The BYU-Idaho Research and Creative Works Council Is Pleased to Sponsor The Winter 2014

Thursday, April 03, 2014

Conference Staff Hayden Coombs Conference Manager Caroline Baker Conference Logistics Michael Stoll Faculty Support Meagan Pruden Faculty Support Cory Daley Faculty Support Blair Adams Graphic Design Kyle Whittle Assessment Jordan Hunter Assessment Jarek Smith Outreach Blaine Murray Outreach

Advisory Committee Hector A. Becerril Conference Chair Jack Harrell Faculty Advisor Jason Hunt Faculty Advisor Tammy Collins Administrative Support Greg Roach Faculty Advisor Brian Schmidt Instructional Development Jared Williams Faculty Advisor Alan K. Young Administrative Support Brady Wiggins Faculty Advisor Lane Williams Faculty Advisor Agricultural and Biological Sciences Biological & Health Sciences, Oral Presentations SMI 240, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Comparison of Embryonic Development and the Association of Aeration on Rate of Growth in Pacific Northeastern Nudibranchs Elysa Curtis, Daniel Hope, Mackenzie Tietjen, Alan Holyoak (Mentor) Egg masses of six species of nudibranchs were kept and observed in a laboratory saltwater table with a constant flow of water directly from the ocean, from the time the eggs were laid to the time they hatched. The egg masses were kept in the same relative place in which they were laid, and protected by plastic containers with two mesh sides to let the water flow freely past the eggs. Samples of the egg masses were collected and observed under a microscope at regular intervals while temperature, salinity, width of eggs and stage of development were recorded. It was found that each embryo developed significantly faster compared to previous studies conducted on the respective species’ egg masses, including studies with higher water temperatures. It is proposed that the methods used in this study provide increased water flow compared to traditional methods of egg mass rearing in the laboratory. This method provided increased oxygen and possibly an increased concentration of dissolved organics resulting in a faster development. A previous study on Cadlina luteomarginata for example, resulted in a hatching time of 672 hours at a temperature of 15°C, and at 10°C the hatching time was 840 hours (Dehnel & Kong 1979). While our C. luteomarginata specimen had a hatching time of only 272 hours at 12°C. The possibility of the methods used in this study being a better representation of development times occurring in nature will also be discussed. Substrate preferences of first instar juvenile Dungeness crabs, Cancer magister, from Charleston Harbor, Coos Bay, Oregon, USA Daniel Hope, Tony Cox, Alan Holyoak (Mentor) First instar juvenile Dungeness crabs Cancer magister are largely defenseless, and post‐settlement mortality is high. It is therefore vital that newly metamorphosed crabs choose substrates that provide them sufficient protection to survive. Understanding substrate preferences of the first instar stage could help improve management of this ecologically and economically important species. We carried out laboratory experiments at the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, Oregon, USA, to test whether first instar juvenile C. magister demonstrate substrate preferences with respect to substrate color, two‐dimensional substrates, or three‐dimensional substrates. Results from our experiments suggest that these crabs do not show significant preferences for any substrate color or two‐dimensional substrate option. They do show, however, that these crabs have a strong preference for a thick layer of mud to piles of shells, piles of rocks, and clumps of algae. This result contradicts studies that suggest juvenile C. magister prefer shell beds and other three‐dimensionally complex substrates when they are available. We conclude that first instar C. magister prefer mud to the other options presented because mud was the substrate they could most quickly and easily dig into, thus providing them with immediate cover. This preference for mud may be adaptive because the vast majority of first instar juvenile C. magister along Washington, Oregon, and California, USA, are much more likely to encounter mud or sand than shell beds or other complex substrates when they are competent to settle.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 1 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Biological & Health Sciences, Oral Presentations SMI 240, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Vertical jump imporvements Erik Olaverson, Jake Potter, Cody Miller, Tito Machuca, Trevor Bennion (Mentor) Every one in there life at some point try's to jump, weather they jump for a competitive sport or weather its just a natural thing maybe jumping on a trampoline. Each of us individually can jump at different heights and accomplish different things well we decided to put it to the test what makes us jump high, how can we each improve our vertical jump. We decided to conduct an experiment in which there are 4 groups and they each do a specific leg work out for 6 weeks 3 days a week to see which work out at the end of those 6 weeks would improve a persons vertical jump the most. In this experiment there was a number of at least 4 people per group along with a total number involved of 20 participants. the ratio of males to females was 16 to 4. the work outs that we chose to have one of each of the groups to perform for those 6 weeks weer lunges, squats, bur‐pees and weighted jumps. We felt each of these work outs would highlight a certain muscle used in a vertical jump and that they would each have an effect on a vertical leap. after 12 weeks we collected and annualized the data and the results found are what we are here to share. The Argument of Evolution: How BYU‐Idaho Students Feel Toward Evolution Michael Getz, Shattuck Kuzmic, Chris Wyman, Randie Van Orden, Linnea Boschi, John Griffith (Mentor) In many Latter‐day Saint (LDS) Sunday School Classes evolution is taught to be a theory of man. Some LDS leaders have spoken out against evolution which has led many LDS church members to believe that evolution is contrary to the doctrinal teachings of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints. In the mid‐1900s there was much debate on the scientific theory of evolution before the First Presidency of the church counseled that it would be wise to leave this matter alone. They counseled to, “Leave geology, biology … to scientific research.” Because of the teachings from the mid‐1900s the older generation of church members firmly believes that science cannot prove the origin of man. The younger generation never received the same amount of teachings against evolution. Our project was created to determine the general feelings of Brigham Young University‐Idaho students towards evolution.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 2 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Biological & Health Sciences, Oral Presentations SMI 240, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Investigating neuroglial cell activation in a cell culture model of stroke Derek Judd, Holden Higginbotham (Mentor) In the United States, stroke takes the life of someone every four minutes (American Stroke Association). Most stroke victims (~83%), however, survive, but this survival often comes with serious emotional and physical suffering. Ironically, some of that suffering is the result of secondary damage that occurs to healthy nervous tissue that wasn’t directly affected by the loss of blood supply (Stoll et al., 2002). Despite the prevalence of strokes and the ubiquity of this secondary damage, the cellular and molecular events that cause this additional damage are poorly understood. What is known is that the support cells of the nervous system, called glia, contribute to secondary damage. The goal of our research is to test the ability of different dietary compounds to reduce the extent of activation of glial cells in a cell culture model of stroke. Evidence suggests that pharmacological reduction of glial activation may have a beneficial effect in reducing the secondary damage incurred after acute brain injury like stroke. For example, chlorogenic acid (CGA), a phenol compound found in coffee, tea, and herbal maté that has anti‐inflammatory activity, has been shown to protect against ischemic (low oxygen) injury in rat liver (Yun et al., 2012), and chemical damage to neuronal cells (Huang et al., 2008; Kwon et al., 2010; Shen et al., 2012). These studies suggest the possibility that long‐term administration of dietary compounds like CGA that have anti‐inflammatory properties could contribute to a reduction in the secondary damage incurred after stroke by lowering the activation of microglia to a level where they perform their necessary healing functions while sparing surrounding healthy tissue and minimizing scar formation. Nothing is known of the effects of CGA on astrocyte activation. Our research has three primary aims: 1. To develop a cell culture model of astrocyte activation in response to ischemia. 2. To test whether the dietary compound chlorogenic acid (CGA) can reduce the level of astrocyte activation in the cell culture model of ischemia. 3. To replicate our cell culture experiments in primary rat astrocytes. Field test validation of VO2 max predicting survey Shane Berrett, Madison Robertson, Taylor Stapleton, Evan Smith, Jake Keck, Trevor Bennion (Mentor) Purpose: To validate a vo2 max estimate (PAR) with environmental conditions influencing the test. Method: Participants for this study are recruited from HRHP 131 personal health and wellness and are given a PARQ and informed consent documents prior to participation. Heart rate, ambient temperature and humidity are noted prior to testing. Participants will test their aerobic capacities by hiking R Mountain at a set pace calculated by metronome. Every two minutes, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) will be noted until the test is terminated by volitional fatigue or by reaching the summit. Heart rate is extrapolated with the controlled increase in work to determine vo2 max estimate. PAR vo2 max estimate will be compared to field test vo2 max estimate and statistically analyzed for statistical significance. Environmental factors such as ambient temperature and humidity will be considered in the statistical analysis. Practical Application: The PAR survey has been validated to accurately estimate vo2 max in the laboratory setting but relatively little is known about its validity and accuracy in the field. Environmental factors and the terrain are difficult to replicate in a lab, adding value to these novel discoveries. Individuals seeking to improve their cardiovascular fitness stand to benefit from these findings by appropriately matching intensities according to their predicted vo2 max values outside of a laboratory setting.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 3 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Biological & Health Sciences, Oral Presentations SMI 240, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Adenoviral‐delivered HE4‐HSV‐tk sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to Ganciclovir Kiara Vaden, Joseph Hunsaker, John Griffith (Mentor) Ovarian cancer (OC) is most often contained within the peritoneal cavity, making it an ideal disease for adenoviral‐delivered gene therapies. In an effort to develop a safe and effective gene therapy for OC, we created a replication deficient adenovirus bearing the herpes simplex Thymidine kinase (HSV‐ tk) gene under direction of the tumor specific promoter human epididymis protein 4 (HE4). The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of our adenoviral construct to transducer OC cells in vitro and mediate transgene expression of HSV‐tk, thereby sensitizing OC to the pro‐drug ganciclovir. Cisplatin‐sensitive (CS) and –resistant (CR) A2780 OC cells, infected with virus for 6 hours at 100, 500, and 1000 multiplicity of infection followed by ganciclovir treatment every other day for 5 days, were assayed for cell viability. Adenoviral‐mediated transgene expression increased with increasing amounts of virus and peaked at 48 hours after transduction in both A2780‐CS and –CR. Unexpectedly, ganciclovir alone was slightly toxic to both A2780 cell lines. Transduction with ADV‐ HE4‐HSV‐tk followed by ganciclovir treatment increased cell killing up to ten‐fold at 1000 multiplicity of infection. The results support the potential use of this approach as a gene therapy for OC, a disease that accounts for more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Future work involves examining the effectiveness of the therapy in other ovarian cancer cell lines and cell lines derived from other peritoneal tissues in vitro as well as testing the therapy in vivo by treating mice bearing ovarian tumors. Other work includes construction of an adeno‐associated virus bearing the HE4‐HSV‐tk construct to further confirm the effectiveness of the gene therapy. Synthesis of Pseudoephedrine Derivatives: For the Hinderance of Methamphetamine production Benjamin van Langen, Zac Greenlee, Spenser Washburn, Kerensa Sorensen‐Stowell (Mentor) Home synthesised Methamphetamines (Meth) is easily and affordably made from pseudoephedrine and creates a need to find an alternative to pseudoephedrine. Currently, Meth is easily converted from common cold medicines. The purpose of this research is to alter Pseudoephedrine in order to maintain its pharmaceutical properties while hindering the synthesis of Meth. Previously, acid‐ catalyzed esterification methods were unsuccessfully used in an attempt to synthesize our target derivative. A new method, using saponification, is currently being used to synthesize our target derivative. Results, thus far, are encouraging. We have used TLC, IR and H NMR to characterize our target derivative.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 4 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Biology, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Efficacy of rapid restriction digest and DNA ligation compared to traditional procedures. Geoffrey Geddie, Keilee Myers, Steve Christenson (Mentor) Heterologous gene transfer is a common molecular technique taught in the Bio 377 labs here on campus. The multistep process involves several procedures including ligation and restriction digest. Traditional protocols for these procedures involve lengthy incubation times that slow the process overall. For example, ligations require a full 16 hours before the next step can be carried out. Recently manufacturers have introduced modified versions of these protocols that in theory, significantly decrease the incubation period to allow the process to be performed in one day instead of over a three‐day period. The experiment performed included different time periods to test the proposed protocol to determine the effectiveness of rapid enzymes and ligation.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 5 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Health Science I, Poster Presentations MC 266 Seating/Dining, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Comparing Weight Gain in the First Year of Marriage between Men and Women Briana Dumas, Darin Ellsworth, McCall Loder, Ashlee West, Roxanne Hayes, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Newly married men and women that are the same age gain 6‐9 pounds more than their single peers. Changes in social roles, such as marriage or divorce influence physical characteristics such as weight. After discussion, we decided to limit our research question to how much weight is gained by men and women in the first year of marriage and is there a difference between men and women in weight change. We dispensed a survey to 100 people, targeting couples who have been married just over a year, asking them questions about weight and health behaviors. We found that the mean weight gain of males was higher than females but our two tailed P‐value was 0.434, which tells us that the information we received is not statistically significant. From the couples that were interviewed, we found a weak positive correlation of weight gain. According to our data, we found that in the first year of marriage men and women generally gain weight. However, there is not enough conclusive data to prove that one gender gains more than the other. Food Stamp and BMI Correlation Erika Schenk, Dayne Shaw, Brantley Shattuck, Chanse Powell, Tate Saurey, Merle Benedict (Mentor) The aim of our study is to determine whether there is an association between the use of food stamps among married BYU‐I students and an increased Body Mass Index (BMI). Using self‐reported data through an anonymous survey, we calculated the BMI of married students who use food stamps as well as the BMI of those married students who do not. Our survey also attempted to determine other factors that may lead to an increased BMI, including sleep patterns, stress, exercise, and shopping behaviors. Gender differences in hand washing hygiene among BYU‐Idaho students Tyson Luu, Alice Wise, Lisa Rhudy, Camilla Kuiken, Amy Loomis, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Most research of hand washing practices to date has taken place in high‐traffic environments such as airports and public attraction venues. These studies have established a gender difference in hand washing compliance. According to our results: 63% women, and 35% men use soap and water, 13% women, and 28% men use water only, 11% women, and 6% men use hand sanitizer, and 13% women, and 31% men use nothing at all. Overall more men than women, do not wash their hands using soap and water after using the restroom. Using discreet observations of 198 people on a college campus, 113 women and 85 men, the research described in this article replicates and extends earlier work while identifying the differences of washing with soap and water compared to using hand sanitizer, using water only, or not washing hands at all. The research suggests that proper hand washing practices, as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, are not being practiced. The results can help, through education, increase hand washing rates using soap and water after restroom use for the general public and thus increase the awareness of the benefits using soap and water.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 6 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Health Science I, Poster Presentations MC 266 Seating/Dining, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

How the weather affects the social, spiritual, mental, physical, and emotional health of BYU‐ Idaho students. Chris Yukon, Susie Johnson, Dave Harrington, Claralyn Miller, Stephanie Millar, Merle Benedict (Mentor) BYU‐Idaho has set‐up a three semester track system, and assigns each student to a two track cycle. The semesters are divided according to the seasons, fall, winter, and spring. This allows for more students to attend the school for a cheaper cost. Research was done to see how the seasons affect the students’ success. A survey was sent to a random sample of students, asking questions to help evaluate their success during specific semesters. That data was analyzed and specific correlations were found in regard to the effects of weather on student success. Idaho Suicide Rates Rachel Messick, Alycia Birch, Paige Dickson, Annie Burbank, Tim Mudgett, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Idaho is ranked number six in the United States for highest suicide rates. The goal of our study is to answer: why. In doing so, we have compiled demographic information for all 44 counties in Idaho in hopes of discovering trends that could play a role in our high suicide rates. While some trends have been identified, final analyses are still underway. Some of the factors that initially stood out include: climate, religiosity, and occupation/level of education. Our hope is that our study will bring new light to the issue of suicide in Idaho and lead to further research and movements to improve the resources that Idaho has to offer to an at‐risk population. Influenza Vaccinations Brian Durr, Sydney Allen, Dani Gillen, Weston Wilson, Jake Dickson, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Many researchers believe the influenza vaccine to be an effective way to prevent contracting the influenza virus, though many americans choose to not receive the vaccine. The purpose of our study was to determine the effectiveness of the vaccine as well as the reasons people did or did not receive it. Volunteers were invited to participate in a study to analyze their perception towards the Influenza vaccine. Demographic information was collected including age, gender, marital status, level of education obtained, and area of study. This data was used to determine the groups of people more or less likely to receive the vaccine. It was found that only 37% of the participants received the flu vaccine within the last year even though 69% believed that the flu vaccine is an effective way to prevent the flu.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 7 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Health Science I, Poster Presentations MC 266 Seating/Dining, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Morbidity Outlook on International Travelors Rylie Shackelford, Chris Ahmed, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Morbidity outlook on international travelers is something that has been written about in other studies. In a study they looked at business travelers and the advice that they received before they left on their trips (71%), in another study 36% sought travel health advice (Wynberg, 2013, p. 11‐16). The studies that were read and personal experiences led to the study conducted to find out if the main prevention methods of prevalent diseases that travelers get are working. This study examines the pre‐trip health habits of international travelers from Brigham Young University Idaho (BYU‐Idaho). A retrospective online survey was sent to 300 BYU‐Idaho students to identify international travelers and to assess if morbidity rates correlate with having pre‐trip medical consultations. 82 BYU‐Idaho students responded to the survey of which 48 had traveled internationally. Of these 48 international travelers 9 became ill while on their trip and 3 became ill within a month of returning from their trip. A chi‐square test showed morbidity rates among these travelers was dependent on pre‐trip medical consultations. The Correlation between Duration of Exercise and Levels of Expressed Happiness: A Campus Wide Study Aaron Youngberg, Kylie Chapman, Mariah Grigg, Aaron Stribling, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Objective: We investigated the association between the duration of exercise and level of expressed happiness and the correlation between the two. Method: The association between duration of exercise and level of expressed happiness was assessed in around 300 students from Brigham Young University ‐Idaho from which 124 students responded. Correlation was tested from a Qualtrics Questionnaire from which students were able to confidentially give their answers on questions relating to both duration of exercise and level of expressed happiness. Results: The pattern of those who exercised and those who did not exercise in connection with levels of expressed happiness were very similar throughout the study. Exercisers showed slightly higher levels of increased expressed happiness than non‐exercisers, yet the results are not statistically significant. Although 98% of the exercisers believe they are happier after they exercise. Conclusion: We are inclined to accept the null hypothesis that there is no significant correlation between duration of exercise and level of expressed happiness on the Brigham Young University‐Idaho Campus. We believe that results may differ throughout different campuses and throughout the general population of the United States. The effects of health promotion on hand hygiene Mackenzie Warburton, Anne Marie Clayson, Dallin Hope, Mollie Lloyd, Kylie Cochran, Merle Benedict (Mentor) On college campuses, many communicable diseases can be prevented through consistent, proper hand washing. While the majority of students know the guidelines for proper hand washing techniques, most do not follow them on a regular basis if at all. We propose that health promotional posters will improve the hand hygiene practices of students at BYU‐I. Our study examined the I‐Center bathrooms over a period of two weeks, the first being a control week where we simply took samples from the bathroom door handles to establish baseline bacterial levels. The second week, for several hours before taking samples from the door handles, we hung posters and flyers that promoted hand hygiene. After studying the bacterial levels, we compared the differences between the two weeks as well as the differences between the genders between weeks.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 8 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Health Science I, Poster Presentations MC 266 Seating/Dining, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

The Effects of Music on Stress Josh Newby, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Stress has been studied and shown to have a negative effect on mental and physical state. Students generally feel more stress from the workload of jobs, school, and family. Previous studies have shown that classical music lowers stress levels among adults and children.We performed a study to see if there was a significant relationship between stress levels and the amount of music that participants listened to over a week of time. In order to obtain results a survey was sent out to 400 randomly selected BYU‐Idaho students. Through a Spearman Rank correlation and an ANOVA test, results were gathered and are presented in the following paper. We observed that there was no significant relationship between the amount of music listened to and perceived stress levels (p‐value = 0.245). For the ANOVA test stress levels were compared with different genres of music. In conclusion with this test there is suggestive evidence that certain genres of music affect stress levels. Our p‐value presents data that shows no significant difference (p‐value = .076) and further testing would be necessary to confirm our theory and draw better conclusions about the relationship of music and stress.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 9 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Health Science II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

A Study Comparing Health Behaviors Among Health Related Majors and Non‐health Related Majors Kyle Hoggan, Alex Wride, Derek Hartman, Bryan Youngberg, Sarah Nalder, Merle Benedict (Mentor) There is a significant lack of studies observing the health differences between health‐related and non‐ health‐related majors. Our study focuses on the effects of higher health education on health behavior at BYU‐Idaho. We hypothesized that health‐related students would have greater health behaviors categorized by more time exercising, less time at restaurants, and healthier BMIs. A sample size of 97 students were given a survey about their health. The students studied were of different majors, years, and genders. We found that health majors exercise an average of one day a week more than non‐health majors and both groups eat out the same average amount of time. The average BMI for health majors and non‐health majors were both within the healthy range but the average BMI for health majors was slightly higher. After an examination of the results from the surveys and comparison of the data from mathematical analysis, we found that there was no statistical difference between the health of health‐related students and non‐health‐related students. This may be due to an inadequate sample size or possible outliers. Further studies may be necessary to determine validity. ADD/ADHD Medication and GPA Performance Kira Adamson, Jake Barnes, Kayley Clark, Amber Baker, Laura Conder, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Is there a relationship between students that take medication used to treat ADD/ADHD and their cumulative college GPA? The study was conducted with a questionnaire sent out to undergraduate students via email and Facebook. A t‐test was used to compare the average cumulative GPA of students taking ADD/ADHD medication and the average GPA of students not taking ADD/ADHD medication. Based on our results, we concluded that there is a suggested correlation between those that take medication and higher GPA performance as opposed to those who do not take medication (P=.056).

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 10 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Health Science II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

BYU‐Idaho Student fast food consumption Nathan Wilde, Merle Benedict (Mentor) This study set out to discover which demographic factors influence fast food consumption and what the underlying reasons for consumption among BYU‐Idaho Students. The study settled on three different identifying demographic factors, those being age, gender, and marital status. In addition, frequency was included to measure the amount of fast food that different demographics consumed. And finally, five different reasons were available to describe why the participant consumed (participants were asked to only choose one). The survey was then conducted with a sample size of four hundred students. One hundred participants were randomly selected to participate from 4 randomly selected buildings on campus. Our hypothesis was that younger single BYU‐Idaho students eat more fast food than older married BYU‐Idaho students. In addition we believed that the reasoning behind consumption for younger students would quickness and convenience while socializing would be the driving factor for older married students. We analyzed our data using tables, chi‐squared tests, and two proportion z‐tests. The significant results we found pertaining to our hypothesis were that younger single students were significantly more inclined to consume fast food to “socialize” and of students that consume fast food 4 or more times per week there were significantly more young single students. These results are contrary to our hypothesis and lead us to believe that the reason behind fast food consumption for younger students is to “socialize”. The other result shows evidence in favor of part of our hypothesis that younger single students are more likely to eat a significant amount (+4 times per week) than older married students. Caffeine consumption and GPA Spencer Delgado, Jayze Flake, Cody Hunter, Katelyn Duffy, Shelley Henderson, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Caffeine consumption and GPA Shelley Henderson, Katelyn Duffy, Cody Hunter, Jayze Flake, and Spencer Delgado Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University – Idaho, 525 S Center St, Rexburg, ID 83460 This experiment was perform to test our hypothesis that there is a correlation between caffeine consumption among college students and their GPA. One hundred and three BYU‐ Idaho students responded to a digital survey. The survey asked students to submit their GPA, the number of caffeinated drinks they consume, other sociodemographic and habitual information. Anova tests were performed on the responses given. Two statistically significant differences were observed, however. First in the GPA among students that consumed caffeine and those that did not consume. Secondly, in GPA among students that are married when compared to those that are not as well as the GPA of married students compared to single students.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 11 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Health Science II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Is TB testing necessary for students at Brigham Young University‐Idaho? Katherine Hansen, Stephanie Mooth, Mandy Purkey, Keyan Blacker, Bethany Williams, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Brigham Young University‐Idaho (BYU‐Idaho) currently has a policy that prevents certain students, for varies of reasons, from registering for classes until a tuberculosis (TB) screening has been performed, and concluded with a negative result or an inactive case. A survey was conducted consisting of 400 current BYU‐Idaho students regarding their knowledge and their familiarity with TB. Eighty‐six responses were collected, consisting of 53 females and 33 males; the survey found that 67% of those tested negative, 5% found they had a reaction to the test performed, and 28% of the people surveyed have never been tested for TB. After an analysis of the data, it has been concluded that there is a statistical significance that students at BYU‐Idaho do not need to be tested for TB. BYU‐I should still maintain their policy for TB testing due to BYU‐Idaho's policy, the severity of the disease, and the contagious nature of TB . Meningitis Awareness at Brigham Young University‐Idaho Tom Korth, Katherine Law, Alexandra Lovejoy, Dallin Larson, Bret Hunting, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Deadly bacterial meningitis outbreaks occur every year on college campuses all over the United States. One of the main reasons for these outbreaks is that few students choose to be vaccinated. Despite the widespread availability of the meningococcal vaccine (MCV4) to college age populations, bacterial meningitis continues to cause unacceptably high mortality and morbidity rates in the United States. Determining why so few college students choose to be vaccinated is key to reducing the number of outbreaks on college campuses. Different links or potential causes for low awareness levels of college students were discussed, and at Brigham Young University‐ Idaho, it was decided that year in school, gender, and the willingness to receive a free vaccine might be correlated to awareness levels of the term meningitis. An e‐mail survey was given to 400 randomly selected students on campus. The results showed that there was no correlation between year in school and awareness of meningitis (p‐value 0.31). There was also no correlation between willingness to receive a free vaccine and awareness levels (p‐value 0.62). However, there was a correlation between gender and awareness levels (p‐value 0.04). We still believe that increasing awareness levels among freshmen through education would greatly decrease the chance of a deadly outbreak happening at BYU‐Idaho.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 12 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Health Science II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Noise Exposure at BYU‐Idaho Social Events Jordan Nielson, Katy McCooey, Holly Mudgett, Aaron Lyman, Sophia Paiz, Merle Benedict (Mentor) There have been numerous studies conducted on daily noise exposure levels in urban areas as well as in the work force. The allowed noise exposure limit is 85 dBA maintained over an eight hour period. Rather than focus on noise exposure over long periods of time, this study focuses on brief periods of noise exposure and how they can affect your long term health. The main objective of this study was to show that students who attend BYU‐Idaho Social events on‐campus are being over exposed to noise levels. The categories of events that were attended were as follows: fitness classes, dances, sporting events, music, theater and dance. The study converted 85 dBA over an eight hour period to be equivalent to 100dBA over a fifteen minute period. The results showed that by attending the various activities none of the participants were being exposed to levels above 100dBA for the fifteen minute periods. However, there was a difference in the amount of noise levels being reached by the different categories, i.e., fitness class vs. sporting events. Future research is needed to conclude that the noise level that BYU‐Idaho students are exposed to cause long term health effects. The results of this study conclude that on average, students who attend BYU‐Idaho social events on‐campus are not being exposed to sound levels that exceed 100dBA over a fifteen minute period. The effect of weight loss on blood pressure for college age students. Alexa LeMond, Spencer Hargett, Bryce Mortensen, Jordan Leavitt, Merle Benedict (Mentor) This study examines the relationship between weight loss and blood pressure in college students taking part in The Biggest Winner competition, fall semester 2013 at BYU‐Idaho. Previous studies have shown a positive correlation between body weight and systolic and diastolic blood pressures in older, obese populations. This study looks at an overweight, college age population. In this retrospective analysis of data collected from BYU‐Idaho’s wellness program, The Biggest Winner, we analyzed pre and post health assessments of each subject that are kept in the Wellness Center. Using their pre weight and blood pressure and post weight and blood pressure we looked for a positive correlation between these two variables. After all the data was collected we ran linear regression tests for both the diastolic and systolic blood pressures that were measured. We did observe however that there was a consistent decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures but it failed to be statistically significant. The P values that were observed were 0.49 and 0.315 respectively.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 13 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Health Science II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

The Effects of Eating Breakfast on Mood and Academic Performance Kirsten Blumell, Adrian Perez, Moriah Fallon, Heather McCormick, Kaleb Pulsipher, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Will eating breakfast within an hour of waking up have an affect on the mood and academic success with college students? Breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day, there are many research studies that have concluded that eating breakfast helps children and adolescents stay focused throughout the day. Breakfast is also associated with a better mood and higher energy levels in the morning (Cooper, Bandelow, Nevill, 2011). Children who eat breakfast all the time have better IQ scores when compared to those who only eat breakfast occasionally (Lie et al., 2013) and Children who eat a cereal breakfast are able to retain more information and pay attention more in the morning (Wesnes et al., 2001) Our study is important because past studies have only focused on children and adolescents. We want to know more about those in college, and see the effects it may have, if any. Our study population will be focused on students that attend BYU‐Idaho by doing an online survey through Qualtrics. 300 emails were sent and a response of 74 questionnaires were received. Our data represents whether or not there is a significant difference between students eating breakfast in the morning and their mood and GPA. The descriptive statistics of GPA was shown to have a mean of 3.45 and a standard deviation of 0.195. Analyzing the data through an ANOVA test and results showed a p‐value of 0.014.The level of significance that was chosen to be 0.05. We concluded that eating breakfast affects the GPA academic success, but there is no relationship between eating breakfast and mood according to the p‐value The Effects of Sleep on Grade Point Average on the BYU‐Idaho Campus Rachelle Penalo, Erika Butler, Lindsay Graham, Cynthia Stevens, Xavier Desforges, Merle Benedict (Mentor) Sleep has been found to have a profound impact on our ability to perform. This subject has been studied extensively in a variety of ways. Our research group was curious to know the effects of sleep on grade point average on BYU‐Idaho’s campus. A survey was constructed and distributed anonymously via mass e‐mail through the university’s e‐mail program. We knew that sleep is not the only thing that affects GPA, and so we addressed other possible factors like study time in the survey questions. We also divided our participants into different groups, based on marital status and whether or not they were currently in a relationship. Our null hypothesis was that there would be no difference between the mean GPA of the sleep groups, and our alternative hypothesis was that one GPA mean or more would be different than the others of the sleep groups. After getting our results back, our conclusion was that we failed to reject the null hypothesis, so we had insufficient evidence to conclude that one or more of the means was different than the other means. In other words, we found that sleep doesn't affect grade point average on the BYU‐Idaho campus as much as we expected it to.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 14 of 90 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Health Science III, Poster Presentations MC 266 Seating/Dining, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Academic Opportunity Cost Associated With Student Illness at Brigham Young University Idaho Ayesha Ahmed, Christopher Ahmed, Marie Hatch (Mentor) Illness slows human progress and can cause missed days of work or absence from school. The cost of missing a day’s work is a day’s pay. In this study the academic cost of missing one, two, and three days of school was measured. Surveys were administered to professors that teach 100, 200, 300, and 400 level courses in five academic disciplines. These five disciplines included: Math, Health Science, Mechanical Engineering, Art, and Biology. Surveys were analyzed and academic opportunity costs for students at BYU‐Idaho were found.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 15 of 90 Business and Communication Biology, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Can students with no prior programming, web development, graphic design, or computer animation training teach themselves these skills in one semester and provide their department with much needed digital media content? Thomas Strobel, Jason Shaw (Mentor) In teaching sciences in an online or hybid course, digital media is essential. After 5 years of experience with developing these courses in the biology department, instructors were frustrated at the high price that textbook publishers and freelancers charged to provide adequate digital media for our courses. On top of this, years of work with technically qualified digital media creators required painstaking shepherding and produced little usable product. Then, an idea came. Could teachers take a group of their own students with excellent biological content knowledge (as determined by their grades in major classes) and give them a semester to train themselves to use web development, graphic design, or animation software well enough that they could produce digital media that rivaled professional material? The resulting project produced a surprising amount and quality of content and gave the students involved greater confidence and passion for our field of study. With our experience, we want to show that it is possible for departments on campus to take students with no expertise in digital media development and using nothing but online free video tutorials and Google searches, become our best source of professional level digital content. In essence, perhaps teams of part‐time student employees, guided by faculty mentors, taking advantage of the technological innovations of which we have ready access on campus, is one important way in which BYU‐Idaho can accomplish the Lord’s vision of providing higher quality and more affordable education to both on‐campus and online students around the world. Our experience leads us to believe that this is the case. As students, this has been an extremely valuable learning experience, more than just a campus job, and we feel like it wasn’t by chance. Take a look at our interactive study‐guides and animated tutorials, which have already been used in teaching thousands of students on campus and off, and see what students can do, if given the right opportunity, to develop valuable professional skills and contribute to the increasing quality of education here at BYU‐Idaho. Who Killed the Avenger?! Alex Nilsson, Shelby Shigley, Steven Christenson (Mentor) This project is a creative work on the process of genotyping, as was popularized in the T.V. show CSI. We have created a fictional scenario to demonstrate this process and teach students how to analyze data. We collected the DNA from several participants and performed the genotyping procedure to create a forensic case study. We have also created an interactive teaching activity for a target audience of Non‐Biology Majors. We have developed this forensic case study in order to provide a larger teaching opportunity of what genotyping is, how it is done, what we can discover from it, and the applications of it.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 16 of 90 Business and Communication Biology, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Winter Range Habitat Improvement Using Atriplex canescens Jordan Maxwell, Gene Weller (Mentor) In the western United States, winter range forage quantity and quality are often the most limiting factors to the survival of large native ungulates such as Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Elk (Cervus canadensis) and Moose (Alces alces). Significant amounts of both state and federal monies are spent to improve the quantity and quality of winter forage area. Many studies have been implemented in order to determine the best methods and species for winter forage improvements. However, small acreage improvements have been understudied. Four‐winged saltbush (Atriplex canescens) is a hardy yet highly palatable shrub native to the western United States. It is excellent feed for big game ungulates. Four‐winged saltbush winter forage quality of protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents remain high. Four‐winged saltbush is a valuable species for winter range improvement due to forage qualities, its ability to recover from herbivory, resistance to fire and to establish population by seeds from few individuals. In two, approximately three acre plot, previously seeded with Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), Four‐winged Saltbush was planted. Four different sizes of root systems with and without supplemental irrigation were tested. Planting occurred at the end of April (2011 and 2013) and into the month of May of that same year. In September of the same year and May of the following year survival rates were determined. Cost per surviving plant was determined. The 46 cm PVC planting size with deep irrigation was the most cost effective. These results could be used in a small habitat improvement project (less than 4 hectare) as costs per plant would increase in a larger operation.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 17 of 90 Business and Communication Communication, Oral Presentations MC 176B, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Being an Effective and Uplifting Leader Justin Romney, Joanna Ribeiro, Molly Jo Nemeck, Chantelle Paramore, Robyn Bergstrom (Mentor) Have you ever had a leader that you felt truly cared about you? What effect did that have on you? Have you ever wanted to be that kind of leader? Through our research we have found some tactics that effective leaders use that makes them different from the others. Everyone has the potential to become that kind of leader. However, being an effective and uplifting leader takes skill and knowledge. As an uplifting leader you have the power to influence others as you treat them as people and not as objects or numbers. Once you see your team members in this way, you will be more successful in using the following skills: praising others, fostering creativity, managing decisions and executing, and asking questions. Conflict In The Office Matthew Stephenson, Mellisa Ziegler, Hannah Turpin, J.R Timothy, Robyn Bergstrom (Mentor) Conflict is part of our everyday life and we all have different ways and processes that we handle it. Conflict is typically viewed with a negative mindset and is either avoided or improperly approached. There is a better way to overcoming these challenges, however that will help us grow and solve the problem at hand. One of the tools to understanding conflict is knowing how you may personally handle it. It also helps to know all the conflict management styles and how to identify them. The five styles are: collaborative, competitive, compromising, avoidance, and accommodation. Empowering the Individual (Problem Solving) Melissa Thurm, Saraiah Smith, Missy Seely, Zachary Smith, Robyn Bergstrom (Mentor) Among our generation there is an epidemic of dependent young people who are going into the work force. The parenting style for these young people are enabling them to not understand how to figure out their own problems nor be valuable assets to the companies they are employed by. The goal of this presentation is to help people understand how to teach future leaders the principles of empowering someone. As a group, we come from different backgrounds of education disciplines and have seen the importance of individuals empowered in the family, relationships, and in a business interactions. By training on a variety of skills such as; advanced empathy, reflective listening, psychological attending, and nonverbal listening, we hope to help leaders obtain the skills to empower the future. Goal Setting: The Follow Through Melissa Nelson, Kylie McDonald, Amber Montgomery, Ashley Meraz, Robyn Bergstrom (Mentor) We all have goals, but accomplishing goals is less common. Through this study, the family in our case will focus on setting goals and following through. The family will use family goals, as well as individual goals. The family in the study has six children, spread throughout the United States. Their wildly important goal, is to meet this summer at the youngest daughter, Jessica’s wedding. We give the four universal steps of goal setting. To begin, a wildly important goal must be agreed upon. There must be a common purpose for the team, direct daily tasks to the overarching goal, and a sense of accomplishment for team members. Goal setting is applicable in every facet of life, including corporate, family, and personal life.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 18 of 90 Business and Communication Communication, Oral Presentations MC 176B, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Group Diversity Jessica Frye, Ryan Crockett, Zachary Garling, Kelsey Frazier, Robyn Bergstrom (Mentor) An exploration of the topic of diversity in groups, this presentation will discuss how it affects the dynamics, cohesiveness, and efficiency of groups. While acknowledging the challenges presented by gender, age, cultural, and personality barriers, our focus is the strength that comes from diverse individuals working as a group. Keep Conflict Away From Contention Ian Andersen, Katie Alley, Katie Bowns, Austin Bowler, Laura Clair, Robyn Bergstrom (Mentor) Conflict happens nearly every day. It is difficult, requires much effort and can not be ignored. Generally speaking, most people do not handle conflict well; the potential damage to a relationship can be scary or might not be considered worth one’s time. Even for those who engage in trying to resolve conflict, some will experience negative feelings in relationships, regret for their decisions and personal guilt from their interactions with others as a result. Because conflict is inevitable, we created a video designed to assist students in preventing conflict from becoming contention. We interviewed several students in order to understand how students feel about conflict, how they handle it and what kind of results they see in regard to conflict. While conflict is a difficult endeavor, and is quite impossible to solve in just a few steps, we feel like the following five tips will help to improve an individual’s ability to handle conflict now as students, and later in life as professionals and parents. 1. Stay calm and de‐escalate. 2. Communicate about problems face‐to‐face. 3. Examine yourself first. Avoid “you” statements. 4. Forgive easily. Don’t hold a grudge or seek revenge. 5. Focus on the problem, not on the people. Students and Wage Negotiation Cameron MacDonald, Mitch Jones, Jason Lucas, Mike Hopkins, Robyn Bergstrom (Mentor) For many college students, balancing school and work is simply a fact of life. College towns are certainly a hirer’s market, so students fortunate enough to find a job have a difficult time negotiating their wages. This case study looks at the work life of Reggie Marley, a college student who has been working as a graphic designer. As he moves from his junior to senior year, it becomes necessary for him to cut down on his work schedule in order to have enough time for his studies. The company he works for, however, has only ever paid its graphic designers an hourly wage for their 9‐5 schedule and is unwilling to his manager is unwilling to change their policy to fit Reggie’s specific situation. Reggie’s lack of experience in wage negotiation reflects that of many college students. Our attitudes and methods of approaching delicate situations of this manner have a large impact on the outcome, as we see through Reggie’s exchanges with his coworkers and manager. Reggie is a dramatic example of how not to negotiation, but the case provides an opportunity to consider ways in which we all negotiate at times and how we can avoid similar missteps.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 19 of 90 Business and Communication Communication I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Boy Scouts of America's Level of Satisfaction with Treasure Mountain Camping Facility Kenady Neal, Ella Knecht, Lane Williams (Mentor) The research project that our team is conducting deals with the satisfaction of members of the Boy Scouts of America that attend the Treasure Mountain camping facility in Driggs, Idaho. In order to improve the Scouts experience at Treasure Mountain, we are researching the pros and cons of the Scout members previous experience there. In order to get accurate results, we sent out a survey to a variety of leaders of the Boy Scouts program. We sent the survey to Scoutmasters, Cub Scout Leaders, Troop Committee Officers, and a number of other representatives. 700 surveys emailed out, and we received 53 responses. From the survey responses, we found that there are two main areas at Treasure Mountain camp site that we hope to change‐‐an addition of a dining hall and cleaner restrooms. The most common negative responses we have received deal with these two issues. Currently there is no dining hall for scouts to eat at. We agree it would be beneficial to have all the scouts organized during meal times. The biggest complaint about restrooms is the level of cleanliness and how often sewage is cleared out. In addition to these two issues, our research will help find information that would be useful in enhancing the scouting program at the Treasure Mountain camping experience. Island Park Scout Camp Tyler Rickenbach, Morgan Urness, Katelyn Paulson, Victor Holove, Becky Derrick, Schaeann Richards, Lane Williams (Mentor) With the help from the Boy Scouts of America, a survey was sent to scout masters and volunteers. It has provided constructive feedback on the Island Park Scout Camp (IPSC), and was done through Likert Scales and comments. The purpose of the survey was to gain a better understanding of what the BSA can do to improve Island Park Scout Camp facilities and perhaps open it’s services to the public when not occupied by scouts. In other scout camps around the world, camps are for the most part open year round, admitting not only scouters but also members of the community to use the facilities. The results from the survey will provide the BSA and Island Park Scout Camp useful information that will assist in achieving the desired results of opening the IPSC year round. In order for this change to occur, several changes need to be made. Survey results suggest that the quality of dining facilities needs to improve in order to provide scouters the opportunity to fulfill certain merit badges as well as allow a place to eat. Not only do the dining facilities need improvement but also the latrines for they tend to back‐up when used consistently. Also, a more professionally trained staff that is more organized prepared and dedicated to creating an uplifting learning environment. Although these are not major changes that need to be made at IPSC, we believe, that if applied, will contribute to creating a positive experience for scouters and campers alike.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 20 of 90 Business and Communication Communication I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Krupp Scout Hollow Bryon Muir, Megan Jueschke, Kayla Merrill, Candice Andersen, Lane Williams (Mentor) Our team is researching the customer satisfaction of Krupp Scout Hollow a “Day Camp” for the cub scouts of the Grand Teton Council. We created a survey that was sent out to about 700 local scout leaders in the area about their overall satisfaction with the Krupp Scout Hollow day camp. Questions in the survey consisted of leaders general thought and satisfaction approval of amenities, activities, and facilities of the camp. As well as the camp as a whole and the effectiveness in which Krupp Scout teaches the scouts and better prepares them with good morals and skills of future boy scouts. Even though we are in the early stages of evaluating and organizing our data. We can see the people are generally satisfied with the camp but not overly impressed with what it has to offer. The location of the camp makes it close and convenient for most people in the area. However it’s activities and amenities provide scouts with the knowledge and skills needed, but still could be improved upon. Our paper and presentation will provide our data and findings from the survey about how the local leaders feel about the camp and things that those with the camp in the Grand Teton Council might improve upon. Salmon River High Adventure Camp Samantha Marchello, Timothy Vogler, Bradley Ziegler, Jorjia Calaway, Samantha Marchello, Richard Bitton, Lane Williams (Mentor) Our team is researching customer satisfaction of the Salmon River High Adventure Scout camp run by the Grand Teton Council. We have sent out a survey to more than 1000 scouters in the region.

We are still evaluating our data and our early results have already given us a lot. Our data shows that many people would be interested in camping at the camp sites with their families if this was offered during the off season of Scout Camp. They also show that those involved in Scouting don’t normally get their information from social media sites. Some of the information that we gathered for Salmon River alone was that many people were unaware of the opportunity to get a merit badge at the high adventure camp ground and that no one thinks that technology should be added to the sites, even for safety purposes. Social media and Scouting Benjamin Yates, Jacob Lee, Holly Yau, Ian Cassaro, Griffin Hunsaker, Lane Williams (Mentor) Our team is researching customer satisfaction of the Little Lemhi Scout camp run by the Grand Teton Council. We have sent out a survey to more than 700 scouters in the region. Our survey questions include the participants' satisfaction level of campsite facilities and activities including: campsites, restroom facilities, shower facilities, dinning hall, trading post, merit badges offered, and camp activities such as canoeing, kayaking, and rafting. We also asked questions regarding the camps social media and its reach with participants. We are still evaluating our data but our early results seem to show a generally satisfactory feeling about the camp facilities and activities, with a few of the areas eliciting weaker responses. We've also found that most of the participants have little or no experience with the camp's social media. Literature reviews on social media effectiveness, in relation to promoting businesses, have shown a positive correlation with businesses recognition and promotion and proper social medias usage.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 21 of 90 Business and Communication Communication I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Soda Springs Scouting Grounds Haley Reese, DD Smith, Tessia White, Kaitlyn Savage, Taylor Gassaway, Lane Williams (Mentor) Recently, the Monsanto Mining Corporation has donated their mining land to the Grand Teton Council of the Boy Scouts America. There hasn’t been a new Scout sight being announced the Grand Teton Council of the Boy Scouts America for a number years. That’s what makes this research exciting. Naturally, our group decided to focus on what the Grand Teton Scouting Council needs and “What should the Boy Scouts of America do with the mining land donated near Soda Springs, Idaho?”. Through a series of survey questions we researched the potential of this land in regards to amenities, facilities, extra activities, and merit badge availability. We asked current and former scout officers to fill out the surveys. In the Research and Creative Works Conference, we will present at least five findings that we found through our data from the number of Qualtrics Surveys that we get back. We hope to find new ideas for Soda Springs and have the Grand Teton Scouting Council approve them and implement them offer activities and facilities that are focused around what the Scout Leaders actually desire in a camp. We will have a poster and a research paper explaining our findings so that it’s easy for anyone to understand.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 22 of 90 Business and Communication Communication II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

David O. McKay Library: Ebooks vs. Printed Books Ramon Tangiora, Bryndee Beaty, Scott Butler, Hayley Draper, Anna Erkman, Lane Williams (Mentor) Our Group is doing research specifically for the David O. McKay Library. The purpose of the survey is to find out the answer to out meta‐question, which is, “What do BYU‐Idaho students prefer more: eBooks or printed books?” We want to find out what types of books students prefer in E‐book and printed format, such as textbooks, reference books or popular books etc. This information will help the Library know what types of books to digitize or order in eBook format and which books to keep in the old‐fashioned printed format. Out of 75 respondents, some of the findings we have acquired from the survey are what features BYU‐I students find most useful on their eBook reader devices and what brand of eBook reader they use. The survey showed that most people do not know the McKay Library gives students the option to check out Ebook Readers to use. Another finding from our survey is that the majority of respondents consider themselves a reader. Effects of Social Media on Self‐Esteem Anijanette Delahoyde, Craig Rider, Lisa Reid, Samantha Shelley, Theodore Harris, Rachel Fischer, Lane Williams (Mentor) Does higher consumption of social media lead to lower self‐esteem? We plan to gather data by creating and sending out online surveys with Qualtrics, to a random selection of BYU‐Idaho students. After gathering data, we will analyze and compile results into a report that will show patterns in responses. Where the idea came from: As social media users, we were interested in the role that social media plays in our lives. Social media hasn't been around for very long. Issues concerning this new media platform haven't had the opportunity to be explored in the same way as others, for example newspapers. Self‐esteem has been a concern for quite some time, and there seems to be a trend in declining self‐esteem. The trend in self‐esteem could possibly be affected by how many times people access social media or upload content to the internet. We were curious about the correlation between exercise and extra curricular activities and the use of social media. Realizing that physical activity releases endorphins, we wanted to see if social media has the same or opposite effect. The reasons that social media might effect self‐esteem lies in social comparison. Social comparison is the theory that looking at others' life events and seeking approval from others causes us to compare our own lives to theirs. We wanted to examine the possible correlation between social media and self‐ esteem. By analyzing these results we hope to find out the following: 1. Does anxiety and stress play a big role while using social media? 2. How many times a day do people check social media? 3. How much content do people upload? 4. Is there a correlation between physical activity and social media consumption? 5. Does social media affect people's perceived happiness levels?

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 23 of 90 Business and Communication Communication II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

How does computer mediated communication affect interpersonal relationships among young adults?” Julia Leber, Lane Williams (Mentor) The meta‐ question for our research was “How does computer mediated communication affect interpersonal relationships among young adults?” We assumed before researching that the outcome would show that computer mediated communication (CMC) is the preferred way of communicating over face to face communication (FTF) due to its rapid growth in our society. To assess this question we were assigned at random 126 students from a list of all students on campus. Each group member contacted 25 students by phone call to ask them to participate in an on campus focus group. We held the focus group on February 19, 2014. We found that Participants in the focus group felt that face‐ to‐face communication is the best way to foster relationships, but CMC can still be helpful in continuing those relationships. Participant’s felt that face‐to‐face is the preferred method of communicating, but that people in general are still using CMC more and more. When CMC was talked about as positive by participants, it was usually because it helps them keep in touch with family and friends that live far away or continue their long‐distance relationships. In conclusion, although CMC is on the rise, there has to be a previous well‐rounded face‐to‐face relationship for a CMC relationship to work. We are students and keeping in touch with our friends and family through CMC is an important part of continuing our relationships. We concluded that CMC cannot be the only way we maintain our relationships and that FTF is going to preferred by most. Improving Financial Aid Jason Klingler, Renae Grilliot, Destinee Galbraith, Julia Godwin, Lane Williams (Mentor) Our presentation poster will explain how the financial aid office is currently helping students to provide finances for their education, and how they can improve in the future to assist the needs of the students. It also addresses the forms of communication that the students have with the financial aid office, and which ways are working best for finding out about deadlines and other information that is posted. We have the statistics from our survey that provide useful information to how the students prefer to be contacted. The office experience is lacking in a few areas and the study shows what area in the office that needs improvement and why. Our presentation will address all these matters and more.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 24 of 90 Business and Communication Communication II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

The Effectiveness of Gender in Advertising Brandon Stauffer, Collette Lee, Chelsi Phillips, Janelle Matheny, Andrew Parry, Brandon Mecham, Lane Williams (Mentor) Our research project is about studying and analyzing the effectiveness of gender in advertising. Our meta question is, "How does gender change the effectiveness in advertising." To accomplish this, we created two advertisements. One advertisement displayed a female promoting a fictional brand of water, the other advertisement displayed the same product but with a male. We created the advertisements as similar as possible to avoid any possible variables that would influence the general appeal toward the advertisement. We created a survey for the advertisements to understand what was most appealing in the advertisement, what was the focal point and drew their attention, and would this affect their desire to purchase. The survey was sent to 400 males and females. The data we analyzed varied and provided information in determining what was most appealing to the public. Our findings were; 1. People noticed the model more in the male advertisement, versus the female advertisement. 2. In the female advertisement, the label was the focal point over the person or product. 3. People are more likely to buy the product when a male is in the advertisement. 4. People think the male advertisement is a more effective advertisement. 5. People viewed the female advertisement as more welcoming. Although, people had a more welcoming sense of feeling for the female in the advertisement, they were more drawn to the male advertisement and found it more effective overall. What Influences Brand Loyalty Among Smartphone Users Clint Urick, Amber Montgomery, Megan Roper, Chris Davis, Lane Williams (Mentor) The purpose of this study was to discover what influences loyalty among the three leading brands of smartphones. To do this a survey was sent via Qualtrics by email to a random sample of 500 Brigham Young University‐Idaho. After collecting the surveys, the data was analyzed in search of conclusions and trends that shed some light on how and what influenced smartphone loyalty among students from BYU‐Idaho. Iphones were found to have the most favorable responses to things like design, previous experience, and cool factor. Unfavorable responses in price did not stop students from purchasing Iphones. We found the overall satisfaction of Apple and Android to be very high.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 25 of 90 Engineering Embedded Systems I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Development of various finite element bond pad structures for use in microelectronics simulation Dustin Whitaker, Tiago Rodrigues, Megan Woodland, Levi Hill, Stevan Hunter (Mentor) Various designs of integrated circuit bonding pads are required in practice, including "circuit under pad" in many forms. This project created a variety of bond pad finite element models that can now be used in other microelectronics research projects. Challenges included the creation of structures with over 4000 individual pieces needing to be connected correctly in the software, and discovering how to design the "meshing" to obtain accurate 3D stress results in the regions of interest while keeping within the limits of the available student software. These bond pad models have already been used in follow‐on research microelectronics projects, including publications in 2 different international conferences (IEEE EPTC_2013, Dec 2013, Singapore, and IMAPS Wirebonding Workshop, Jan 2014, San Jose, CA). This project has also introduced the students to the multidisciplinary field of microelectronics, including a mix of mechanical and electrical engineering concepts. Homemade Wireless Transmitter Michael Rowe, Kevin Astle, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) Wireless technology is present in many different aspects of life, and is a vital component in military, civil, and commercial sectors. The goal of our project is to implement a simple wireless communications system, which will allow us to broadcast a signal from one device and receive it with another device at a nearby location. In order to send a signal, the transmitter wirelessly broadcasts a signal using a carrier frequency of 27 MHz. The receiver is tuned to this frequency, so that when it is near the transmitter it detects the signal and amplifies it to a usable level. An LED on the receiver lights up to indicate when a signal is being received. Although simple, this system could be used to implement rudimentary communication through Morse code or a similar method. Hydro‐Generated Heating Pad Karl Stange, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) Created a heating pad which can be used in emergency situations. Powered by pushing liquid through a hydro generator Magnetically Generated Platform Jared Berrett, Heidi Blunt, Erick Stone, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) We are physically manufacturing a magnetic track. It is intended to generate polarized motion for circular projectiles. The physical construct consists of magnets placed on top and bottom of hard wood boards with repulsing poles. Each magnet individually generating roughly 3 pounds of force.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 26 of 90 Engineering Embedded Systems I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

MIDI Controlled Light Show Zack Sheffield, Rob Wall, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) Have you ever wanted to create your own Christmas light show? Well come see how with our MIDI‐ programmable light show. MIDI is a standard format for playing electronic music. Load a MIDI file from your SD card, plug your MIDI device right into the MIDI inputs, or forget MIDI altogether and use the switches to turn up to 10 electrical outlets on and off. Also create your own light show on the device, save it on your SD card, and fine‐tune it on your computer. The MIDI‐programmable light show can accept input from a file stored in an SD card or from a MIDI port. It can also send output to an SD card or MIDI port in response to the manual switches. Because the outputs are electrical outlets, anything from lamps to Christmas lights can be used to provide a pleasing light show synced to music. Poppy Robot David Stanger, Jef Funk, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) The poppy robot is a platform for creating a walking bipedal robot. With time constraints we took the upper half of this robots body and constructed a unique system that will demonstrate robot movement, color recognition and voice commands. We constructed the Poppy robot with a 3d printer using 3d design software for each part of the upper body that we got from the poppy project website. The poppy robot will have eight servo motors attached to it in order to move the shoulders, arms, and head. We will be using a camera for the head which will also be programmed to respond to voice commands. These voice commands will direct the camera to search for a color that will be presented before it. When the camera finds the color, the body of the robot will reach out to indicate the color requested.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 27 of 90 Engineering Embedded Systems I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Remote Weather Station Cody Marshall, David Fluckiger, Erick Stone, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) Our remote weather station gathers weather measurements from the atmosphere in which it is located, processes the data, and outputs it to the user in an easy‐to‐read and convenient form. Wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, temperature, soil humidity, atmosphere humidity, altitude, and pressure are the components that are read from the station. Other weather extrapolations will be made such as wind‐chill, dew point, etc. These measurements are taken with 5 components including a rain gauge, anemometer, wind vane, temperature/humidity/altitude sensor and a soil temperature/humidity sensor. These measurements are taken with a MSP430 microprocessor and a Raspberry Pi Processor. Analog‐to‐digital converters are used to convert real‐world signals to digital data that can be sent over a web‐server on the Raspberry Pi Processor to be displayed in a web browser or other system. The weather station can be used in a variety of settings. This station will be used to measure the weather around a private orchard/garden to notify the owner of flooding, extreme temperatures, and high wind speeds, without the need to manually measure these on a regular basis. The station will be designed to be powered by battery, which will also be monitored by the station, it can also be used with other sources. Many engineering decisions and modifications had to be made to get the project working and easy‐to‐use. Many different sensors and processors were researched and tested to find the correct combination for the most practical use. Function, price, speed, power, stability, and user‐interface were main concerns and goals for the project. A user operating the system shouldn't need to exert any manual effort or have any advance understanding of microprocessors to operate the station. The station also needs to be able to send the compiled measurements over a wireless connection to a web browser, so special consideration was paid to wireless communication between the station and other devices such as computers or mobile devices. The data will be viewed in a web interface type setting with other possible systems such as android app being possible in the future. Robotic Camera Manuel Cuevas, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) The project focuses on the development of a remotely‐controlled and semi‐autonomous robotic webcam navigation system that streams video to the control panel. This concept can be used for entertainment or security situations. The presentation accomplishes the research and implementation of a detailed description to atomize a simple webcam for remote control and video streaming. The camera’s main function is to be capable of streaming video to another computer, to track a specific object and to be able follow the object using step motors. 'The Grim', Using webcams like eyes. Devyn Stott, Jonathan Law, Jeremy McCurdy, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) The Grim is a robot that moves around avoiding obstacles as it moves. The Grim uses two webcams similar to how humans use their eyes. These webcams are used to perform depth perception, path corrections, and edge recognition. The robot moves around without the aid of any wires. It can be manipulated via a connected computer. Information on what the robot is seeing and doing can also be viewed on this connected computer.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 28 of 90 Engineering Embedded Systems I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Tricopter controlled by Raspberry Pi Kevin Astle, Jake Stevens, Chad Spring, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) Many people are familiar with quadcopters, which are small, remotely‐controlled flying devices with four propellers. For our project, we chose to build a tricopter, which is essentially a quadcopter with only three propellers. We chose to build a tricopter rather than a quadcopter, because we wanted the challenge of overcoming the difficulties of creating a flying device with only three propellers. Our tricopter is controlled by a Raspberry Pi (a credit‐card sized computer), which we send instructions to through a wirelessly connected laptop. Additionally, we can stream live video to the laptop from a camera connected to the Raspberry Pi. If we have time, we plan to add more features to the tricopter, such as collision detection and GPS navigation.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 29 of 90 Engineering Embedded Systems II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Autonomous Sailboat Amanda Clark, Heidy Cespedes, Eric Dixon, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) We have a model sailboat that will have a wind sensor, GPS device, a Zigbee Xbee communication device, and servo motor control on it. The Zigbee device will be used to communicate wirelessly with a computer which will send GPS coordinates to the sailboat. The sailboat will use these coordinates and the GPS device to locate itself and determine which direction it should go. Then the servo motors will be used to control the sails and the rudder to send the sailboat there. DC Power from Vertical Windmill Tim Hayford, Jordan Bohne, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) Our goal is to generate DC power using the wind for a lower cost than most commercial windmills. To accomplish this, we have connected a DC motor to large pipes that will channel the power of the wind to rotate the motor's shaft. This design could be used in third world countries where there is not a reliable power grid. Our goal is to generate enough power to run small lights or charge devices such as cell phones. Finite Element Modeling and Characterization of Cantilever Probe Tips Used in Wafer Test Dustin Whitaker, Stevan Hunter (Mentor) Cantilever probe tips are being used to probe fragile IC pad structures with both thin and thick pad aluminum (Al), with multiple touch counts, and with growing concern about large area probe marks for copper wirebonding. Some experimenting has been done in the past to look at probe marks resulting from various combinations of cantilever probe tip parameters, but it’s difficult to produce probe tips and probing conditions to cover all interesting conditions. This student project attempts to determine the probe tip stresses for a variety of cantilever tip parameters and overdrives on different pad Al thicknesses by 3D finite element modeling. Stress and scrub length results are compared to experimental probe mark data from ON Semiconductor. Friction coefficients in the models are adjusted to approximate the scrub lengths found experimentally. Results of the finite element simulations reasonably match expectations, and permit some new simulations that were not covered in physical experiments. Cantilever probe tip parameter tradeoffs based on the simulations are discussed with regards to achieving sufficient contact over the useful life of a tip while minimizing probe mark depth or area. Finite Element Modeling of Pull Testing of Microelectronics Bonding Levi Hill, Derek Andrews, Stevan Hunter (Mentor) Microelectronics wirebonding for integrated circuits (ICs) has been switching to copper (Cu) wire from the traditional gold (Au) wire. This project used finite element modeling to look at the comparative stresses expected on the bond ball and bond pad structures that may be expected during wire pull testing. Differences in bond pad thickness and composition were explored. Finite Element Modeling of Shear Testing of Microelectronics Bonding Derek Andrews, Levi Hill, Stevan Hunter (Mentor) Microelectronics wirebonding for integrated circuits (ICs) has been switching to copper (Cu) wire from the traditional gold (Au) wire. This project used finite element modeling to look at the comparative stresses expected on the bond ball and bond pad structures that may be expected during shear testing. Differences in bond pad thickness and composition were explored.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 30 of 90 Engineering Embedded Systems II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Identifying Musical Tones with MATLAB Paul Irwin, Richard Moreno, Chad Spring, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) We are developing a program in MATLAB that will be able to determine the notes of a song. First we are using only piano keys, then piano chords and eventually an entire song. Kinect Drumming Sam Buchmiller, Michael Muse, Adam Gorbahn, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) We created software that allows people to create music by dancing. The program tracks hand movement using the Xbox Kinect. The user can stand in front of the Kinect and wave their hands around to interact with the computer. A computer screen shows an interactive display with an outline of the user in the middle. When the user moves, this outline mirrors their movement. Dots are displayed where the user's hands are. The user moves their hands into various areas of the display to activate "buttons" on the screen. Each "button" plays a different sound. Basically, the user will have fun waving their arms around to play a virtual drum set. Stereo Tesla Coils Nathan Hunter, Stephen Novak, Dustin Divis, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) We repaired two Tesla Coils and integrated them to play together. A Tesla coil is an electrical resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla around 1891. It is used to produce high‐voltage, low‐current, high frequency alternating‐current electricity. A speaker in the traditional sense moves a piece of paper to generate the energy that we hear. A Tesla Coil vibrates arcing electricity to generate the energy that we hear. super capacitor wireless RC car Quinn Stratton, Eric Dixon, Jeffrey Cook, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) Our project is to convert a battery powered remote controlled car to a super capacitor powered car utilizing a wireless charging system. This allows for a potential owner to have minimal interaction with batteries, capacitors or the charging system. The capacitors also make a substantially more powerful energy storage device, allowing for brief charging periods, and equivalent storage potential. The wireless charging environment utilizes dual inductors at resonant frequencies allowing for maximum power transfer. Through this, the user will not lose integrity or power but will only achieve a greater versatility with a reduction in future expense as batteries will no longer be needed while the capacitors have a substanally longer life span than chargeable baeries. Underwater Remote Operated Vehicle Jeffery Schiers, Jeffrey Cook, Mark Norman, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) The goal of our project was to create an affordable version of an Underwater Remote Operated Vehicle. It is made of of common, off the shelf products. The body is a common kitchen pot. It is controlled by the BeagleBone Black microprocessor. It is controlled Via LAN cable connected to a laptop. Will be able to dive 10 feet in a controlled environment and can travel a distance of about 100 feet from the operator. This project combined both electrical and software engineering with a mixture of some mechanical engineering.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 31 of 90 Engineering Embedded Systems II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

WIND TREE Tenzing Sherpa, Ryan Andrus, Richard Grimmett (Mentor) We are designing and implementing a wind tree. "WIND TREE" because it has a structure of a tree and it uses wind energy and convert to electrical energy to light LED lights. The tree is size of decoration tree(used in offices) or the shelf tree. On the trees are the blade/ turbines that rotate when there is presence of the wind, this generate power to light up LED(light emitting Diode) that require up to 2 volts. The wind tree can also be used to show the direction of the wind. This presentation would teach about renewable source of energy and how they could be used in a large scale to produce energy and replace natural fossil fuels in future.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 32 of 90 Engineering Mechanical Engineering I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Automated Multi‐Fluid Medical Infusion Pump Steven Struk, Matthew Dee, Travis Dixon, Mark Hill, Alan Dutson (Mentor) Patients with surgically implanted arterial access in semi‐permanent situations frequently require administration of medicines intravenously. Often, certain medicines such as antibiotics and chemotherapies are required to be delivered intravenously over a specified period of time. These medicines must be followed by line flushes of saline and heparin solutions in order to preserve the flow of fluids through the patient’s surgical implantation. These flushes prevent clotting and blockages in the patient’s surgical implantation between instances of access for medicinal use. The current market of home care medical infusion devices is limited to single fluid infusions, thus requiring manual intervention in three separate instances in order to administer a full cycle of medication. Human intervention in this cycle increases the chances of error and infection. This automated multi‐ fluid medical infusion pump delivers all Newtonian medicines within their prescribed periods of time and then automatically administers the necessary saline and heparin solutions without human intervention at any stage of the cycle after it has begun. Bean Bag Weighing Device Justin Dastrup, Dan Lindquist, Ryan Tew, Cody Myers, Alan Dutson (Mentor) Dawn Enterprises Inc. is a licensed developmental workshop in Blackfoot, Idaho. They manufacture items in an environment that teaches job skills to the developmentally challenged. Dawn recently contracted with a customer to assemble and fill miniature bean bags known as “Buzz Bags”. In the assembly process, Buzz Bags are sewn on three sides then filled with plastic beans before sewing the fourth side. Each bag must weigh between .9 and 1 ounce; anything above or below those target values are rejected. Dawn employees currently fill the bags by hand in a trial and error process that is time and labor intense. We are providing Dawn an economical alternative that will automate the filling process and increase company productivity. Successfully developing a bean‐bag filling device will help Dawn Enterprises meet the needs of their clients and continue to provide the job training opportunities for their employees. Compact DC Vacuum Pump Brandon Verkist, Shawn Seegmiller, Chaun Earl, Alan Dutson (Mentor) Los Alamos National Laboratories is a nuclear research facility in Los Alamos, NM. As part of the research process, they have the need to evacuate a vacuum chamber to an absolute pressure of at most 50 torr (equivalent to 1.97 inHg or 0.97 PSI). Current solutions consist of large, heavy AC driven pumps. BYU‐Idaho was contacted and asked to develop an alternative solution that meets the following requirements: weighs a maximum of 15 lbs, fits within 0.3 ft3, runs on at most 30 VDC, has a free flow rate of at least 1.5 CFM, and maintains a clean air environment.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 33 of 90 Engineering Mechanical Engineering I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Hydro Turbine Power Generation Device Nick Rock, Shea Peacock, Justin Deitrick, Jonathan Clift, Garn Brady, Alan Dutson (Mentor) The movement to replace manually operated devices with automated systems is exploding because of their ability to conserve energy, labor, and add convenience to end users. ATL Technology is a company that is involved in the automation market. They conceptualized the development of a device that can use extracted hydraulic energy to permanently maintain the power supply to automated faucets. This eliminates the need to frequently replace batteries that are typically used to power the sensors for these faucets. A BYU Idaho Capstone team was given the assignment to develop this promising product. A miniature hydro turbine was designed that can be attached directly to an existing water pipe line. This hydro turbine produces sufficient electricity to power automated sensors and creates a minimal pressure drop across the device. Pond Engineering Model K60 Automated Thermometer Posioning System Michael Pond, Jeffrey Anderson, Brandon Harris, Michael Marrott, Alan Dutson (Mentor) Pond Engineering Laboratories, based out of Berthoud, Colorado, is a global supplier of precision comparison calibration equipment for industries from agriculture to aeronautics. The precision calibration equipment systems are used to calibrate Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers (SPRT). Pond Engineering is a family business owned by Stanley Pond and has been in operation for 34 years and is the sponsor for this project. Pond Engineering verifies their precision comparison calibration equipment using an SPRT. This is done by taking several temperature readings along the length of the system core, and assuring uniformity and accuracy. At present, this process is completely manual. The SPRT is repositioned and secured by hand. This his task has the potential to take significantly longer than is really necessary. In addition, SPRT’s are extremely delicate instruments that must be handled with care by a trained technician. The company would like to develop a tool to enable safer, more precise positioning of an SPRT in a calibration system. Pond Engineering has tasked us with us developing this tool, of which there is no comparable alternative. The K60 Automated Thermometer Positioning System is being procured to allow metrology lab technicians to easily and reliably position an SPRT in a thermowell without needing to manually position and secure the thermometer.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 34 of 90 Engineering Mechanical Engineering I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Quadcycle Eric Braithwaite, Philip Heiner, Dustin Zaugg, Darren Saunders, Josh Hagen, Alan Dutson (Mentor) The City of Phoenix is inspecting its large diameter (42" to 108") water mains. There are about 150 miles of water mains to inspect. Kiewit, the sponsor for our project, has been awarded a contract to facilitate the inspection process. It is Kiewit's responsibility to dewater and provide access into the water mains. The existing water mains have various low spots that need additional dewatering before they can be inspected. Kiewit uses a 185 CFM trailer mounted compressor and pneumatic powered diaphragm pumps to dewater the lines. Currently, Kiewit employees crawl and push the equipment, which entails air hoses, pumps and flat discharge hose, through the small water mains to distances ranging from 1000' to 5000'. Another challenge for Kiewit is they occasionally have to pass through butterfly valves, which are considerably smaller than the water main. Brigham Young University‐Idaho's Engineering capstone group, Team Quad‐cycle, was sponsored by Kiewit Corporation to design and build a four wheeled collapsable/disassembled bike that fits in a 24" man hole that opens up to a 42 to 108 inch water main. The purpose of the project is to be able to assemble the cycle inside of the water main. Once assembled the cart would be loaded with all the equipment and then use pedal power to the cycle. During the traverse through the water main, Kiewit employees can be confronted with a butterfly valve. At this point the bike could be disassembled and passed under the butterfly valve and then reassemble on the other side. The cycle must have a max assembly time of 10 minutes which will be facilitated by use of quick disconnects to assemble and disassemble quickly. REV Embossing Vard Wells, Ryan Searle, Evan Steel, Alan Dutson (Mentor) Development Workshop, Inc. is an organization that helps disabled or disadvantaged individuals improve their lives. The Development Workshop's mission statement is, "To assist individuals who have a disability or who are disadvantaged to recognize and to achieve their chosen level of economic and social independence." These individuals often find it difficult to find work and establish a regular income in order to lead normal lives. The Development Workshop provides them this opportunity. Paul Packer, the manager at the Development Workshop, enjoys seeing these individuals gain confidence as they are able to work and begin providing for themselves. The Development Workshop produces a wide variety of products that vary from plastics to textiles. One such product is a pouch that the United States Postal Service mail carriers use to hold customer notifications. This pouch is made from synthetic leather. the flat synthetic leather material is cut to a certain shape, then it is embossed to assist in the shaping of the pouch and identify it as USPS property, last of all it stitched together. Currently, only the first and last stages of the process are performed at the Development Workshop. All other stages are outsourced. The Development Workshop would like to develop a safe process to emboss the pouch in‐house in order to provide more job opportunities for their clients. There are several embossing machines currently on the market, but these machines are not designed specifically for disabled individuals to operate; their processes are not simple and safe enough. Also, the Development Workshop is a non‐profit organization and most production embossers have a heavy price tag. The challenge for the REV team was to make the embossing process easy and safe for the individuals that work at the Development Workshop. the REV team also needed to create this process within a reasonable budget. The final product is a safe, simple, and thrifty design which embosses the desired pattern on the given material.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 35 of 90 Engineering Mechanical Engineering I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Team Pipe Cart Ezra Sears, Derek Hess, Tony Foster, Jesse Cottam, Alan Dutson (Mentor) A pipe cart was design to carry various lengths of steel slip liners into water mains in order to repair the mains. Customer needs were gathered, engineering metrics were developed, functions were determined, and models were created. The functions the cart needs to perform were identified and systems were designed with extensive customer input. The modelling was done on Solidworks, a computer aided design package. Multiple types of analysis were utilized, including: Finite element, kinematic, interference, and static. A drawing package, digital models, and BOM will be provided to the customer. The final product will revised and manufactured by the customer.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 36 of 90 Engineering Mechanical Engineering II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Adjust‐a‐stand Chadron Ryan, Zach Jensen, Mark Lindstrom, Alex Sirrine, Greg Roach (Mentor) We were commissioned to build a desk that would be able to accommodate the needs of varying heights of work, and users. There are many desks on the market that can somewhat meet these needs, but none of them do so quickly, nor do they meet everyone’s needs. We have designed a desk that will be both useful and versatile in fulfilling these requirements. It is built on a rotary design with a simple to use locking system that will allow infinite possibilities for height. It is built out of steel for unyielding strength and stability. It’s simple to use, and quick to manipulate. Dry Works Haarssh Talwar, James Ahmed, Sarah Porter, Raul Tobon, Greg Roach (Mentor) The Dry Works Team developed a Towel Rack to help drying multiple number of towels at once. This Product is easy to mount on the bathroom doors, also is universal to all bathrooms, keeps towels from falling on the floor, does not have sharp edges, uses storage space efficiently, and is lightweight. This Towel Rack can hold 6 towels at once. This Product has simpler mounting mechanisms made of webbing, and brackets both of which are simple, cost effective, and will allow the towel rack to be packaged and stored very efficiently. Flagship Dirt Bike Flag Mount Harold Bishop, Taylor Jenks, Colt Warren, Allen Peck, Greg Roach (Mentor) The Flagship team successfully solved the problem of efficiently mounting a flag to a dirt bike. This report shows the procedures followed in order to prove that the problem is appropriately solved. A product has been developed which is manufacturable and marketable. This product will be presented with appropriate documentation in order to properly demonstrate that the problem has been solved. Jacked Up Tyler Nelson, Kevin Dill, Bryan Shurtz, Jason McCain, Byron Nield, Greg Roach (Mentor) The goal of our project was to redesign the Hi‐Lift jack, by making it safer and more efficient to use. We redesigned the lift mechanism on the jack to make it safer and easier to use for the customer. Another way we made it safer was by adding gussets and a wider base, to make it more stable. Pulled Pork Puller Lance Mortimer, Greg Roach (Mentor) A project was undertaken in which a device was created to assist a user in the process of pulling pork. The most common method for pulling pork currently is using two forks to tear, shred, and pull the meat to its desired size. This process is very long and tedious and prevents many people from cooking pulled pork in their homes. The purpose of this project was to produce an easy at home appliance that will promote its use by being simple to use, safe, and effective. The research found that many companies that cook pulled pork daily cool their meat before using their hands to pull the pork. Incorporating this knowledge into the design process, the team developed the concept where the user would wear heat resistant gloves that are food safe. These gloves are a heat resistant aramid fabric gloves, dipped in food safe silicone. This gives the user safety from the heat of the meat while also allowing for sufficient dexterity to pull the pork. This project demonstrates how an innovative solution to a common household practice can be both simple in design and use.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 37 of 90 Engineering Mechanical Engineering II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

The Glove Camilyn Crane, Oscar Ibanez, Anthony Barner, Casey Gullion, Greg Roach (Mentor) After an accident left a BYU‐I student unable to fully open his right hand on his own, he came to us asking for a device that would make it possible for his hand to function normally. The Glove is the result of this request. While this particular model is customized to the previously mentioned student, it is a design that can be easily modified and used in a variety of settings and situations. The basic design was modeled after the tendons in the hand and the method by which they work. The tendons of the first three fingers converge into one muscle, which controls the opening and closing of these fingers. As it was only the first three that we were concerned in opening, we mimicked this process by attaching three separate elastic bands onto one firm wrist band that would act as the anchor point to the force of the bands. Each individual band slips onto the respective finger, following the natural line of the tendon which extends to the tip of the finger. Extra webbing is attached to help these bands keep their position. The Glove is meant to be used in every activity needed to live a full and normal life, and therefore is made from very durable materials in order to prevent environmental effects from destroying it. For the comfort of the wearer, it is also practically weightless and slender to make it enjoyable to use. Tire Snuggiez Dustin Parks, Casey Lynch, Zack Nilsson, Richard Field, Greg Roach (Mentor) Our project is an apparatus for car tires to provide more traction in the snow and ice. The goal is to be able to quickly apply the product onto the tire for quick installation even while the car is already stuck. Similar to a tire sock, this product will fit snugly around the tire to provide traction both in snow and in ice. The Equality Pizza Cutters Kent Law, Austin Doutre, Reid McDowell, Geoff Thompson, Greg Roach (Mentor) Pizza is a food that has become a multi‐billion dollar industry in the U.S. and is spreading worldwide with continued increasing sales year after year. One of the principals as Americans we hold onto dearly is equality for all; why not apply this principle to the way we consume food? A problem that frequently occurs, with respect to pizza, is unequal slice sizes. Sharing a pizza can often be a stressful situation because we want to share the pizza equally with others, but due to human error the slices are not equal leaving the consumption between sharers unequal. The design scope of the team was to create a product that would slice the pizza quickly and evenly. After multiple prototypes with strict design criteria the team has created a successful product that is rooted to the history of the pizza industry with different design features that meet the goal objectives.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 38 of 90 Engineering Mechanical Engineering II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Thermoelectric Cooler Ice Cream Machine Nephan Dawson, Matthew Welch, Hannah Wheeler, Eric Young, Greg Roach (Mentor) In ME 380, as a class, we were required to invent a new product following all of the principles of product development learned from that class and from examples of great producers in the mechanical engineering field. After proposing ideas, the Frostbite design team decided to focus on producing an innovative ice cream maker. After researching different methods to cool object, thermoelectric coolers were considered for a novel product. After consulting professors and engineering text, it was determined that sufficient cooling could occur with thermoelectric coolers to produce ice cream. Thermoelectric coolers are 40mm x 40mm semiconductors which when are given a charge heat is transferred from one side to the other of the semiconductor. Using that information and the characteristics of thermoelectric coolers, the Frostbite design team has created an ice cream machine using thermoelectric coolers and custom‐made heat sinks to adequately cool a bowl of ice cream mix to produce a batch of ice cream. Go‐Fetch Zach Parkinson, Jordan Peterson, Ben Allen, John Dalton, John Roylance, Greg Roach (Mentor) Many people leave their dogs at home for extended amounts of time. Go‐Fetch presents a solution to that problem. Product development techniques were implemented to develop this product for future customer use. These techniques include customer research on wants, development of characteristics to meet customer wants, and then various proof of concept prototypes. The machine developed can be operated by the dog while the owner is away. It uses an Arduino micro‐controller to control the distance the ball is thrown, by changing the motor speeds. These motor speeds allow for various uses for indoors or outdoors. The user interface will include an on and off switch, and a variable speed dial. The thrower has a sensor for when a ball is placed in the machine, which turns on the motors, and then the ball is pushed into two counter spinning fly wheels. These wheels transfer energy to the ball to throw the ball the distance wanted.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 39 of 90 Engineering Mechanical Engineering III, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Automated Cheese Making Evan Steel, Leland Stanford, Phillip Heiner, Adam Dean (Mentor) Making cheese can be a difficult project; however, with the technology we have today the process can be simplified. Wanless Southwick has been making cheese for the past couple of years and has been unable to produce a consistent cheese. The inconsistency in the cheese can be caused from any variation with each stage of the process. Due to this issue, Wanless has had his cheese take on various textures and flavors. He wants to know how the variables change the outcomes so that he may reliably make a desired cheese. As such, the goal of our project is to provide Wanless with a system that can reliably, and accurately, control these cheese making variables (time and temperature). Also, the system will provide him with data so that he may accurately log his cheeses and assess the outcomes. This is to be accomplished using a temperature probe, hot plate, stirrer, and servo valve that will all be controlled using an Arduino. The solenoid valve is to control the flow of water going into the double boiler, which is used to cool the milk and maintain temperature control. The Project shall consist of a master control box that houses the Arduino, and has plugins for the various components in the side of the box. The hot plate, servo valve, stirrer, and temperature probe will all be plugged into the box making it easy to store and move around. The box will contain the Arduino along with indicator lights, start and stop buttons, and a small speaker to give notification of the different phases. This little box is also plugged into the computer so that the Arduino may log the information for the cheese being created, as well as display the time, temperature, and phase of the process on the computer for the user. This also enables the user to change the different variables to his liking for the following batches. Funhouse‐Mirror Surprise Garn Brady, Alan Wheelwright, Ronald Cadima, Adam Dean (Mentor) The Funhouse Mirror Surprise (FMS) device utilizes a one‐way funhouse mirror in order to scare oncoming participants. The participants will be directed toward the mirror, which will be lit by a bright light on the oncoming side so that the mirror is reflective. As they approach they will trip a garage‐door sensor to alert the system that someone is approaching. As participants keep walking, an IR sensor will detect when they are close to the mirror, and then the surprise will begin. The surprise is as follows. The reflecting light will turn off, and a light on the opposite side of the mirror will illuminate, making the mirror transparent. Behind the mirror will be a board decorated to look like a person with a scary face mask. This board will be at a 45 degree angle from the horizontal when the lights switch. At the same time, a solenoid valve will be actuated to cause a pneumatic piston to quickly pivot the board up to be vertical. This will appear to the participants as a person rising from their grave. The scared participants will then run away and trip another garage‐door sensor, telling the system to reset itself and prepare for the next group to arrive. Mobile Autonomous RC Car Justin Randall, Nick Cummock, Kelly Wilson (Mentor) , Hector Becerril (Mentor) Reconstructed RC car now holds an Arduino, along with an ultrasonic sensor mounted to a servo, which was programmed to control the movement of the vehicle autonomously. The end goal of the vehicle is to return a list of mapping coordinates from the ultrasonic sensor to a Python code that will display the map graphically.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 40 of 90 Engineering Mechanical Engineering III, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

One Wheeled Skateboard Ryan Carnahan, Michael Bair, Adam Dean (Mentor) The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate knowledge of mechatronic principles through design and innovation. A student team of engineers developing a one wheeled, self‐balancing skateboard that implements micro controller technologies with software‐based PID stabilizing control based on sensory input, feedback, and user interfacing. Advanced feedback control methods were utilized in the development of the Segway transportation system. As this technology has been proven effective for local‐range transportation of individuals, efforts have been made to extend the range of this technology to more every‐day applications. Onewheel, a new product in vamp up for large scale distribution, has applied these technologies to redesign the traditional skateboard, expanding the market of feedback control systems to teens and college age adults. This presentation will be a recreation of some of the principles behind the Onewheel product to demonstrate understanding of electrical, mechanical, and software based mechatronic systems. RC Baja with Computer Assisted Controls Steven Eliason, Trenton Evans, Adam Dean (Mentor) The purpose of this project was to create a fully functional RC car for the intention of competing in an intercollegiate competition (the ASME SPDC). The goal of the design was to optimize ruggedness, handling, and speed while maintaining compliance with competition rules. Full in house design and manufacturing were attempted inasmuch as was considered viable. Beyond the initial design and manufacturing, it was determined that an advantage could be gained within the rules of the competition by giving the car adaptive 4 wheel steering dependent on its speed. Tactical Bot Dustin Parks, Devaun Crane, Nathan Helm, Alex zaleski, Adam Dean (Mentor) The goal of our project was to create a robot that could be driven remotely using a wireless remote and a wireless video feed. The intention of this bot was to be used by our local police and S.W.A.T. team. The key function of the robot was the ability to be tossed into a house and then driven throughout the building to check for threats before a person entered the house. The bot needed to be strong enough to be withstand being thrown or kicked but cost effective enough in case it was destroyed in the act of duty.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 41 of 90 Engineering Mechanical Engineering IV, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Are electric vehicles actually clean? Harold Bishop, Bill Cooley (Mentor) The purpose of this project is to determine if electric vehicles are significantly better for the environment than their fossil fueled equivalents. Research has been done that shows that electric vehicles are better for the environment, but do not have zero emissions as advertised by the manufacturing company. This report shows why electric vehicles impact the environment. This report also shows the pro's and con's of driving electric vehicles. Biomass Gasifier Zach Smith, Russell Daines (Mentor) Alternative energy has become an increasingly important part of the nation’s energy strategy with the increase in solar, wind, and ethanol. Another source of alternative energy that hasn’t yet emerged as a leading form of alternative energy is biomass gasification. Biomass is the most abundant energy source on earth and it’s renewable since it is just anything that will burn. While biomass gasification isn’t a new form of energy, as it was a popular form of energy during World War II, the potential for its widespread use hasn’t been fully researched. Biomass gasification occurs when a fire is starved for air, and only partial combustion occurs. The partial combustion puts off a gas we call synthesis gas or syngas for short. The syngas is made up of primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide, as well as methane, and carbon dioxide. The design and construction of a biomass gasifier was carried out during this project, and the final product produces an alternative form of energy which allows the user to be “off the grid” when coupled with an electric generator. DC Power in the 21st Century Thomas Johnson, Bill Cooley (Mentor) The way modern man powers its industry is through electricity. Electricity comes in two forms alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). There has been a debate since the discovery of these forms of electricity which one was better. This article will show that the AC power we use today is behind the times and technology. That it is more efficient to use DC power; that DC power has the most benefits in long term cost and safety than AC power. Nuclear Reprocessing Ryan Carnahan, Bill Cooley (Mentor) Nuclear energy production has been the single most powerful discovery of the past one hundred years for fueling a global climate bent on energy consumption. Global metropolitan expansions, as well as increased demands on industry, have required new levels of power generation previously unheard of. Despite the demand, however, new nuclear technologies have experienced some opposition in the United States in the forms of political policy and anti‐nuclear public sentiment, based on everything from the irrational threat of genetic mutations, to the rational and very real threat of proliferation. These effects have been compounded by a public drive toward ‘alternative’ energies and ‘renewable’ resources, mainly for transportation applications, pushing nuclear to the back burner. Meanwhile, other nations without such barriers have successfully adopted and implemented advanced nuclear technologies, significantly reducing wastes and making nuclear look more and more like a ‘renewable’ resource for the next thousand years. The purpose of this presentation is to bring some of these new technologies to light in the public mind and encourage new thought as to whether political policies have been established in America’s best interest.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 42 of 90 Engineering Mechanical Engineering IV, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Smart Meters Kyle Johnson, Bill Cooley (Mentor) Smart meters are becoming very common in America. The purpose of this project is to understand how smart meters affects American health, and the amount an American citizen can save on their power bill. Their is a lot of concern in this country that there is an unhealthy amount of radiation that come from smart meters. There is however no found research to support this. There are studies that show exactly how much radiation comes from a smart meter and it is a very small amount. The purpose of the smart meter is to help people save money on their power bills. Smart meters help customers save money because customers do not have to pay someone to check their meters manually anymore, and smart meters help the power companies know when very expensive power peak usage hours are happening and they can take steps to avoid paying for peak usage. Often times power companies will ask customers if they will allow them to turn off their water heating or other things so that they can avoid paying for expensive peak power supply. Usually customers are given incentives to make this deal worth it. Understanding how smart meters can affect our health and our power bills is important because power companies are putting them in American homes at a fast rate.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 43 of 90 Language and Letters Creative Writing I, Written Essay SMI 357, 04:45 PM to 06:30 PM

Fabric and Flames: Poems of the Triangle Shirtwaist factory Anna May, Jim Richards (Mentor) A collection of poems about the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire of 1911. One of the worst workplace disasters in New York's history, 146 people were killed within 15 minutes, due to faulty fire escapes and locked doors. 123 of the victims were teen‐aged girls, some as young as fourteen, and nearly all were immigrants. Half fiction, half history, these poems tell the stories of the fire's start and what followed in a city filled with grief. Four Rules (For My Funeral) Lexie Anderson, Eric d'Evegnee (Mentor) “Four Rules” is a paper written for my Creative Non-Fiction class. It is a humorous letter that is addressed to whomever is closest to me when I die, and it gives special instructions regarding how they should plan my funeral when I am gone. Using specific details from my life, this letter covers everything from who should be invited, who should speak, and what the attendees should eat. When I wrote “Four Rules,” I felt like a certain sense of comedy was necessary to balance out the topic of death itself, and used this to assuage the sadness that comes with any sort of loss. Pareidolia Amber Brubaker, Jack Harrell (Mentor) Luke Carter is a recent return missionary whose entire world is turned upside down when he returns home. When he gets off the airplane, he discovers that his mother has had a stroke and the family had moved from Blackfoot, ID to Preston, ID. Not one of his family's letters mentioned anything about either one of those life‐changing events. His only sister has gone from sweet to stuck up, and his father holds a new job much less profitable than the one before. To top it all off, Luke has OCD tendencies and is prone to panic attacks. Luke must learn how to handle his psychological issues as he struggles to love and understand his family. The Coldest Embrace Sarah Kennington, Steve Stewart (Mentor) Childhood memories can affect the way life is perceived in the future. When I was four, I remember falling into a lake and feeling like my short life was over. The panic and horror struck me to the heart, and ever since then, I cannot get over the sense that water is waiting to take me back into it's cold embrace where it can force my life out of my body. I captured the terror I felt as I fell into the water for the first time and molded the words to chill readers. I shared this with my coworkers at the writing center and had one tutor tell me, "I was afraid of water before, but it's been personified in a way that I'm terrified now." As a writer, that filled my purpose. I have always struggled with creative writing, but I feel like this short, two‐page personal essay where I alienate water was a great success.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 44 of 90 Language and Letters Creative Writing II, Written Essay SMI 345, 04:45 PM to 06:30 PM

Jellybeans Anna Allen, Mark Bennion (Mentor) “Jellybeans” is a short, creative non‐fiction story about an unexpected date. Its written in third person and shows how Anna ended up on an unanticipated outing into Logan Canyon to go stargazing with a guy she didn’t really like. This being the first time she has ever found herself in that kind of situation, Anna was confused and uncomfortable. While in the mountains, she encounters various situations from her date that she doesn’t know how to handle. Her date doesn’t pick up on Anna’s discomfort and continues his ineffective wooing. This story shows how some dates are not romantic at all, and, in retrospect, are very ridiculous. Reasons Why Ashley Schellhous, JP Sloop (Mentor) Reasons Why is an introspective reflection on the seemingly mundane events that shape the people we become. This set provides a chronological look at three of the most ordinarily significant experiences of my life and the gradual shift in perception from obtuse to ontological.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 45 of 90 Language and Letters Research I, Oral Presentations MC 174B, 05:00 PM to 06:30 PM

Defining Religious Liberty In America Bradley Koeven, Lawrence Coates (Mentor) The Free Exercise Clause of the U.S Constitution protects Americans from religious persecution, by providing a separation of church and state, and it allows people to freely exercise their religion. When individuals and organizations violate the separation of church and state, or prohibit the free exercise of religion the people expect the Supreme Court to step in and define how the constitution applies to the situation at hand and issue a ruling that preserves the rights protected by the constitution. But reality is different from expectations. The Court often struggles to balance religious freedom and competing principles such as the rule of law and separation of powers. Ten Supreme Court decisions on the free exercise clause demonstrate the struggle of the Court to protect the free exercise of religion, and uphold competing principles, when religious practices conflict with the law. The first Supreme Court decision to deal with the Freedom of Religion was Reynolds v United States in 1878. A Story of Development: Mongolia's Mining Boom and the Changing Landscape of Sino‐ Mongolian Relations Molly Malim, Scott Galer (Mentor) Mongolia, the land of Genghis Khan and nomadic herders, has undergone an exceptional economic transition. An average growth rate of 16 percent over the past three years has made Mongolia the world’s fastest growing economy, with a vast majority of its growth in the mining industry. Rich in natural resources, such as gold and copper, Mongolia is home to the world’s largest untapped coal deposit. While Mongolia has been blessed by geology, it is cursed by geography. Landlocked between China and Russia, Mongolia’s three million people face a geopolitical predicament: every path to prosperity leads through their neighbor’s territory. Although mining constitutes an extraordinary opportunity for Mongolia’s future, it is also shrouded in risk. With a poverty rate of 35 percent, dependence on mineral exports subjects the country and its inhabitants to economic vulnerability due to commodity prices’ high volatility. This vulnerability is compounded by the fact that 82 percent of all its coal exports go to China. With enough coal to fuel China’s burgeoning demand for the next 50 years, China has an evident vested interest in Mongolia’s mining industry, and Mongolia has a vested interest in China’s Fearing China’s potential to exert undue political influence yet realizing their current dependence on Chinese investment, Mongolia’s government has spent years trying to secure their economic future through diplomacy. Mongolia’s mines have recently opened up to international investors, highlighting Mongolia’s growing reluctance to continue selling its commodities to China at 30 percent under the market price. Though seeing Mongolia’s mineral resources extracted and utilized by its global competitors would be anathema to China, that possibility becomes more likely as Mongolia garners increasing international attention because of their resources. They have something that everyone needs: Fuel to stoke the fires of industry. Thus, a precarious dance of diplomacy between China and Mongolia will unfold in the coming years as China’s dependence on coal grows and Mongolia’s marriage of necessity becomes less binding. In order to remain competitive within Mongolia, China will need to compromise more and take less.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 46 of 90 Language and Letters Research II, Oral Presentations MC 176C, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Dragon Diplomacy: How the United States Must Alter its Trade Relationship with China Christian Burstall, Jeremy Lamoreaux (Mentor) The author makes the claim that through strong economic pressure, the United States can maintain healthy diplomatic relationships with China and preserve domestic and global interests. The author explores the rise of the Communist Party of China following the collapse of the Chinese Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. He samples China’s historical internal affairs and international events between the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America over the course of the last hundred years for the purpose of illustrating their complicated relationship. This primarily follows the interactions between the two nations in areas of trade, the international community, and human rights. For each of these areas of interest, he relates historic economic, militaristic, and diplomatic actions, respectively, and the effect of those actions. He argues that if the United States adopted tougher economic policy concerning China, even adopting tariffs, it would have a powerful and positive impact on the global economy, on the international political climate, and on worldwide human rights issues. The author examines and refutes anti‐protectionist policies and Chinese anti‐ imperialism. On the former point, he concedes that the Chinese do not desire global conquest, but points out that indirect control is a much more suitable gain for the People’s Republic of China. In conclusion, the author reminds the reader of the United States’ responsibility to maintain the health, liberties, and interests of all people. He does not encourage hostility, but repeatedly states the importance of correct firmness concerning American‐Sino relations. Nuclear Iran Maggie Schulte, Phil Packer (Mentor) Russia and Iran have what some would call a “love‐hate relationship”. In the past Russia has been highly involved with Iran’s nuclear endeavors. Those nuclear endeavors are the main focus of this paper. Various nations would say that Iran is only creating nuclear power plants. President Rouhani of Iran insists that the intent of their nuclear facilities is purely peaceful. Many refuse this explanation, describing the highly enriched uranium that Iran seems so desperate to acquire as evidence of their intent to build nuclear weapons. The only other thing Iran could be planning on using these facilities for would be nuclear weaponry. Iran has plenty of reasons for wanting nuclear weapons. Iran does not have a very stable relationship with many in the international community, and starting a war is not beyond them. Israel, for one, would actually like to incite a war, but because they do not have the economic, nor the militaristic power to do so by themselves, they have turned to the United States to help them. The U.S. has refused to go to war with Iran. Instead, they, and many others in the international community, have been imposing heavy sanctions on Iran. The Effects of Leaders' Personalities on International Relations: The Case of Egypt and Israel Jonathan Egan, Dana Selk, Candy Murdock, Shane Crager, Neal Carter (Mentor) How does the personality of the head of government affect the relationships between Egypt and Israel? We constructed At‐A‐Distance profiles of the Egyptian and Israeli leaders. Using event data, we investigated possible connections between leadership types and levels of hostility.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 47 of 90 Language and Letters Research II, Oral Presentations MC 176C, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

The Power of Energy Jarom Robertson, Duane Adamson (Mentor) The political power of energy exporting nations is a potent security threat to the world’s largest economies. Developed nations must actively pursue foreign policy that simultaneously supplies their economies with needed energy without angering energy exporting nations. Any disruption to a nation’s energy supply can cripple production and plunge its economy into a recession. The United States has been and still is vulnerable to the political whims of energy exporting nations, but that vulnerability is less dramatic than it has been in years thanks to the impact that fracking has had on the energy market. This policy brief will examine the current strategies that the United States is employing to achieve greater energy security and will proscribe additional policies that will help secure the country's energy supply. The Virtual Primer: US dominance in a cyber‐world conflict Trevor Jones, Jeremy Lamoreaux (Mentor) The internet has placed the United States at the forefront of new frontiers, many beneficial and others detrimental. The build‐up of internet access continues to spread across the globe, with roughly 2.1 billion users worldwide (Gribbin 2011). As the internet has spread users have experienced attacks on an unprecedented scale. What started as spam attacks (untargeted mass e‐mailings) has spiraled into all out cyber combat. The issues that face US infrastructure are many, with government, military and private computer usage being threatened by multiple parties. The military has the most to lose in this fight and has made steps to become the prevailing power in a network originally designed as a missile defense system. This paper will discuss the origins of the internet and its prevailing issues. It will also touch on the private and government responses to internet security, but will focus primarily on military issues and their response to threats. Twitter and Elections Richard Gittings, Duane Adamson (Mentor) The world is quickly changing. Social media is the world's newest form of instant communication with the world. My research has been to determine what effect social media has upon voters, especially Millennials, but also if social media can allow us to glimpse into the future to judge who will win a political election in the United States. My research deals specifically with Twitter and the 2012 Congressional and Presidential elections. My research shows a high level of confidence regarding ability to predict who will win an election based upon popularity on social media.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 48 of 90 Performing and Visual Arts Dance & Musical Performance, Live Performance MC 266 Seating/Dining, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

"To Know Thee" Hannah Robinson, Ashley Hoopes (Mentor) "To Know Thee" is a dance piece exploring one man's journey with the saving grace of Jesus Christ. My creative process centered around making the dance personal to the dancers. I knew the piece could not really touch people without the dancers' commitment to having the holy ghost with them in their performance. We read the psalm of David as he plead to the Lord to forgive him of his sin with Bathsheba. We talked about how they viewed the atonement in their own lives and how to apply that to their relationship with the snow and their scarves. The piece begins with one man on stage almost like he is seeing the snow for the first time. As he discovers the snow he discovers his scarf and then slowly more scarved people make their way on stage. As the piece progresses some are afraid of the snow, some happy, and others completely ignore it. These different attitudes reflect how the dancers first felt about Christ and his atonement. Soon all begin to see how the snow makes them look up and they want to give up those weaknesses: those red scarves. One by one they give them up and walk off leaving the one man on stage holding his last sin. During the process of ending the piece I began to understand that the intent was not about 17 people discovering their sins. It was about a man choosing to give up his 17 different sins until he became one with the snow. Mentor: Sister Ashley Hoopes, Video Presentation of a dance piece, I will need a TV and cables to connect a video on the computer to a display screen. Composition Marielle Kreutz, Caleb Kwok, Dani Bush, Wendy Bone (Mentor) Our piece is inspired by the artwork entitled "Composition" by Alexander Calder. Alexander Calder was an abstract artist who lived from 1898 through 1976. He explored his artistic abilities in many different mediums, including: oil paintings, printmaking, sculpting, mobiles, jewelry, tapestry, and outdoor works. Calder was greatly inspired by the circus and this is apparent throughout much of his artwork. Our group decided to choreograph a piece based on "Composition" because we were struck by the interesting shapes within the piece and also the negative space between the shapes. The dance that we have created represents the ever changing nature that we found within Calder's work and the uneasy feeling that that change can often bring. We were inspired by the use of curved lines in the painting, which gives a sense of journey and wholeness. Our dance piece explores the positive and negative space displayed in "Composition" and we hope that it gives the audience a sense of an ever changing journey. Hope Through A Dark Hour Krista Schmidt, Lora Evans, Carissa Lee, Wendy Bone (Mentor) We were inspired by the piece “Two Hands” by Vincent Van Gogh. We created our intent off of how the painting made us feel. This piece, to us, has two different impressions; one being depression, sadness and defeat and the other being hope, perseverance and life. We abstracted the idea, avoiding literal choreography and stayed away from using just our hands. Our choreography implies that we are the hands displaying the two sides of emotions. We chose to do it in either a duet or a solo. When it came to selecting music we choose a piece that reflected the intent of hope and despair.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 49 of 90 Performing and Visual Arts Dance & Musical Performance, Live Performance MC 266 Seating/Dining, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Standing Tall Marisa Prolo, Christi Harris, Tryel Roberts, Wendy Bone (Mentor) For our creative works project there will be three people; Tyrel, Christi, and Marisa, performing a dance representing the art style of minimalistic. We were assigned in our modern dance class a style of art that was represented through dance. We were given the art style of minimalism. We found a minimalistic photograph and a minimalistic song and choreographed our piece to represent the photograph. Minimalistic art is a design or style in which the simplest and fewest elements are used to create the maximum effect. We will be representing a photograph done by Brian Matiash entitled Standing Tall through modern dance. Brian Matiash is originally from Brooklyn, New York but now lives in Sunnyvale, California. He is currently the photos evangelist for Nike and Google. He tries to bring out the natural beauty of the world by using minimalistic art. Our faculty mentor for this project Wendy Bone who is our dance teacher for modern 340. What we will need for our presentation is space to dance and a sound system. What I Never Forgot Risto Snow, Gary Larsen (Mentor) "What I Never Forgot" tells the story of an elderly man looking back over his life. He remembers what it was like to be a student, a friend, finding the one he loved, losing her, and losing himself. The story is told through ballroom, hip hop, jazz, and contemporary dance stretched across a medley of songs showing each stage and transformation. This project is very personal to me because it is the artistic disguise to which really represents my struggle with depression. In experiencing such inexpressible pain, I prayed that some day I would be able to create something beautiful out of something so ugly. In this dance, I wrote my own happy ending. U‐tonal Reflections Gregory Blunt, Darrell Brown (Mentor) U‐tonal Reflections is a musical composition representing reflections of light. Most music and theory today is based on the overtone series or O‐tonal sound, but what about an undertone series or U‐ tonal sound? U‐tonal Reflections will delve into the undertones and use a mirrored music theory to expand and explore a new compositional sound. The piece demonstrates a new way the human ear can hear the progression and also demonstrates the use of o‐tonal and u‐tonal substitutions. The piece has a musical theme which is mirrored and traded by the two sounds, thus, U‐tonal Reflections.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 50 of 90 Physical and Mathematical Sciences Applied Mathematics & Modeling, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Can we predict the number of students that will pass the standardized test for a given state using Poisson Regression? Darrel Hanich, Lawrence Chilton (Mentor) Poisson regression is the analysis of count data. It stems out from the Poisson distribution and, by using regression, we use it to model or “predict” count data. It can also be used to explain why a certain event is actually happening. This type of regression finds applications in survival rates, population counts, and survival analysis. To apply this analysis, I analyzed No Child Left Behind result data to see if we could explain the number of students that will pass the test on the first attempt in the current year. We will then see if we can predict the number of students that will pass on the first attempt in a subsequent year. LiDAR‐based Map of an Active, Normal Fault: Teton Fault, Wyoming Christopher Colwell, Jared Hanson, Julie Willis (Mentor) Bare earth LiDAR data (<1 m resolution) are used to create a new map of the Teton fault, an active normal fault in western Wyoming. Several differences exist between our LiDAR‐based map and previously published maps of the Teton fault. LiDAR data provide high resolution topographic models of earth’s surface as if it were stripped of vegetation and is used to analyze subtle changes in surface topography. Bare earth data are particularly useful for mapping fault scarps and subtle synthetic and antithetic splays that are typically obscured by vegetation or otherwise unrecognized. To elicit the primary and secondary scarps of the Teton fault, we applied four different GIS analyses (hillshade, slope, aspect and contour) and adjusted colors, stretch and lighting to further enhance the fault‐ related lineations. Each analysis provides a unique way to view the scarps, and together they strengthen our interpretations. The primary fault is expressed as a large north‐south striking, eastward dipping linear feature on the eastern edge of the Teton Range; offset on the scarp varies along strike, but can be as great as 30 m. The scarps of synthetic splays are small linear features with similar strike and dip to the primary fault; antithetic splays are small, similar‐striking, reverse‐dipping lineations. Our analysis of the LiDAR data also revealed several previously unmapped landslides, many of which obscure the primary fault scarp and resulted in some of the fault discontinuities found on previous maps. Further research will be conducted this summer to field verify the existence of the fault splays and to analyze some of the more complicated areas. Accurately mapping normal faults and their splays provides better measures of the amount of total fault slip and the continuous length of the fault as well as the location of the areas of highest slip, overlaps, and stepovers. These data are used to develop accurate hazard analysis models. The data gathered also provide details on the interaction between the primary fault and earth’s surface, which may lead to a better understanding of near‐surface fault mechanics and the formation of antithetic and synthetic

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 51 of 90 Physical and Mathematical Sciences Applied Mathematics & Modeling, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Protein Requirements are Normal, not Lognormal. Rich Ross, Craig Johnson (Mentor) Nitrogen balance data consistently suggest that the dietary protein requirement of adult humans follows a lognormal distribution. In contrast, statistical theory and the associated physiology imply that the protein requirement for healthy adults is normally distributed. The objective of this research was to reconcile this apparent conflict. An errors‐in‐variables simulation was conducted with parameters drawn from nitrogen balance data obtained in a study of 42 healthy adults (age 21‐81 years, male and female) who consumed controlled diets with protein intakes of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 g protein * kg^(‐1) * d^(‐1) during three randomized 18‐day trials. Simulation results indicate that even when the true distribution of the protein requirement is normal, the observed (estimated) distribution is lognormal. Parameter estimates for the normal distribution obtained from the simulation enable policy decisions that more accurately reflect the distribution of the protein requirement in the adult population. The Mathemacs of March Madness: An Analysis of Rang and Ranking Methods and their Application to College Basketball Brennan Bean, David Stowell (Mentor) Each year, millions of Americans follow and attempt to predict the outcome of the NCAA Men’s March Madness Basketball Tournament. Successful men’s basketball programs have the potential to create significant wealth and notoriety for a given university. As such, national rankings and tournament selections have a significant impact on the exposure of college programs and their respective universities. The selection of participating teams in the tournament is determined by a selection committee, who considers computer models, most notably the Rating Percentage Index (RPI) during the selection and seeding process (ncaa.com). The use of computer algorithms to rank sports teams is becoming more and more common. However, the details of many algorithms are proprietary, and long term analysis of the effectiveness of publicly available models is unclear. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness and consistency of different mathematical models in predicting the outcome of the NCAA men’s basketball tournament. Using game data from masseyratings.com, we will compare the effectiveness of the basic Massey method , the basic Colley Method , and a new Massey/Colley hybrid method over the past ten NCAA basketball seasons with their respective tournaments. Doing this will allow us to determine which factors are most influential in determining who really is “the best,” and will provide valuable insight into ranking model development in a wide variety of fields.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 52 of 90 Physical and Mathematical Sciences Chemistry I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Boltzmann‐weighted global complexation constants for pinene‐derived hydroxy‐peroxy radical‐water complexes. Paul Spiel, Kelly Wilson, Michael Goytia, Tyler Southam, Elizabeth Buchmiller, Fan Yang, Jaron Hansen, Ryan DaBell (Mentor) Pinenes are a class of bicyclic molecules emitted by conifers and marine flora. These molecules constitute 6% of all biogenically derived volatile organic compound emissions in the atmosphere. Experimental research demonstrates that pinenes react with hydroxyl radicals via addition across the double bond. These, in turn, react with ambient oxygen to create pinene hydroxy‐peroxy radicals. 1 These species are stabilized by complexation with a water molecule. These reactions play a fundamental role in atmospheric chemistry. R‐alpha and S‐alpha pinene geometry optimizations for various stereoisomers of each radical and radical water complex were determined computationally at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(2d,2p) method and basis set. Basis set superposition error was corrected using the counterpoise method. These calculation results were used to determine partition functions and calculate stereoisomer‐specific equilibrium constants. The present work focuses on deducing Boltzmann‐weighted average global equilibrium constants for the hydroxy‐peroxy pinene‐water complexes based on the stereoisomer‐specific results. Comparing the Efficiency of a Dissolved Fuel Alkaline Fuel Cell at 25°C and 80°C Matthew Sorensen, Jordan Price, Hector Becerril (Mentor) We will test a dissolved fuel alkaline fuel cell (DF‐AFC) of our own design and test it at different temperatures—25°C and 80°C—to determine the optimum temperature that our DF‐AFC will operate using atmospheric oxygen as the oxidant. Potassium borohydride (KBH4) will be the fuel and we will make our electrodes with nickel coated carbon paper. For both temperatures, we will measure the voltage against the discharge capacity in Amperes‐hr (Ah). The predicted results are an initial voltage of about 0.9 V followed by a steady decrease in voltage as the fuel will be spent. We will compare the two temperatures to determine the efficiency of the fuel cell at each temperature. Solving Solvation Issues of Fosfomycin in Organic Solvent with Bis(cyclohexylammonium) Cation Andrew Baker, Larson Caldwell, Abraham De La Cruz, Kerensa Sorensen‐Stowell (Mentor) Generally, substances dissolve in solvents with similar intermolecular forces. The sodium salt of fosfomycin is soluble in water due to its polar properties. However, this property becomes a challenge for reactions in non-polar solvents using this form of fosfomycin. Adding an amphiphilic cation to the fosfomycin anion should increase the solubility of this ionic pair in some organic solvents. Cyclohexyl amine was added to the sodium salt of fosfomycin to replace the sodium cation with the bis(cyclohexylammonium) cation. The product was analyzed using IR and 1H-NMR. The analysis showed that the epoxide ring in fosfomycin, which is susceptible to attack by water in acid solution, was untouched. The product was then tested in different organic solvents: Ethylacetate and hexane. The use of cyclohexyl amine may be an effective method for the solvation of fosfomycin.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 53 of 90 Physical and Mathematical Sciences Chemistry I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

The Chemically‐Active Toy (CAT): Soft Robotics at BYU‐Idaho Jonathan Meyers, Andrew Sevy, Hector Becerril (Mentor) The emerging field of soft robotics has potential applications in medical, military, and personal domains. While traditional “hard” robots are effective in many industrial and manufacturing processes, their use is limited by safety concerns and environmental requirements (e.g. temperature, terrain, tethering, etc.). Soft robots extend beyond those limitations as they are made of flexible materials designed to perform in a multitude of environments and be more compatible with biological organisms. We began research in this field by reproducing and improving a small four‐ fingered gripper and a pneumatic battery which were previously reported in primary literature. Here we demonstrate the devices, detail our contributions, and provide operation data to assess the viability of the pneumatic battery to actuate soft robots. Future work includes demonstrating additional robot designs and modularity concepts, as well as developing on‐board electronic control for these robots. The effect of structure on the intermolecular forces of esters Brae Petersen, Taylor Wilson, Hector Becerril (Mentor) Esters are often used as lubricants because of their thermal stability, and derivatives of common esters are sought to further enhance their high‐temperature performance and viscosity. Viscosity is a property directly related to the strength of intermolecular forces (IMF) in the compound. Understanding how changing ester side groups affect IMF allows researchers to produce better lubricants. In this study, brominated alkyl groups will be placed on the carbonyl and ether linkage side chains of ester groups for comparison of IMF. We will use the enthalpy of vaporization (ΔHvap) as a quantitative measure of IMF. We will determine our ΔHvap values using gas chromatography to identify which derivative offers the greatest stability. We predict that stronger polarization of the carbonyl carbon will result in the highest ΔHvap and the strongest IMF. The Study of Dichlorobenzene Isomers Using the Enthalpy of Vaporization (ΔvapH°) and Melng Point of Isomers: by Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry and Ternary Phase Diagram Stephanie Spencer, Elizabeth Buchmiller, Hector Becerril (Mentor) Phase diagrams are useful to describe phase changes. The data for the boiling points was gathered using the Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) and enthalpy of vaporization which is the energy required to change phase from liquid to gas. Melting points were analyzed on a ternary phase diagram which is constructed from combined isomers (ortho, meta, para‐dichlorobenzene) in various ratios which demonstrates changes in the strength of intermolecular forces (IMF). IMF’s are used in many industrial procedures. Enthalpy of vaporization is proportional to the strength of the intermolecular forces inside the liquid. To study the phase change of solid to liquid it is proposed that dichlorobenzene intermolecular forces are slightly stronger for ortho than meta and para configurations.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 54 of 90 Physical and Mathematical Sciences Chemistry II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Changing the reaction rate of a halogenation reaction Andrew Sevy, Jacob Olson, Hector Becerril (Mentor) Temperature, concentration, pressure, solvents, and other factors play a role in determining how quickly a chemical reaction will proceed. In this work, the bromination of 1‐hexene in a series of acidic solutions will be studied to determine the effects that changing solvents has on the reaction rate. We predict that as the size of the acid molecules increases, the intermolecular forces between them will increase, and hamper the ability of the solution to stabilize the intermediate bromonium ion. A UV‐ Vis spectrophotometer will be used to measure changes in absorbance as the reaction proceeds. Absorbance data will then be used with the concentration to calculate the rate constants for the reaction in each of the solvents. Calculating the how the rate constant changes in different solvents will yield a better understanding of how the solvent assists in stabilizing the bromonium intermediate, and of the nature of the inter‐solvent interactions taking place in the solution. Determination of Rates and Times Of Medicine Release from Enteric‐coated Capsules Through Spectrofluorometery Jacob Parkman, Tyler Southam, Hector Becerril (Mentor) Enteric‐coated capsules are important in the administration of medications that undergo undesired reactions with gastric juices. This work characterizes several types of capsules by passing the capsules through two baths meant to simulate the gastrointestinal tract. We will monitor the release of fluorescent or fluorescent quenching compound as a model of medicine release. Spectrofluorimetric measurements will determine the rate and time at which the capsules release their contents. Capsules that release the simulated medications (sodium bromide, sodium chloride, and quinine) in a neutral bath (simulating the small intestine) after passing through the acid bath are considered practical for gastric‐sensitive medications. The assessment of enteric‐coated capsules will be determined by a majority release of simulated medications in the neutral bath. Determination of the carbon‐carbon bond length of a series of cyanide dyes from absorption spectra using the particle in a box model for one, two, and three dimensions. Abraham De la Cruz, Hector Becerril (Mentor) Abstract: Variations of the particle in a box model will be used to calculate the average carbon‐ carbon bond length in conjugated π system in cyanide dyes. The models proposed are four: first, a model for a one dimensional line across the molecule; second, a model in two dimensions which encloses the molecule into a rectangle around the π system; third, a piece‐wise function using the one dimensional line from before as a connecting string between two rings which represent the ends of the dye using the particle in a ring model; fourth, a 3‐D prism enclosing the molecule. The carbon‐ carbon lengths will be compared to computational values using Gaussian‐view. The purpose is to determine which model of the particle in a box better approximate the computational data collected.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 55 of 90 Physical and Mathematical Sciences Chemistry II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Substituent and Solvent Effects on Keto‐Enol Equilibria Using NMR Spectroscopy Laura Snyder, Kristin Bingham, Hector Becerril (Mentor) Chemical reactions involve transformation of initial substances or reactants into new substances or products. When a chemical reaction reaches a state of equilibrium, the ratio between the amount of product and reactant has a constant value, which depends on the relative differences in the thermodynamic stability of each type of substance present in the reaction mixture. Chemical reactions can often be influenced by their environment, particularly by the solvent in which they take place. Here we will study the tautomerization of diketones, a reaction where ketones turn into enols, and vice versa. Thermodynamic equilibrium constants for three different diketones in five different solvents will be determined and analyzed to understand how the solvent affects the reaction, and how the structure of the diketone affects the equilibrium. We will use proton‐nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1H NMR) spectroscopy to calculate the equilibrium constants based on the integration of the 1H signals of the respective keto and enol forms, because these tautomer‐specific signals are directly proportional to the concentrations of each tautomer. This study demonstrates how chemical reactions can be affected by their environment and how we can study such complex systems in a scientific way using spectroscopic techniques. UV Assessment of Hypochlorous Acid / 2‐ethylhexyl‐4‐methoxycinnamate Kinetics Paul Spiel, Paul Powell, Hector Becerril (Mentor) The UV filter 2‐ethylhexyl 4‐methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is ubiquitous in sunscreen products. In spite of its widespread application, little is known about EHMC reactivity in swimming pool conditions. In this work we emulated swimming pool conditions to show reactions between EHMC and hypochlorous acid. Rates and rate laws were determined using concentration vs. time data for EHMC in hypochlorous acid solution. Computational Determination of the Influence of a Solvent on the Energy of 1‐(p‐ Dimethylaminophenyl)‐2‐nitroethylene Anna Nielsen, Kevin Muller, Hector Becerril (Mentor) 1‐(p‐dimethylaminophenyl)‐2‐nitroethylene (DAPNE) is a solvatochromic dye that has possible applications as a solvent polarity indicator. This study aims to create a computational model to better understand the properties that leads to DAPNE’s solvatochromism. Gaussian (version 4.1.2) will be used to map the HOMO and LUMO of DAPNE and to model the energies of a system of one solvent molecule (water or toluene) interacting at different distances from DAPNE. Average energies will be calculated and potential energy curves will be fit to the data. It is expected that general trends can be calculated, but little useful quantitative data will be collected.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 56 of 90 Physical and Mathematical Sciences Physics, Oral Presentations SMI 265, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Modifying TALYS to implement custom nuclear level densities Malachi Tolman, Kevin Kelley (Mentor) Many codes exist that model nuclear reactions. Many of them use different models to simulate reactions. We are working to use a more modern code (TALYS) which incoporates newer models to replicate calculations made by an older code (STAPRE). This project focused on modifying TALYS to read in nuclear level densities from a file and implement them correctly. We hoped that if TALYS used the same level densities as STAPRE, that it would produce results within 5% of what STAPRE made. However, modifying only the level densities did not produce the desired results. After adjusting several input parameters, we still find large differences between the two codes. Computational Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy Josh Heiner, Evan Hansen (Mentor) The purpose of this research is to learn and understand more about computational positron spectroscopy. Computational positron spectroscopy involves modeling elements or compounds accurately and comparing those models with actual data. This is done by becoming proficient at space groups and solid state physics, analyzing data, and convoluting data outputs. My research uses the MIKA/Doppler program, which calculates the Density Functional Theory (DFT) to help model and understand what is happening in a given unit cell. I will give a brief background information on density functional theory and I will be discussing the challenges that are faced before using the MIKA program. These include converting between coordinate systems, understanding space groups, and symmetries in solid state physics. An understanding of convolution theory is needed to manipulate the MIKA output before it is ready to be analyzed. This modeling helps in understanding defects, impurities, and solubilities in elements and compounds. Activation energies of spark plasma sintered oxide dispersion strengthened steels Derek Andrews, Richard Hatt (Mentor) Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used to consolidate powders to create oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel samples. Three different compositions of powder were used. These were Fe‐16Cr‐3Al (wt.%), Fe‐16Cr‐3Al‐0.5Y2O3, Fe‐16Cr‐3Al‐0.5Y2O3‐1Ti powders. These materials are of interest for their potential application as cladding of nuclear fuel rods. Hardness and density of the samples are presented. The effects of composition, milling, and heating rate were explored. Heating rate has little effect on density and hardness. The Young and Cutler method was used to find the grain‐boundary diffusion and volume diffusion activation energies. These values are reported for the different compositions and different mill times.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 57 of 90 Physical and Mathematical Sciences Physics, Oral Presentations SMI 265, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Scalable Interconnect Model For Tower Jazz SBC18 Erik Harker, Evan Hansen (Mentor) A scalable interconnect model of transmission lines specific to the SBC‐18 Tower Jazz process was created with the intent to be used for engineers at Maxim Integrated Products. The model has the ability to predict the series inductance and resistance of the line and the shunt capacitance and conductance due to the substrate. Both single ended and coupled lines where modeled. The model allows one to vary the width of the line and the separation of the lines in the case of the coupled. Each specific metal layers can also be set. Simulations where done in Maxwell Q2D to have a standard to compare the model too. Skin effect was taken into account in order to be more reliable at higher frequencies. The single ended line predictions showed a rise in resistance, and conductance as frequency increased, and a slight decrease conductance and inductance. This was similar with the coupled lines except for the inductance increasing where the data shows it decreasing. And the mutual inductance showing a rise where the data shows it staying roughly constant.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 58 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching, Oral Presentations MC 174A, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Attrition Rate of BYU‐Idaho Graduates Tyrel Phelps, Elizabeth Brush, Marion Johnstun (Mentor) The purpose and goal of this research group has been to inform the BYU‐Idaho College of Education about how their graduates have settled or not settled in their teaching careers. There are 3 main objectives starting with improvement of the education program specifically in the preparation of future graduates. Second is to find information or statistics that will help provide accurate resources for promotion of the program. The program here at BYU‐Idaho is young compared to other universities and has varied in enrollment since it’s beginning. Lastly, to provide guidance to students going through the program regarding challenges they will face getting jobs and keeping those jobs. With these 3 objectives in mind, we sent out a survey that had a series of questions for graduates to answer. We sent the survey out to approxamently1500 graduates and out of those sent we received 437 responses. After more than a decade of producing graduates, no comprehensive research and evaluation has been done on the program to guide decision‐makers. After receiving the information three research teams were organized to gather and interpret data on different aspects of the study. We then compiled our information and shared it between the teams. Next, we sifted through research and the surveys to formed our presentations. Our team specifically investigated whether our graduates who left the field did so because of lack of preparation or due to other factors. Results indicated that nationally the 50% attrition rate for teachers within the first 5 years mostly has to do with teacher preparation and the educational climate in the classroom. We wanted to compare BYU‐ Idaho reasons for leaving with other universities reason. If the other universities attributed the causes to preparation more than other reasons, then BYU‐Idaho must have the right plan for preparation. Most graduates felt that they were very well prepared. If there is was any other reasons apart from preparation, then it doesn’t relate to this university’s teaching or preparation. Binaural Beats and Study Behaviors:The Effect of Beta Wave Binaural Beats on Reacon Time and Memory Tasks John Jenson, Eric Gee (Mentor) Entrainment is the notion that sensory experiences can alter the state of our minds; to influence our brainwaves. Binaural beats, the auditory illusion of beats when each ear is presented with tones of differing wavelength, have been one of the tools researchers have used to induce entrainment. Increasing certain brainwaves has different effects. If we can increase beta waves then we should see increased performance on tasks associated with study. In this study we will evaluate beta wave entrainment and its effects on concentration and memory. There have been a number of studies on this topic and mixed results. It is the goal of this study to provide an unbiased and clear cut result using a more clearly defined control condition and a more complete operationalization of study behaviors.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 59 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching, Oral Presentations MC 174A, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Color of Culture 4H Day Camp Alaura Adams, Cheryl Empey (Mentor) For four weeks we worked together as a group of pre‐professionals serving on a committee to put together a 4‐h community day camp. Networked with community agencies to organize, plan, prepare and carryout a 4‐H day camp as future FCS leaders. By networking with the community we were able to have a 28% increase in participation from previous semesters. The participants ranged from 6‐12 years and old participated in activities that included different cultures, increased motor skills, meaning of colors, cooking of ethnic food, creating cultural textiles, and recycling to create cultural jewelry. The students were taught the meaning of color in Jamaica, Mexico, Africa and China. The students were exposed to different areas of family and consumer sciences. The students learned new skills through hands‐on experience that they could take home and recreate for future competitions. The camp created learning opportunities for the children to take home and show family and friends. They also had the opportunity to present to their peers. We as educators learned through lesson planning and preparation to broaden cultural awareness. DEVELOPING PRACTICAL KINESTHETIC CORRICULUM Vaughn Hokanson, Kathleen Gordon (Mentor) Education systems need more kinesthetic teaching environments, lesson plans, and active teachers to meet the needs of modern children who are excessively subjected to long hours of sitting to consume electronic media and complete academic tasks. As the problems of childhood nutrition, Attention Deficit Disorders, and declining interests in academics expand in magnitude and severity, kinesthetic changes to the way that academic subjects are presented in the classroom can become a valuable tool for teachers in combating these educational challenges. This project encompasses researching and designing classroom philosophies, activities, and practicalities to be applied—with little or no additional cost—to classrooms of every grade level. The project includes academic research, personal interviews, immersive experience, and adapted application—In addition to documentation of discoveries, conversations, experiences, and activities which have been gathered throughout the project. The project has been developed with invaluable access to the classrooms of Liberty Montessori, a private K‐7 educational establishment based out of Rigby, Idaho. It is supervised by Kathleen Gordon, a lifetime educator and BYU‐I professor with immense experience in working with students at all levels of academic achievement and stages of development. It is conducted and authored by Vaughn Hokanson who will be graduating in July 2014 with a Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies (English, Philosoply, Child Development) and who has eight years of gymnastics coaching experience and intends to apply his degree and a successive law degree to education reform and the development of charter schools.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 60 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching, Oral Presentations MC 174A, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Improvements and Strengths for the Elementary Education Program at BYU‐Idaho Gabrielle Hannon, Emily Robinson, Marion Johnstun (Mentor) The Elementary Education program at BYU‐Idaho is relatively new and has experienced a wide fluctuation of graduates since its beginning. After more than a decade of producing graduates, there has been no comprehensive research and evaluation done on the program to guide decisions‐makers. The research team wanted to investigate different ways to improve the Elementary Education program by identifying gaps in the curriculum. A survey was sent to all of the elementary education graduates from the past 10 years that we have contact information for. With an approximately 60% response rate, the respondents took the opportunity to evaluate our program’s strengths and weakness for us in an effort to help us strengthen our program and make it more competitive. Approximately 71% of the respondents of the survey have been employed or are currently employed in a paid full‐time teaching position with others working in a part‐time teaching position. The feedback received is from respondents who have applied the knowledge, skills and techniques they learned from the Elementary Education program during their time at BYU‐Idaho and speak with a voice of experience. Several areas were identified that need to be addressed more fully or be introduced into the curriculum for the first time. Items like how to handle parent‐teacher interactions, how to plan and integrate subjects, and address the growing number of students who have behavior intervention plans. There were other areas that were pointed out by graduates as program strengths. The most frequently mentioned was the quality of the professors in the Elementary Education program at BYU‐Idaho. The research team also took this opportunity to ask our graduates about the ease of which they were able to attain a teaching license in their new state if they had moved from Idaho. The research team found that approximately 85% our graduates had little or no problems in achieving the license they needed with a small percentage not being able to receive a license at all. Outcomes of a school‐based mental health program Jordan Moon, Eric Gee (Mentor) This research was conducted as part of an evaluation of school‐based mental health services offered by Madison School District. Qualifying participants in these services are part of a national longitudinal study that collects information on several aspects of their functioning. Evaluations occur at six‐month intervals for two years. We examined data relevant to behavioral and emotional problems, parental strain, depression, and anxiety between baseline and six‐month assessments to determine if there is a significant improvement in mental health functioning. We also estimated the intensity of services for each student to see if it is correlated positively with mental health functioning. Finally, we compared participants who had received intensive wraparound services with participants who received other forms of interventions to measure the effects of wraparound.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 61 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching, Oral Presentations MC 174A, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Qualifying for Corporate Law Mark Johnson, Delaina Scholes (Mentor) The research was conducted through both primary and secondary sources. Interviews were conducted with two corporate lawyers, one employed in litigation living in Texas and the other in tax law employed in Oklahoma, as well as BYU‐Idaho’s pre law‐advisor making up the primary sources. Secondary sources for this research were recommended by BYU‐Idaho’s pre‐law advisor: like PLANC.org (Pre‐Law Advisors National Council) and LSAC.org (Law School Admission Council). The research teaches students the steps to prepare for employment in corporate law. The hope behind this research is to help students, whether pre‐law undergraduates or current law school students, to prepare for all components in finding employment in corporate law. My presentation will be in the oral category. I will discuss my research and speak about the steps students should take in light of my research findings. Steps will include things to do in undergraduate years, in deciding where to attend school, and in law school. This research was done under my English studies, but was made presentation worthy by my public speaking class. I will be presenting a speech with power‐point. I will need computer and projector for this presentation. Teacher education Value in Other Professions James Taylor, Chris Mosqueda, Marion Johnstun (Mentor) The purpose and goal of this research group has been to inform the BYU‐Idaho College of Education about how their graduates have settled or not settled in their teaching careers. There are 3 main objectives starting with improvement of the education program specifically in the preparation of future graduates. Second is to find information or statistics that will help provide accurate resources for promotion of the program. The program here at BYU‐Idaho is young compared to other universities and has varied in enrollment since it’s beginning. Lastly, to provide guidance to students going through the program regarding challenges they will face getting jobs and keeping those jobs. With these 3 objectives in mind, we sent out a survey that had a series of questions for graduates to answer. We sent the survey out to approxamently 1500 graduates and out of those sent we received 437 responses. After more than a decade of producing graduates, no comprehensive research and evaluation has been done on the program to guide decision‐makers. After receiving the information three research teams were organized to gather and interpret data on different aspects of the study. We then compiled our information and shared it between the teams. Next, we sifted through research and the surveys to formed our presentations. Our team specifically investigated the benefits of having the teacher education background. These included, from most frequent to least frequent, Homemaker, Church life, Professional Career, and various other responses that did not fall into the former three categories.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 62 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

"Switch on their World" Andrea Dahle, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) What if there was a way to help individuals with severe physical disabilities access their favorite toys and electronics? Individuals that are Quadriplegic have no mobility from the neck down. They are typically only able to move things on their face. Sometimes they have limited movement of their heads in the ability to move it side to side. Their heads, however, have to be supported in order to be upright. In consequence this disability makes it very difficult to do anything independently. However, there are options for even the most severe. One of those options is allowing individuals to operate their own electronics. The purpose of this is to allow for a sense of independence. Often times being a quadriplegic makes people feel helpless and hopeless. By providing a way for individuals to turn on their favorite movie or to turn on their favorite music they are able to make choices and show independence. The device I have created is a simple switch that anyone can make. One end it is attached to the head rest of the person. This allows them to turn an electronic on and off with the slight movement of their head. The other end of the switch is then attached to an IPod, portable DVD player, or to their favorite electronic toy. This gives them the option to control their electronic. Frequently those with severe disabilities do not have the ability to talk, and so by providing a way for them to turn on their entertainment they are able to have the ability to choose. The switch allows individuals with severe physical disabilities to be able to have control and freedom. A Picture Worth a Thousand Words Madison Mancini, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) The Dynavox Eyemax Devices based on the PECS program style communication technique along with using eye‐tracking techniques. PECS stands for, Picture Exchange Communication System. There are six phases to PECS. The basis of PECS is that the child who is unable to verbally communicate will select pictures to show their wants and needs. Advancing steps in PECS would allow the child to select several pictures or works and arrange them into formal sentences. Eye tracking is an assistive technology that allows users to look and select images, words, or letters with their eyes. Shutting and opening the eyes in a blinking form is how the device knows which image is selected. The Dynavox Eyemax system is an assistive technology, which teaches communication as well as allows communication to be possible.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 63 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

A Simple "Button" can give a Child a Voice Jennifer Williams, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) For those of us who do not have any disabilities, we do not worry about how we will communicate with others, or worry how we are going to eat when we are hungry. We have the capability and blessing of being able to talk, to move around as we please, and to do and act as we please. However, for those who have disabilities and are unable to communicate without the help of a device, these simple tasks become almost impossible. Can a simple “button” really give a child a voice? Yes, it can! For my presentation I will be exploring the importance of switches/buttons and communication devices that will give a child a voice. An assistive technology switch is just one of the many devices that is capable of helping people get the assistance that is needed. There are multiple types of switches; there are high tech and low tech switches. Some switches can be handmade with a low budget, while other switches can be expensive and can be bought or rented from companies or libraries. They can be all shapes and sizes, and can be attached to wheelchairs, sit on a desk, or be connected to the student. Some examples of switches include a Pneumatic Switch that can be activated by a puff or sip of the lips movement, SuperTalk which is a voice recording device. When creating an assistive technology switch, the most important thing to keep in mind is will it help the individual meet their individual needs in a more manageable way? The most important thing about switches is not the price or the size of the device, it is how it will impact the individual’s life for the better. We each have different needs and each will need a different way to communicate what they need or what they are thinking. By creating a switch that will benefit them, you are giving a child a voice. Assistive Technology on a Teacher’s Budget! Aubree Bowler, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) Teachers need to provide their students with the assistive technology required for academic success, but teachers also need to stay within a budget and not spend unnecessary money on necessary assistive technology. Assistive technology is any item that makes life easier for someone with special needs by helping them academically or by increasing their independence. These items include everything from pencil grippers to power chairs. Items such as power chairs are necessary but expensive, these high tech assistive technology don’t usually have a more affordable solution and therefore the money spent on them is necessary, but not all the money spent on the necessary lower tech items is necessary. My goal is that through this presentation I will be able to educate both teachers and parents on the affordability and effectiveness of homemade low tech assistive technology. Many items used to enhance the living experience of a child with special needs can be made at home and I intend to show them how it is done. I will exhibit different assistive technology items that are homemade and the approximate price and the exact directions for making them at home versus buying them online or from the store. I want to show that with a little creativity one can make an item like a laptop stand out of pvc pipe instead of paying $50 or more for the same item from a store. I will also let people try out the assistive technology I provide to see for themselves how it works and its effectiveness.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 64 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Disability? We have an app for that! Kassidy Norman, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) This presentation will provide an overview of the significance of Ipad use for children with disabilities. Incorporating technology increases students’ motivation to learn and personalizes lessons to a student’s individual needs. Even the students with the most severe and profound disabilities can use assistive technology to join a classroom of typical students, and their potential can be reached in ways we didn’t have before. The bright pictures and easy navigation of Apple’s iPad make it easy for students with special needs to use the many apps available for classroom use. These apps create a motivational incentive for children to engage who might otherwise be less motivated. The iPad’s lightweight, touchscreen design makes it easier for students with disabilities to use than a computer mouse and keyboard. The iOS device is not only cool, but provides education, therapy and, of course, entertainment. There are over 2,000 apps that have been identified and sorted related to functional limitations and performance of activities at home, school, work or play. These apps include different subjects related to reading, writing, speaking, remembering, organization, time management, self regulation, seeing, hearing etc. I will help you discover and assess these different apps and inform you more on the different apps which would best suit this individual with disabilities. I will show how to evaluate the most appropriate app using various resources, feature mapping, apps for finding apps, and evidence based research related to app effectiveness. The iPad continues to have a profound influence in the lives of individuals with disabilities. Have a clear AIM: "Accessible Instructional Materials for students with disabilities" Kaitlyn Buffaloe, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) Often students struggle with things like reading texts and understanding teachers when they are lecturing, because of a disability. A resource that is usually underutilized in order to lessen this burden on students is AIM or Accessible Instructional Materials, a place where teachers have access to things like Braille copies of books, or audio recordings for students to use to enhance their learning. In this presentation, the exact definition and purpose of AIM will be covered, along with how teachers can utilize the functions for their students. There will also be a testimony of a student who has used AIM before and the devices she uses. iPad Apps Can Change a Childs Life Kayla Rauch, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) In the world, there are many children and students who are struggling with learning to read, write, or even talk. But luckily, with today’s technology, there are ways we can help them. With phones, tablets, and computers we can use apps specially designed to help those with disabilities to learn how they need to, speak for them, and teach them. I have personal experiences with such apps. My baby sister is almost 8 years old and cannot read or write very well. But with apps that I have found, they can help her more and she wouldn’t even realize she is learning. The same goes for my friend’s brother who has Down Syndrome. He cannot write but with apps that he can download on his iPad he can learn his letters more. I am hoping that with this technology, more children and students will be able to go about their daily lives without struggling to hard.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 65 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Musical Applications Help the Brain Grow Emily Trebas, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) With the growing accessibility and popularity of technology, especially in the classrooms and homes of many students all around the world, the opportunity is here for all kinds of students to improve their creativeness and imagination. Music is a key part of society and thanks to iPads and iPhones and other tablets there are numerous options to making music easy to learn, enjoyable to play, and interesting to incorporate in student’s lives. Among these technologies there are applications to help with this growth. Some of the apps are entitled, Vocal Zoo, Finger Piano, Pandora Radio, and Garage Band. In this presentation, we will be exploring this new technology and how students of all disabilities can have access to this technological vision. Music has been proven to help student’s improve their study habits and their ability to learn and absorb information and these applications can help with this wonderful process. The "Write" Stuff with AT Amanda Reddish, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) Along with the many advancements in assistive technology during the twenty first century has come a change in the way we communicate and apply new information. This has especially changed the lives of those that are mentally and physically handicapped. Writing is difficult for students with a mental and physical disability especially those diagnosed with cerebral palsy or dysgraphia. This presentation will expand on different ways a student may write when they cannot use their hands and bodies the way they would like them to. This presentation will demonstrate a different way of writing by displaying an electronic coloring ladybug that holds a marker. Connected to the bug is a switch where the student can press the button and write with just the press of a button. This presentation will also show using a tennis ball, play dough, and a sponge roller put on the writing pencil, pen, marker, etc. to help the student hold the writing instrument more comfortably and accurately. This presentation will also show success stories of students that have used this assistive technology. These forms of assistive technology may seem simple, but they can boost the student’s confidence and make them feel accepted. They are also affordable and used out of things that may be in your home. In conclusion this presentation, by closely examining the use of assistive technology to write, sheds a new light on the neglected/rarely recognized issue of those with mental and physical disabilities not being able to write and use their bodies in the way they would like to.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 66 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching I, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

The (eye)Phone can help us all see better Miel Rodriguez, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) The (Eye)Phone Can Help Us All See Better The average person requires very little assistance with their everyday endeavors and can get around without a problem. However, when everyday tasks are less than convenient, reliance on technology becomes a necessity. People who are visually impaired or blind especially rely on assistance for tasks that other people can easily do on their own. Assistive technology is considered to be anything that helps people with disabilities accomplish seemingly simple tasks. The technology used to aid the visually impaired and blind varies from many different levels and can be anywhere between free and very expensive but is always equally as important. Assistive technology can be the difference between independence and highly relying on others for a normal life. Thanks to today’s advanced technology, many people who are visually impaired and blind can have an easier day to day experience through the simple use of an iPhone. Many people who are visually impaired and blind can be much more successful with just the simple use of a few apps on the iPhone replacing thousands of dollars’ worth of assistive technology and cutting down on the clutter and weight that comes with having so much equipment. These apps prove to be so useful that they can be of great use for those with visual impairments, those who are recovering from surgery, as well as the average person to help us all see better.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 67 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Child Development Project Scott Potter, Tom Rane (Mentor) The purpose of my project is to learn how to become a successful teacher as I watch and interact with the teachers at Kennedy Elementary. I will also have learned to become more organized and be calm under serious pressure when things need to get done on time and be more sufficient and effective. I hope to be able to give back to children who are learning life lessons each day from school, but can apply it anywhere in their lifetime. This project will help me be more marketable for teaching assistants and gain the confidence of becoming an actual teacher in the future. I will be doing this every Friday morning from 8:30 am to 10:00 am in the school computer lab and doing after school volunteer as well Mondays and Fridays of each week. Climate Control through Power Production Decisions Robert Groff, Ryan Sargeant (Mentor) Since the inauguration of the Industrial Age, supplying power to the general population has been a challenge. This problem is compounded by other factors such as cost, public perception of various energy producing technologies, the invisible hand of supply and demand, emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants, and reliability of the various sources of power. Since this is a concern that will follow the evolution of society and culture, it is imperative that the rising generation understand the implications of this ever evolving issue. The best way to teach this is to give students an environment where they can manipulate the number of power plants and implement technologies to supplement power production and pollution reduction while balancing budgets, public opinion, and demand for power. This implementation uses PHP to code an online environment where students can interact with their environments and MySQL to store the data. Design Thinking and Innovation Spencer Markham, Jarek Smith, Katherine Thomas, Miles Blaine, Josh Jordan, Tucker Mortensen, Joe Hendrick, Sean VanGenderen, Tahari Julander (Mentor) The Brigham Young University‐Idaho mission statement says, “Students become creative and critical thinkers as they apply reflective reasoning, logic and quantitative analysis to new ideas, opinions, and situations.” However, we have found that students actually become great creative thinkers through the design thinking process. In essence, design thinking is implementing the converse: apply new ideas, opinions, and situations to reflective reasoning, logic, and quantitative analysis. Design thinking is relevant across campus and will enhance student learning. This has been proven over the course of a semester as we have followed students through an extended research project involving a complex and abstract problem.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 68 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Dyƨlɘxiɒ: Assistive Technology Can Fix That Courtney Bruun, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) Dyslexia is a reading disability with several unanswered questions. Many scholars such as Julian G. Elliott and Simon Gibbs have debated if dyslexia is an efficient diagnosis in the field of Special Education. Elliott and Gibbs leave readers with questions concerning the effectiveness of diagnosing dyslexia. In this paper I will argue that dyslexia is a helpful diagnosis in schools for many reasons. Some of these reasons include additional help in the classroom as well as giving students a tangible reason for why they are struggling in school. Along with deciding if dyslexia is an effective diagnosis there are different severities and categories of dyslexia that this document will inform readers about. Once there has been a diagnosis or a need for aid, there are many ways to assist a student with a reading disability. There are numerous forms of technology to aid a student with dyslexia; because there are so many form of technology there is also a debate as to what are the best assistive tools for a student with dyslexia. This paper will give information on assistive technology that can be used to improve the lives of dyslexic students. Parents and teachers need to be educated on assistive technology in order to better help students. The assistive technology that this paper will be analyzing will range in price as well as complexity. Different intensities of dyslexia require different degrees of assistive technology, which could range from a free iPad application to expensive software. Dyslexia is a common problem that can need anywhere from a simple to a complex solution. As this paper educates readers about the effectiveness of diagnosis, the kinds of dyslexia, and the types of assistive technology, parents and teachers will be better equipped to help students. Inclusion: Hear is the Beginning Madilyn Sayler, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) This presentation will be an overview of how the difficulties and experiences that a student who is deaf has throughout their primary education. It will include technologies used to aid these students, in attempts to better include them into the general education curriculum, how the deaf culture functions verses general society, what improvements in schooling have been made to accommodate students who are deaf, and different ways they can be included in society when it comes to jobs and future families and community contribution. There will be studies of technologies such as the cochlear implant included along with studies on the usage of sign language and speech therapy when trying to integrate a deaf child in the classroom. It will prove that deaf children can grow to be successful in not only their classrooms but in turn society, as they become whatever it is they so choose to be.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 69 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

The Highs of Low Tech Brittany McMillen, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) The vast amount technology that is available to students in special education rooms is mind boggling. There are so many different items to choose from that it can make it difficult for a teacher, parent, and IEP team to decide which technology items they want to use to enhance their student’s educational learning and subsequently their lives. These technological devices can be very important and beneficial to the students and are there to enhance their learning. Without these to assist with their learning, it might take them longer because they may be unable to communicate efficiently, reading or writing could be a challenge because of a physical or mental disability, and a variety of other challenges are there for the student to overcome with the help of the teacher. The technological device will fall into one of three categories: low tech, mid tech, or high tech. Price corresponds with these. Low tech assistance items are very low in price and high tech are just that, high in price. High tech assistance can cost up to thousands of dollars and can be confusing and intimidating to operate. However, low tech assistance items are usually less in price and easy to use. Often times, high tech assistive technology is chosen as the first resort and it can go unused because it intimidating and no one knows how to properly operate it. Many times common items are adapted to fit the needs of the student fill the job just as well. It can be as easy as making a pencil easier to grab with Play‐doh wrapped around it to fit the mold of the student’s hand. They can be just as efficient and are much less intimidating to use, for the student, the teacher, and the parents. They are also more cost effective and easy to operate. Low tech assistive technology is where more teachers need to start. The Multiplicative Effects of Faculty‐Student Collaborations in Chemistry Kelly Wilson, Hector Becerril (Mentor) I currently teach a special topics chemistry course (CHEM490) about the principles of scientific computer programming to a diverse group of 19 students from majors including biology, chemistry, geology, physics, and mechanical engineering. The class is competency based and allows both group work and self‐paced learning. I teach under faculty mentor, who taught the class for the first time last semester after he had learned the content area through participation in a professional workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation. I was a student in that first class. Several personal benefits and opportunities as well as similar results for others have occurred as a result of this faculty‐student collaboration. Some of these include a) the development of a software system for tracking Math Study Center usage, which is currently being employed as a replacement for an outdated system previously used; b) several software tools to facilitate data mining in the DaBell computation chemistry research group; c) undergraduate teaching, not assisting, experience in preparation for future graduate school teaching assignments. In addition, some of the current cohort of students are also applying these principles to their disciplines and have submitted projects to this conference. Current work is being done through frequent faculty‐student meetings to assess student progression and improve curriculum for future course iterations. The addition of this course allows interested students to gain important skills without changing degree requirements with the eventual goal, dictated by my mentor, to train a sufficient number of student scientific programmers to create a new research group. My experience with this collaboration suggests that faculty development can be integrated with student development in several dimensions for the amelioration of both faculty and students.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 70 of 90 Scholarship of Learning and Teaching Scholarship of Learning & Teaching II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Theraputic art can bring out the best you Callie Campbell, Michael Christopherson (Mentor) Art therapy, a method of therapy that involves creating art based on inward emotions rather than outward subjects, has grown in prominence over the past 30 years, being used for a wide variety of patients, ranging from prison inmates, to the elderly, to the physically and mentally disabled. It allows the patient to express inward emotions without words, and instills them both with a sense of pride for their work, and self‐worth in their ability to create. By giving another medium of expression to patients, they are able to express clearly and vividly their inward struggles, the way they see the world, and what they would like to achieve, all the while bypassing a major stumbling block for many people: verbalization. Art therapy has proven highly beneficial for many people, and through the use of Assistive Technology, the benefits of art therapy can be extended to those who struggle with mild to severe physical disabilities. Many individuals who have severe physical disabilities would be unable to participate in art therapy, because of inability to hold a brush to paint, a pencil to draw, to control their hands and sculpt—but if therapists to consider alternate methods of creating art, such as painting with the feet, students would benefit exponentially. Humans have the innate desire to create, and by giving these patients the opportunity to express themselves through art, they will have greater self‐confidence, they will have a way to let others know how they feel and what they think, and they will grow as creative beings. Understanding how the presentation of climate change material in class effects student's opinions Weston Zickgraf, Ryan Sargeant (Mentor) Two general chemistry classes were involved in the study and each was given and pre/post assessment. The assessment consisted of questions to measure opinions as well as basic understanding of climate change. Throughout the class several principles of chemistry were linked with this topic. The students completed assignments and engaged in discussion about the principles of climate change. A year after the general chemistry students completed the course they were invited to take another assessment to measure their opinion and understanding of climate change. This was done in order to understand how the presentation of climate change material effects understanding and opinion in students both long term and short term.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 71 of 90 Social Sciences Psychology I, Poster Presentations MC 266 Seating/Dining, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Attraction and the exposure effect Allison Smalley, Eric Gee (Mentor) The exposure effect can be shown to make a difference in the way that people view things in many different studies, what this study focuses on is if the exposure effect will change a persons level of attraction. The participants will be selected from the campus of BYU‐Idaho and will be show a set of identical twins but they will be shown each one separately and for different amounts of time. The pictures will be randomized so that the order will have no effect on the hypothesis. After seeing each picture they will be asked to rate how attractive they think the person is by rating them on a chart from 1 to 10. The hypothesis is that the participants will be more likely to rate the person that they see for the longer amount of time as the most attractive from the two pictures shown. Identification of People with their Avatars James Georgianna, Eric Gee (Mentor) The study determines if players of MMORPG’s create avatars that represent their actual self or ideal self, and if time spent playing World of Warcraft minimizes the discrepancy between their avatar and actual self or ideal self. Integrity in personality profiles Bradley Russell, Eric Gee (Mentor) In this study I will determine if there is a correlation between someone’s professed honesty and their actual level of integrity. Thirty students from Brigham Young University Idaho will be given the Marlowe-Crown Social Desirability Scale, and immediately afterward will be presented with a situation where their integrity will be called into question. This integrity testing situation is to witness another person drop money on the ground. The participant, believing him or herself to be alone, will have to decide whether or not to pocket the money or to chase down the person that dropped the money and return it to them. This is the first study of its kind to seek a correlation between a person’s score on the Desirability Scale and a person’s actions in real life. Moral Judgment and Eyewitness Testimony; Does Facial Hair Impact the Memory Recall of Latter Day Saints? Roxie Viele, Eric Gee (Mentor) Faulty eyewitness testimony is a major problem in our legal system today and much work is being done to find out why and how this occurs. Researchers know people naturally make criminal judgments based upon appearances and that societal norms and group norms, including moral judgment and bias, can and do play a role in memory recall. Since a cleanly shaven face is one aspect of extreme importance among Latter Day Saints associated with respect and leadership, this research examines the effect of facial hair, a group norm violation, on the memory recall in eyewitness testimonies of Latter Day Saints.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 72 of 90 Social Sciences Psychology I, Poster Presentations MC 266 Seating/Dining, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Seen It? Exploring Whether Visual Novelty Augments Recall of Simple Number Lists James Taylor, Eric Gee (Mentor) An understanding of memory in human beings first requires an understanding of attention. As a rule, our attention is more fleeting than fixed and tends to gravitate toward only the most relevant cues and information. This is no less true for our attention to visual stimuli. It has been suggested in more recent studies that some aspects of a visual stimulus capture our attention more strongly than others, and may also affect memory formation for that stimulus. Novelty is one of these aspects and the one we'll investigate in this study. The present study aims to synthesize some of the more interesting ideas from prior attention and memory studies. To begin, our attentional preference for novelty seems to clearly manifest itself in childhood and continue throughout our lives (Horst, Samuelson, Kucker, & McMurray, 2011). Attention and novelty together appear to create more potent memories. Ericsson et al.'s study (2004) of a professional memorist's strategies revealed that one of the most used methods for memorizing large amounts of ordered data was to pair items with distinctive images or ideas. It has also been established that novelty detection is a function of the lateral prefrontal cortex, suggesting that it is an innate ability which may have had survival value at some point (Kishiyama, Yonelinas, & Knight, 2009). With all this in mind, we begin to see that novelty's effect on memory formation may have some practical uses (Distinctiveness and Memory, 2006). If the conclusions of these previous studies are generalizable, we would expect to see novelty augmenting attention and recall in all kinds of settings. The next step toward a general principle of novelty's effects will be to create an experiment which demonstrates enhanced recall of novel visual stimuli in a task where such novelty is the only independent variable. Suggested Beauty Cameo McIntire, Eric Gee (Mentor) There is an abundance of research referring to the physical aspects contributing to attraction, such as studies focusing on symmetry, proportion, and masculine and feminine features. Though most research about immediate attractiveness has centered on physical attributes, there has been research‐raising questions about contributing factors outside the physical realm, including social factors. However, more research is required to determine the extent of influence peripheral factors can have on perceptions of attraction. This study seeks to determine if individual’s perceptions of attraction are affected by others opinions. Two groups will be asked to rate photographs for level of attractiveness. The first group will be given indicators, such as a chili pepper next to the picture to convey that previous audiences found this person to be attractive. The second group will simply be asked to rate the picture without any indicator of perceived attraction and the overall ratings of the two groups will be compared. I hypothesize that social factors can influence attraction and that women and men will be rate similarly and be equally affected by priming. More specifically, it is likely that what others say about one’s attractiveness will influence how viewers rate the attractiveness of faces.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 73 of 90 Social Sciences Psychology I, Poster Presentations MC 266 Seating/Dining, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

The Effects of a High Sugar Food Prior to Memory Task: Increase in Performance? Barbara Sa, Eric Gee (Mentor) Researchers have found indications that retrograde and anterograde glucose administration can improve cognitive performance on verbal and non‐verbal memory tasks. Glucose seems to play an important role in the different stages of memory. The present study will be testing the effect of a high versus low sugar breakfast on memory performance. Forty participants from an Introductory to Psychology class at BYU‐Idaho, ranging from 18 to 25 years old will be randomly assigned to either control or experiment group (in the second one participants will receive donuts and a juice box prior to the task); all participants will be asked to fast from 12am the night prior to test. The subjects will undergo two verbal memory tasks (a free delayed word recall and a delayed paired‐associates recall). It is expected that the treatment group (high sugar) will perform better than the low sugar group. If the results are such then the study will provide supporting evidence for glucose facilitation. The goal of the present study is to provide better external validity, real world application, for the idea of glucose facilitation on memory. The Effects of Sleep on Reaction Time Whitney Jackson, Eric Gee (Mentor) The purpose of this research is to identify if there is a relationship between the amount of sleep received on any given night and the speed and accuracy of a person's reaction time in the morning compared to the evening. This study particularly looks at the affects of sleep received on a given night compared to the speed and accuracy of a person given a reaction time test. Each participant will be tested twice (once in the morning and once in the evening) and will be tested on speed and accuracy on a reaction time test created by Harvard. Studies have shown that both students and workers tend to perform better in the morning if they have received adequate amount of sleep the night before. The goal of this study is to prove that the more sleep a person receives on a given night, the quicker their reaction time and the better their accuracy will be in the morning and the slower it will be in the evening. Subsequently, the less sleep that a person receives the night before will result in a slower reaction time in the morning and will result in about the same speed and accuracy in the evening.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 74 of 90 Social Sciences Psychology II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

BBC's Doctor Who: A Study in Female Characters Rebecca Moore, Joseph Meldrum, Zak Ison, Joseph Struhs, Tyler Minetto, Beth Hendricks (Mentor) In 2010 the popular British television show Doctor Who changed it's head writer. Since that change many have not liked what they perceived as a change in the show. Stephen Moffat, the head writer, has been accused of many things, from confusing writing to what we are studying, sexism. While there are many articles explaining why he has sexist overtones in his writing, there is no quantitive evidence to back up these claims. We intend to see if there is validity to these claims by conducting an in‐depth content analysis using several tests which will provide us with more quantitative evidence, or lack there of, of any change in writing when Stephen Moffat took over. Our tests will be performed only from the reboot in 2005 and encompass season one through the first part of seven. Instantaneous excitement for visual stimuli with and without reading aloud: An electroencephalograph study. Rolando Fuentes, Maria Hamblin, Jacob Pfleger, Jordan Hunter (Mentor) , Yohan Delton (Mentor) The purpose of this study is to help Consumer Analytic Group (CAG) become aware of what aspects of their website, case studies and pricing sheets generated excitement in potential customers. To do this, we used the electroencephalograph (EEG) to measure the physiological responses of twelve volunteers while they viewed the CAG website, case studies and pricing sheets. The participants consisted of twelve business or marketing students, four females and eight males. The EEG was used to measure each participant's level of instantaneous excitement. The EEG was placed on each participant's head, and they were guided through a variety of tasks on the CAG websites and various PDFs. Six of the twelve participants were asked to read aloud the information while the other six were not given instruction to read aloud. The participants were then interviewed and debriefed. Two hypotheses were proposed: (1) participants that read aloud will have higher instantaneous excitement than those that don’t read aloud; (2) there will be differences in instantaneous excitement across visual platforms. Marketing Research for Consumer Analytics Group: A Focus Group Reliability Study Mitch Swallow, Munawar Kenneth, Candice Snarr, Sean Beckwith, Yohan Delton (Mentor) The purpose of this study is to help Consumer Analytics Group (CAG) meet the needs of their clients. We organized and conducted two focus groups to help find common themes in relation to CAG's price sheet, case studies, and website. After completing the focus groups, the information was gathered and analyzed to identify the themes that were discussed and how often each theme was addressed during the discussion. Through these identifications we will be able to give CAG effective recommendations to improve their business strategy.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 75 of 90 Social Sciences Psychology II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

Multi‐Linear Regression Research for Consumer Preferences for Consumer Analytics Group, a Consulting Agency. Max Black, Cord Porter, Yohan Delton (Mentor) This study examines consumer preferences in relation to certain aspects of Consumer Analytics Group (C.A.G.). Such aspects include professionalism, appeal, and desire for services. Using these aspects as predictors to determine the likelihood of C.A.G. being hired by local Idaho businesses, a survey was conducted and administered to business owners located in Idaho. 41 responses were collected and analyzed. It is hypothesized that consideration of hiring a marketing research firm, business owner, manager, supervisor, services appeal, prices willing to be paid, business’s annual income, and age will indicate likelihood of hiring C.A.G. Recommendations of findings will be given to C.A.G. Reliability of perspectives across managerial levels: a job analysis for the E‐Center. Cora Solesbee, Cameo McIntire, Jacob Wilhite, Kaitlyn Beck, Bradley Russell, Barbara Sa, Heidi Schlenz, Isidora Perisic, Yohan Delton (Mentor) The E‐Center is a Rexburg‐based consulting center that provides internships for BYU‐I students to gain experience as junior analysts in consulting local businesses. The E‐Center usually has between 20‐40 applicants a semester, averaging around 30 and you usually hire about 15. The present hiring process was described as one with less objective forms of measurement and more subjective ways in which they decide who is best fit. One way in which we can have a systematic and structured process is to a job analysis of the interns that work for E‐Center. The job analysis is divided into five levels which include (1) identifying objectives of the job and what that would entail. (2) Identifying jobs and methodology, reviewing existing job documentation, and communicating the process to the managers and employees. (3) Gathering job analysis data, reviewing and compiling the data. (4) Drafting job descriptions, specifications, reviewing drafts with managers and employees, and finalizing job descriptions and recommendations. (5) Updating job descriptions and specification as organization changes and periodically reviewing all jobs. We interviewed four supervisors and twelve interns in a two‐week time frame. A structured interview protocol was used where the subjects were asked to rank the necessary knowledge, skills, abilities, and others (KSAO) in regards to their job requirements. We hypothesize that the expectations of supervisors will differ from the intern’s view of the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAO) at the E‐Center.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 76 of 90 Social Sciences Psychology II, Poster Presentations MC Grand Ballroom, 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM

The Impact of Female Vocalization on Male Sexism Beliefs Nicholas Benyo, Cora Solesbee, Robert Wright (Mentor) Glick and Fiske (1996) presented the theory of ambivalent sexism, a method by which patriarchal society has maintained superiority over and subjugation of women. They also developed a questionnaire known as the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) to measure levels of hostile and benevolent sexism. Research conducted by Benyo & Wright (2013) indicated a possible relationship between female vocalizations and male sexist attitudes. This relationship is further explored utilizing the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and a health psychology questionnaire examining related topics such as interpersonal conflict, mood, and loneliness in a one‐way ANOVA design. Two treatment groups were invited to a 15‐minute workshop regarding benevolent sexism, with condition A participants being subject to three confederate females vocalizing their approval of chivalrous sexism at the end of the presentation and Condition B participants witnessing the same three confederates vocalizing their disapproval of chivalrous sexism; a control group was invited to remain in a classroom and complete the ASI and distractor measures without exposure to the workshop or confederate vocalizations. Early analysis indicates a significant difference between the males of the treatment and control groups (p<.01). Men exposed to females approving of sexism yielded significantly higher scores than both the disapproval and control conditions. The effect size of approval exposure was large ( d= 1.01). Further analysis of female participants revealed sexism scores were also significantly higher for women in committed relationships (p><.01) In addition to the results of these analyses, the relationship of sexist attitudes and social health variables will be presented in light of the application of ambivalent sexism

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 77 of 90 Social Sciences Research I, Oral Presentations MC 174B, 05:00 PM to 06:30 PM

"A Defenseless People": Booker T. Washington and the Congo Reform Movement Randy Powell, David Pulsipher (Mentor) Historical Background By 1879, King Leopold II of Belgium assumed full control over both the land surrounding the Congo River and its people. A few years later, the United States’ recognized the Congo as a legitimate state under Leopold II in 1885, which encouraged European nation to follow suite, which strengthened Leopold’s grip over the area. Under the guise of humanitarianism, the Belgians secretly and violently exploited the Congo natives. The Belgian’s actions did not remain secret for long. African Americans travelers and missionaries began writing about the atrocities they witnessed in the in the 1890s. A reform movement began in Great Britain by the beginning of the 20th, and by 1904, the Congo reform movement spread to and swept through the United States. The movement attracted personalities such as Mark Twain, W.E.B Du Bois, and Booker T. Washington. Research Question The few studies dealing with the American Congo Reform Movement give a brief overview of the topic, focus on white reformers, or briefly cover the participation of African Americans in the movement. This study will focus exclusively on Booker T. Washington’s participation in the movement as he served as vice‐president in the American Congo Reform Association. It will address to what extent Washington’s philosophy and attitudes towards African Americans were reflected in his attempts to enact reform in the Congo Free State. In other words, how did Washington’s philosophy and attitudes about African Americans affect how he attempted to reform the Congo?

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 78 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology I, Oral Presentations TAY 120, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Adoption & Delinquency Emily Griffin, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This study examines the effects adoption has on juvenile delinquency. This study provides further support and replication of previous research analyzing the relationship, as well as adding new ways to study adoption and juvenile delinquency. Data was collected from the first wave of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). This is a nationally representative sample of adolescents in grades 7 through 12 in the US in the 1994–95 school year. A total core sample of 12,105 adolescents was interviewed and recorded via laptop, for the personal questions the respondent listened through earphones and typed the answer directly. Interviews consisted of questions concerning their criminal activities, family dynamics, substance use, and their peer networks. The results from this study are in discussion to follow. Authoritarian Parenting and Juvenile Delinquency Alyssa Danielson, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) Many studies have been conducted to see the effects of parenting on children. Literature has pointed to problem behaviors as a result of authoritarian and permissive parenting. With delinquency being commonly and visibly seen, research has already been performed to test why juveniles become delinquent. In this study I will research the impact that authoritarian parenting has on a juvenile, and whether or not it increases the likelihood of delinquent activity. This study uses Wave 1 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) which was conducted during the 1994‐1995 school year. Using this data, scales were made to examine the relationship between authoritarian parenting and juvenile delinquency. Because it is rare for a parent to be perfectly authoritarian, focus was placed on the emotional behavior of this style of parenting (attachment, love, importance of ethics, etc.). The findings of this research are pending. The implication of this study is to furthermore support previous research of the consequences associated with authoritarian parenting, and a deeper understanding of why children act out in delinquent behavior. Divorce and Juvenile Delinquency Katie Hanson, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This study attempts to understand whether or not a relationship exists between divorce and juvenile delinquency, and if so, what the implications of such relationship would be. The data analyzed in this study is Wave 1 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, with surveys collected from 27,000 adolescents, grades 7‐12. The results of this study are currently pending. If the results show that there is a correlation between the two variables, future researchers will have a basis to identify methods of mediating the effects of divorce on children and adolescents. If the results show little or no correlation between divorce and juvenile delinquency, a commonly held social belief will be explained in a new light. Regardless, the finding will bring increased understanding to the general public on divorce and juvenile delinquency.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 79 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology I, Oral Presentations TAY 120, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Domestic Violence and Relationships Livia Burright, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This study explores the relationship between domestic violence among parents and how that impacts their children and their future relationships. The data set used is the International Dating Violence Study (IDVS), which was the collaboration of researches in 32 nations. They studied those who were currently in a relationship and explored the intimate dynamics between them through survey. The results of this study are still pending completion. Not a lot of people have focused on domestic violence and how that effects their children later in life. Family Religiosity and Adopted Youth's Delinquency Whitney Cummock, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This study examines the effects of family religiosity on the likelihood of adopted youth committing delinquent acts. Past research has been done to study how adopted youth may be influenced by the family that adopted them. The purpose of this study is to add support and new information about how a family’s religiosity may impact their adolescent’s delinquent behavior. Data for this study was taken from the National Study of Youth and Religion, Wave 1, in 2002. Respondents for this survey were a parent and a youth of a household, where questions of family life, religion, and behavior were asked. The results of this data on the topic at hand are still pending. How does substance use impact suicidal tendencies among Native American adolescents and young adults? Ford Erickson, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) Suicide has been called “the scourge of the Native American people.” Because Native Americans have the highest suicide rate of any other ethnic group in the country, and Native American adolescents drink alcohol and use illicit drugs at a higher rate than any other ethnic group in the country, I wanted to examine what kind of impact substance use, of all kinds, has on suicidal tendencies among Native American adolescents and young adults. Data used was taken from Wave 1 of the National Longitudinal Study for Adolescent Health (AddHealth). It is my hope that the results from this study will bring greater understanding about substance use and its possible correlation to the “scourge” of suicide among Native American adolescents and young adults. Research results will be available upon completion of the study. Parental Divorce and Delinquency Lauren Millard, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) Abstract This study examines the effects of parental divorce on delinquent behavior. This study will help support previous research in analyzing this relationship. The data used was collected from the first wave of the National Study of Youth and Religion. A random‐digit‐dial telephone survey was used to interview parents and their children and teens in 2002. 3,370 cases were completed during this survey. The study consisted of discussions about family (including parental divorce), religious, academic and social topics (including choices and behaviors that would be considered delinquent). The results of this study are still being researched and results are pending.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 80 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology I, Oral Presentations TAY 120, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Parenting Styles & Delinquency Kenny Marler, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This study will cover and discuss how parenting styles of parents affect the rate of delinquency amongst their children. I found that my dependent variable is an interval style while my independent is nominal. The outcome of the results of this study will help parents learn of better techniques to follow when it comes to raising their children. Hopefully we can see delinquency rates decrease in the future. The actual results of my study are still pending.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 81 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology II, Oral Presentations TAY 130, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Child Placement in Foster Care Programs from Low Income Families Kristen Linford, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This research studies the likelihood of low income families' children being placed in foster care. National Survey of Families and Households Wave 1 and 3 were used to conduct the study. The results are pending. The research suggest that children placed in foster care programs have more developmental problems then children who are not placed in a foster care program. Family Security Megan Haslam, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) How does a parent’s homosexual orientation affect a child’s sense of familial security, and why? This research will use the New Family Social Structure (NFSS) dataset to answer said question. NFSS gathered data on 40 variables from different types of familial arrangements and is well suited to answer the stated research question. Results from research are pending. The results found will contribute to the growing interest surrounding families headed by homosexual individual(s) and help social scientists to better understand this new familial structure. How Adopted Children are more likely to become Juvenile Delinquents Kwan‐Jin Bloomfield, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) Juvenile delinquency is a prevalent issue among children found within the realm of foster care and adoption. Even though this issue has been looked at in the past, few programs have been established to address such a matter. This proposal is set to focus more so on adopted children in considering improving the outcome of these children. Data pulled from surveys that were taken and then analyzed provide important information and documentation of these individuals and their dealings with juvenile delinquency. For this report results are pending. By identifying these issues, this will allow for a better understanding of those adopted children that, have or have not, dealt with juvenile delinquency issues, and then may direct improvements in assisting their future. How does ethnicity impact the likelihood a woman will remain with an abusive spouse and why? Debra Heiner, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This study examines whether ethnicity effects the likelihood a woman will remain with her abusive spouse. Data was collected from four different waves in the Marital Instability Over the Life Couse study from 1983‐2000. Results are pending. This study adds to previous data collected about marital instability and gives further findings on ethnicity and abuse in marriages.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 82 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology II, Oral Presentations TAY 130, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Indulgent Parenting's Influence On Child's Coping Abilities Erika Henrie, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) How a person copes in a stressful situation can be a significant indicator of their personality and confidence levels. Adopting or recognizing a method of coping is key to a person’s ability to, not only deal with a situation, but to develop and maintain social skills that will be incorporated throughout their lives. Research indicates the most influential environments to foster healthy coping abilities to be the home and parents. This finding provides an opportunity to seek out and discover different factors that influence children’s coping strategies that are directly caused by distinctive parenting methods such as authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent, or neglectful. An emphasis in studies is placed upon the more radical parenting practices, but the more lenient, indulgent habits parents exhibit should also be considered noteworthy. This study explores the question: how does indulgent parenting affect children's coping abilities? The hypothesis of this study will be tested through data collected by the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) Wave II, collected during the 1996 in‐home interview. Of the 6,504 Wave I respondents, 4,834 of them were interviewed during this second wave. Add Health is a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in grades 7‐12 in the United States during the 1994‐95 school year. These longitudinal studies are an opportunity to study the how social environment and adolescent behaviors are linked to health and achievement in young adulthood. Currently, the findings of this study are yet to be determined. The significance of this study, and hence it's findings, are, as stated above, that this strain of study is usually overshadowed by the results of the more extreme forms of parenting, while here the subtle forms and their influence on the child and into their adulthood are examined and brought to light. The Impact of Father Absence on Teen Sexual Activity Lindsey Welch, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) Research has suggested that the absence of the father in the home will have an effect on whether or not a teen decides to engage in sexual activity. Past literature suggests that children who were raised in homes without a biological father engage in sexual intercourse at earlier ages than those who were raised in father‐present household (Wu and Martinson 1993; Ellis et al., 2003; and Mendle et al., 2009). This study will examine the effect that these fatherless homes have on teenagers and their choices to engage in sexual activity at earlier ages, including various other control variables that may impact the results of this study. Data for this study were collected using the National Study of Youth and Religion, which surveyed a group of teenagers, aged 13‐17 and their parents. This survey researched how religion and spirituality shapes and influences the lives of American youth. The particular wave that was used in this study was wave 1 which was collected in 2003. The results of this study are still pending and are in the process of being collected. What impact does Divorce have on Childhood Delinquency and why? Derek Miller, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This paper reviews the current literature on divorce and childhood delinquency and the connection between the two. The data for this paper is from the National study of Youth and Religion. Findings are still being calculated. This paper hopes to show the connection between having divorced parents and committing delinquent acts.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 83 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology II, Oral Presentations TAY 130, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Why Do Women Date Lousy Men? Kaylin McOmber, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) The main focus of my study is exploring how the self‐esteem of a woman impacts the likelihood of her being in a lousy romantic relationship. I am using data from ICPSR, and I am analyzing data from the International Dating Violence Survey. The survey I am using asks respondents how strongly they agree or disagree with different statements concerning their well‐being and their relationships. My results are pending. This study is significant because knowing if self‐esteem is associated with women being in lousy romantic relationships will allow preventative techniques and susceptibility alerts for women who may be more likely to be at risk for a negative relationship. If there is no association, research will be able to focus more directly on other factors that may be associated with contributing to women being in lousy romantic relationships.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 84 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology III, Oral Presentations TAY 140, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Doomed From the Start?; The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Juvenile Delinquency Natalie Monson, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) Juvenile delinquency, countless research has attempted to explain the main factors that lead to youth engaging in delinquent acts. Regardless of all these studies there are still disagreements on main cause(s) and what are truly the underlying factors. Research shows that family relationships, marital status, various institutions of socialization (church, school, peers), and Socioeconomic Status (SES) all play a role in influencing whether or not youth become delinquent. I intend to show that SES is the most influential factor, if not the only one that determines juvenile delinquency. I argue that SES influences all of the aforementioned factors, so it is reasonable to believe that it could be the main predictor. Using Wave 1 data collected 1994‐1995 from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) I will test to see if there is a direct association between a families’ SES and the likelihood of delinquency. The sample was selected from a population of U.S. children grades 7‐12 and their parents. RESULTS ARE PENDING. Once results have been acquired we can have a better understanding as to what factors are contributing to juvenile delinquency. In order for society to help youth and deter delinquency, we must first truly understand what is causing it to occur. Only then can society react in the most appropriate and tactful way possible. Education vs Racial Prejudice Tracey Middleton, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) In the American society there is a tension between races, in this paper it is researched that education is the main reason behind this tension. According to other countries education is a luxury, but in our society it makes or breaks a persons career. If a person cannot receive this ‘luxury,’ will they be prejudice against the people who do? Long states that prejudice is, “psychology of attitudes and particularly with reference to attitudes and personality structuring.” Virtanen (1998), Dovidio (1999), and Warner (2005) state that education is the contributing factor of racial prejudice behavior. According to the data collected from the General Social Survey (GSS) education does affect racial prejudice. Government Assistance and it's Influence on Non‐violent Crime Stephanie Schiff, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This paper examines how receiving government assistance in childhood influences non‐violent crime in adulthood. It encompasses what previous research has shown concerning crime and welfare, and the various factors influencing each. Despite considerable research aimed at investigating the relationship between crime and economic deprivation, this studies contribution directly controls for receiving government assistance and adult crime. The relationship will be re‐examined using data collected from wave’s one and four of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Implications for strain theory are addressed. Results are pending.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 85 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology III, Oral Presentations TAY 140, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

How does religiosity impact addiction recovery and why? Trevor Kendall, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This study examines the association between religiosity and addiction recovery. Data was collected from the fourth wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health from 2008‐2009 was used to analyze the effect of religious involvement on addiction recovery. When an individual struggles with an addiction it is difficult to overcome the craving and desire to use whichever substance that is. Religion has been known to give strength to individuals who participate and seek help through from a higher power. Results are pending for this study. This study will provide added support for past research on the topic and show the importance of religiosity and how participation in religion can increase the length and likelihood of one’s recovery from addiction. Religiosity & Law Enforcement Brian Jones, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) The objective of the study is to investigate how having a religious commitment aides individuals facing different types of work related stress within the law enforcement professions. Such information is critical as this population is required to make quick, life or death decisions and stress can lead to multiple occupational concerns. Law enforcement personnel from across the nation were asked to complete the General Social Survey; there were 499 participants from the law enforcement community. The findings of the study are pending. The purpose of this study is to better understand how individuals can combat the inevitable stress that comes from a career in the field’s law enforcement. Religiosity helps many in all aspects of life, and through this study we will better understand if having a religious commitment helps those in the law enforcement professions combat stress and why. Religiosity and State Gun Crimes Ryan Jolley, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This paper examines the association between state religiosity and the number of state gun crimes. Data from the 2009 Uniform crime report, the 2009 Gallup Daily Survey, and the 2009 Census were combined into a new data set. The results of this study are pending. This paper attempts to add insight into the heated debate over the correlating factors behind gun crimes. Who is in control: The impact of socioeconomic status on an individual's role within an extremist group. Tyson Francis, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) Extremist movements have generally been viewed as political or religious in nature, at times using radical measures to make their message known. Where they come from, in regards to socioeconomic status, seems to be just as important as the message they wish to convey. The data used for this study was taken from The American Terrorism Study 1980‐2002, which focuses on individuals who were indicted by the United States for terrorist acts. The results of this study are still pending and will be available at a later date. The relevance of this data may allow us to understand why individuals are placed into specific roles within extremist groups. By understanding this we may be able to combat the rise of extremist action and recruitment. This study opens a new door into looking at extremism as something socioeconomically motivated rather than just politically or religiously motivated.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 86 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology IV, Oral Presentations TAY 144, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Educational Attainment and Violent Crime Janie Demetropoulos, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) The key focus of this study is how educational attainment impacts whether or not an individual engages in violent crime and why. The data used is from Wave IV of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add health). The results of this study are currently pending and will be verified at a later date. Due to the limited amount of research conducted on the direct relationship between education and violent crime, this study will contribute to the literature and help to solve this intriguing question. How Cocaine Use Impacts Violent Crime and Why Cody Haderlie, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) In the past there has been a lot of research done on how drugs impact violent crime; however, little research has been done to show if cocaine is directly linked to violent crime. This study will show if cocaine use impacts violent crime. The data for this study was taken from the National Survey on Drug use and Health 2011. They used a multistage area probability sample for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The results of this study are still being compiled and will be made available at a later date. In this study my contribution will be to explain how cocaine use by individuals increases their likelihood of committing violent crime and why. It is important to understand what connection the two may have because it will help explain why certain crimes are committed. How immigration impacts violent crime. Jacob Ellis, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This study attempts to explain the relationship between immigration and violent crime rates and understand if there is a correlation between them. The data analyzed in this study is from the National Neighborhood Crime Study 2000. The data was collected using census tracts from 1998‐2000 and gathered from local police departments in various city’s and states. Currently the findings are incomplete. This analysis could be used to help educate people about the relationship between immigration and violent crime and if the correlation proves significant. Latin American Immigrants and Education Karen Bermudez, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) In the recent years, we have seen a growing number of Latin American immigrants in the United States. With the increase of these individuals, families are beginning to settle down and having their children attend public schools. Past research has shown that there is a gap in educational performance between immigrant children and children born and raised in the United States. This study examines how being a Latin American immigrant impacts educational attainment and why. The Survey of Income and Program Participation, Wave 1 from 2004 was the data set used for this study. Using this data, we can analyze different factors that impact education along with immigration in order to see the correlations and the statistical significance. Although the results are still pending, the potential uses of the findings are to have a deeper understanding, a more recent view of immigration, and how it relates to and impacts education.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 87 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology IV, Oral Presentations TAY 144, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Poverty and HIV/AIDS in Africa Rebecca Van Brasch, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) The paper examines the association between poverty in African countries and the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in those countries. Data was obtained through The World Bank national statistics collection. The data comes from indicators such as “Poverty Headcount Ratio at $2 a day” and “Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15‐49). The relationship between poverty level and HIV/AIDS prevalence is being examined and results are still pending. This is a macro study exploring each individual African country and then comparing them to each other as a whole. Future research implications will be discussed in this paper. Sex Trafficking Ruby Martinez, Delaine Scholes (Mentor) I want to present a topic that I presented in my public speaking class to inform people on the sex trafficking industry. The purpose of my presentation is to inform and to give a better awareness of this heinous crime to those who may not be very familiar with this. I want others to gain a strong desire to take part in becoming aware by being proactive in this cause to stop sex trafficking from becoming the most profitable industry in the world. I hope that I can take this opportunity to truly express why I am so passionate about this because I want to share my personal take on it through the loss of my aunt. My aunt went missing five years ago and as a family we still don't have closure of her whereabouts. I feel very strongly that my aunt may be alive today and may have been taken into the sex trafficking industry. With this said, I hope to present this to many and give a voice of warning, in a sense, to help others step outside their safe bubble and see that sex trafficking is happening around them. Suicide Terrorism, Effective Tool or Desperate Measure: Ryan Christoffersen, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) Terrorism is a commonly considered a coercive political strategy employed to manipulate an audience. However the most horrific and desperate act of terrorism comes in the form of suicidal terroristic acts. Since many terrorist groups are working towards a social change their reason for tactics is dependent on how much they want to be heard and the message they wish to spread. My goal in this study is to determine the true cost and benefits that come from the act of suicide terrorism by weak actors, those people who don’t have political influence and yet want to be heard on the world stage, and how effective they are at persuading their audience. My data is coming from the Global Terrorism Data Base, collected from over 7000 terrorist acts worldwide between 1998 and 2008.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 88 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology V, Oral Presentations TAY 147, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Does a Mother’s Availability Matter in Educational Achievement Marie Cooper, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This study examines whether a mother’s availability to her child has an effect on her child’s years of education. The data used in this research was collected from The General Social Survey conducted in 2010, from which a scale was created to measure a mother’s availability. The results for this study are still pending. Efficient Market Hypothesis: Can Individuals and Institutions Beat the Market? Thomas Sharpe, Allan Walburger (Mentor) Billions of dollars are spend each year by financial institutions, businesses, and individuals in an effort to maximize the returns they receive from investments in various financial markets. Their goal may be to find undervalued securities, or they may use some of the hundreds of various technical indicators, oscillators, and chart patterns to predict future price movement. However, many investors are practitioners of the efficient market hypothesis which states, “…it is impossible to "beat the market" because stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and reflect all relevant information.” (Investopedia.com). These investors do not try to outperform the market, but simply create a diversified portfolio, or invest in an index fund, and only expect to receive whatever the market will give them. The purpose of this research will be to find an answer to the question: Can an individual or institution achieve a higher rate of return than the market rate of return, without taking on additional risk? In order to answer this question, I will collect data on active mutual funds, looking at the performance and other characteristics of each fund. I will draw conclusions from this data by utilizing regression analysis to test for statistically significant factors that influence the performance of a fund. Approaching the research in this manner not only should shed light on the validity of the efficient market hypothesis, but should also be able to illuminate factors that contribute to the exceptions. My claim and expectation is that the efficient market hypothesis will hold and, therefore, most of the variables will prove statistically insignificant. The subpar performance of professional investors is supported in the article, “Empirical Testing of Strong Form of Market Efficiency” by Deepak Gupta, Arti Anaund, and Rahini Singh. The authors cite eleven different studies taking place over different time periods which study mutual fund performance in comparison with the market as a whole. All of these studies have indicated that actively managed funds, on average, underperform the market.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 89 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology V, Oral Presentations TAY 147, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Financial Incentives and their Impact on Male and Female Graduation Rates at BYU‐Idaho Kevin Poaletti, Beverly Whiting, Allan Walburger (Mentor) For the past 30 years, national data have reflected a trend of women graduating from college at a higher rate than men. As female educational levels have begun to outpace male educational levels, there has been an impact on family dynamics and the roles that men and women play within marriage. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints has expressly stated that the roles of men and women, as those roles relate to the family, are divinely appointed. Declining rates of male graduation at BYU–Idaho may have negative repercussions on future marriages and the children those marriages bring into the world. Since the 1950s, various programs of the Federal Government have used financial incentives, including Pell grants and subsidized loans, to escalate collegiate graduation rates—especially among minorities and women (Zollinger, 1984). Economic theory purports that people respond to incentives; yet, very little research has been done to determine the empirical responses of males and females with regards to the incentives and constraints resulting from various injections of financial aid. This research gap, in combination with the growing disparity in male and female graduation rates, set the stage for this research. Our study analyzes the impact of financial aid by type on both male and female graduation rates at BYU‐Idaho. It is hypothesized that males and females do not respond identically to financial aid and, as such, these disparate responses may help explain the growing discrepancy between male and female graduation rates. How does An Individual's Health Impact their Income? Andy Emrich, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) Health is a major issue in today's society. This research presentation looks at the relationship between an individual’s weight class and the amount of money they make in their overall income yearly. Information was gathered from the data set “The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health from 2008” (Add Health). As an individual’s health decreases, this can have other impacts in that individual’s life. How does social media usage impact educational aspiration and why? Jonathan Blakeman, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) This study focuses on the relation between a 12th grade student’s social media usage and their educational aspirations. The study also controls for the students’ age, marital status, plans to serve in the military, gender, race, and average grade received. The data set used is the 2011 model of Monitoring the Future of 12th grade students. The results are pending at this time. This study can be used to gauge proper time limits and usage of social media in schools, work places, and at home, as to avoid a decrease in a 12th grade students desire to earn a higher education.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 90 of 90 Social Sciences Sociology V, Oral Presentations TAY 147, 04:30 PM to 06:30 PM

Rhetoric in Media Kandyce Cave, Joelle Moen (Mentor) The media industry plays a significant role in the lives of people, specifically, young adults today. Individuals are always, somehow, impacted by what they view through the media. This is evident in my personal experiences as well as in those that I have seen in others around me. For many years, the media industry has utilized Photoshop to influence public opinion and action. To make people more appealing to the public, companies highly altered images using Photoshop. The use of Photoshop to enhance models and public figures yielded a wave of negative backlash leading to numerous campaigns promoting “real beauty” and action against modifying people using Photoshop. By analyzing various media created by the fashion industry, I will highlight the rhetoric used to promote products. Additionally, I will look at the rhetoric employed through the “real beauty” media campaigns promoted by Dove and Aerie to illustrate how it affects the public. Analysis of both tactics will demonstrate the varying methods of how rhetoric is used to shape public opinion. Saving While in College Genevie Roylance, Janiel Nelson (Mentor) As a student Genevie learned several ways to save money. She did that by learning the truth that she had tools (resources) to save money. Those tools she found to include goal setting, time, and help from outside sources. Most of them were resources that she discovered as she went through college rather than before college. This paper is composed to show her opinion on how a student can still save money in school. She understands that some people or students feel like they are so far in debt that they can’t do anything. This paper is to help bring up ideas that may have not been thought of. In other words, this may be a new idea for some or can be a very boring paper for others because they happen to know everything about saving or are no longer a student. No matter the level of understanding in how to save, she hopes there may be a new idea or thought that can be taken individually. Resources used in this paper have been used personally. The presentation given is in concurrence to the paper as well as a practitioner project currently being in‐acted. The Effects of Money on an Individual's Happiness Levels. Tyler Stephenson, Tiffany Jenson (Mentor) The purpose of this study is to gained an understanding of how money impacts an individual’s happiness. While there has been studies done on this topic in the past, the prior literature says once an individual’s basic needs are met, money no longer plays a role in one’s happiness. The purpose of this study will be to reexamine this question and take into account materialism and desire of status in today’s world. This study uses data collected by Princeton Survey Research Associates International collected in 2012 to gain insight into the relationship between money and happiness.

Thursday, April 03, 2014 Page 91 of 90