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GS Prelims 10 Years’ Papers: Insights & Strategy MODERN INDIAN HISTORY Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert Act Based Questions • 10 questions so far • Max. on 1919 Act • Factual and fundamental Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert Q1. In the context of Indian history, the principle of „Dyarchy (diarchy)‟ refers to (2017) (a) Division of the central legislature into two houses. (b) Introductions of double government i.e., Central and Statement governments. (c) Having two sets of rulers; one in London and another in Delhi. (d) Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories. Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert Q2. The Montague-Chelmsford Proposals were related to (2016) (a) social reforms (b) educational reforms (c) reforms in police administration (d) constitutional reforms Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert Q3. The Government of India Act of 1919 clearly defined(2015) (a) The separation of power between the judiciary and the legislature. (b) The jurisdiction of the central and provincial governments. (c) The powers of the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy (d) None of the above Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert Q4. The people of India agitated against the arrival of Simon Commission because (2013) (a) Indians never wanted the review of the working of the Act of 1919 (b) Simon Commission recommended the abolition of Dyarchy (Diarchy) in the Provinces (c) There was no Indian member in the Simon Commission (d) The Simon Commission suggested the partition of the country Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert Q5. Which of the following is/are the principal feature(s) of the Government of India Act, 1919?(2012) 1. Introduction of diarchy in the executive government of the provinces. 2. Introduction of separate communal electorates for Muslims. 3. Devolution of legislative authority by the centre to the provinces. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert Q6. With reference to the period of Indian freedom struggle, which of the following was/were recommended by the Nehru report?(2011) 1. Complete Independence for India. 2. Joint electorates for reservation of seats for minorities 3. Provision of fundamental right for the people of India in the constitution. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert Q7. With reference to Simon Commission‟s recommendations, which one of the following statements is correct?(2010) (a) It recommended the replacement of diarchy with responsible government in the provinces (b) It proposed the setting up of inter-provincial council under the Home Department (c) It suggested the abolition of bicameral legislature at the Centre (d) It recommended the creation of Indian Police Service with a provision for increased pay and allowances for British recruits as compared to Indian recruits Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert About GOI 1919 Act • BACKGROUND- 1ST World War - Gandhi Ji had requested the country to help the allies in war. Indian public was expecting that they would also get democratic reforms. • Samuel Montagu is known to have put a statement in the British Cabinet which asked for “gradual development of free institutions in India with a view to ultimate self-government” and he declared what is now known as Montagu Declaration. • The Montagu declaration : “Increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire“. • The key phrase “ultimate self-government” was removed but, still the another key phrase “responsible government” in this statement gave the inference for the first time that rulers are answerable to the public. • Moderates declared this as Magna Carta of India”. • The date was 20 August 1917 and it is also known as “August Declaration” Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert Features of the 1919 Act • Introduction of Diarchy at the PROVINCES ie. classification of the central and provincial subjects. The provincial subjects were divided into two groups: One was reserved subjects (essential areas of law enforcement such as justice, police, revenue) were kept with the Governor and transferred subjects(public health, public works, education etc.)were kept with the Indian Ministers. This division of subjects was basically what they meant by introducing the Diarchy. • It introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and direct elections in the country. Thus, the Indian Legislative Council was replaced by a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly). The majority of members of both the Houses were chosen by direct election. • It required that the three of the six members of the Viceroy‟s executive Council (other than the commander-in-chief) were to be Indian. • It extended the principle of communal representation by providing separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans. Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert • It granted franchise to a limited number of people on the basis of property, tax or education. • It created a new office of the High Commissioner for India in London and transferred to him some of the functions hitherto performed by the Secretary of State for India. • It provided for the establishment of a public service commission. Hence, a Central Public Service Commission was set up in 1926 for recruiting civil servants. • It separated, for the first time, provincial budgets from the Central budget and authorised the provincial legislatures to enact their budgets. • It provided for the appointment of a statutory commission to inquire into and report on its working after ten years of its coming into force. Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert Simon Commission : In November 1927 itself (i.e., 2 years before the schedule), the British Government announced the appointment a seven-member statutory commission under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon to report on the condition of India under its new Constitution. • All the members of the commission were British and hence, all the parties boycotted the commission except Justice party (Madras) and Unionist Party (Punjab) • The commission submitted its report in 1930 and recommended the abolition of dyarchy, extension of responsible government in the provinces, establishment of a federation of British India and princely states, continuation of communal electorate and so on. • To consider the proposals of the commission, the British Government convened three round table conferences of the representatives of the British Government, British India and Indian princely states. • On the basis of these discussions, a „White Paper on Consitutional Reforms‟ was prepared and submitted for the consideration of the Joint Select Committee of the British Parliament. • The recommendations of this committee were incorporated(with certain changes) in the next Government of Inida Act of 1935. • Lala Lajpat Rai died due to lathi charge in the Anti-Simon Commission protests. Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert Q8. What was/were the object/objects of Queen Victoria's Proclamation (1858)?(2014) 1. To disclaim any intention to annex Indian States 2. To place the Indian administration under the British Crown. 3. To regulate East India Company's trade with India Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert 1858 Act/Queen‟s Proclamation/ Act for the Good Government of India Background: The growing resentment in England against the Company rule ended with the mutiny of 1857. Even though the mutiny was suppressed but it sent ripples of fear to London and convinced the British that administration of the India must be taken over by the Crown. Features of 1858 Act • abolished the company rule, abolished the Court of directors and abolished the Board of control. This act abolished the Dual Government introduced by the Pitt‟s India act. • The principle of Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn, liberty was given to Indian rulers subject to British suzerainty and it also opened some door for Indians in Government services. • It changed the designation of the Governor-General of India to that of Viceroy of India. He (viceroy) was the direct representative of the British Crown in India. Lord Canning thus became the first Viceroy of India. • The act provided the Crown will govern India directly through a Secretary of State for India, who was to exercise the powers which were being enjoyed by the Court of Directors and Board of control. • The office of secretary of state was vested with complete authority and control over Indian administration, thus he was now the political head of the India. He was also a member of the British cabinet and was responsible ultimately to the British Parliament. Lord Stanley was made first Secretary of state for India. • It established a 15-member Council of India to assist the secretary of state for India. The council was an advisory body. The secretary of state was made the chairman of the council. Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS.
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