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John Steinbeck: the Man and the Environment (Intertextuality in the Social Awareness of Steinbeck’S in Dubious Battle, of Mice and Men, and the Grapes of Wrath)

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John Steinbeck: the Man and the Environment (Intertextuality in the Social Awareness of Steinbeck’S in Dubious Battle, of Mice and Men, and the Grapes of Wrath) JOHN STEINBECK: THE MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT (INTERTEXTUALITY IN THE SOCIAL AWARENESS OF STEINBECK’S IN DUBIOUS BATTLE, OF MICE AND MEN, AND THE GRAPES OF WRATH) AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By RINI HANDAYANI Student Number: 984214162 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would express my gratitude to my advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Widjanarka, M.Hum. for his valuable advice and guidance. I also express my gratitude to my co-advisor Dra. Th. Enny Anggraini, M.A., for her advice and suggestion in revising my thesis. I also would like to thank to all of the lecturers and staffs, especially Dr. Fr. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., Dr. Novita Dewi, M.A.,M.S., Hons. Drs. F.X. Siswadi, M.A., Arti Wulandari, S.S, M.A., Tatang Iskarna, S.S, M.Hum, Dewi Widyastuti, SPd, M.Hum., and Mbak Nik. Thanks to Medira Ferayanti in the University of London, Cik Irene Amelia in Amsterdam and Dra. Milda M.Si in Bandung for your lovely friendship. Good luck with your study! To my beloved friend, Peter Healey in Midland, West Australia, thank you for your sympathy when “The catastrophe of May, 2006” happened. You empowered me emotionally. To the family of Nora Robbers in Amsterdam and my parents who love me, I appreciate your valuable advice to face unpredictable life. I will never forget you, all. My deepest gratitude is also addressed to my former colleagues in the following companies. First, it goes to all of the staffs in PT. Rekayasa Industry Construction and Engineering, Kalibata, Jakarta, PKT Bontang, and BNI 46 Bontang, Kal-Tim thank you for trusting me to work with you all. To all of the staffs and the former superintendents in PT. Badak NGL, Bontang, Kal-Tim, thank you supporting my husband in the plant site. To the former manager of PT. Total Indonesiee, Balikpapan, Monsieur Michele Monkerhey and my friend Drs. Roni Suryo Baskoro, M.Hum., thank you for iv spending your time with me to teach me French. I’m so sorry I could not finish my project in Balikpapan. I hope some day I can complete it. I also thank all of the lecturers of Bandung Institute of Technology who have been in Bontang, especially Dr. Sanggono, M.Sc. who is always humble lecturer. Thank you to teach my husband to know more about chemistry and dedication in work. To all PRAMIS community in Bandung and Jakarta, thank you for accepting me to be the member of PRAMIS. To Drs. B. Rahmanto, M.Hum. thank you for the same hobby of reading Pram. To the family of the late P.A.T, thank you for your warm welcome in your nice house. To Egi, QB Bookshop Senayan Plaza, Jakarta, thank you for choosing me Steinbeck’s books. To Mrs. John Szot and all of the American citizens in Bontang, who did not want to discuss the American policy and the communism in America during 30’s with me, I’m so sorry if you think that talking about the American politics is “useless”. I just want to get the complete data for Steinbeck. Lastly, I would like to thank my husband, Purwito and my daughter, Jasmine Purwitaningrum, for their constant love. I promise I will be home soon. I LOVE YOU. RINI HANDAYANI v TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................ ii ACCEPTENCE PAGE ........................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................ v ABSTRACT ………………………....................................................... vi ABSTRAK ......................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.......................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study................................................................ 1 B. Problem Formulation ..................................................................... 3 C. Objectives of the Study .................................................................. 3 D. Definitions of Terms ...................................................................... 3 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW......................................... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................. 5 B. Review of Related Theories........................................................... 10 1. Theory Character and Characterization..................................... 10 2. Theory of Socialist Realism ...................................................... 11 3. Theory of Capitalism................................................................. 14 4. Theory of Marxism.................................................................... 15 C. Review on the Historical-Biographical Background ..................... 17 D. Theoretical Framework .................................................................. 21 vi CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ..................................................... 23 A. Object of the Study ........................................................................ 23 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................... 25 C. Method of the Study....................................................................... 27 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS .................................................................. 29 A. The Suffering of the Lower Class; Weak in Bargaining, Power, and Poverty as seen in Steinbeck’s In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, and The Grapes of Wrath.............................................. 29 B. Possible Backgrounds that May Influence John Steinbeck’s Tendency to Shape his Social Consciousness by Revealing the Social Issues in the Three Novels .................................................. 39 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ............................................................. 43 BIBLIOGRAPHY... .............................................................................. 45 APPENDICES ....................................................................................... 48 vii ABSTRACT Rini, Handayani (2007) John Steinbeck: The Man and the Environment (Intertextuality in the Social Awareness of Steinbeck’s In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, and The Grapes of Wrath. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, and The Grapes of, are related in the stories and written by the same writer, John Steinbeck. These novels reveal the social realism issues. The writer lives during the Great Depression in America in which people dream of the future land and the prosperity. In the Promised land, California, all their dreams are ruined and the poor remain poor. Every character tries to struggle and reach his or her dream. It is obvious that John Steinbeck uses his own research and interview with the migrant people to give the detail condition of the lower class people. Steinbeck sees the dominant ideologies neither communism nor capitalism actually bring a better hope for its participants. Therefore in this study on social awareness, there are two questions that should be answered to reveal the intertextuality in the social awareness of John Steinbeck’s novels. The questions are (1) How are the lower class’s sufferings described in Steinbeck’s In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, and The Grapes of Wrath?, (2) What possible background may have influenced John Steinbeck’s tendency to vocalize the lower class’s sufferings and their struggle in the term of social issues? There are two approaches of the study used in analyzing the problems. They are Marxist approach and History-biographical approach. Both approaches are used to have a deep understanding on John Steinbeck’s social awareness of the lower class people. The discussion of problem one points out the characteristics of each character in Steinbeck’s novels as the part of the lower class people who often suffer and they can not control the holistic system. The ruling class people try to preserve their position and prosperity for themselves. During the Great Depression, most of depressed people, represented by the lower class people posses impossible dream. The discussion of problem two is the possible background may have influenced John Steinbeck to vocalize the suffering and the way of the lower class people struggling. Steinbeck lives in the period of the Great Depression and settles in California. He himself is a poverty witness. He is obsessed with the ideology of communism. Then, he changes his mind after realizing that communism also exploits its participants. He is still on the side of the poor, but he is not a member of communist party. The conclusions of those discussions on each character in John Steinbeck’s In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, and The Grapes of Wrath and the possible background may have influenced Steinbeck to vocalize the lower class’s sufferings and the way of their struggling are the changing step of Steinbeck to bring the democracy spirit and to respect all of kind of humanity. viii ABSTRAK RINI HANDAYANI (2007). John Steinbeck: The Man and the Environment (Intertextuality in the Social Awareness of Steinbeck’s In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, and The Grapes of Wrath). Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters,
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