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Home , Asymblepharus, Nepalese rock, Phrynocephalus theobaldi, Sphenomorphus maculatus

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF NEPAL LIZARDS AND CROCODILES

A CHILDREN’S BOOK

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H. Hermann Schleich & Kaluram Rai xd{g :NofOv tyf sfn'/fd /fO{

Published by

ARCO-Nepal reg. soc. k|sfzs cfsf{] g]kfn O=eL=

Amphibians and Reptiles

Class: Reptilia, Reptiles, N: Sarisripaharu Vertebrates with mostly 4 limbs; normally 5 clawed digits. Limbs are lacking in snakes. There are many lizards with reduced limbs and digits. Reptile skin is covered by horny structures of different size (scales, plates, granules, tubercles etc.) and provided with few glands. All main reptilian groups are represented in Nepal: Crocodiles (Order Crocodylia) with 2 species, turtles and tortoises (Order Testudines) with about 15, and scaled reptiles (Order Squamata) with about 40 lizard and about 70 snake species.

Order Crocodylia - Crocodiles Crocodiles, N: Gohiharu Large to very large aquatic reptiles with a laterally flattened tail and with digits webbed; 5 fingers and 4 toes. Eyes and nostrils are placed on the highest parts of the head. The ears can be closed with a valve. The skin is covered with thick horny plates which are – at least dorsally – underlain with an armour of flat bones. They lay large clutches of oval eggs, being deposited in nests which are dug into sand or consist of large mounds of rotting plants. The nests are guarded by adults. When the eggs are close to hatching, the juveniles inside them start squawking. At this acoustic signal a parent opens the nest, even helps the juveniles out of the eggshell. The offspring is then carried to the water in a parent’s mouth.

Family: Crocodylidae -True crocodiles, N: Gohi Family: Gavialidae – Gharials This family comprises only a single species, the Gangetic gharial, a specialised fish eater with a thin and prolonged snout.

Order Squamata - Scaled reptiles This group comprises lizards and snakes in two suborders. SAURIA, Lizards (Saurians), N: Chheparaharu Khokchale (Rai), Chaparase Sherpa) With the exception of the geckos (Family Gekkonidae) all Nepalese lizards have movable eyelids. In geckos, skinks and Glass lizards tails break easily. Amputation is facilitated e.g. by fracture plains in tail vertebrae. In the first two families the tail regenerates to a considerable length. All Nepalese lizards with the only exception of Theobald’s toadhead agama (Phrynocephalus theobaldi), the East Himalayan forest skink (Sphenomorphus indicus) and perhaps some populations of the Glacier skink (Asymblepharus ladacensis) lay eggs.

Family: Varanidae, Monitors, N: Gohoroharu With total lengths of 80 resp. 175 cm the both Nepalese monitor species are by far the largest lizards of the country. Above all the well-armed Bengal monitor should be handled with care as it can inflict serious wounds with its sharp teeth and dispense heavy blows when lashing its long tail.

Family: Agamidae, Agamids, N: Chheparaharuko samuha Diurnal lizards with well-developed limbs; the skin is often capable of a striking colour change. Male agamid lizards may show brilliant colours during courtship and have specific display actions.

Family: Anguidae, Glass lizards, N: Kudkesarpaharu This species is the only legless Nepalese lizard. In other species maternal care was observed, the female coiling around the eggs.

Family: Gekkonidae, Geckos, N: Bhittiharu & Mousuliharu, Phakcheba (Sherpa) Geckos are very frequent around human habitations and they can be easily distinguished from other lizards by their enlarged digits which allow them to adhere to smooth surfaces, even glass panes. Besides crocodiles, geckos are the only reptiles with a loud voice. They lay eggs with hard, calcified shells – mostly two – which are hid in crevices. All species hunt at dusk or during the night. Most of them can be seen basking by day.

Family: Scincidae, Skinks, N: Bhanemungroharu The skinks are rather frequent, but not easy to catch and difficult to identify. Besides the Glass lizard, skinks are the only group of Nepalese lizards with a head covered by large symmetrical scutes. Their body scales are very thin, relatively large and overlapping, reminding fish scales. In most genera (except Eutropis) they are smooth and glossy. Skink tails are very fragile, and in the older and larger specimens practically almost all are regenerated and shorter than the original.

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km]ldnL M cufld8L -kf]y|] 5]kf/f kl/jf/_ of] lbp;f] ;lqmo /xg] / k"0f{ ljsl;t rf/ kfp ePsf] 5]kf/f] xf] . o;sf 5fnfsf] /ª l56f]l56f] kl/jt{g x'G5 . k|0fosfndf efn] kf]y|] 5]kf/fx¿ /ª\lula/ª\uL ePsf b]lvG5g\ . km]ldnL M Pª\u'O8L -s'8\s] ;k{ kl/jf/_ of] g]kfnsf] Ps dfq xft v'66f\ ljxLg 5]kf/fx¿sf] kl/jf/ xf] . o;sf] kf]yLn] cfˆgf] k'mnnfO{ s'ª\lnª k/]/ cf]yf/f a;L :ofxfg{] u5{ . o:tf]] :jefjnfO{ cleefjsLo :ofxf/ elgG5 . km]ldnL M u]Ssf]lg8L -leQL kl/jf/_ leQLx¿ / dfp;'nLx¿ -;]kf{ M kmfSr]jf_ ;fwf/0ftof leQL jf sf]St]x¿ dfgj a;f]af; ePsf :yfgx¿df kfOG5g\ . ;fy} logLx¿sf cf}+nfx¿ df]6f, v08v08 / 3]/f3]/f k/]sf x'gfn] leQf, l;lnª tyf lrNnf] ;txdf dfq xf]Og P]gf jf l;;fUnf;df klg lx+8\g ;S5g\ . uf]xLx¿afx]s ;l/;[kdWo]]df oxL k|hfltn] dfq cfjfh lgsfNg ;S5 . logLx¿n] s8f vf]:6f ePsf b'O{cf]6f k'mn r]krfkdf jf vf]laN6fx¿df kfg{] u5{g\ . ;a} k|hfltx¿n] l/dl/d ;fFemdf, ld/ld/] laxfgLlt/ cyjf /flt aQL an]sf] a]nf rf/f]sf] vf]hLdf lg:sG5g\ . k|foh;f] logLx¿ lbp;f] eg] 3fd tfk]/ latfpg] u5{g\ . km]ldnL M l;lG;8L, l:sª\s;, g]= efg]d'ª\u|f]x? efg]d'ª\u|f]x? g]kfndf k|z:t eP tfklg ;lhn} logLx?nfO{ ;dft]/ lrGg ;lsGg . s'8\s] ;k{afx]s logLx?sf] dfq lgwf/df a/fa/;Fu afFl8Psf sTnfx? x'G5g\ . logLx?sf] z/L/df kftnf sTnfx? eP tfklg 7'nf / df5fsf h:tf x'G5g\ . k|foM ;a} hfltsf] -da'jf afx]s_ z/L/ lrNnf] / lrKnf] x'G5 . o;sf] k'R5/ clt skmNnf] x'G5 / Tof] r'Fl8P/ km]l/ knfpg] x'Fbf gofFsf] eGbf k'/fgf] efg]d'ª\u|f]sf] k'R5/ 5f]6f] x'G5 . km]ldnL M Eof/flg8L -uf]xf]/f] kl/jf/_ g]kfndf kfOg] uf]xf]/f]x¿ *) b]lv !)) ;]lG6ld6/;Ddsf] nDafO ePsf x'G5g\ . logLx¿ g]kfndf kfOg] 5]kf/fx¿dWo] ;aeGbf 7'nf k|hflt x'g\ . lognfO{ xf]l;of/L ;fy cjnf]sg ug{'k5{ lsgeg] rnfpFbf logLx¿sf ltvf gª\u|f / bfFtn] lryf]g{ ;S5g\ / nfdf] k'R5/ a6f/]/ 3'dfpFbf logLx¿sf cf/fsf bfFt h:tf ltvf sfF8fn] rf]6 k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ .

Eof/fg; a]ª\uf]n]gl;;, a]ª\uf]n df]lg6/ Varanus bengalensis, Bengal monitor

Nepali names: Bhaise gohoro, Kalo gohoro g]kfnL gfd M sfnf] uFu6f]

;fOl6;åf/f ;+/lIft CITES I Protected!!

lrq M jois-afofF_, aRrf adult (left), juvenile of] s:tf] b]lvG5

Where it lives: Extremely adaptable and inhabits very of] sxfF a:5 habitats, ranging from regions with winter snow or 7fpFb]lv lnP/ d?e"ld / ;bfjxf/ hª\unx¿df klg a:5 . of] saline deserts to evergreen tropical rain forest, but also ktem/ hª\un, emf8L / 3fF;] rf}/Ldf ;fy} vf]nfsf] lsgf/f, ;'Vvf including deciduous forests, scrub and grassland, river banks 7fpFx¿df klg a:5 . of] slxn]sfxL+ kfgLdf klg a:5 . g]kfndf of] t/fO{, dw]z, pkTosf, kxf8x¿df kfOG5 . / of] ljz]if u/L and dry ravines. It is often associated with water. In Nepal, it wfg v]tL jf cGg v]tL u/]sf] hdLgdf Hofbfh;f] a:b5 . inhabits lowland and hills and is most common in a mosaic of farmland (e.g. rice fields) with open forests, in river valleys and Sal (Shorea robusta) woods.

of] s;/L a:5

g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6M g]kfndf of] t/fO{, dWo kxf8L e"efub]lv @)$) Distribution in Nepal: Terai and Midlands of all parts, up to ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf -/S;], Onfd_ ;Dd km}lnPsf] kfOG5 . of] 2,040 m (Rakshe, Ilam District). In the highest part of the kfOg] ;a}eGbf pRr 7fpFdf eg] jif{sf] s]xL xKtf;Dd lxpF klg kg{ range there is a snow cover for several weeks. ;S5 . 6

P]Nnf] dlg6/ Varanus flavescens, Yellow monitor Eof/fg; ˆnfle;]G;, g]kfnL gfd M ;'g uf]xf]/f] Nepali names: Suun gohoro ;fOl6;åf/f ;+/lIft CITES I protected!! of] s:tf] b]lvG5

of] sxfF a:5 habitat to agricultural land, the species ds}af/Lx¿df, wfgv]tx¿df / df5f kflnPsf kf]v/Lx¿df klg colonise villages, ditches, irrigated cultures of rice, maize, grass a:g yfN5 . and fish farms.

of] s;/L a:5

Distribution in Nepal: Terai up to 316 m, from W to E. g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6M g]kfndf of] t/fO{b]lv #!^ ld6/Ddsf] pRrfO;Dd km}lnPsf] kfOG5 .

u]Ssf] u]Ssf], 6f]s] Gekko gecko, Tokay

Nepali names: Tokeh-tokeh, Kokte (Rai), Sungohoro g]kfnL gfd M 6f]s] 6f]s], sf]St] -/fO{_

lrq bfofF left

How it looks: Max. total length: 395 mm. Colour greyish violet of] s:tf] b]lvG5

Calotes versicolor, Common garden lizard Sofnf]l6; el;{s/n, sdg uf8{]g lnhf8{

g]kfnL gfdM au}+r] 5]kf/f] Nepali names: Baghaiche chheparo kf]yL bfofF, efn] afofF female, right: male of] s:tf] b]lvG5

nf}8flsof 6\o'j/s'n]6f, 6'a/s'n]6]8 cufdf Laudakia tuberculata, Tuberculated agama dfem centre g]kfnL gfdM le/ 5]kf/f] Nepali names: Bhir chheparo of] s:tf] b]lvG5

Eutropis (ex Mabuya) carinata, Common Indian skink o'6«f]lk; Sofl/gf6f, sdg OlG8og l:sª\s right bfofF Nepali names: Bharatiya bhanemungro g]kfnL gfdM ef/tLo efg]d'ª\u|f] How it looks: Length + tail 125 + 165 mm. Its colour is brown or of] s:tf] b]lvG5

o'6«f]lk; dfs'nfl/of, a|Gh u|f:s l:sª\s Eutropis (ex Mabuya) macularia, Bronze grass skink afofF left

Nepali names: Kashe ghase bhanemungro g]kfnL gfdM sfF;] 3fF;] efg]d'ª\u|f] How it looks: length + tail: 65 + 100 mm. The dorsum is bronze, of] s:tf] b]lvG5

hfkfn'/f Eofl/uf6f, efl/uf6]8 kmf]/]:6 cufdf Japalura variegata, Variegated forest agama

Nepali names: Phite bhude chheparo g]kfnL gfd M lkmt] eF'8] 5]kf/f] left: female, right: male kf]yL bfofF , efn

How it looks: Length + tail: 94 + 144 mm. Its colour results of] s:tf] b]lvG5

Ophisaurus gracilis, Glass lizard cf]lkm;fp/; u|fl;ln;, Unf; lnhf8{

g]kfnL gfd M s'8\s] ;k{ Nepali names: Kudake sarpa dfem centre of] s:tf] b]lvG5

8«fsf] :k];, ˆnfOª 8«fug Draco spec., Flying dragon

g]kfnL gfd M p8'jf 5]kf/f] Nepali names: Udane chheparo

of] s:tf] b]lvG5

of] sxfF a:5

of] s;/L a:5

g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M o;sf] jf;:yfg g]kfndf w]/} 7fpF kQf nfu] klg gd"gf eg] Distribution in Nepal: No voucher specimens available. Only ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . :yfgLo JolStx¿af6 dfq o;sf af/]df w]/} known from reports of local people and evidently extremely hfgsf/L kfOPsf] 5 t/ k|dfl0ft eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|fKt tYofª\scg';f/ rare. All records from five localities are from a strip of the of] k"jL{ g]kfnsf] ^%) b]lv !(*) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf o;sf] km}nfj6 b]lvG5 . eastern Midlands, 650-1,980 m.

8«fsf] :k];, ˆnfOª 8«fug Draco spec., Flying dragon

g]kfnL gfd M p8'jf 5]kf/f] Nepali names: Udane chheparo

of] s:tf] b]lvG5

of] sxfF a:5

How it lives: They lay 2-6 soft-shelled eggs being buried in of] s;/L a:5

Distribution in Nepal: No voucher specimens available. Only g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M o;sf] jf;:yfg g]kfndf w]/} 7fpF kQf nfu] klg gd"gf eg] ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . :yfgLo JolStx¿af6 dfq o;sf af/]df w]/} known from reports of local people and evidently extremely hfgsf/L kfOPsf] 5 t/ k|dfl0ft eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|fKt tYofª\scg';f/ rare. All records from five localities are from a strip of the of] k"jL{ g]kfnsf] ^%) b]lv !(*) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf o;sf] km}nfj6 eastern Midlands, 650-1,980 m. b]lvG5 .

cf]l/cf]l6cfl/; 6«fOsfl/g]6f, 6«fOsfl/g]6 kmf]/]:6 cfufdf Oriotiaris tricarinata, Tricarinate forest agama

g]kfnL gfd M ltgws{] hª\unL 5]kf/f] M -efn], b]a|] M @ kf]yLx¿_ Nepali names: Tindharke jangali chheparo efn] afofF male, left

How it looks: Max. snout-vent + tail length: 54 + 126 mm. Basic of] s:tf] b]lvG5

Where it lives: In wet monsoon and Rhododendron forests of] sxfF a:5

How it lives: The brown females are mostly found sitting on of] s;/L a:5

Distribution in Nepal: Not rare in wooded Midlands of the g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6M of] cGgk"0f{ If]qb]lv ;'b"/k"j{sf] !^%) b]lv @*(^ ld6/;Ddsf] prfO ePsf] kxf8L e"efudf km}lnPsf] 5 . Annapurna region and eastwards, 1,650-2,896 m.

Oriotiaris kumaonensis, Kumaon forest agama cf]l/cf]l6cfl/; s'dfpg]gl;;, s'dfcf]g kmf]/]:6 cfufdf

Nepali names: Kumai jangali chheparo above g]kfnL gfd M s'dfO{+ hª\unL 5]kf/f] How it looks: Length + tail: 48.7 + 109.6 mm. Dorsal light of] s:tf] b]lvG5

Scincella (ex Asymblepharus) capitanea l;g;]Nnf Soflk6flgof, nfh{ u|fpG8 l:sª\s Large ground skink

g]kfnL gfd M 7"nf] e'OF efg]d'ª\u|f] Nepali names: Thulo bhui bhanemungro of] s:tf] b]lvG5

lk|mgf]l;kmfn; lyof]afN8L, lyof]afN8; 6f]8–x]8]8 cufdf Phrynocephalus theobaldi, Theobald’s toad-headed agama

Nepali names: Hiu chheparo g]kfnL gfd M g]K6] 6fps] lxpF 5]kf/f] left bfofF

How it looks: Length + tail: ca. 50 + 48.2 mm. Colour varies of] s:tf] b]lvG5

Pl;DAn]kmf/; Nof8f;]lG;;, Unfl;o/ l:sª\s Asymblepharus ladacensis, Glacier skink

Nepali names: Heemnadi bhanemungro g]kfnL gfd M lxdgbLo efg]d'ª\u|f]

of] s:tf] b]lvG5 [ª\vnfsf] ;'Vvf / kftnf kf]y|fkf]y|Lx¿ ePsf] Where it lives: Inhabits dry regions of the Main Himalaya :yfgdf, 9'ª\ufd'lgsf xf]rfxf]rf la?jfx¿df / l;l~rt v]tLsf hldgx¿df Chain with sparse vegetation of low shrubs on bare stony klg a:g] u5{ . ground, also on irrigated land. g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6M o; k|hfltsf s]xL tYofª\s wf}nflu/L lxdfnsf] pQ/klZrd Distribution in Nepal: Some records from the dry Northwest, / klZrdL If]qsf] @%() b]lv %$() ld6/;Ddsf] prfO;Dd k}mlnPsf] 5 . westwards from the Dhaulagiri; altitude 2,590 to 5,490 m.

nfOuf];f]df cNaf]k'S6f6;, XjfO6 86]8 8\jfkm{ l:sª\s Lygosoma albopunctatum, White-dotted dwarf skink

g]kfnL gfd M ;]tf] yf]Kn] afpGg] efg]d'ª\u|f] Nepal names: Setothople baunne bhanemungro of] s:tf] b]lvG5

of] sxfF a:5

l;6fgf l;jfn]lG;;, l;jflns l;tfgf Sitana sivalensis, Siwalik sitana

Nepali names: Siwalik sitana chheparo g]kfnL gfd M l;jflns l;tfgf 5]kf/f]

bellow tn How it looks: Length + tail: 39.5 + 80 mm. The general colour of] s:tf] b]lvG5

of] sxfF a:5

Distribution in Nepal: One of 3 described Nepalese sitana. This g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6M of] tLg k|hfltsf g]kfnL l;tfgf 5]kf/fx¿dWo]sf] Pp6f xf] . of] k|hflt klZrd t/fO{sf] alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] lzjk'/ Pl/ofsf] !%) species is known from the Western Terai (Shivpur - Bardiya b]lv #!^ ld6/;Ddsf] prfO;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . National Park) at altitudes of 150 -316 m. 24

km]gf]df]km{; d]s'Nof6;, l;lSsldh kmf]/]:6 l:sª\s Sphenomorphus maculatus, Sikkimese forest skink

Nepali names: Sikkime jangali bhanemungro g]kfnL gfd M l;lSsd] hª\unL efg]d'ª\u|f] above How it looks: Snout-vent length 63 mm. Bronze or brown above of] s:tf] b]lvG5

Cyrtodactylus martinstollii, Stoll’s gecko ;f6f{]8]S6fO;n dfl6{g:6f]NnL, :6f]N; u]Ssf]

Nepali names: Stollko bhitti g]kfnL gfd M :6f]nsf] leQL tn of] s:tf] b]lvG5

x]ld8ofS6fOn;\ ˆnfljljl/l8;, o]Nnf] a]lNn8 xfp; u]Ssf] Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Yellow-bellied house gecko afofF Nepali names: Pahelo bhude ghar bhitti left g]kfnL gfd M kFx]nf] e'F8] 3/leQL of] s:tf] b]lvG5 Pokhara Airport).

sf]l;daf]6; Knfl6o'/;, lk|mN8 xfp; u]Ssf] Cosymbotus platyurus, Frilled house gecko dfem

g]kfnL gfd M kª\v] 3/leQL Nepali names: Bhitti centre of] s:tf] b]lvG5 Kathmandu). If]qsf] !#&) ld6/;Ddsf] pRrfO;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .

;f6f{]8]S6fOn; g]kfn]G;, g]KnLh /s u]]Ssf] Cyrtodactylus nepalense, Nepalese rock gecko bfofF

Nepali names: Dhunge bhitti right g]kfnL gfd M g]kfnL 9'ª\u] leQL of] s:tf] b]lvG5

s|f]sf]8fOn; kfn'l:6«;, du/ Crocodylus palustris, Mugger

Nepali names: Magar gohi g]kfnL gfd M du/ uf]xL M -;fOl6;åf/f ;+/lIft_

CITES Protected!! ;fOl6; ;+/lIft of] s:tf] b]lvG5

Where it lives: It can adjust itself to a wide range of habitats of] sxfF a:5

UoflePln; Uofª\u]l6s;, 3l/ofn Gavialis gangeticus, Gharial

;fOl6; k|yd ;+/lIft CITES I Protected species!

Nepali names: Lamothuthune gohi, Chimte gohi, g]kfnL gfd M nfdf] y't'g] 38Lofn uf]xL -;fOl6; ;+/lIft k|hflt_

of] s:tf] b]lvG5

of] sxfF a:5

How it lives: The gharial is the most specialised fish-eater of] s;/L a:5 animals till carcasses. They reproduce with 13-16 (females) z'? x'G5 / o;n] vf]nfsf] au/df jf bnbndf km'n kf5{ . o;n] (^ years nesting at mud banks on river sides. They lay up to 96 cf]6f;Dd k'mn kf5{ / x/]s km'nsf] cf]hg @)) u|fd;Ddsf] x'G5 . o;sf] eggs (mean clutch size 35) weighing till 200g. Incubation takes aRRff lgsfNg] sfn hDdf &@ b]lv !)$ lbg;Ddsf] x'G5 . ev{/ km'naf6 about 72-104 days. Hatchlings measure 35 cm and 75 g. lg:s]sf] aRrfsf] ;fOh #% ;]lG6ld6/ / tf}n &% k|fdsf] x'G5 .

g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6M 7"nf gbLsf lsgf/fx¿df -s0ff{nL, dxfsfnL, aaO{, /fktL, Distribution in Nepal: In the lower reaches of several large sfnL u08sL, gf/fo0fL, sf]zL_ of] km}lnPsf] 5 . w]/} jif{ cufl8b]lv g} rivers (Mahakali, Karnali, Babai, Rapti, Kali Gandaki, Narayani, lrtf}gsf] uf]xL ;+/If0fs]Gb|df o;sf] k|hgg u/fPO{ hg;+Vof a9fP/ ;+/If0f Koshi). Since several years gharials are successfully reared in ul/+b} 5 . clxn] gbLx¿df 5f]l8Psf hDdf !)) cf]6f 38Lofnx¿dWo] cfwf breeding centres to replete natural populations. The number of h;f] aGbL k|hgg ljlwåf/f pTkfbg ul/Psf x'g\ . free-living Nepalese gharials is now about 100, with about half of them captivity bred.

Species living in Nepal but due to limited space not being shown or described here:

Family: Scincidae - Skinks, N: Bhanemungroharu

Asymblepharus himalayanus, Himalayan ground skink, N: Himali bhanemungro Distribution in Nepal: Well documented from Midlands and mountain regions to the west of the Kali Ghandaki River; altitude 2,000-3100 m. Asymblepharus mahabharatus, Mahabharat ground skink, N: Mahabharat bhanemungro Distribution in Nepal: In Central Nepal known from northern and southern slopes of the Mahabharat Range. 1950 – 3200 m. Possibly the species inhabits a larger continuous area. It is probably a Nepalese endemite. Asymblepharus nepalensis, Nepal ground skink, N: Bhui bhanemungro, Lungchhuri (Rai) Distribution in Nepal: Known from one locality between Suikhet and Naudanda (Kaski Dst.), 1500 m. Probably a Nepalese endemite. Asymblepharus sikimmensis, Sikkim ground skink, N: Sikkime bhui bhanemungro Distribution in Nepal: The most widespread and frequent Nepalese ground skink. Many reports from Terai to mountains east of the Dhaulagiri; altitude 150-3200 m. Lygosoma punctatum, Brown dwarf skink, N: Khairo baunne bhanemungro Distribution in Nepal: A single report from Dharan (Sunsari District) in the Terai, 300 m. Eutropis dissimilis, Striped grass skink, N: Dharke ghase bhanemungro Distribution in Nepal: Terai up to 300 m , with exception of the extreme W and E. Leiolopisma reevesi, Reeve’s smooth skink, N: Reevko chille bhanemungro Distribution in Nepal: One record from Ithuwa Khola (“Ethumkolsa”, Sankhuwasabha District), 1340 m. Sphenomorphus indicus, East Himalayan forest skink, N: Lekhali jungali bhanemungro Distribution in Nepal: Central and Midlands, 1,340-1,680 m, with rare records.

Family: Agamidae – Agamids, N: Chheparaharuko samuha

Oriotiaris dasi, Agaupani forest agama, N: Agaupani jangali chheparo Distribution in Nepal: Recorded from a single locality (Agaupani, Bajura District) in the Far West, 1,880-2,600 m.

Oriotiaris major, Greater forest agama, N: Thulo jangali chheparo Distribution in Nepal: Several records from upper Midlands to mountain zone of the Mid-West, 1,950-3,650 m. Sitana fusca, Dark sitana, N: Jhiyash kalo chheparo Distribution in Nepal: Only known from Bardibas (Mahottari District, 316 m), perhaps a Nepalese endemite. Sitana schleichi, Suklaphantah sitana, N: Suklaphante chheparo Distribution in Nepal: Only known from the Sukla Phantah Wildlife reserve, extreme western Terai, altitude 212 m, perhaps Nepalese endemite.

Family: Gekkonidae – Geckos, N: Bhitti/Mausuli asamuha

Cyrtodactylus markuscombaii, Striped gecko, N: Kombako bhitti Distribution in Nepal: Known only from a single locality in E Nepal (Ilam; altitude 1,200-1,300 m. Possibly a Nepalese endemite. Hemidactylus bowringii, Sikkimese dark-spotted gecko, N: Kalothople bhitti Distribution in Nepal: Locally in the eastern and western Terai, 140 m. Known only from Biratnagar (Morang District) and Ghodatal (Kailali District). Hemidactylus brookii, Spotted house gecko, N: Thople ghar bhitti, Tiktike, Mousuli Distribution in Nepal: Relatively few records from the Terai and Midlands, up to 1,370 m (Kathmandu). Hemidactylus frenatus, Bridled house gecko, N: Jhallare ghar bhitti Distribution in Nepal: Central and eastern Terai and lower Midlands up to Kathmandu. Hemidactylus garnotii, Assam greyish brown gecko, N: Khaire bhitti Distribution in Nepal: Central Nepal, Terai and Midlands up to Pokhara. Airport (960 m). Evidently not common.

:yfgfefjn] ubf{ o; k':tsleq g;d]l6Psf g]kfnsf ;l/;[ksf s]xL khfltx¿ lgDg k|sf/ 5g\ M km]ldnL M l;lG;8L— l:sª\s, g]= M efg]d'ª\u|fx¿ . Pl;DAn]kmf/; lxdfnofg;, lxdfnog u|fpG8 l:sª\s, g]= lxdfnL efg]d'ª\u|f] g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] sfnLu08sLsf] klZrdtkm{ kg{] dWo / pRr kxf8sf] @))) b]lv #!)) ld6/;Ddsf] pRrfOdf km}lnPsf] kfOG5 . Pl;DAn]kmf/; dxfef/t;, dxfef/t u|fpG8 l:sª\s, g]= dxfef/t efg]d'ª\u|f] g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] dWo g]kfnsf] pQ/lt/ kg{] dxfef/t kj{tsf] !()) b]lv #@)) ld6/sf] pRrfO ePsf 7fpFx¿df lgoldt ¿kdf kfOg ;S5 . of] g]kfnsf] /}yfg] k|hfltdf kg{ ;S5 . Pl;DAn]kmf/; g]kfng]lG;;, g]kfn u|fpG8 l:sª\s, g]= g]kfn] e'OF efg]d'ª\u|f], n'ª\5'/L -/fO{_ g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] sf:sL lhNnfsf] ;'Ov]t / gf}8fF8f If]qsf] !%)) ld6/;Ddsf] pRrfOlt/ km}lnPsf] 5 . ;DejtM of] klg g]kfnsf] /}yfg] k|hflt xf] . Pl;DAn]kmf/; l;lSsd]lG;;, l;lSsd u|fpG8 l:sª\s, g]= l;lSsd] e'OF efg]d'ª\u|f] . g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] ;'g;/L lhNnfsf] #)) ld6/sf] prfOdf cjl:yt w/fgsf] cf;kf;df km}lnPsf] kfOG5 . dfa'of l8l;ldln;, l:6«ku|f; l:sª\s, g]= ws{] 3fF;] efg]ª\d'ª\u|f] g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] ;'b"/ k"j{ / klZrdsf] cltl/St tLg;o ld6/;Ddsf] prfO ePsf] t/fO{ If]q;Dd kfOG5 . *l;lG;Nnf df]8]:6f, :d'y l:sª\s, g]= lrNn] efg]d'ª\u|f] g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M ;ª\v'jf;efsf] !#$) ld6/sf] pRrfOdf kg{] Oy'jf v]nfdf dfq o;sf] Pp6f gd'gf e]l6Psf] 5 . l;lG;Nnf l/e];L, l/e]; :d'y l:sª\s, g]= l/esf] lrNn] efg]d'ª\u|f] g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M o;sf] !#$) ld6/sf] pRrfO -æOy'jfvf]nfÆ ;ª\vjf;ef lhNnf_ df dfq Pp6f gd'gf km]nf k/]sf] 5 . :km]gf]df]km{; OlG8s;\, O:6 lxdfnog kmf]/]:6 l:sª\s, g]= n]sfnL hª\unL efg]d'ª\u|f] g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] dWo g]kfnsf] !#$) b]lv !^*) ld6/sf] pRrfO;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 t/ o;sf] b;Lk|df0f kfpg clxn] d'l:sn 5 . km]ldnL M cufld8L— cufld8;\, g]= 5]kf/fx¿ cf]l/cf]l6cfl/; 8f;L, cufpkfgL kmf]/]:6 cufdf, g]= cufpkfgL hª\unL 5]kf/f] . g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] g]kfnsf] ;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf kg{] afh'/f lhNnfsf] cufpkfgL If]qsf] !**) b]lv @^)) ld6/;Ddsf] pRrfOlt/ dfq km}lnPsf] kfOG5 . cf]l/cf]l6cfl/; d]h/, u|]6/ kmf]/]:6 cufdf, g]= 7"nf] hª\unL 5]kf/f] g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] dWodf~rnsf] klZrd !(%) b]lv #^%) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO ePsf] dWo / pRr kxf8L 7fpFx¿df km}lnPsf] 5 . l;tfgf km':sf 8fs{ l;tfgf, g]= ‰of;] sfnf] 5]kf/f] . g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] clxn];Dd dxf]Q/L lhNnfsf] #!^ ld6/ prfOdf cjl:yt alb{jf; Onfsfdf dfq kfOPsf] 5 . ;DejtM of] klg g]kfnsf] /}yfg] k|hflt xf] . l;tfgf :nfOvL, ;'SnfkmfF6f l;tfgf, g]= ;'SnfkmfF6] ‰of;] 5]kf/f] g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] ;'SnfkmfF6 /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] @!@ ld6/sf] pRrfOsf] e"efudf e]l6Psf] 5 . of] klg ;DejtM g]kfnsf] /}yfg] k|hflt xf] . km]ldnL M u]Ssf]lg8L— u]Ssf], g]= leQLx¿÷dfp;'nLx¿ ;6f{]kf]l8cg dfs'{;sDaL, l:6«K8 u]Ssf], g]= sf]Dafsf] ws{] leQL g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] k"jf{~rnsf] Onfd lhNnfsf] !@)) b]lv !#)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO ePsf 7fpFx¿df dfq kfOPsf] 5 . of] klg ;DejtM g]kfnsf] /}yfg] k|hflt xf] . x]ld8\ofS6fOn; af}/ª\uL, l;lSsldh 8fs{ :kf]6]8 u]]Ssf], g]= l;lSsd] sfnyf]Kn] leQL . g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] t/fO{sf] !$) ld6/df cjl:yt df]/ª lhNnfsf] lj/f6gu/df / klZrd t/fO{sf] s}nfnL lhNnfsf] 3f]8f3f]8L tfn If]qdf dfq e]l6Psf] 5 . x]ld8\ofS6fOn; a|'sL, :kf]6]8 xfp; u]]Ssf], g]= yf]Kn] 3/leQL, l6sl6s] dfp;'nL g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] g]kfnsf] t/fO{b]lv !#&) ld6/ pRrfO;Ddsf] dWo kxf8L e"efu -sf7df8f}+_ ;Dd km}lnPsf] kfOG5 . x]ld8\ofS6fOn; ufgf{]6L, cf;fd u|]O; a|fpg u]]Ssf], g]= cf;fd] v}/] leQL g]kfndf o;sf] km}nfj6 M of] dWodf~rnsf] t/fO{b]lv dWokxf8L e"efusf] kf]v/f ljdfg:yn 5]p5fp -(^) ld=_ ;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . of] Tolt ;lhn} e]6\6fOGg .

ARCO-Nepal reg. soc.

@ ARCO - Instituto y Nucleo Zoológico The Conservation Society

ARCO-Nepal reg. soc. E-04200 Tabernas / Almería – Spain Germany www.arco-nepal.de email: [email protected] Amphibian and Reptile Conservation of Nepal

;l/;[k ;+/If0f ;g\ !((& df :yflkt cfsf{] g]kfn gfds ;+/If0f ;+:yf -g]kfnsf peor/ tyf ;l/;[k ;+/If0f ;+:yf_ g]kfnsf] ;l/;[kzf:q o;sf] pTyfg / ;+/If0f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;sf] d'Vo cWoogsf] If]q eg]sf] g]kfndf kfOg] peor/ tyf ;l/;[kx¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;+r]tgfd"ns 1fg lbnfpg' xf] . o;sf] gfdfs/0f cª\u|]hL zAbdf ePsf] 5 tfklg o;n]] g]kfnsf] cf}krfl/s efiff;Fu ;DaGw /fVt5 / :yfgLo jf cGt//fli6«o ;DaGwg jf ;xsfo{ o;}sf] dfWodaf6 ul/G5 . cfsf{]sf] cy{ æcwf{sf/Æ x'G5 / o; kl/k|]Ifdf eg] o;n] OGb|]gL eGg] hgfpF5, hf] k|s[ltsf] k|tLs xf] / o; ;+:yfsf] k|of; klg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{' g} xf] . xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] ;a} eGbf klxnf] sfd eg]sf] s5'jfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{] kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' xf] -ljz]if u/L g]kfnsf s5'jfx¿sf] hLjj}1flgs cWoog, juL{s/0f / ;+/If0f_ h'g g]kfn ;/sf/n] !((& df cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . o:t} clt cfjZosLo ;+/If0f kl/of]hgfsf] nflu kxn / dx;';sf cltl/St o;n] g]kfndf cem};DDf cg';Gwfg ug{ afFsL peor/ tyf ;l/;[kx¿sf] klg cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ vf]hL ug{' xf] . cfsf{] g]kfn ;+:yfn] jf:tljs ;d:ofsf]] klxrfg tyf To;sf] ;dfwfg ug{] pkfosf af/]df ljz]]if ?lr /fVb5 . o;n] cfˆg} ;b:ox¿sf aLrdf 5nkmn, j:t'ut cWoog / k|sfzg ug{{] u5{ t/ u}/;b:ox¿nfO{ jf cltlyx¿nfO{ klg o;df ;xefuL u/fpg ;Sg]5, cGo ljifox¿ h:t} kl/of]hgfsf] ljsf;, Jofjxfl/s tyf cf}krfl/s kl/of]hgf;+/If0fsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f ljlwsf] k|ultljj/0f, ;fy} tTsfnLg j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf] kl/0ffd cflbaf/] g]kfnsf] peor/ tyf ;l/;[kzf:q;Fu ;DalGwt If]qdf kxn ug{]5 . o;} u/L o; ljifodf uf]i7L, rf;f] /fVg] :yfgx¿df cfdlGqt cltyL k|jrgsf] Joj:yf, hgr]tgfd"ns lzIffsf] cleofg, ljBfno, sn]h, ;+:yfgx¿, /fli6«o lgs'Ghx¿df ;"rgf tyf tflndsf] Joj:yf, ;+/If0f kl/of]hgsf] :yfkgf -h:Tf} /fli6«o lgs'Gh / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿_ cflb cfsf{] g]kfnsf cfufdL sfo{qmdx¿ x'g\ . cg';Gwfg sfo{ -kl/of]hgfx¿, :gftsf]Q/ / ljBfjfl/lwsf zf]wsfo{x¿_ cflbnfO{ klxn]b]lv g} ;kmntfk"j{s ;~rfng u/]sf] eP tfklg cem oL dflysf ljifox¿df vf]h cg';GWfg sfo{nfO{ Jofkstf lbOg]5 . cfsf{] g]kfnn] rf;f] /fVg] ;a} JolStx¿nfO{ / gofF ;b:ox¿nfO{ :jfut u5{ . o; ;+:yfsf dxTjk"0f{ kl/of]hgfnfO{ Pp6} dfq jflif{s ;b:otf z'Nsn] klg 7"nf] of]ubfg lbg]5 . lgZro g} cg'bfgnfO{ klg :Jffut ul/g] 5 . g]kfn h:tf] d'n'snfO{ :yfoL cg';Gwfg sfo{ h?/L kl//xg] xF'bf Jofjxfl/s ;xof]u cfjZos 5 / of] cGo b]zx¿df klg nfu' x'g ;Sg]5 . o; ;+:Yff;DaGwL ;b:otfsf] ;"rgf / ;xsfo{sf ;Demf}tfx¿ OG6/g]6 dfkm{t k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 . cGo s'g} ;'emfx¿ ePdf xflb{s :jfut ul/g]5 . s5'jf;+/If0f kl/of]hgsf nflu pRr cfbz{jfbL ;f]r ePsf nugzLn gofF ;b:ox¿sf] vfFrf] 5 . of] Pp6f 7"nf] nIo af]s]sf] bL3{sfnLg sfo{ xf] . xfn;Dd klxrfg gul/Psf peor/ tyf ;l/;[kx¿sf] j0f{g ;lxtsf] klxnf] kl/0ffdsf ;fy;fy} o; ljifosf efjL cg';Gwfg sfo{x¿sf] ljz]if k|sf/sf] k|sfzg æsG6«LAo';g; 6' b xk{]6f]nf]hL ckm ;fpy Pl;of -g]kfn, OlG8of_Æ / …afOnf]hL PG8 l;i6d]l6s 8]/ Pdlkmlaog g]kfn;Ú x?df k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . o; cl3 klg g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL efiffdf g]kfnsf s5'jfx¿sf] afnlrq -/ª\u eg{]_ k':ts k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] / cª\u|]hL / hd{gL efiffsf kf]i6/x¿, lel8of] / c? s'/fx¿ klg xfd|f] j]j;fO8 OG6/g]6df /flvPsf] lyof] . o;} u/L o; af/]df Pr=Pr=:NofOv / 8An'=Vof:n]åf/f n]vg tyf ;Dkfbg ul/Psf] Pp6f a[xt\ cfsf/sf] …Pdlkmlaof PG8 /]K6fON; ckm g]kfnÚ gfds k':ts k|sflzt eO;s]sf] 5 / o;df peor/ tyf ;l/;[kx¿sf] ;d;fdlos 1fgsf ;fy} ut jif{;Dd ul/Psf gjLgtd vf]h cg';Gwfgsf kl/0ffdx¿ ;d]t k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 .

ARCO-Nepal reg. soc. c/o ARCO - Instituto y Nucleo Zoológico The Conservation Society

E-04200 Tabernas / Almería – Spain ARCO-Nepal reg. soc. www.arco-nepal.de Germany

email: [email protected] Amphibian and Reptile Conservation

The conservation society ARCO-Nepal (Amphibian and Reptile Conservation of Nepal), founded 1997, is concerned with the promotion of knowledge on herpetology and conservation. Its main field of activity is to enhance the awareness on biology, systematics and conservation of amphibians and reptiles in

Nepal. Name and symbol of the conservation society use the English abbreviation to employ the official language of Nepal and to emphasise the necessity of international orientation and collaboration. ARCO also means „the bow”, in our case the rainbow which as a symbol for nature, ambient and ecology should span and shelter our efforts.

The predominant task of our society is the support of the turtle conservation project (Systematics, Biology and Conservation of the Turtles of Nepal) which was approved by the Nepalese government in January 1997. Besides the urgently needed initiation and realisation of this conservation project there is great need to record the hitherto largely unexplored amphibian and reptile fauna of Nepal.

The ARCO-Nepal society is intended to arouse interest in the actual problems and the planned measures. Talks, events and publications will inform members, but also interested non-members and guests, on project development, progress of official and practical conservation measures as well as the latest scientific results concerning the herpetology of Nepal. Seminars and guest lectures are intended to arouse interest in this field of herpetology. Public education campaigns, information and training for schools, colleges, institutes and national parks as well as the establishment of conservation projects (e.g. at national parks, community districts a.o.) is a further task of ARCO-Nepal.

Research work (projects, dissertations for diplomas and doctorates) have already started successfully but should still be intensified and widened in the fields mentioned above.

ARCO-Nepal welcomes all interested persons and, of course, new members. With a single annual membership fee great contributions to the project scopes can be realized. Donations are naturally welcome, too. Also practical help is needed as well in Nepal itself as for a lot of logistical work in other countries. Information on membership and collaboration can be obtained from the Internet. Any further kind of suggestion is also welcome.

The turtle conservation project needs a lot of idealism, engagement and recruitment of new members. It is a long-term enterprise with a great aim.

First results, including the first description of some up to now unknown amphibian and reptile species, as well as further research jobs to this topic com- plex, are published in the special editions „Contributions to the Herpetology of South Asia (Nepal, India)" (ISBN 3-87429-404-8) and „Biologie und

Systematik der Amphibien Nepals" (ISBN 3-934921-05-1). Furthermore a children painting book about the turtles of Nepal with accompanying texts in

English/German as well as English/Nepali, posters, videos and much more can be acquired or are to find on our website: www.arco-nepal.de. A book about the „Amphibians and Reptiles of Nepal” by H.H. Schleich & W. Kaestle (eds.), ISBN 3-904144-79-0) offers a comprehensive view of the current knowledge state of the herpetology of Nepal and considering the newest investigation results of the last years, has been published, too.

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O full membership EUR 25,- O Students EUR 15,- O Institutions EUR 50.-

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ARCO-Nepal. eV., Amphibian and Reptile Conservation of Nepal. c/o W. Dziakonski, Edlingerstr. 18, D-81543 Munich / Germany

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Date/Time Locality Species Number Behaviour Notes on Habitat

Varanus bengalensis Varanus flavescens Gecko gekko Calotes versicolor

Laudakia tuberculata Eutropis macularia Eutropis carinata Japalura variegata

Ophisaurus gracilis Draco sp. Oriotiaris tricarinata, male Oriotiaris kumaonensis Scincella capitanea Asymblepharus ladacensis Phrynocephalus theobaldi Lygosoma albopunctatum

Sitana sivalensis Sphenomorphus maculatus Cyrtodactylus martinstolli Cyrtodactylus nepalense

Hemidactylus flaviviridis Cosymbotus platyurus Crocodylus palustris Gavialis gangeticus ISBN 978-39-814938-1-8 9HSNJSB*ejdibi+