbanisation In the first Census of 20th century (1901), the State had a population of 6.4 million of which 5.9 The decadal growth rate of Kerala has been million (92.9 per cent) were living in rural areas. declining since 1981 at a greater pace than the The urban population accounted for only half national level. The decadal growth rate of Kerala a million, estimated as less than 10 per cent of during 2001-2011 has registered the lowest growth the total population of the State. Over a period of 4.9 per cent ever since independence. It is of hundred years, the share of rural population much lower than the decadal growth rate of the has undergone a steady decline and was 74 per nation as a whole which is 17.64 per cent. The cent of total population in 2001. Significantly, gap between the rate of growth of population for in 2011 census, the population of the State was India and Kerala has been increasing since 1981. almost equally divided between rural and urban The State’s addition to the total population of areas.