How Multiple-Pest Attack Impacts Plant-Mediated Indirect Interactions on Tomato Crops? Yanyan Qu

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How Multiple-Pest Attack Impacts Plant-Mediated Indirect Interactions on Tomato Crops? Yanyan Qu How multiple-pest attack impacts plant-mediated indirect interactions on tomato crops? Yanyan Qu To cite this version: Yanyan Qu. How multiple-pest attack impacts plant-mediated indirect interactions on tomato crops?. Vegetal Biology. COMUE Université Côte d’Azur (2015 - 2019), 2019. English. NNT : 2019AZUR6035. tel-03049732 HAL Id: tel-03049732 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03049732 Submitted on 10 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE DE DOCTORAT Interactions indirectes médiées par la plante sous contraintes biotiques multiples Yanyan QU Ecologie des Communautés dans les Agro-écosystèmes UMR INRA 1355 Présentée en vue de l’obtention Devant le jury, composé de : du grade de docteur en Sciences de la Rapporteur : Philippe Giordanengo, Vie et de la Santé (ED85) Rapporteur : Lucia Zappala, d’Université Côte d’Azur Examinateur : Anne-Violette Lavoir Dirigée par : Nicolas DESNEUX Examinateur : Yvan Capowiez Co-encadrée par : Anne-Violette LAVOIR Examinateur : Peng Han Soutenue le : 9 Décembre 2019 Examinateur : Thomas Michel Directeur de Thèse : Nicolas Desneux Interactions indirectes médiées par la plante sous contraintes biotiques multiples Identification du jury Rapporteur : Philippe Giordanengo, Professeur, Université Amiens Rapporteur : Lucia Zappala, Professeur, University of Catania (Italie) Examinateur: Anne-Violette Lavoir, Maitre de Conférences, Université Côte d'Azur Examinateur : Yvan Capowiez, Chargé de Recherche, INRA Avignon Examinateur: Peng Han, Research Scientist, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chine) Examinateur : Thomas Michel, Maitre de Conférences, Université Côte d'Azur Directeur de Thèse : Nicolas Desneux, Directeur de Recherche, INRA Sophia-Antipolis Interactions indirectes médiées par la plante sous contraintes biotiques multiples Les plantes, en tant que producteurs primaires, peuvent être consommées/attaquées par de nombreux organismes, notamment des virus, des pathogènes, des insectes herbivores ou encore des nématodes phytophages. D'une part, les plantes sont une ressource alimentaire principale pour ces organismes ; d'autre part, les plantes peuvent se défendre contre ces consommateurs en mobilisant des défenses constitutives et/ou induites. En cas de défenses induites suite à l’attaque d’un ravageur, des interactions indirectes médiées par la plante peuvent apparaitre entre ce ravageur et d’autres ravageurs partageant le même hôte i.e. la présence d’un ravageur va provoquer des modifications au niveau de la plante qui peuvent à leur tour impacter les autres ravageurs présents sur la même plante. Tout d’abord, les effets sublétaux de la bêta-cyperméthrine, un pesticide de type pyréthrinoïdes, ont été évalués sur les interactions interspécifiques entre le puceron spécialiste Aphis glycines et le puceron généraliste Aulacorthum solani sur soja. La concentration sublétale (LC5) de bêta- cyperméthrine accélère la compétition interspécifique entre les deux espèces de pucerons. La sensibilité des plants de soja aux pucerons induite par une pré-infestation d’une autre espèce de puceron pourrait ainsi être considérablement réduite par une exposition préalable à la bêta- cyperméthrine sublétaux. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux facteurs biotiques susceptibles de moduler les interactions indirectes. Dans ce cadre, divers ravageurs, à savoir le puceron, la chenille, le phytopathogène et le nématode, ont été introduits et suivis sur des plants de tomate, Solanum lycopersicum. La performance des ravageurs arthropodes, (e.g. le nombre d'individus de pucerons et le taux de développement des larves de lépidoptères) était corrélée au nombre d’interactions indirectes (i.e. au nombre d’espèces de ravageurs partageant le même hôte), que les ravageurs attaquent les plants de tomate séquentiellement ou simultanément. En effet, lorsque les ravageurs étaient mis en présence d’un plant de tomate de manière simultanée, la performance des insectes était positivement corrélée au nombre d’interactions indirectes. A l’inverse, lorsque les ravageurs étaient mis en présence de plants de tomate de façon séquentielle, la performance des insectes ravageurs était négativement corrélée à l'abondance des interactions indirectes. Enfin, aucune corrélation n'a pas été détectée pour les pathogènes, champignons et nematodes. D’autre part, nous avons pu mettre en évidence que la présence de nématodes et d’oïdium réduisait à court-terme i.e. à l’échelle d’une génération l’abondance de pucerons sur un plant de tomate attaqués par ces trois ravageurs. Nous avons voulu tester cette intéraction indirecte sur du long-terme i.e. à l’échelle d’un suivi de la dynamique de populations des pucerons. De plus, nous avons ajouté à cette expérimentation des parasitoïdes du puceron afin de voir l’impact de ces interactions indirectes sur le troisième niveau trophique. La population de pucerons impliquée dans les interactions indirectes testées a été réduite à court et à long terme parce-que la survie des nymphes diminuait. De plus, le nombre de pucerons ailés a augmenté. Enfin, le taux de parasitisme de l’ennemi naturel Aphidius ervi. Ainsi, ce travail démontre la présence d’interactions indirectes fortes entre les différents ravageurs partageant une même plante hôte et ces interactions sont susceptibles d’être modulées par de nombreux facteurs comme le nombre ou encore la diversité des ravageurs. De plus, elles sont susceptibles de modifier le service de biocontrole rendu par les auxiliaires des cultures ainsi que le rendement de la culture. Il est donc nécessaire de comprendre et prendre en compte ces interactions indirectes dans le cadre d’attaques multiples pour adopter les stratégies IPM les plus adéquates. Mots clés: interaction trophique, relation hôte-parasite, interactions plantes-insectes, défense chimique des plantes, biodiversité des ravageurs, insectes herbivores, phytopathogènes How multiple-pest attack impacts plant-mediated indirect interactions on tomato crops? In the agroecosystem, plant crops are the primary trophic producer that can be consumed/parasitized by a plethora of organisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes and many herbivore insects. On one hand, plants support these organisms as food resources; on the other hand, plants defend themselves against those consumers by employing constitutive and induced defenses. Both features might be involved in plant-mediated indirect interactions when multiple pests share the same host plant. It means that the presence of one pest might have an indirect effect on another plant through the modification of some plant host features (nutritional quality or defense). During my Ph.D. study, I assessed the modulating factors (both abiotic and biotic factors) that might affect the plant-mediated indirect interactions, and also investigated the influences of such indirect interactions at long term and on a tri-trophic system, and finally analyzed the underlying phytochemical mechanisms by mechabolomics analyses. Firstly, sublethal effects of beta-cypermethrin, a pyrethroid pesticide as the abiotic factor, were assessed on the interspecific interactions between the specialist aphid Aphis glycines, and the generalist aphid Aulacorthum solani on soybeans. Sublethal concentration (LC5) of beta- cypermethrin accelerated the interspecific competition between the two species of aphids. Induced susceptibility of soybean plants to one species of aphids caused by the other species would be significantly impaired by the exposure to sublethal beta-cypermethrin. Secondly, various pest species abundance and feeding strategies, i.e. the piercing-sucking aphid, the chewing caterpillar, the plant fungus and the root-knot nematode, were introduced on tomato plants, Solanum lycopersicum to evaluate the plant-mediated indirect interactions among these pests. In the results, insect performances, i.e. the number of aphid individuals and development rate of caterpillar larva, were correlated to the abundance of indirect interactions whether pests attacked tomato plants sequentially or simultaneously. When pests attacked tomato plants at the same time, insect performances were positively correlated to the abundance of indirect interactions. Nevertheless, when pests infested tomato plants in sequence, the insect performances were negatively correlated to the abundance of indirect interactions. However, such a correlation was not detected with the pathogenic organisms (fungi and nematodes). Thirdly, the population dynamic of aphid M. euphorbiae was also monitored under a tri-trophic system. We found that the aphid population, involved in the above-belowground interactions, slowed down in both the short term and long term via reduced survival of nymph aphids and facilitating induction of winged aphids. Furthermore, parasitism efficiency of the natural enemy Aphidius ervi to aphids and tomato yields were also reduced by such above- belowground interactions. Lastly, following an untargeted metabolomic approach, we detected many significant chemical variations between non-infested
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