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ANALYSIS of ALTERNATIVES Public Version ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Public Version Legal name of applicant(s): Caffaro Brescia S.r.l. Submitted by: Caffaro Brescia S.r.l. Substance: Sodium dichromate Use title: Use of sodium dichromate as an additive for suppressing parasitic reactions and oxygen evolution, pH buffering and cathode corrosion protection in the electrolytic manufacture of sodium chlorite Use number: 1 Disclaimer This report has been prepared by Risk & Policy Analysts Ltd, with reasonable skill, care and diligence under a contract to the client and in accordance with the terms and provisions of the contract. Risk & Policy Analysts Ltd will accept no responsibility towards the client and third parties in respect of any matters outside the scope of the contract. This report has been prepared for the client and we accept no liability for any loss or damage arising out of the provision of the report to third parties. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk. Note This public version of the Analysis of Alternatives includes some redacted text. The letters indicated within each piece of redacted text correspond to the type of justification for confidentiality claims which is included as an Annex (Section 7) in the complete version of the document. Table of contents 1 Summary..............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Use applied for................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Potential alternatives for sodium dichromate................................................................................1 1.3 Suitability of potential alternatives to sodium dichromate............................................................4 1.4 Feasibility and availability of potential alternatives for sodium dichromate .................................6 1.5 Actions needed to improve the suitability and availability of potential alternatives...................10 2 Analysis of substance function ............................................................................................ 13 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................13 2.2 The chlorate process.....................................................................................................................13 2.3 Production of sodium chlorite ......................................................................................................20 2.4 Conditions of use and technical feasibility criteria.......................................................................22 2.5 Summary of functionality of sodium dichromate in the “Applied for Use” .................................28 3 Annual tonnage.................................................................................................................. 31 3.1 Tonnage band ...............................................................................................................................31 3.2 Trends in the consumption of sodium dichromate ......................................................................31 3.3 Form and usage of sodium dichromate........................................................................................31 4 Identification of possible alternatives.................................................................................. 33 4.1 List of possible alternatives...........................................................................................................33 4.2 Description of efforts made to identify possible alternatives ......................................................33 4.3 Screening of identified alternatives..............................................................................................63 5 Suitability and availability of possible alternatives............................................................... 85 5.1 Introduction and scope of analysis ...............................................................................................85 5.2 Chromium(III) chloride..................................................................................................................85 5.3 Sodium molybdate........................................................................................................................96 5.4 Molybdenum-based coatings .....................................................................................................106 5.5 Two-compartment electrolytic systems .....................................................................................112 6 Overall conclusions on suitability and availability of possible alternatives.......................... 119 6.1 Technical feasibility of shortlisted alternatives ..........................................................................119 6.2 Economic feasibility of shortlisted alternatives..........................................................................121 6.3 Reduction of risks from the use of shortlisted alternatives........................................................123 6.4 Availability of shortlisted alternatives ........................................................................................124 6.5 Overall conclusion.......................................................................................................................125 7 Annex – Justifications for confidentiality claims................................................................. 127 8 Appendix 1 – Information sources..................................................................................... 129 9 Appendix 2 – Comparative hazard and risk characterisation of alternatives........................ 133 9.1 Background .................................................................................................................................133 9.2 Reference values for sodium dichromate and alternative substances.......................................133 9.3 Exposure Assessment..................................................................................................................157 9.4 Comparative risk characterisation..............................................................................................161 9.5 References for this Appendix......................................................................................................162 10 Appendix 3 – Economic feasibility ..................................................................................... 165 10.1 Economic feasibility for sodium molybdate................................................................................165 10.2 Economic feasibility for molybdenum-based coatings...............................................................172 10.3 Economic feasibility for two-compartment electrolytic cells .....................................................177 1 Summary 1.1 Use applied for This Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) is part of an Application for the Authorisation (AfA) for the continued use of sodium dichromate (CAS No. 7789-12-0 & 10588-01-9; EINECS No. 234-190-3, hereafter referred to as “SD”) by the applicant, Caffaro Brescia S.r.l (hereafter referred to as Caffaro), in the sodium chlorate (NaClO3) manufacturing process, where it acts as a crucial additive to the process. Generation of sodium chlorate is based on the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl), at a controlled pH range, where the sodium chloride is converted into sodium chlorate while hydrogen evolves as a co-product. SD acts to increase the current efficiency of the conversion process by suppressing unwanted (parasitic cathodic) reactions and thus reducing the use of electrical energy, and acts as a pH buffer to ensure optimal process conditions are maintained. It also has a crucial role in limiting the amount of oxygen generated during the process, as the presence of oxygen poses a serious hazard because it forms explosive atmospheres in the presence of hydrogen. Caffaro is using ''#B#'''' tonnes of SD out of a total consumption of <40 tonnes consumed in this use by EU-based manufacturers of sodium chlorate. This overall volume represents less than 1% of the entire amount of SD used each year in the EU. Caffaro uses SD in the manufacture of sodium chlorate, which is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of sodium chlorite. Sodium chlorite is sold to customers in a variety of industry sectors, but primarily in potable, industrial and waste water treatment and in the pulp and paper bleaching industry. This AoA has been prepared by an independent third party working on behalf of Caffaro and a further six EU-based users of SD who collectively formed the Sodium Dichromate Authorisation Consortium (hereafter referred to as SDAC). While there is notable overlap in the information presented and the argumentation made in the AoA documents of all seven applicants, each AoA document, including the present one, is tailored to the specific applicant and describes the specific situation for Caffaro. It must be noted that each of the company-specific AoA documents may include information, which is available only to the applicant and which (a) is confidential, and (b) does not appear in the AoA documents of the remaining SDAC applicants. 1.2 Potential alternatives for sodium dichromate This AoA details an extensive search of literature carried out by the independent third party. In addition, consultation with all seven SDAC members regarding
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