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1 Communications, Media and the Imperial Experience: Perspectives and Perceptions

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1 Communications, Media and the Imperial Experience: Perspectives and Perceptions Notes 1 Communications, Media and the Imperial Experience: Perspectives and Perceptions 1. The Times, India and the Durbar, 1911, pp. 1, 5. 2. M. P. Roth, Historical Dictionary of War Journalism, Westport, CT, 1997, pp. 267–268. 3. S. Gopal, British Policy in India, Cambridge, 1965, p. 304. 4. ToI, 15 August 1947. 5. J. Osterhammel, Colonialism, Princeton, 1997, pp. 64–66. 6. J. Hartley, Popular Reality: Journalism, Modernity, Popular Culture, 1996, p. 33. 7. Sir S. Hoare, India by Air, 1927, p. 98. 8. Viscount Templewood, Empire of the Air, 1957, p. 170. 9. J. S. Nye, Jr., Soft Power, New York, 2004, p. 5. 10. Ibid., p. 6. 11. Ibid., pp. 6–7. 12. Ibid.,p.1. 13. C. Kaul, Reporting the Raj: The British Press and India, 1880–1922, Manchester, 2003, New York, 2004. 14. Ibid., p. 139. 15. Joyce to Matters, 28 March 1941, L/I/1/1422, India Office Library and Records (IOLR), British Library, London hereafter L/I. 16. Nye, Soft Power, p. 12. 17. V. A. Smith (with Percival Spear ed. and rewritten, Part III), The Oxford History of India, Delhi, 4th edn., 1995, p. 834. 18. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities,1983; J. Habermas, The Structural Trans- formation of the Public Sphere, Cambridge, Mass., 1989 English translation (Thomas Burger), German first edn. 1962. For responses, see, e.g., C. Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere, 1992; J. B. Thompson, The Media and Modernity, Cambridge, 1995. 19. See Bibliography for an exhaustive list of such books. 20. Cited in A. Mathur, The Indian Media, New Delhi, 2006, p. 16. 21. There is a detailed discussion about British approaches to First World War propaganda and the press in Kaul, Reporting the Raj, pp. 119–134. 22. See C. Kaul, ‘Media, India and the Raj’, in A. S. Thompson (ed.), Writing Imperial Histories, Manchester, 2013, pp. 188–215. 23. Kaul, Reporting the Raj, pp. 31–98. 24. National Herald, ‘The Press cartels’, 8 August 1947. 25. D. Read, The Power of News, Oxford, 1999. pp. 316–317. 26. M. Barns, India Today and Tomorrow, 1937, p. 101. 27. Ibid. 28. See M. Israel, Communications and Power, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 127–155. 228 Notes 229 29. The bibliography contains a list of relevant books in this connection. 30. S. Banerjea, A Nation in Making, 1927, p. 262. 31. N. Owen, The British Left and India, Oxford, 2007. 32. Kaul, ‘Media, India and the Raj’, pp. 188–215. 33. N. Krishnamurthy, Indian Journalism, 1966, p. 103. 34. For establishment and early development of the IO Information department, see Kaul, Reporting the Raj, pp. 151–54. 35. 14 August 1937, L/S&G/8/28, IOLR, hereafter L/S&G/. 36. Ibid. 37. Ibid. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid. 40. A. H. Joyce Memo on Government Publicity, 4 October 1937, Home Political, 16/46/38, National Archives of India (NAI), Delhi, hereafter HPoll. 41. Ibid. 42. Viceroy (V) to Secretary of State (S/S), 14 August 1932, Viscount Templewood (Sir Samuel Hoare) papers, MSS Eur E240/5, IOLR, British Library, hereafter TC/. 43. S/S to V, 17 December 1931, TC/1. 44. S/S to V, 8 January 1932, TC/1. 45. S/S to V, 1 July 1932, TC/2. 46. Ibid. 47. Ibid. 48. S/S to V, 29 July 1932, TC/2. 49. Ibid. 50. Sykes to Irwin, 22 May 1929, F 150/1, Sykes Collection, IOLR, hereafter SC/. 51. ‘Note by Mr Coatman on the tone of certain sections of the press and the policy to be adopted towards it’, 178/29, 1929, HPoll. 52. I. M. Stephens, Monsoon Morning, 1966, p. 279. 53. For more details, see C. Kaul, ‘India, the Imperial Press Conferences and the Empire Press Union’, in C. Kaul (ed.), Media and the British Empire, Basingstoke, 2006, 2013, pp. 125–144. 54. See Appendix III. 55. Sir F. Low, ‘Present Day Journalism in India and Pakistan’, Asiatic Review, December 1948, p. 518. 56. Ibid., pp. 518–519. 57. See Kaul, Reporting the Raj, pp. 199–229. 58. See Stephens, Monsoon Morning; correspondence in Lord Linlithgow and Lord Zetland collections, IOLR. 59. 5 February 1948 cited in Homage to Mahatma Gandhi, Information and Broadcasting Ministry, New Delhi, 1948, p. 35. 60. Stephens, Monsoon Morning, p. 7. See also E. Hirschmann, Robert Knight, Delhi, 2008. 61. Stephens, Monsoon Morning,p.7. 62. J. Natarajan, Survey of the Policy of Newspapers in India since the Introduc- tion of Provincial Autonomy, encl. in J. Hennessy to J. A. Thorne, 8 October 1938, 53/2/38, HPoll. 230 Notes 2 Coronation, Colonialism and Cultures of Control: The Delhi Durbar, 1911 NB: All press references are to 1911 unless specified otherwise. 1. ‘The Durbar, from the Crowd’, Blackwood’s Magazine, Vol. CXCI, February 1912, p. 289. 2. D. Cannadine, Ornamentalism, 2002 edn., p. 111. 3. TT, 18 December. 4. TT, 2 December, leader by Chirol, ‘The King’s Arrival in India’. 5. See the distinction made by J. M. MacKenzie (ed.), Imperialism and Popular Culture, Manchester, 1986, p. 2. 6. TT, 3 October. 7. Grigg to Northcliffe, 2 February 1911, WDM/1/32, Grigg Papers, Times Newspapers Ltd Archive, News UK & Ireland Ltd, London, hereafter TNL. 8. Sir A. H. Watson, ‘The Growth of the Press in English in India’, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, January 1948, p. 124. 9. Manager to Grigg, 17 May 1912, Manager’s Letter Book 56, TNL. 10. Kaul, Reporting the Raj. 11. Ibid., p. 58. 12. See C. Kaul, ‘Popular Press and Empire: Northcliffe, India and the Daily Mail, 1896–1922’, in P. Catterall et al. (eds.), Northcliffe’s Legacy, 2000, pp. 45–69. 13. Cited in H. Caldwell Lipsette, Lord Curzon in India, 1903, p. 121. 14. Ibid., p. 122; emphasis mine. 15. Ibid., p. 123. 16. Cited in Lord Ronaldshay, The Life of Lord Curzon, 1928, Vol. II, p. 230. 17. Lipsette, Curzon, p. 133. 18. Ibid., p. 141. 19. D. Ayerst, Garvin of the Observer, Kent, 1985, p. 87. 20. Kaul, Reporting the Raj, p. 87. 21. Garvin to Tina, cited in Ayerst, Garvin, p. 49. 22. Observer, 12 November; emphasis mine. 23. D. Dayan and E. Katz, Media Events the Live Broadcasting of History, Cambridge, Mass., 1992. 24. M. Weber, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, New York, 1946. 25. Dayan and Katz, Media Events, p. 16. 26. Ibid., p. 15. 27. Ibid. 28. Ibid., p. 20. 29. For other imperial debates, see J. D. Startt, Journalists for Empire, Westport, CT, 1991. 30. Dayan and Katz, Media Events,p.7. 31. Ibid.,p.8. 32. Ibid., p. 12. 33. Dayan and Katz, Media Events, p. 22. 34. Ibid., p. 19. 35. Guildhall speech as cited in W. J. Makin, The Life of King George the Fifth, 1936/1937, p. 162. Notes 231 36. ABPatrika, 10 May, 1910; see also Statesman 8 May; Bombay Gazette, ToI, Advocate of India, Daily Post, all for 9 May, 1910. 37. GV to Morley, 8 September 1910, RA/PS/PSO/GV/C/N/293/1. 38. Ibid. 39. Morley to GV, 12 September 1910, RA/PS/PSO/GV/C/N/293/2. 40. Ibid. 41. K. Rose, King George V, 1983, p. 132. 42. TT, 17 November 1910. 43. TT, 18 November 1910. 44. See Crewe-Hardinge correspondence, Crewe Collection, MSS Eur Photo Eur 469, IOLR, hereafter CC; S/S to V, 2 February 1911, CC. 45. ‘Correspondence and Papers respecting the visit of their Imperial Majesties King George V and Queen Mary to India’, 1912, p. 278, RA/F&V/VISOV/IND/1911–1912. 46. S. Bottomore, ‘Have you seen the Gaekwar Bob?’: filming the 1911 Delhi Durbar’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1997, p. 314. 47. S/S to V, 27 January 1911, CC. 48. Bikaner to George V, 7 December 1910, RA/PS/PSO/GV/C/N/563/1. 49. J. Pope-Hennessy, Lord Crewe, 1955, p. 97. 50. Lord Hardinge, Old Diplomacy, 1947, p. 192. 51. V to Richmond Ritchie, IO, 2 February 1911, CC. 52. See, for instance, C. Kaul, ‘Monarchical Display and the Politics of Empire: Princes of Wales and India 1870–1920s’, Twentieth Century British History, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2006, pp. 464–488. 53. S/S to V, 27 January 1911, CC. 54. V to S/S, 15 December 1910, CC. 55. V to S/S, 25 January 1911, CC. 56. V to S/S, 16 February 1911; also 22 February; CC. 57. Cited in H. Butler, India Insistent, 1931, p. 70. 58. Ibid.,p.72. 59. Frykenberg cites Jenkins as the originator of the scheme in 1911. However, both ideas had been floating around in official circles for several years. See R. E. Frykenberg, ‘The Coronation Durbar of 1911: Some Implications’, in R. E. Frykenberg (ed.), Delhi Through the Ages, Delhi, 1986, pp. 369–390. 60. Lord Hardinge, My Indian Years, 1948, pp. 38–39. 61. V to G V, 23 August 1911, RA/PS/PSO/GV/C/P/522/11. 62. Ibid. 63. Ibid. 64. Hardinge, Indian Years, p. 50. 65. Pioneer, 1 December. 66. S/S to V, 13 January 1911, CC. 67. R. G. Irving, Indian Summer, Lutyens, Baker and Imperial Delhi, New Haven, 1981, p. 5. 68. Hardinge, Indian Years, p. 43; S/S to V, 27 October 1911 with reference to Hardinge’s account 3 October 1911, CC. 69. MG, 11 December. 70. E. A. Philp, With the King to India, Plymouth, 1912, p. 13. 71. Ibid., p. 58. 232 Notes 72. As cited in Kaul, Reporting the Raj, p.
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