ODI Annual Report 2003/2004

Overseas Development Institute

ODI is Britain's leading independent think-tank on international development and humanitarian issues. Our mission is to inspire and inform policy and practice which lead to the reduction of poverty, the alleviation of suffering and the achievement of sustainable livelihoods in developing countries. We do this by locking together high-quality applied research, practical policy advice, and policy-focused dissemination and debate. We work with partners in the public and private sectors, in both developing and developed countries. ODI's work centres on its research and policy groups and programmes:

Research Groups • Humanitarian Policy • Poverty and Public Policy • Rural Policy and Governance • International Economic Development

Research Programmes • Research and Policy in Development • Forest Policy and Environment • Water Policy Programme • Rights in Action • Partnership Brokers Accreditation Scheme • Development Performance of Business • European Development Cooperation

ODI publishes two journals, Development Policy Review and Disasters, and manages three international networks linking researchers, policy-makers and practitioners: the Agricultural Research and Extension Network, the Rural Development Forestry Network, and the Humanitarian Practice Network. In addition, it hosts the Secretariat of The Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action. ODI manages the ODI Fellowship Scheme, which places young economists on attachment to the governments of developing countries, and the Economic and Statistics Analysis Unit, established by the Department for International Development.

As a registered charity, ODI is dependent on outside funds and is supported by grants and donations from public and private sources.

Charity No. 228248, Register of Companies No. 661818

Design and layout by Pippa Leask and Peter Gee Policy Briefs edited by Barbara Gunnell

Printed in the UK by Russell Press Ltd, Nottingham

© Overseas Development Institute 2004

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004

Contents

Statement by the Chair 3 Director’s Review 4 Poverty and Public Policy 6 • Chronic poverty: a way out of the trap 7 • Behind the rhetoric: the relevance of human rights for development and humanitarian action 10 Economic and Statistics Analysis Unit 12 Research and Policy in Development 13 • Bridges across boundaries: linking research and policy in international development 13 This Annual Report covers • Bridging research and policy: the RAPID approach 14 the period April 2003 to March 2004 and was International Economic Development 16 • published in July 2004. Offshoring: opportunities and threats as services go global 18 Rural Policy and Governance 20 • Rural India learns new ways to earn its living 21 • Waiting for water 23 • Illegal logging: who gains from tighter controls? 24 • Food security: what have we learned from the Southern Africa crisis? 26 Humanitarian Policy 28 • How humanitarianism is changing 30 Public Affairs and Communications 32 ODI Fellowship Scheme 34 Finance 36 Funders 37 Publications 38 Meetings 44 Research Specialisations 45

Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD, UK

Telephone: +44 (0)20 7922 0300 Fax: +44 (0)20 7922 0399 [email protected]

Website: www.odi.org.uk

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 1 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004

ODI Council

Chair Baroness Jay

Zeinab Badawi* Martin Griffiths Lydia Pretzlik Tony Baldry MP Lord Holme Salil Shetty Andrew Barnett Sir Richard Jolly Prof Frances Stewart Hugh Bayley MP Tess Kingham Lord Stone Andrew Bennett Sir Timothy Lankester* Dr Diane Stone Dominic Bruynseels Prof Michael Lipton Anuradha Vittachi Earl Cairns Sir Michael McWilliam Stewart Wallis William Day Rupert Pennant-Rea Bowen Wells Lord Desai* Avinash Persaud Baroness Janet Whitaker Larry Elliott Sharon Persaud * Stood down this year

2 Annual Report 2003/2004 Statement by the Chair

The persistence of global poverty gives direction and purpose to our work at ODI – along with our determination that research should play its full part in finding and delivering solutions. We are challenged to help shape the evolving agenda and respond to it.

This has been an uneasy period for those concerned with international development. During the year under review, aid funds have been diverted to Iraq’s reconstruction, and the UN’s authority has been at risk. Looking forward, however, there are more positive opportunities for action and leadership. In 2005, the UK will hold both the Chair of the G8 Group of leading industrial nations and the Presidency of the EU. The Africa Commission set up by Prime Minister Tony Blair will report. At the same time, the UN will host a large international Conference to assess progress towards its Millennium Development Goals.

The ODI is already taking part in preparation for this pivotal year, but the Institute, with its partners, needs to do more to ensure that good ideas generate strategic action.

ODI’s unique expertise is precisely here, at the interface of ideas and action. We demonstrated that in many ways during the year. For example, our research on the future of European Development Cooperation led us to write a series of Briefing Papers and host eight public meetings on the subject in London. These were addressed by two UK Government ministers and by senior European politicians like Chris Patten and Glenys Kinnock. In addition, and in parallel, we worked with partners around Europe to set up a collaboration with the European Association of Development Institutes which has generated a similar level of activity in Italy, Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands and many other countries. We hope that our efforts, and those of our counterparts elsewhere, will help inform and improve European decision-making in the years to come.

There are other examples. I have been particularly pleased by the part played by the Humanitarian Policy Group in informing debate about Iraq, and, more recently, Sudan. Again, a combination of private briefings, published Briefing Papers, and open meetings have helped to inform and sometimes guide Parliamentarians, policy-makers and the media. In Africa, I would single out the work of the Forum on Food Security in Southern Africa, led by Elizabeth Cromwell – another excellent demonstration of the value of cross-country partnerships.

ODI’s contribution is recognised internationally, and we often find ourselves called upon to provide advice or training on how to bridge research and policy. Our RAPID programme, Research and Policy in Development, led by John Young, has grown fast. I’m delighted that DFID has agreed to provide long-term support to work in this area, through a Partnership Programme Agreement, signed in May 2004. This new collaboration owes much to the hard work of Simon Maxwell and his colleagues, who have convinced the government of their vision of ODI’s invaluable think tank role. It is a vision that I, and other members of Council, enthusiastically endorse.

Council has undergone its usual process of renewal, and it is both a pleasure and a duty to thank those standing down and welcome their successors. Our thanks go to Zeinab Badawi, Lord Meghnad Desai and Sir Timothy Lancaster; and we extend a warm welcome to Sharon Persaud, Lydia Pretzlik, Stewart Wallis and Baroness Janet Whitaker. In addition, I would like to thank my Deputy, Dominic Bruynseels, for his superb efforts during a year of transition on the administrative and financial side of ODI. We now have an excellent new Head of Finance and Administration, P.J. Greeves; and as the following pages show, ODI is in better financial health than for some years past.

Can we continue, as our Mission Statement suggests, both to ‘inspire and inform’ development policy? I certainly believe so. ODI has never been stronger – and its contribution never more needed.

Margaret Jay

Annual Report 2003/2004 3 Director’s Review

collective action theory to the reform of ‘There’s nothing so practical as a good theory’. Those words, by the social the UN. However, there are two other psychologist, Kurt Lewin, should be emblazoned above the door of any aspects of our work that need to be self-respecting research institute or think-tank – and, indeed, on the door highlighted. of any self-respecting development agency. multidisciplinary... The first is that development studies Researchers need theory, and so, too, do needs not just to be eclectic but to be practitioners. The reason has been well instrumentally multi-disciplinary. ODI’s expressed by Michael Ignatieff, who work illustrates that precept. In its early observed that ‘the absence of narrative of days, ODI’s staff were mostly economists. explanation erodes the ethics of Now, our 60 researchers include political engagement’. To put this another way, if scientists, sociologists, anthropologists, we want to be useful, our job as geographers, specialists in international researchers is not just to describe but to relations, natural scientists, and lawyers. explain – and that job needs theory. These different disciplines work well together when they combine their ODI understands about theory, but also theoretical and practical perspectives in that theory is subject to challenge and order to tackle specific, shared problems. change. As it happens, this is an exceptionally active period of challenge: Take, for example, our work on poorly- the ‘perestroika movement’ in political performing countries – a broad grouping science, a reaction to the dominance of which includes failed and failing states, rational choice theory in that discipline; countries under stress, and countries (or the unfortunately-named ‘post-autistic’ parts of large countries) characterised by economics movement, reacting against poor governance and a poor develop- ment record. Here is an issue that ‘if we want to be useful, our job politicians in developed countries take as researchers is not just to very seriously, as a development describe but to explain – and problem, and also because of the threat of exported terror and issues connected that job needs theory’. to migration and disease. Poor perform- ance is an issue that is difficult to deal the dominance of mathematics in with in an aid environment focusing on economics; and a more general revival of country ownership and country-led heterodox economics, questioning the development processes. Our work, led by prescriptions of neo-classical Andrew Shepherd and Joanna Macrae, approaches. These challenges play well brought together a multi-disciplinary in our discipline of development studies, team, which analysed the numbers but which has always been eclectic. ‘different disciplines work well Theory-based... together when they combine But eclectic does not equate to empty, their theoretical and practical and I am pleased that ODI researchers perspectives in order to tackle engage with theory. A good example is our current work on ‘drivers of change’, specific, shared problems’. unpacking the politics of policy-making and poverty reduction in developing also developed a new way of thinking countries. This work is led by David about the juridical and empirical Booth, whose observation that ‘politics sovereignty of such countries, and about matters’ in the formulation of poverty their relations with the outside world. reduction strategies has led him on to a deeper encounter with the problems of Another example is our work on patrimonial societies, in which political inequality, led by Andy McKay, which success is marked by personal patronage combined economics with other and rent-seeking. The work is proceeding disciplines to analyse inequality in in various African countries and is far China, Brazil and South Africa. The from abstract: it leads to descriptive and workshop we hosted in London at the diagnostic tools which can then inform end of this project featured lively intervention strategies – for example, exchanges on topics ranging from the mapping the political incentives measurement of inequality to issues of sustaining corruption, or suggesting social exclusion and the participation of likely pitfalls in the reform of budget different groups in the growth process. It processes. was especially fascinating to listen to our Chinese colleagues debating with their There are many other examples. I might counterparts from Brazil and South cite the work of our RAPID team on the Africa: experts from a country where theory and practice of policy rapid growth has greatly reduced poverty, entrepreneurship, or my own work with but where inequality has increased, Sarah Gillinson on the application of especially between regions, debating

4 Annual Report 2003/2004 Director’s Review with others from countries where contribution the Water Policy discrimination and ethnicity are the Programme is making to the way water primary drivers of inequality, but where issues are dealt with in Poverty Reduction slow growth also limits the room for Strategy Papers. manoeuvre. This model, of working closely with and practical implementers, leads to strong The second characteristic of our work is relationships, both programmatic and that we do not just assume good financial. In the best cases, a group of theoretical work is practical, we try to donors supports a programme of work at make sure that it is. This is ODI in its ODI: for example, the Humanitarian think-tank mode, emphasising the bridge Policy Group is supported program- to policy. As the theory shows, good matically by a diverse Advisory Group, policy entrepreneurship needs good and financially by 21 donors. Our recommendations, but also good strongest set of relationships is with networks, a strong engagement with DFID, which supports HPG, but also implementation, and a sense of the other major programmes like the ODI political context for change. Fellowship Scheme. We were especially pleased this year to be able to negotiate a Our work on trade very much fits this Partnership Programme Agreement with model. This year, for example, we carried DFID, which will provide for long term out new analysis of the impact of collaboration and support on the developed country cotton subsidies on question of civil society voices in policy ‘good policy entrepreneurship production and income in developing processes – that includes strengthening needs good recommendations, countries. The quantitative research ODI’s own capacity, but also our work but also good networks, a strong showed that EU subsidies were with research institutes, think-tanks and engagement with implement- particularly detrimental to West African NGOs in developing countries. countries, more so than had been ation, and a sense of the political thought, because markets are more ODI is continuing to move forward. As context for change’. segmented than previous calculations Margaret Jay observes, we are financially had allowed for. This was interesting stronger than for some years. We have research, but it was also much in reorganised on the research side in order demand, with great pressure on Sheila to work more effectively, creating new Page and Ian Gillson to complete the cross-cutting programmes, like our research quickly and make it available to exciting new initiative on rights, led by policy analysts and trade negotiators in Laure-Hélène Piron, which brings government circles. The policy world together specialists from across the moves quickly and imposes tight Institute. We have merged the rural and deadlines: ODI needs to – and does – forestry groups, under the new respond. leadership of Andrew Shepherd. And we have also created a new partnership and In other areas, too, we are directly communications group, under the engaged in the policy debate. Our work leadership of John Young, as the vehicle on EU development policy has deep roots for our expanded dissemination and over many years, but was highly visible policy bridging efforts. On the this year through our meetings and the administrative side, the arrival of P.J. six Briefing Papers coordinated by Sven Greeves has brought new energy to our Grimm. We are playing an active part in finance, personnel and administration coordinating a European-wide functions. programme of research and policy debate. Similarly, our new programme of One or two researchers left this year, and work on aid architecture, led by Andrew merit our thanks and good wishes. Tim Rogerson, struck a policy chord, feeding Conway is now in Cambodia, working for into debate about Gordon Brown’s the World Bank, and Tim Williamson is proposed new International Financing based in Uganda (though still working Facility, but also into the wider debate with ODI as a Research Associate). about how the extraordinary proliferation Others have joined us: we welcome Priya of aid agencies and funds can be tamed. Deshingkar, Ruth Driscoll, Sven Grimm, Paolo de Renzio, Andrew Rogerson, It is worth emphasising the importance Samantha Smith and Victoria Wheeler. of implementation, of working with what the literature describes as the ‘street-level bureaucrats’. Much of our research is Simon Maxwell influential in this way: for example, the work on budget reform of our Centre on Aid and Public Expenditure, the work of our rural team on new ways to link social security and long-term development, the work of the Humanitarian Policy Group on needs assessment, or the important

Annual Report 2003/2004 5 Poverty and Public Policy

effectiveness of past and current state Technological innovation and well-directed financial injections both have responses; and the reforms that are significant roles to play in reducing international poverty. However, even required to enable ethnic a cursory examination of the unevenness of development performance accommodation. Case studies cover between countries points to a more important gap in current Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, development efforts – understanding of the processes and institutions Guyana, Martinique and Guadeloupe. that influence the successful application of known techniques and the (Joy Moncrieffe) effective deployment of available development resources. The Poverty and Public Policy Group is dedicated to addressing this gap. An Justice and rights interconnected set of political, policy-process, financial-management and Safety, security and access to justice aid-delivery issues constitute the core of the agenda and were reflected • in the Group’s work programme for 2003/04. DFID has adopted an innovative, ‘sector-wide’ approach to justice-sector reform, which ODI is supporting with a Poverty and inequality call-down contract. However, translating • Middle-Income Countries (MICs) this new approach into policy dialogue account for a substantial proportion of and joint programmes in partner global poverty and deprivation. Research countries is proving a challenge. at ODI for DFID reviewed the complex Institutional resistance to the new way of forces generating high levels of inequality thinking is strong. Both donors and in many MICs, drawing on case studies of partners find it easier to think in terms of Brazil, China and South Africa. a project to strengthen a particular Governments can reduce inequality, institution, than to address how system- efficiently and effectively, by a sensible wide processes are impacting on the choice of economic and fiscal policies. poor. (Laure-Hélène Piron) Also needed, however, are political tactics, strategies and alliances that • Most poor people access justice or ensure that redistributive policies are improve their safety and security by using both adopted and implemented. (Edward ‘non-state’ mechanisms, such as informal Anderson, Tim Conway, Andrew McKay, arbitration by chiefs or community-based Joy Moncrieffe, Tammie O’Neil, Laure- neighbourhood watches. Only rarely do Hélène Piron) they make use of the courts or the police. ODI assisted DFID in the development of • Reform of international trade policy new guidance on non-state institutions, can have significant effects on inequality and in the design of a research project on within countries. Research at ODI has ‘primary justice’ in Malawi. (Laure- reviewed the many channels through Hélène Piron) which changes in trade policy can affect domestic inequality in theory, and Human rights and development currently available evidence regarding • ODI led a review of how DFID has the size of these effects in practice. Joint integrated human rights into its work, research between ODI and IDS explains and also evaluated the impact of Swiss the ways in which trade policy and guidance documents on human rights spatial patterns of activity, particularly and the rule of law. Both studies revealed rural-urban balances, may be linked, and awareness amongst donor agencies of the suggests areas in which further enquiry importance of equality, non-discrimina- may be particularly fruitful. (Edward tion, participation, accountability and the Anderson) rule of law, but less widespread use of the international human rights framework. • ‘Ethnic Diversity and State Response in Some found difficulties in operation- the Caribbean’ is the topic of a alising and communicating ‘human background paper prepared at ODI for rights-based approaches’ and there UNDP’s 2004 Human Development remains some scepticism about the value Village head, providing local dispute resolution, Report. It analyses the historical causes of such approaches. (Laure-Hélène Chikwawa, Malawi (© Laure-Hélène Piron) of racial and ethnic tensions and Piron, Julius Court (RAPID), Tammie inequality in the Caribbean; the O’Neil)

Poverty and Public Policy Group David Booth Group Coordinator Tim Williamson* Research Fellow Nambusi Kyegombe Research Officer Kate Bird Research Fellow Caroline Moser Senior Research Associate Joy Moncrieffe Research Officer Karin Christiansen Research Fellow Alison Evans Research Associate Samantha Smith Research Officer Tim Conway Research Fellow Edward Anderson Research Officer Jane Northey* Group Administrator Paolo de Renzio Research Fellow Erin Coyle* Research Officer Chris Taylor Group Administrator Andy McKay Research Fellow Zaza Curran Research Officer Tammie O’Neil Development Policy Review Laure-Hélène Piron Research Fellow Ruth Driscoll Research Officer Production Coordinator Michael Warner Research Fellow Ursula Grant Research Officer * Left during the year

6 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Poverty and Public Policy

Policy brief Chronic poverty: a way out of the trap Ursula Grant

Between 300 and 420 million people are causes of chronic poverty are the same as presently trapped in chronic poverty. those of transitory poverty, just more They have experienced deprivation over intensely experienced, affecting a larger many years, many of them for their entire number of people and lasting longer. In lives. Their legacy to their children is other cases, there is a qualitative likely to be lives of similar poverty. This is difference. Chronic poverty seldom the estimate of the Chronic Poverty results from one clear cause. Rather, it The Chronic Poverty Report 2004–05 was Report 2004/05 launched at the House tends to follow an accumulation of events launched on the 12 May at the House of of Commons in May 2004 by Hilary Benn, or influences operating at different levels Commons, by Hilary Benn and Gordon Brown Secretary of State for International from the household to the global. (left to right: Aasha Kapur Mehta, Charles Lwanga Development, and Gordon Brown, Ntale, Hilary Benn, Gordon Brown and David The Chronic Poverty Report highlights Hulme) Chancellor of the Exchequer. the factors that help trap communities, The report pulls together three years of families and individuals: can equally benefit the chronically poor, work within the University of • Economic stagnation, low or narrowly there is a particular need to focus on the Manchester’s Chronic Poverty Research based growth. needs of the latter. Centre and sets a benchmark for • Social exclusion and adverse Government and international subsequent assessments. ODI Research incorporation – people are often development policies need to place Fellow, Andrew Shepherd, is deputy discriminated against and stigmatised, greater emphasis on preventing and director of the Centre, which has partners and then forced to engage in economic mitigating the shocks and insecurities based in Bangladesh, Kenya, India, South activities and social relations that keep that create and maintain chronic poverty. Africa, Uganda and the UK. them poor (poorly paid and insecure Chronically poor people not only need Chronic poverty is not simply about work; minimal access to social protection opportunities to improve their situation, having a low income. It is about multi- and basic services; dependent upon they also need targeted support and dimensional deprivation: being hungry, patrons). protection, and they need political action being poorly nourished, having access • High levels of deprivation, particularly that directly addresses the social only to dirty drinking water, not being during childhood exclusion they often face. Social literate, having no access to health • Spatial chronic poverty traps – poor protection policies may well demand services and being socially isolated and and disadvantaged agro-ecological areas, greater attention and more resources. often economically exploited. where there are low resources, weak The rhetoric of ‘empowerment’, The report shows that the long-term economic integration with the national ‘participatory approaches’, and of poor are not a homogeneous group, but economy, and commonly social decentralisation and human rights, needs include many different types of people exclusion, and political marginalisation, to give way to more difficult political such as those who are discriminated creating log jams of disadvantage. questions of how to challenge the against or stigmatised, or simply invisible • Governance failures, particularly different layers of discrimination that to their neighbours and outside agencies. problems associated with conflict and keep people trapped in poverty. Others may be socially marginalised ‘weak’, ‘failing’ or ‘failed’ states where The chronically poor are often because of ethnicity, gender or religion. economic opportunities are few, health perceived in the popular imagination as They may be nomadic or members of and education and social protection dependent and passive, a prejudice that indigenous groups or castes that suffer services are usually not available and has had an influence on development low status. Across the developing world, people can easily fall into desperate policy. However, nothing could be further migrants and bonded labourers and tens poverty. from the truth. Most people in chronic of millions of refugees and those • International factors, including failed poverty are striving to improve their displaced within national boundaries are and limited international cooperation for livelihood and the prospects for their also vulnerable to chronic poverty, as are poverty reduction. children. They do it in circumstances that disabled people and those with severe Some chronically poor people are born they have not chosen. Supporting their health problems, notably, in recent years, into long-term deprivation; but many efforts to attain their rights and overcome those affected by HIV/AIDS. slide into poverty after a shock or a series the obstacles that presently trap them in The chronically poor live in all world of shocks from which they are unable to poverty requires a level of commitment regions but are concentrated in certain recover. These might include ill-health or from those who seek to help, matched by places. South Asia has the largest number injury, environmental shocks, natural action and resources. – estimated to be between 135 and 190 disasters, violence, the breakdown of law Such poverty cannot be tackled million people. However, the highest and order, and market and economic without actual transfer of resources and incidence of chronic poverty is found in collapse. When such shocks are severe or predictable financial support. If we sub-Saharan Africa, where 30-40 per cent repeated (or both), those who have intend to attempt such a task, then we of all those living on US$1/day or less are neither private assets to fall back on nor must first challenge the political both extremely poor and are trapped in collective or institutional support indifference of many governments to poverty. They number an estimated 90- structures they can rely on, may slide into meeting their national and international 120 million. irreversible poverty. obligations on poverty eradication. Why are so many millions unable to The Chronic Poverty Report argues that climb out of poverty? Sometimes the although many policies aimed at the poor www.chronicpoverty.org

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 7 Poverty and Public Policy

• The ‘right to development’ is working to move this logjam. It remains a controversial concept. commissioned ODI’s Centre for ODI contributed to UN discussion Aid and Public Expenditure on its implementation by linking (CAPE) to produce a paper it to the current international outlining ways to improve donor consensus on aid effectiveness, accountability and predictability of alignment with national systems aid flows through alignment with and donor accountability to the recipient countries’ planning and citizens of poor countries. (Laure- budgetary cycles. Aid flows need to Hélène Piron, Karin Christiansen, be provided in a manner that Zaza Curran, Tammie O’Neil) reinforces, rather than undermines recipient governments’ own Politics of change budgetary and financial management processes. (Paolo de Understanding drivers of Renzio, Samantha Smith, Tim change Children, Kisoro District, Uganda (© Kate Bird) Williamson) • Donor agencies tend to operate with a shallow understanding of the unpredictable. The foundations for a • There is increasing evidence that the history, politics and political economy of successful transition to multi-party slow implementation of the Rome agenda the countries they work in. On the other democracy are also shaky. (Joy is susceptible to theoretical analysis. For hand, only a small minority of academic Moncrieffe) example, at the international level donor historians and political scientists take a coordination is an objective often strong interest in current policy issues or ‘Poor performers’ declared, sometimes pursued, and debates about aid. From time to time, • Background research aimed at occasionally achieved. This is not the there is an opportunity to bridge this gap. identifying which developing countries result of an absence of exhortation. One such occasion was created in 2003 could be classified as poor performers in Rather it is helpful to think of donor when DFID decided its country offices a statistically sound manner found that coordination as a collective-action should be doing more to understand very few countries exhibited consistently problem in which the incentives need to local ‘drivers of change’. An ODI team poor performance – that is, performed be adjusted. Applying collective-action provided technical assistance to the significantly worse than average – over analysis to this issue suggests that Drivers of Change Team, which took the past two decades. Two performance coordination might be easier to achieve if responsibility for operationalising this indicators were used, economic growth the costs of defection were higher. proposal. A literature review was carried and reduction in infant mortality. (Simon Maxwell, ODI Director) out on medium-term change processes Although about 15 countries performed relating to faith groups, party systems, poorly on each indicator in each of the • Since the creation of DFID in 1997, UK corruption, gender and donors as 1980s and 1990s, these tended to be development policy has undergone some political actors. (David Booth, Joy different countries in each case. No more fundamental changes. At times, indeed, it Moncrieffe, Laure-Hélène Piron) than a handful of countries performed has appeared in danger of suffering from poorly (or well) across indicators and an overload of policy innovation, • ODI coordinated a drivers-of-change decades. This suggests that the recent confusing even insiders. A review by ODI exercise for DFID in Ghana in concern to identify and deal with ‘poor attempted to describe and explain this partnership with the Center for performers’ as a country group is not history for a Japanese donor audience, Democratic Development in Accra. A based on statistical analysis. (Edward identifying the key changes in policy, the multi-disciplinary team undertook a Anderson, Oliver Morrissey) political forces and lines of research that basic country analysis and special studies have informed these choices, and the of the budget process, traditional Aid politics and donor challenges faced. (Tim Conway, Sheila institutions and the role of the middle performance Page (IEDG), Adele Harmer and Joanna class. A gradual deepening of the Macrae (HPG), Hannah Mollan democratisation process seems to be the The Rome agenda (Research Associate)) key to faster economic and social • Since the Rome Declaration of 2003, progress in Ghana. Party competition the major development agencies have • A key element in the aid-alignment appears (contrary to many international been committed to three principles of aid agenda is the PRSP process, and the way precedents) to be increasing the political delivery: ownership (of policies by the Bretton Woods’ institutions relate to costs of corruption and the political countries), alignment (of aid programmes it. To complete its three-year programme rewards for responsible economic with country agendas and systems) and of work, the PRSP Monitoring and management. (David Booth, Tony Killick harmonisation (of donor practices). Synthesis Project prepared a briefing (IEDG)) However, progress on the ground has paper on the experience with the Joint been slow at best. This was confirmed by Staff Assessments (JSAs) and PRSP • DFID Uganda commissioned a paper the survey carried out for the Budget Annual Progress Reports (APRs). As synthesising existing research and Support Working Group of the Strategic currently implemented, the JSA falls knowledge as background to a Drivers of Partnership with Africa, with ODI between several stools, while few donors Change exercise in the country. The support. Despite being limited to budget- consider that APRs fulfil their reporting analysis reveals a fragile political system, support programmes, the survey revealed needs. (Ruth Driscoll, Alison Evans) characterised by social and regional a good deal of misalignment and inequality; ethnic and religious disharmony – not all but much of it • Four years and 32 countries into PRS factionalism; and chronic conflict and arising from donor behaviour. (David implementation, a number of countries insecurity. Thus, the much-discussed Booth) are now facing the challenge of preparing policy process centred on the Poverty their second 3-5 year PRSP. The PRSP Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) depends • At the OECD-DAC, the Working Group Synthesis Project has focused upon institutions that remain weak and on Aid Effectiveness and Donor Practices increasingly on the issues posed by these

8 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Poverty and Public Policy

‘second generation’ PRSPs. The work is to Local government • In recognition of the complexity of culminate in a regional workshop in • CAPE research suggests that some brokering partnerships between Tanzania. It focuses on supporting elements of international best-practice in business, civil society and government, broader and deeper country ownership; public financial management can ODI and The Prince of Wales’ strengthening national and local generate good results in apparently International Business Leaders Forum capacity; mobilising more, and more unpromising developing-country have launched a professional Partnership effective, financing; and turning the contexts. Consistent with this finding, Brokers Accreditation Scheme. After six Rome agenda into a reality in PRS Uganda’s Fiscal Decentralisation Strategy months’ work (a residential course countries. (Alison Evans, Zaza Curran, is implementing with CAPE support a combined with mentored professional Ruth Driscoll). results-oriented, medium-term planning practice), the first cohort of candidates and budgeting framework, including have been awarded accreditation. Managing public expenditure and inter- and intra-sector prioritisation Accredited members include the Director aid modalities; fiscal transfers; cashflow of CARE Bolivia, a social performance management; commitment control; and manager working with Shell in the Health, education and MDGs internal and external financial and Philippines and an independent • Research by CAPE asked how good the output reporting. (Tim Williamson) consultant working with Nike. (Michael record of public expenditure has been in Warner) delivering two key MDG targets – • Public financial management in local universal primary school education and a government was assessed as part of two-thirds’ reduction in child mortality Uganda’s 2004 Country Integrated by 2015. International comparisons Fiduciary Assessment commissioned by reveal major variations within and the World Bank. The CIFA report is between countries in the efficiency of intended to provide a candid review of public expenditure programmes. In current challenges and a roadmap of education, more could be achieved with short- and medium-term actions that the same resources by reallocating them donors can support. It looked at the between or within sectors, according to whole public expenditure management country circumstances. In health, there is cycle, from planning and budget still scope for doing better by shifting formulation, through budget execution to public expenditure within the sector monitoring, accountability and external towards pro-poor and high impact scrutiny. (Tim Williamson, Paolo de programmes. (John Roberts (ESAU)) Renzio)

• Widely hailed as a success-story in pro- Development performance of poor targeting of public spending, corporate investment Uganda’s Poverty Action Fund (PAF) is • For some poor communities the now the subject of critical re-examin- construction period of capital projects – ation. The PAF’s popularity with donors power lines, water supply, oil and gas has locked Uganda into an unduly development etc. – provides a rare narrow conception of poverty-reducing opportunity to access income and build public expenditure. As an instrument for new skills. But the right incentives are tagging and protecting pro-poor needed if the large engineering firms that expenditure within an initially weak oversee this work are to absorb the financial management system, it served a higher commercial risks involved useful purpose; but now it is a source of providing these opportunities. Research distortions, preventing achievement of a by ODI and Engineers Against Poverty sensible balance across the budget as a with Balfour Beatty and AMEC suggests whole. Those considering the formation that the critical points of intervention are of virtual poverty funds in other HIPC the design of tender documents and the countries should treat them as a discussion between client and transitional mechanism from the outset. contractors after award of contract. (Tim Williamson) (Michael Warner)

• CAPE has done preliminary work on the role of the new Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria, with particular attention to the implications for public expenditure and macroeconomic management in recipient countries (Samantha Smith). ODI has also contributed to a scenario- building exercise on the future of HIV/AIDS in Africa, investigating the future of aid in each of these scenarios and linkages to poverty. (Samantha Smith, Nambusi Kyegombe, Andrew Rogerson (IEDG), David Booth) HIV AIDS prevention, Kibuye, Rwanda (© Laure-Hélène Piron)

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 9 Poverty and Public Policy

Policy brief Behind the rhetoric: the relevance of human rights for development and Laure-Hélène Piron humanitarian action

In May 2004, images of torture, degrading customary, contractual or and inhuman treatment of Iraqi informal rights and detainees by US soldiers hit the front claims, including claims pages of the international press. to natural resources. Worldwide condemnation was Human rights have immediate. There was moral outrage, but potential relevance for also a demand for accountability. There humanitarian and were calls for high-level resignations and development practice at some soldiers were brought to trial. The all levels, providing UK government was criticised for not standards and principles paying sufficient attention to the which can inform the monitoring reports of the International objectives of aid and Committee of the Red Cross or Amnesty make available tools for International. analysis (such as This vividly demonstrates the shared highlighting the structural Women waiting for legal advice in Gitarama, Rwanda international acceptance of human causes of poverty). This (© Laure-Hélène Piron) rights: that certain actions violating the can contribute to dignity and integrity of the human identifying clearly who is person, especially when undertaken by responsible for responding to poverty agendas. It is in the relative priorities of state agents, are unacceptable. Yet, this (the state and other ‘duty-bearers’) as each agenda, and in the means by which moral outrage, and the accountability well as making individuals and groups they are pursued, that a potential norms and tools associated with human ‘rights-holders’ and claimants, rather divergence arises. rights, are not often extended to the than mere beneficiaries of development A shared core protection agenda is situation of extreme poverty that processes. likely to include prevention of all forms continues to afflict hundreds of millions, The humanitarian assistance and of violence against civilians, forced especially in developing countries. Donor human rights agendas overlap to a displacement and other forms of governments do not always seem to substantial degree in situations involving coercion, such as child recruitment and recognise poverty and suffering as a severe and widespread threats to people’s deprivation of the means of subsistence, denial of human rights that they are welfare: both are concerned with including destruction of crops and water obliged to address – through protecting people from violence, sources, or denying access to relief. development assistance, humanitarian coercion or deliberate deprivation; both However, there may be tensions action or otherwise. invoke the law designed to protect people arising from competing priorities and Over the past year, ODI has developed against such threats, and to hold the conflicting approaches: the demands of a body of research and policy advice on parties concerned responsible. The the justice agenda may not always be the relevance of human rights for humanitarian approach emphasises the consistent with the humanitarian development and humanitarian duty to relieve human suffering, normally imperative in a given case. Under what assistance. A multidisciplinary ‘Rights in in the relatively short-term. The human circumstances should constructive Action’ team has been set up aiming to rights approach, on the other hand, tends engagement with government (so as to assess the practical relevance of the to relate to current or past breaches of secure continued relief access) be ‘rights’ agenda – going beyond human relevant legal obligations. This latter prioritised over a strategy of overt rights to examining citizenship, approach focuses on the question of pressure? Under what circumstances is political responsibility humanitarianism threatened by high and justice. Remedies profile and adversarial human rights are both corrective and campaigns? What can be done to preventative, concerned minimise this risk in practice? with exposing past Organisations need to make mutually abuse and preventing informed decisions to answer such new ones. questions rather than, as at present, ODI has been dealing with conflicts only as they arise. reviewing the practical ODI has also documented and compatibility of these evaluated current human rights-based two agendas, neither of approaches to development assistance. which sits happily with Our studies show that there is a growing political compromise. range of activities within aid agencies Despite the obvious attempting to translate such approaches overlap of concern, into practice. They include the design of Dispossessed widow and her children Zomba district, Malawi there are potential DFID’s Latin American country (© Laure-Hélène Piron) tensions between the programmes based on a human rights demands of these analysis, leading to a programmatic

10 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Poverty and Public Policy

ODI's Rights in Action Team

In 2003, a new multidisciplinary team was established at ODI: it is composed of economists, political and social scientists, natural resource specialists, and lawyers. Some researchers are highly sceptical of the relevance of the normative international human rights framework for the lives of the very poorest: what matters most are the national political processes surrounding the claiming of rights, or a greater understanding of informal norms and rules. Others see in the international framework an entry point to improve the practice of aid delivery and analysis of poverty and humanitarian crises. All want to promote better focus on combating social exclusion and exchanges and understanding between the ‘aid’ and ‘human rights’ communities. inequality. Swiss government support in Rwanda illustrates aspects of a human The programme is built around three headline themes: rights-based justice agenda: dealing with past violations and the need for (i) Human Rights, Aid and International Politics: examining the punishment and compensation by adoption of ‘human rights-based approaches’ to humanitarian and supporting the gacaca genocide tribunals, development assistance by developing countries, international NGOs as well as responding to women’s needs and official aid agencies; influencing agencies’ understanding of for better access to justice over land, human rights by bridging the gap with the mainstream development/ inheritance or divorce issues. humanitarian aid discourses; contributing to the ‘right to Within the UN system and in particular development’ debate and to improving the accountability of donors within UNICEF, a human rights-based for their human rights obligation; better understanding the approach is no longer a new, special justification, application and impact of ‘political conditionality’. issue. It is now standard procedure in almost all country programmes. However, (ii) Citizenship and Rights: assessing how claiming rights and entitlements at the national it is not yet common practice in the aid level, through judicial, political and other processes, can contribute to poverty reduction, community at large. There is still political especially for the very poor; researching how non-discrimination and greater equality can and technical resistance: human rights contribute to poverty reduction whilst respecting good economic management principles; can be seen as costly ‘extras’ undermining contributing to policy development and advising on domestic justice system reforms; growth or as politically problematic, exploring the impact of regulatory mechanisms for natural resources; researching how introducing conditionalities and working access to resources can be strengthened or undermined by formalised titles; analysing against ‘partnership-based approaches’ how local informal rights can benefit the poor. to development. ODI’s research for the (iii) Human Rights and Protection from Abuse: the state as protector and abuser; UN on the right to development suggests that partnerships can be grounded in cases involving deliberate deprivation of the means of subsistence; protection and enforcement of civil and political rights, and of humanitarian law; lack of national protection; human rights: aid modalities that ‘poorly performing’ states; debate over international responsibilities to protect, and effective strengthen national leadership and mechanisms for protection (UN etc.) and asylum policies. capacity are fully consistent with an agenda that recognises the primary Rights in Action team members responsibility of states for their human Programme Manager: Laure-Hélène Piron (PPPG) rights obligations. Human rights can also Julius Court (RAPID), Zaza Curran (PPPG), James Darcy (HPG), John Farrington (RPGG), strengthen pressures for enhanced donor Ursula Grant (PPPG), Sven Grimm (IEDG), Charles-Antoine Hofmann (HPG), Andy McKay accountability. (PPPG), Joy Moncrieffe (PPPG), Caroline Moser (PPPG), Cecilia Luttrell (RPGG), Peter Human rights discourse can be off- Newborne (RPGG Associate), Tammie O'Neil (PPPG), Laure-Hélène Piron (PPPG) and Adrian putting because it is normative and legal, Wells (RPGG). or uncomfortable because it advocates radical alterations in power relations. There may be disagreements with economists over perceived ‘anti-growth’ social and economic rights. Other challenges are institutional: which sections within agencies should have responsibility; will human rights displace other approaches; is senior management sufficiently supportive; are adequate resources devoted to communicating policies to staff? More and more agencies, however, are addressing, rather than avoiding, these issues. ODI’s ‘Rights in Action’ team plans further work on the strengths, and limitations, of placing human rights at the heart of aid and development processes. To date, we have learnt that these are not idealistic or legalistic issues. They lie at the centre of international action, as Iraq sadly continues to remind us. www.odi.org.uk/rights

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 11 Economic and Statistics Analysis Unit

• HIV/AIDS in the countries of the per capita income by some 50% in five ESAU has been established at former Soviet Union has caused years. (ESAU Working Paper 6: John ODI by DFID to undertake unprecedented falls in employment, Roberts) research, analysis and synthesis falling life expectancy and a collapse of which advances understanding state institutions delivering public health. • Public works are central to South of the processes of poverty In Russia and the Ukraine the epidemic Africa’s labour and employment creation reduction and pro-poor growth spread first among high-risk groups such policies, aiming to enable those who have in the contemporary global as intravenous drug users, but is now never been permanently employed to context, and of the design and spreading rapidly to the general graduate to regular jobs. ESAU surveys of implementation of policies that population. Evidence suggests other FSU works programmes in Limpopo and promote these objectives. states will suffer similar epidemics. KwaZuluNatal provinces lead to the (ESAU Working Paper 1: Martin Wall) conclusion that these programmes may temporarily raise target households’ • Is aid more effective in reducing incomes, especially where initial poverty poverty in countries with better policies? was deeper, but will not result in Collier-Dollar’s model calculates how significant employment creation or many poor people are lifted out of poverty reduction in South Africa. (Anna poverty per dollar of aid – and thus how McCord) best to distribute aid. Yet ESAU research suggests that changes in aid’s marginal • Bangladesh’s per capita income and effectiveness have been related more to social indicators improved steadily in the changes in aid volumes. (ESAU Working 1990s, while in Kenya the opposite Paper 2: Jonathan Beynon) happened. Before 1980, Kenya grew strongly, and the economy diversified. • Sri Lanka’s rising age dependency ratio But in the 1990s, erratic macroeconomic is expected to double in 20 years; poverty management, a rapidly growing public in households with elderly people is sector, an uncompetitive private sector, below the national average – because of and worsening corruption, led to falling family support and because people savings and investment. Bangladesh’s continue to work into old age. An ESAU recent relative success has been built on study found that existing contribution- policies of macroeconomic stability, based pension schemes only cover 25% restrained public expenditure and of the working age population, but have taxation, and a competitive real exchange reached their limit. Universal pensions rate. Savings and investment rose would do less to reduce poverty than steadily, and the balance of payments universal child allowances, and unless strengthened. An indigenous private subjected to a means test would become sector arose, operating in competitive unaffordable. (ESAU Working Paper 3: conditions, out of which emerged a very Nirosha Gaminiratne) successful export-oriented garment manufacturing sector. (ESAU Working • Which policy instrument would adjust Paper 5: John Roberts, Sonja Fagernäs Zimbabwe’s current account at least (forthcoming)) welfare cost – devaluation or fiscal adjustment? A study found that a • What is the fiscal impact of aid inflows commonly used CGE macroeconomic in Malawi, Uganda and Zambia? Based model was an unsatisfactory tool for on econometric evidence, ESAU research answering this question because its is looking at the effects of aid inflows on closure rule prevents a proper public expenditure and domestic examination of the effects of fiscal borrowing. Results for Malawi and adjustment. Devaluation would reduce Uganda indicate that aid has been used GDP in all sectors except agriculture and mainly to finance the development export-oriented production. (ESAU budget. (Cedrik Schurich, Sonja Working Paper 4: Sonja Fagernäs) Fagernäs, John Roberts)

Economic and Statistics • How effective is demand-side stimulus • Privatisation has proceeded slowly in Analysis Unit in generating recovery from economic Serbia and Bosnia – amidst political collapse? Eight countries studied suffered uncertainty and difficult market John Roberts Head of ESAU significant, multi-year falls in per capita conditions – though in Serbia, successive Sonja Fagernäs Research Officer incomes, but the majority made governments have launched privatisation Kate Bayliss Visiting Fellow remarkably swift economic recoveries. initiatives. Surveys of privatised ESAU research examined the role of enterprises are being undertaken to Jonathan Beynon Visiting Fellow expenditure on government service, ascertain the nature of constraints, the Nirosha Gaminiratne Visiting Fellow investment or exports in promoting most promising modes of divestiture and Anna McCord Visiting Fellow recovery. The model simulated early the impact on output, efficiency, years’ recovery well, but the later profitability, employment and taxes/ Cedrik Schurich Visiting Fellow recovery period poorly. A partial recovery subsidies. (Kate Bayliss) Martin Wall Visiting Fellow scenario for Iraq showed that oil- financed public expenditure could raise

12 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Research and Policy in Development

Bridges across boundaries: linking Policy brief research and policy in international Simon Maxwell development

Think-tanks need to work together across Development Institutes. EADI has more There is an explicit attempt in the national boundaries if they are to than 150 institutional members in 29 project to build bridges across national influence policy-making internationally. countries. boundaries. For example, the original ODI is helping to pioneer a new way of In many of those countries, European overview has been translated into French doing this, using a model known as issues loom large for all who work in and Italian. Similarly, speakers from one ‘policy code-sharing’. international development. The country have been invited to attend It is especially difficult to bridge the proposed Constitution has much to say meetings in other countries. Points made gap between research and policy when about development; there are decisions in one series of meetings (for example, any change to policy needs decision- being made about future financing; and those held in London in 2003) have been makers in many different countries to there are links to many other topics, like carried over to others (for example, a agree. This is the case with many policies the reform of the Common Agricultural meeting held in Ireland in April 2004, or a related to international development: Policy. It is important for decisions on series held in Germany in the summer of anything to do with trade or international these matters to be based on good 2004). Major conferences draw the finance, issues governing the structures research and sound evidence – and that themes together, for example the of overseas aid, measures to improve the the public debate is influenced and Conference in the Netherlands in effectiveness of international institutions informed by research voices. September 2004, sponsored jointly with – an endless list. the Society of International Researchers wanting to Development, and the biennial influence these kinds of policies conference of EADI itself, in Bonn have three choices. in September 2005. First, they can disseminate their It is too soon to evaluate the own research findings and exercise or to claim policy impact. recommendations as widely as At a minimum, however, the possible, hoping that they will be project has raised the profile of picked up by decision-makers, European issues in the academic and advocating that they should and think-tank communities be. This is the Microsoft solution. around Europe. Some lessons have Second, they might work also been learned: about the time through research institutes and it takes to build momentum in a think-tanks in other countries, project such as this, the necessity capitalising on their local of core funding for the business of knowledge, but disseminating the same The EADI project called ‘European managing the network, and the need for core message through all the different Development Cooperation to 2010’ intellectual leadership. Developing outlets. This is the franchise option – the makes that possible. Its key features are: country voices also need to be brought McDonald’s solution. more visibly into the exercise. Third, they might work more in • A scenario-building exercise and Without doubt, however, policy code- partnership with other institutions, overview paper, prepared jointly by us sharing is a model that will be used in sharing ideas, modifying messages, and at ODI and the European Centre for future, whenever policy issues transcend collaborating to achieve change. There is Development Policy Management in national borders. a high degree of trust involved and a Maastricht; cross-guarantee of quality across the • Briefing papers on the main issues • www.eadi.org/edc2010 network of partners. An appropriate covered by the overview paper, • www.odi.org.uk/edc model is the airline alliance, One World, providing further detail and options • www.odi.org.uk/speeches/edc_2010/ say, or the Star Alliance. for the future; meeting_report_9july.html There are good reasons for researchers • The establishment of a shared to prefer the third model. It recognises website, to which participating the benefits of plural voices, including in institutes and think-tanks can post developing countries. It builds local resources, announcements, briefing capacity to work on policy questions. And papers and position papers; it maximises the opportunity for further • Public meetings on topics connected development of the research base to to the project, held in countries all inform policy. Airlines talk about ‘code- over Europe, with conclusions posted sharing’. A good way to think about this on the shared website; model is ‘policy code-sharing’. • Workshops and conferences, But can policy code-sharing work in organised by EADI institutes and practice? A current experiment to test the their partners in the NGO and policy- model is underway on the future of making communities; European development cooperation, • Opinion pieces to stimulate debate. being led by the European Association of

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 13 Research and Policy in Development

ODI’s Research and Policy in Development (RAPID) Programme aims to improve the use of research and evidence in development policy and practice through research, advice and debate. The programme has four Policy brief main themes: the use of evidence in policy processes; improving communication and information systems for development agencies; how better knowledge management can enhance the impact of One former ODI analyst once described development agencies; and promotion and capacity building for agricultural development policy evidence-based policy. processes as ‘a chaos of purposes and accidents … not at all a matter of the rational implementation of decisions through selected strategies.’ That may be The use of evidence in policy • These findings are being putting it extremely, but there is growing processes incorporated into good practice recognition that policy processes are • Initial results from the GDN Bridging guidelines for communications in complex, multidimensional and Research and Policy Project, coordinated poverty reduction strategy processes for unpredictable and there is an urgent by RAPID indicate that engagement with DFID and the World Bank. need to find mechanisms to promote the policymakers, action research, good use of research-based and other forms of communications and long campaigns are Improved knowledge evidence in development policy. common features of successful national- management The theoretical and case-study level policy research projects. • A review of the literature on research and practical work carried out knowledge management and by RAPID (Research and Policy in • Detailed studies of four recent organizational learning in international Development) over the past three years development policy changes: the development identified four critical has led to the development of a adoption of PRSPs by the World Bank in gaps in current knowledge: how framework and practical tools designed 1999, the adoption of the humanitarian development organizations can use KM to help with this. charter of the Sphere project by to improve responsiveness, impact on humanitarian agencies since 1997, the policy, impact of policy, and Southern legalization of Paravets in Kenya, and the engagement. Sustainable Livelihoods Approach in DFID reinforce present a more • Starting close to home, the RAPID complicated picture especially for programme is working with South Bank transnational policy processes. University to develop a Knowledge Management Strategy to put these into • Work on HIV/AIDS policy, where the practice within ODI itself. evidence is less contested, emphases the importance of the political context. Promotion and capacity building • A better understanding of how A community-based veterinarian in India Improved communication and research influences policy (or doesn’t) (© John Young) information systems is only useful if it generates practical • Communications are key for good advice to help researchers and The case of animal health services in research-policy linkages, but are often development practitioners. RAPID has Kenya illustrates how the framework can not thought about until after the research been testing some of the theory with be used for assessment and practice. is over. A literature review for DFID’s new development researchers, policy Despite good evidence of the value of research strategy identified the need for a makers and practitioners in the UK, local, community-based animal health more systemic approach with two-way Eastern Europe and developing services, accumulated over the past 20 communications between researchers countries over the last year. This has years, such services remain illegal in and policy makers and other included practical support to the Soros- Kenya. Why? Why has the government stakeholders. funded LGI Policy Fellowship not changed its policies and practice to programme in Eastern Europe, ‘Does accommodate and promote them – • Work with FAO, the World Bank and Evidence Matter?’ – a series of meetings especially in the more remote regions of DFID to develop a programme to on relevant topics for researchers, the country? improve information and practitioners and policy makers in the Applying the framework to this communication in the rural space UK, and workshops and seminars with situation revealed a complex process recognized that the best results are researchers, practitioners and where much of the early evidence was obtained when traditional and modern policymakers in the UK, Morocco and generated by NGOs working at grassroots IT-based information systems are India. level and was initially invisible to policy combined. makers. Then, just when enough evidence had accumulated to convince policy makers of the value of the approach, the introduction of a Research and Policy in Development veterinary privatisation programme and arrival of a new Director of Veterinary John Young Programme Manager Amy Pollard Research Officer Services more concerned with Julius Court Research Fellow Ben Ramalingam Research Officer professional standards and ethics than Cokro Leksmono Research Officer Fiona Drysdale Project Administrator the delivery of basic services created a new set of political obstacles. Four years later, the gradual spread of community-

14 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Research and Policy in Development

Bridging research and policy: the RAPID approach John Young based services across northern Kenya makers and practitioners provoked outrage among the veterinary were invited. They used the profession who regarded them as a threat framework to develop a new to the veterinary privatisation strategy for the final phase of programme. the project. In place of further With the issue out in the open, the new research, this emphasised the Director of Veterinary Services launched evidence they had already a multi-stakeholder process to review generated from pilot project veterinary service provision and sites and used existing links developed a new policy framework and networks to convince key allowing private and community-based policy makers of the need to veterinary services to co-exist. But change their policies. Specific despite being involved in the process of activities included: developing the new policies, the • Getting to know the key community-based veterinarians are still policy stakeholders, and opposed by private practitioners, and determining how best to The RAPID Framework have still not been ratified. convince them; The framework helps illuminate the • Capitalising on political opportunities Partnership Programme Agreement with errors made. NGOs developing and offered by the new government and a big DFID. Work will focus on the following testing the community-based approaches bilateral project; four outcomes: should have understood the policy • Taking policy makers to visit the • CSOs understanding better how context and worked more closely with research / demonstration project sites evidence can contribute to pro-poor veterinary policy makers earlier on. They • Collaborating more closely with policy processes; should have collected more empirical national programmes; • Establishing regional capacity to data to prove the value and effectiveness • Arranging workshops, seminars and support southern CSOs; of their approach, and to refute concerns meetings with key stakeholders; • Making accessible useful information that community-based services are • Generating appropriate on current development policy issues, unprofessional or threatened the communication materials. and of how it can contribute to pro-poor veterinary privatisation programme. A Influencing policy change is an art as policy; campaign, using this evidence, could much as a science, but there are a wide • CSOs participating actively in Southern have convinced policy makers of the range of tools that can provide powerful and Northern policy networks. value of developing community-based insights and help to maximize the The RAPID framework provides a services alongside the new privatisation chances of research impact on policy. mechanism to promote evidence-based programme. Involving a wider range of RAPID is currently compiling a ‘Policy development policy. Further work with actors in a multi-stakeholder process Entrepreneurs Toolkit’, including tools for local organisations, national earlier could have co-opted rather than assessing political contexts, generating governments and donors is needed to confronted the veterinary profession. and collating evidence, communications, see how it can generate better policies More positively, the framework can be and policy influence. for achieving the overarching goals of used to deal with problems before they The changing nature of international international development: to reduce arise. In January 2004, RAPID ran a development has led to an increasing poverty, alleviate suffering, and save workshop for stakeholders in a project role for civil society organisations in lives. aiming to improve access to groundwater poverty reduction policy. Experience has for poor farmers in India. Groundwater shown that when these CSOs are able to www.odi.org.uk/rapid management falls within the remit of assemble and communicate information three sectoral policies in India: water, effectively, they have a significant impact watersheds and forestry. The three on policy. The RAPID framework sectors have a historical legacy of poor suggests that such organisations in the coordination which result in poor South would be better able to implementation on the ground. Many of engage with the their governments the policy measures are based on and international institutions if they narratives with no science base, including had a good understanding of how the strong belief among policy makers policy processes work and the that planting trees protects water capacity to generate or access high- resources. Political considerations and quality relevant research. In addition vested interests provide resistance to they need to be able to access and improved management of land and water participate in Southern and conservation measures in watershed Northern policy networks and able projects. The project faces the dual to communicate their concerns in an challenge of developing new policy effective and credible manner. recommendations, and overcoming this ODI will be exploring these resistance to new approaches. hypotheses in greater detail over the Participants at the groundwater workshop in India A wide range of researchers, policy next few years under a new (© John Young)

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 15 International Economic Development

average low, but with high peaks. And Although poverty reduction depends on national choices and action, there are different approaches, as the EU international trade can increase countries’ capacity to develop, and the supports non-economic roles for trading system can enable countries to exploit opportunities. IEDG’s agriculture and MERCOSUR stresses the research has examined how trade can be used to reduce poverty, and welfare benefits, to both sides, of what types of policy can increase countries’ capacity to trade. liberalisation. (Sheila Page)

• Five years ago, internal objectives Developing countries in • African exports have performed poorly seemed likely to move SADC in Southern multilateral negotiations even where faced by relatively low tariff Africa in the direction of greater • Agricultural tariffs and tariff peaks barriers in developed countries. Despite integration. Now, the internal remain high in most major developed preferences, African countries have had a momentum has been lost, but external country markets and the tariff reductions declining export share and have not pressures have emerged. At the moment, proposed in WTO agricultural negotia- diversified into high value-added exports. SADC with the very different trading tions will offer many developing More attention to standards, and patterns and interests of its members, countries the benefits of increased certification, together with support for seems unwilling to face the financial and market access. However, Least human and technological capabilities is political adjustment costs inherent in a Developed countries, which enjoy zero or needed. (Dirk Willem te Velde) customs union. SADC has stronger preferential rates for their exports, will prospects for greater integration in other gain little and could suffer serious losses Regions directions, for example, regional through erosion of special preferences. • Bilateral or regional negotiations standards organisations, transport, and (Ian Gillson, Sheila Page) cannot be a substitute for the WTO. The energy. (Sheila Page) FTAA (US-Latin America/Caribbean) and • The increasing use of special prefer- the EU-MERCOSUR negotiations • Macro-economic, trade and transport ences for Least Developed and other explicitly assume that the most difficult policies are the main government favoured countries, has effectively issues (notably agriculture) will be settled influences on export competitiveness in created an interest group in opposition to at multilateral level. Without this, southern Africa. However, a number of trade liberalisation which would benefit progress will be slower, if possible at all. other factors directly affect the costs and the majority of developing countries. It Furthermore, regional agreements are no risks of exporting. Improvements in may be necessary to ‘buy’ reform with substitute for the protection offered by customs and border measures are vital to financial compensation mechanisms. international trading rules. (Sheila Page, exporters. More industry-wide (Sheila Page) Tim Conway (PPPG), Zuleika Arashiro, approaches to export promotion are Veena Jha, Sajeev Nair, Nguyen Thang, needed, with progress in the fiscal and • Services offer new opportunities (see David Waldenberg) regulatory harmonisation agreements in policy brief, page 18). Many developing the SADC Trade Protocol and in countries can liberalise their own • The poverty impact of the more than developing both public and private services. Some, like Nigeria, face inade- 200 regional trade agreements notified to standards bodies. (John Howell, quate regulatory and institutional the WTO will depend on how provisions Botswana Institute for Development capacities, concerns about making affect different products and influence Policy Analysis, BIDPA) binding and multilateral commitments intra and extra regional investment and and domestic employment problems. migration. Research is ongoing in Bolivia EU relations with the associated The financial and telecommunications and Tanzania. (Dirk Willem te Velde, African, Caribbean and Pacific sectors are natural candidates for further Sheila Page and Oliver Morrissey) states liberalisation under the GATS. In water • EU development cooperation has services, however, equity and public • EU negotiations with the South changed significantly since the late 1990s service goals conflict with efficiency and American countries in MERCOSUR and important decisions are on the profit objectives. (Ian Gillson) illustrate the problems of regional agenda for the next ten years. These negotiations. The EU is a major market include proposals for economic • Cotton subsidies are a major issue for for MERCOSUR and also depends heavily partnership agreements with ACP developing countries. Heavy US support on it for agricultural supplies. EU tariff regions (EPAs), possible integration of the has damaged cotton-earning potential and non-tariff barriers for agriculture are European Development Fund into the EU but subsidies by smaller subsidisers, in exceptionally high, and there are budget, and European foreign policy. particular the EU, may also be dispro- technical differences in EU and (Simon Maxwell, Sven Grimm, Ian Gillson) portionately harmful to some suppliers in MERCOSUR trade policy: MERCOSUR West and Central Africa. (Ian Gillson, barriers are on average higher, but • The strengthening of WTO rules has Sheila Page) relatively uniform; EU barriers on important implications for EU trade

International Economic Development Group

Sheila Page Group Coordinator Edward Clay Senior Research Associate Veena Jha Research Associate Ian Gillson Research Fellow Tony Killick Senior Research Associate Sajeev Nair Research Associate Sven Grimm Research Fellow Jane Northey* Group Administrator Benu Schneider Research Associate Adrian Hewitt Research Fellow Roo Griffiths Group Administrator Nguyen Thang Research Associate Oliver Morrissey Research Fellow Zuleika Arashiro Research Associate David Waldenberg Research Associate Andrew Rogerson Research Fellow Charlotte Benson Research Associate Ganesh Wignaraja Research Associate Dirk Willem te Velde Research Fellow Ephraim Chirwa Research Associate * Left during the year

16 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 International Economic Development policy, including review of the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) EU-25 Merchandise imports by source, 1980–2001 (% of total) and the EPAs. Lack of coherence between % 70 the different approaches in trade policy and between trade and other policies of 60 the EU remains. (Ian Gillson, Sven Grimm) 50 • 1980 1990 2001 Within the debate over the future of 40 EU’s external relations, human security can offer a useful conceptual tool kit with 30 which to judge the changing relationship between development concerns and 20 wider European external action. The EU looks back on a tradition of advocating 10 values of a ‘civilian power’ in external Non-ACP LDCs Non-EU OECD other Central Asia other Europe and Caribbean other Latin America ACP 0 and Pacific other East Asia and Middle East other North Africa other actions. (Sven Grimm) Intra-EU

• As negotiations begin between the EU and the ACP, analysis of other countries’ experiences suggests some lessons. Countries must take the initiative to Source: UN COMTRADE statistics define their own objectives, not simply respond to EU proposals. They will do better if they can form alliances with countries experienced in negotiation. Informed and active private sector types can be identified: the technical adoption of internationally recognised participation can strengthen ability to trade competitively; the standards, or codes of good practice, was governments’ positions, but high institutional and national infrastructure seen as a way to help strengthen the dependence on aid, especially from the for trade; and, perhaps hardest to deal international financial system. Although country with which they are negotiating, with, the ability to recognise the need to a set of standards and codes defined by may weaken them. (Sheila Page) respond and adapt to trading conditions. the Financial Stability Forum brings Those countries that have dealt with many benefits in terms of improved • The EU is already the largest market for these problems are now most pressing on transparency, it is not unproblematic and bananas in the world, accounting for issues of trade liberalisation and most uncontroversial, especially for more than 30% of total imports before its active in the WTO, but others remain developing countries. Issues include the expansion from 15 to 25 countries. behind. (Sheila Page) provenance and ownership of the codes, Accordingly, changes in the EU banana the cost of monitoring and the balance regime have substantial repercussions for • Industrial development is often between external review and self- banana producers. Since 1993, reforms neglected in low-income countries. ODI assessment. There is also an important have attempted to balance three sets of research has identified market failures, issue as to whether the initiative actually demands: those arising from the especially coordination problems in improves market access and market completion of the Single European investment planning and technology stability. (Benu Schneider) Market; the EU’s obligations under Lomé diffusion, associated with imperfect (the ACP countries currently have an information and incomplete markets in • Recent changes in aid architecture, annual duty-free tariff quota of 750,000 important areas (e.g. finance and labour including the Millennium Challenge tonnes) and its obligations under the training). There is an important role for Account, global thematic funds, and the GATT (and later the WTO). (Latin the public sector here. International International Financing Facility, are set American countries, the major suppliers, agencies such as UNIDO can contribute, against the commitments made since pay a tariff of US $75 per tonne.) From providing policy knowledge and Monterrey on aid volume and country July 2006 a tariff-only system will be facilitating transfer of appropriate ownership. The response of key actors in established with tariff preferences for environmental technologies. (Oliver the aid system to new challenges will ACP exporters. Preferences then will be Morrissey, Dirk Willem te Velde) depend on shifting weights of various aid phased out over the next 20 years by objectives, of which poverty reduction is which time the ACP group as a whole is Financial flows to developing only one; internal institutional estimated to lose between $72 million countries arrangements, especially their funding and $165 million. Within this, the greatest • Many OECD governments actively endowments; symbiotic relationships losses as a proportion of total exports are promote foreign direct investment to between official aid and NGOs; and the faced by Saint Lucia, Dominica, Saint developing countries, by compensating different abilities of agencies to deal with Vincent and the Grenadines and Belize. for risk, providing technical assistance to poor performers with impaired (Ian Gillson, Sheila Page) improve the host country investment sovereignty as well as relatively rich climate, and improving access to the countries protective of their sovereignty. Overcoming national home country. Although little systematic (Andrew Rogerson) impediments to growth evidence exists on the effectiveness of • Since the 1960s, UNCTAD has provided such measures, preliminary analysis for an alternative international forum for the UK suggests that country-specific aid developing countries’ trade interests, is useful. (Dirk Willem te Velde) with a particular focus on ‘supply side’ problems preventing countries from • After the crisis in emerging market benefiting from market access. Three economies in the mid-late 1990s, the

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 17 International Economic Development

Policy brief Offshoring: opportunities and threats as services go global Dirk Willem te Velde The offshoring of services from the richer the Caribbean; % Chart 1: Trade as % of GDP, India industrial countries – by which services Europeans attend South 10 are relocated to other countries – can African business schools Merchandise offer important opportunities to develop- • Commercial 9 ing countries. But in order to realise presence: e.g. Indian IT 8 these, they need to fight for export firms have subsidiaries 7 opportunities and counteract the in the US and UK 6 protectionist feelings towards offshoring through which they win 5 of those living in advanced economies. large IT contracts 4 Services Offshoring or outsourcing of manufac- • Temporary 3 turing activities is not new. Developing movement of people: 2 countries have long benefited from the e.g. South African 1 fragmentation of world production in doctors, Indian 0 manufacturing facilitated by economic programmers and 1998 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 liberalisation, technical change, Philippine nurses enter improved services such as transport, the UK (temporarily) information and communication under managed migration policy to remittances, employment and indirect technologies and economies of scale. deliver highly needed services consumption. A study by ODI of tourism Now these factors are increasingly Increased exports in health tourism, revealed that for 18 countries it affecting the services sector itself. The business and financial services, shipping, constitutes more than a fifth of GDP. offshoring of information-technology- education and of temporary workers are Finally, increased exports of services enabled services has now emerged as a all potentially significant new export offer a welcome diversification away from powerful example of offshoring from earners for many countries and can help a development strategy based on Western Europe and the US, going far alleviate balance of payments deficits. agriculture and natural resources alone. beyond call centres in India, Mauritius, The labour-intensive nature of many New export opportunities are not easily Ghana and the Caribbean. Now it services sectors (some tourism, available to developing countries and includes health services in the Caribbean construction and business services and they should take advantage of the and South Africa, education services in temporary movement of people) is a international regulatory frameworks to South Africa, legal and other business comparative advantage for several combat the protectionist sentiments of services in India, and shipping services developing countries and can help to richer countries. Some claim that the using labour from the Philippines. promote pro-poor growth. current protectionism against offshoring Developing country exports of services Services exports can directly affect are beginning to have a big impact on the growth, and are an increasing percentage economies of developed and developing of gross domestic product in some Ten options for including special and countries alike. countries. In India, information differential treatment for developing International agreements on trade in technology-enabled services are countries in multilateral or regional services cover four modes. With reference responsible for a third of the total services trade agreements to offshoring they include: services exports (see Chart 1). The value • Export capacity building. • Cross-border supply: e.g. call centres added in exports of services increased • Recognition of professional credentials in India export services to developed GDP growth by 0.2 and 0.6 percentage •Information centres for exporters of countries points annually over the 1980s and 1990s. services. • Consumption abroad: e.g. UK and US In addition, there are significant indirect • Increased technology transfer to develo- consumers purchase health services in effects on poverty in the form of ping country service sectors using ‘home country measures’ Chart 2: ACP regional services exports by sector, 2000 • Full credit for autonomous developing country liberalisation of services. 8000 • Fewer or no services commitments by 6000 Least Developed countries. •Deeper developed country commit- 4000 ments e.g. covering more liberal

$ Millions movement of people, safeguarding 2000 outsourcing and removing restrictions in 0 specific sectors CARICOM Pacific ECOWAS SADC EAC COMESA UEMOA CEMAC • Opening (parts of) developed country Government services n.i.e Computer & information services government procurement (e.g. IT Personal, cultural & recreational services Construction enabled services). Other business services Communications •Emergency Safeguards Measures for Royalties and license fees Travel developing countries. Financial services Transport •Flexible implementation periods for Insurance Source: UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics developing countries

18 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 International Economic Development

Trade and poverty

• The growing interest in how developing countries can use trade policy and the commitment to the goal of poverty reduction have come together in a set of initiatives to help developing countries design and implement trade policy with a (most severe in the US) is already counter poverty focus. (Sheila Page, David Booth (PPPG), Ganesh Wignaraja) to existing rules and commitments under World Trade Organization agreements on • Trade policy matters: it affects trade, and this can have substantial effects on services and public procurement. Union both economic growth and poverty reduction. This belief underpinned an analysis and government acceptance of offshoring of linkages among trade policy, poverty reduction, and sustainable development in the EU stands in sharp contrast to the which found that the relationship between trade liberalisation and growth is not protectionist mood in the US. straightforward. For growth to be pro-poor, specific labour-market conditions, The international (GATS) and regional public investments in education and health, and/or effective redistributive negotiations covering trade in services mechanisms need to be in place, as well as large investments in physical offer another possibility. infrastructure and policies supporting the development of rural financial markets. Developing countries can use (Kate Bird (PPPG)) international services negotiations to safeguard further opportunities to export • In Kenya, trade liberalisation is potentially good for GDP growth and for ‘offshored’ services, particularly under agriculture, but there will be losers as well as winners. There has been surprisingly mode 1 (e.g. cross border supply of IT little analysis of how different livelihood groups among the poor may be affected, enabled services) and mode 4 (coverage of What is clear is that the challenges Kenyan producers face in responding to a more more type of workers for longer periods). open trading regime are largely domestically-generated and reflect poor An ODI study examined whether and how governance and weak policy design and implementation. (Kate Bird (PPPG)) developing countries can ask for special and differential treatment in negotiations • Since the early 1990s, Uganda has stood out amongst African countries, with covering trade in services (see Box). liberalised trade policies, significant economic growth and reductions in poverty. Counteracting protectionist feelings may Research has concluded that trade policy is not an effective instrument to target the be difficult but rich countries can help benefits of growth to the poor. The poor tend to be marginalised from activities here through public provision of good associated with international trade, and are the least likely to derive direct benefits quality information. This can help to from trade expansion. Whilst export growth contributed to broader economic debunk the myth that offshoring leads to growth, which in turn contributed to poverty reduction, there were few direct links loss of jobs in the home country. Research from trade to the poor. (Oliver Morrissey) has shown that offshoring of services has a positive impact on productivity, growth • In Malawi, the poor are geographically dispersed, unorganised and badly and employment in the long run in the represented by existing civil society organisations. It is therefore difficult to countries that offshore (whether rich or integrate them into trade policy-making processes. As in Kenya, the impact of poor) and those that provide offshored economic and trade reforms on economic performance and poverty in Malawi has services. The advantages apply to both not been studied empirically and the country lacks analytical capacity in user and provider – it is a genuinely government policy-making ministries and departments. Sustainable poverty positive sum game. Recent economic reduction will require identification and promotion of sectors and sub-sectors with indicators for industries affected by a potential to create mass employment opportunities for the poor and unskilled offshoring often point upward (e.g. the call labour force. (Ephraim Chirwa, Sheila Page) centre industry in the UK at present). The international community can also • Tanzania is a striking case of a country where the potential for trade-based help by supporting growth and investment economic growth, with strong poverty-reducing effects, is large but mostly in services capacity in developing unrealised. Poverty reduction during the 1990s has been insignificant outside the countries. It can promote trade in the capital. Agricultural exports in which Tanzania retains a comparative advantage services sector by improving the regulatory could have made a substantial difference but performed abysmally in comparative framework including support for the terms. The trade-poverty linkages study for Tanzania explored some of the reasons development of data protection rules. And for this state of affairs as a contribution to the current PRSP revision process. it can promote capabilities for more Incomplete liberalisation, weak sectoral institutions and inadequate infrastructural competitive services. Unlike sector-specific investments appear the principal culprits, along with the exchange-rate effects of international organisations for agriculture inflows on account of mining, tourism and aid. (David Booth (PPPG)) and industry (FAO and UNIDO), there exists no organisation to collect relevant • Analysis of the WTO’s Doha Round proposals, with case studies of Brazil, India, statistics and report on the state of services Vietnam, and Zambia, indicates that the positive or negative market effects of any in developing countries (though the World agreement will be small in most countries, even if a settlement is reached. Whether Tourism Organisation and some other any national income gain from trade is then transmitted into poverty reduction specific sector organisations collect their depends crucially on national policies (Trade negotiations: Sheila Page; negotiating own data). outcomes and poverty: Tim Conway (PPPG); Brazil: Zuleika Arashiro, David A ‘World Services Organisation’ Waldenberg; India; Veena Jha; Vietnam: Nguyen Thang; Zambia: Sajeev Nair) dedicated to monitoring and promoting the growth of the services sector in developing countries could have a significant impact.

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 19 Rural Policy and Governance

Pro-poor Tourism website run by ODI, This new ODI group is the result of merging the Rural Policy and IIED and the International Centre for Environment Group with the Forest Policy and Environment Group. Responsible Tourism (ICRT), continues During the year a strategic planning process identified the major to support the strengthening poverty intellectual challenges for the new group as better understanding of focus of international tourism, exempli- pro-poor growth, getting rural poverty reduction through the fied by the Sustainable Tourism and productive sectors better incorporated in Poverty Reduction Strategies, Poverty Elimination programme of the and the governance of natural resources. World Tourism Organisation. (Caroline Ashley and Dorothea Meyer)

These global themes build on the Inclusion in markets continued micro- and meso-level work of • Ways in which Indian markets are failing the group’s programmes in livelihood the rural poor were highlighted by ODI’s diversification, agricultural technology, Livelihood Options study: interlocked research and extension, food security, markets and indebtedness prevent poor pro-poor tourism, the development of farmers from entering potentially beneficial better commodity, finance and labour new market arrangements such as contract market opportunities for poor people, farming and commodity chains; labour and the management of natural resources markets are segmented on the basis of – bio-diversity, water – both large and social status or gender, and are also small scale, forests and associated interlocked in ways which are common property resources. The disadvantageous to labourers. Migration implications of HIV/AIDS emerged as a can offer ways out of interlocked markets, cross cutting theme; and the but policy does not recognise people on the development of social protection and move. There is a substantial policy agenda other mechanisms to include the poorest in health, education, shelter, transport, and as beneficiaries of development was also access to subsidised food for migrants, and a growing focus. a video made as part of the study helped to bring these issues home to the Pro-poor growth and rural Governments of Andhra Pradesh and India livelihoods (Priya Deshingkar, John Farrington, Craig The group continued to investigate and Johnson and Daniel Start). These issues highlight policies and interventions can also be dealt with at a project level, as which could help make economic growth shown by the West India Rainfed Farming benefit the poor. Project, where Andrew Shepherd continued to assist the development of a Pro-poor Tourism Migrant Support Programme, along with • Can business be ‘pro-poor’? An David Mosse. (SOAS) innovative project in South Africa is exploring this together with Commodity markets Moboza Tourism projects and • The commercialisation of non-timber mainstream tour operators forest products in Mexico and Bolivia including Sun City Resort and drew attention to the significance of key Southern Sun Hotels, focusing on entrepreneurs in driving success along what business can do beyond the value chain. Contrary to the common transferring share ownership to reaction of hostility to monopolistic black South Africans and local individuals, this work has tried to philanthropy. Developing understand how the activity of business partnerships with local businesses can be supported to help suppliers of goods and services, spread successful commercialisation. Tourism Awareness Campaign initiated by Department for and with local tourism operators (Kate Schreckenberg and Dirk Willem te Environmental Affairs and Tourism / South African Tourism (e.g. township tours, bed and Velde (IEDG)). and aimed at South African residents (© Dorothea Meyer) breakfasts). More generally, the

Rural Policy and Governance Group Andrew Shepherd Group Coordinator Rachel Slater Research Fellow Adrian Wells Research Officer Caroline Ashley Research Fellow Robert Tripp Research Fellow Gill Shepherd Senior Research Associate Neil Bird Research Fellow Steve Wiggins Research Fellow Craig Johnson* Research Associate David Brown Research Fellow Dirk Bezemer Research Officer Peter Newborne Research Associate Elizabeth Cromwell Research Fellow Robert Chapman Research Officer Daniel Start Research Associate Priya Deshingkar Research Fellow Sylvie Cordier* Research Officer Alana Coyle Group Administrator / AgREN John Farrington Research Fellow Sophie Evitt Research Officer Fiona Drysdale Project Administrator John Howell Research Fellow Cecilia Luttrell Research Officer Leah Goldberg Project Administrator Alan Nicol Research Fellow Dorothea Meyer Research Officer Marialivia Iotti Project Administrator Kate Schreckenberg Research Fellow Tom Slaymaker Research Officer Zoë Parr Project Administrator *left during the year

20 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Rural Policy and Governance

Rural India learns new ways to earn its Policy brief living John Farrington and Priya Deshingkar

Playing a word association game with the poorest and cannot fully ‘rural India’ typically generates images of engage in economic activity. ‘tradition’, ‘poverty’, ‘caste hierarchy’ and Relatively non-corrupt channels ‘stagnation’. Such associations remain exist by which pensions can be partly valid, but things are changing. paid – the post offices and banks Traditional occupations such as potter – and some transfer from less and weaver are in decline, with negative effective schemes such as rural implications for livelihoods. Other housing would allow existing changes are more positive: India has (but underfinanced) pensions become self-sufficient in major foods, provisions to be implemented rural poverty is declining, albeit slowly, more fully. It would also release and new options for earning a living are current informal transfers for being generated in areas where more productive uses. agriculture has become more dynamic. One of the major findings of With the support of the Department for the study is that poor people are International Development, the adapting to change with little Livelihood Options study surveyed some support from government – other 720 households of different castes and than basic transport and classes over a full year in 12 villages in communications infrastructure. Diverse products at a village market in Andhra Pradesh two contrasting states of India – Andhra Three decades ago, there would have (© Deepa Joshi and Suresh Reddy) Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh – to been profound dismay if the impending identify how rural livelihoods are decline of the common lands – through changing and how policy measures might over-exploitation, encroachment by best support them. The divide between agriculturists and so on – could have contributed 5.5 per cent and 6.5 per cent the urban ‘feelgood’ factor and rural been foreseen. They accounted then for respectively. Commuting was more poverty much debated in the recent around 25 per cent of the incomes of marked in villages close to towns, and national elections was in strong evidence. poor segments. Now they account for migration especially marked in the more But more insidious at both state and fewer than 10 per cent. Poor people’s remote, rain-fed farming villages where central levels was the creeping paralysis survival and accumulation strategies local job opportunities were limited. rooted in fiscal crisis: India’s deficit is have had to adapt. There has been Generally it is not the poorest who approaching 10 per cent of GDP and is widespread innovation in agriculture – migrate – often these are tied to the among the highest in the world. In many for example small farmers organising household through sickness, old age, and sectors, there is only just enough money shared irrigation for vegetable high dependency ratios, as well as a lack to pay public sector employees, let alone production – but not as extensively and of confidence and contacts that reduce finance operating costs. fast as it could have been had credit been the risks of migration. The impending financial crisis makes it widely available and research and India’s government certainly needs to doubtful whether the new government advisory services more client-oriented. inform itself better about migration, and can meet its election promises to A more widespread example of to take supportive action. But in many maintain agricultural subsidies, which in adaptation is found in the massive cases the agricultural economy will any case are geared mainly towards increase in mobility, both for daily benefit from less government, not more: wealthier farmers in wealthier states. commuting and seasonal migration. the dismantling of trade barriers between These amount to some 3 per cent of GDP, Rural people are becoming more mobile states needs to be fully implemented, with around the same again paid in other but official statistics tend not to capture wholesale markets need to be transfers for poverty reduction and rural temporary migration and commuting by deregulated, and the purchase of forest development. Fiscal crisis increases the the poor for work. Roughly 47 per cent of products other than timber needs to be pressure to make these transfers more households in Madhya Pradesh and 17 de-monopolised. Under India’s outgoing efficient. The Indian government’s own per cent in Andhra Pradesh had at least government, rural reality lagged behind studies have questioned the cost- one member who had worked seasonally the rhetoric of reform. Few fear that the effectiveness of many types of transfer. either in an urban or another rural area. incoming government will fail to close Against this background, the Both had between 10 and 12 per cent of this gap. But the danger is of slipping Livelihood Options study makes a radical households with at least one member back towards the protectionism of the proposal for reaching the poor through commuting to a nearby town. On Gandhi years. social pensions, using funds switched average, seasonal migration contributed from less effective transfer schemes. The 51 per cent to annual income across all www.livelihoodoptions.info argument here is that the rural elderly are households in Madhya Pradesh and 15 disproportionately represented among per cent in Andhra Pradesh. Commuting

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 21 Rural Policy and Governance

including research and extension’. The Agricultural Research and Extension Network (John Farrington and Rachel Slater) (AgREN) Social protection ODI will continue to coordinate the Agricultural Research and Work was completed on the first Chronic Extension Network (AgREN). AgREN has approximately one Poverty Report (see above, page 7, which thousand members and publishes full-length papers and a highlighted the priority of enhancing newsletter twice a year. In addition to its traditional concerns livelihood security for chronically poor with the methods and technologies of pro-poor agricultural people, putting this ahead of the development, AgREN also pays particular attention to the opportunity and empowerment priorities implications of three factors: globalisation, the reform of public elaborated in the World Development service delivery, and rural livelihood diversification. Report 2000/1. Of the world’s 1.2 billion www.odi.org.uk/agren/ absolutely poor people, 300–420 million people were chronically poor at the Millennium. Many were in low income • Further work on value chains in countries experiencing slow economic Namibia focused on assessing the growth and social progress, but very large capabilities of the key actors, especially numbers were also in the better communities, to fulfil the various roles performing Asian countries, where state required to make the chain work supported social protection policies exist effectively. (Kate Schreckenberg) or are more of an immediate possibility. The greatest needs are in poorer • Policy makers are often unaware of the performing African countries, where multiple dimensions of poverty, its root imaginative new approaches will be causes, and the role sustainably managed needed, with support from the forests might play in supporting international community. The livelihoods. Where, as in Indonesia, the international community has still not timber industry is powerful, livelihood given this issue the priority and resources interests tend to be forgotten. By working it needs. (Andrew Shepherd, Ursula at the national level as well as in selected Grant (PPPG), Andy McKay (PPPG)) regions, an ODI-led project is focusing on civil society advocacy and policy impact, • DFID’s Social Exclusion and Social shared learning between all actors, and Protection policy team has been working the links between the forest sector, the to define an approach to social protection PRSP process and pro-poor governance for DFID. This involved background reforms. (Gill Shepherd and Adrian papers on economic growth, agriculture, Wells.) HIV/AIDS, basic services, post-conflict reconstruction, gender, rights and • Work on commodity markets in financing social protection. (Andrew southern Africa revealed information Shepherd, with Armando Barrientos asymmetries and problems of trust in the (Manchester), Rachel Marcus (SCF), John value chain, which limited the Farrington, Rachel Slater, Elizabeth opportunities for beneficial change for Cromwell, Cecilia Luttrell, Caroline small producers. Market development Moser (PPPG), Laure-Hélène Piron involves working with ‘wool brokers, and (PPPG), James Darcy (HPG) livestock auctioneers as well as producer groups’. (John Howell) • Food for work schemes are a major plank of the social protection offered by Livelihood protection and promotion governments and donor agencies in • The advantages of linking protection many countries. The livelihood Options with promotion (see ODI Annual Report work in India found these highly prone to 2002/3: 20-1) were further addressed in corruption and not necessarily more pro- publications on agriculture and social poor than cash transfers. (Priya protection, and these ideas were carried Deshingkar, John Farrington, Craig into work for the OECD/DAC’s Povnet, Johnson and Daniel Start) as well as the development of DFID’s approach to social protection (see Food security below). ‘Where it stimulates thrift and • Acute food insecurity is still alarmingly credit schemes, creates physical assets prevalent at the beginning of the 21st through employment schemes, and century, even in countries where promotes personal insurance, but (cash) economic liberalisation and structural transfer payments can also be indirectly adjustment programmes have been in growth promoting. Several types of place for some time. The Forum for Food agricultural strategy can both promote Security in Southern Africa growth and reduce risk, including (www.odi.org.uk/food-security-forum) revisions to legislation and regulation, has analysed the relationship between investments in infrastructure and soil the two deep food crises since 1990 and Small ruminants are an important component of and water conservation, innovative the chronic food insecurity to which eight the livelihoods strategies of the poor – herdsboy types of insurance, and appropriately million people in the regional are near Multan, Pakistan (© David Brown) focused provision of services, vulnerable. This project provided a forum

22 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Rural Policy and Governance

Policy brief Waiting for water

Peter Newborne and Tom Slaymaker

related to water supply and sanitation, as disbursed for water supply and sanitation listed and costed in the PRSPs, are often were currently being spent on already- lost or disregarded in the process of served communities, instead of those national budget preparation and without decent supplies. execution. This picture of poor targeting of water PRSPs cover a time-frame of three to investment is reinforced by indications five years, while budgets are annual. The that the water sector in many countries is medium-term priorities in PRSPs need to failing to attract and retain public funds be reflected by budget provisions and from ministries of finance and that this actual expenditure year by year. As failure is – in part at least – due to existing analysed by the sectoral studies, water strategies being inadequately organisation and administration of planned and costed in comparison with national budgeting processes are weak. other sectors which seem better able to The funds for water programmes are make their case for funds. simply not flowing through, which means If investment plans produced by water that the results desired at the end of the departments are not clearly targeted and Every child carries what they are able to – line will not be achieved. articulated in terms of how they will near Kampala, Uganda (© Marialivia Iotti) In Zambia, for example, the mechanics reduce poverty, as well as how they will of this funds leakage are that allocations provide value for money, it is natural for Water sector development is recognised authorised in the budget do not, in many finance ministers to feel less inclined to internationally as being important for instances, reflect PRSP-expressed fund them. In the study countries, there is poverty reduction. Now that poverty objectives. In turn, releases of public evidence that this weak sectoral planning reduction strategy papers (PRSPs) have funds, from Ministries of Finance to line is encouraging donors to bypass sectoral been drawn up in countries in sub- departments and local government, do programmes, and to opt for old-style Saharan Africa, the spotlight of interest not match authorised budget allocations. project-by-project funding, thus further has moved to the implementation of the In Malawi, for example, the position of undermining the capacity of the water strategies. local government in the process of sector to plan effectively. Funds in the form of debt relief have allocation and release of funds is often The policy implication of all this is that been released to governments of Highly weak. if PRSPs are to help reduce water-related Indebted Poor Countries, and other Decentralisation, in administrative poverty , then the water sector in target resources have been committed by terms, may have taken place to some countries need to be strengthened. While donors to support the objectives of the extent in these countries, but in fiscal donor funding of ‘off-budget’ projects PRSP process. The water supply and (and political) terms it is not developed. and programmes, as referred to above, sanitation objectives reflect, implicitly or Ministries competing for funds at the runs generally contrary to the philosophy explicitly, the new international targets centre are channelling them to their own of PRSPs, in the current state of expressed in the Millennium district agencies. preparedness of the water sector in these Development Goals, i.e. to halve the Even where funds are forthcoming for countries – at least in three out of the four number of those living without access to spending on water-related objectives in study countries – budget support seems safe drinking water and basic sanitation. the PRSPs, they are not well targeted and at present an unattractive proposition – If these objectives are to succeed, not reaching the poor. The particular except perhaps where it is specifically implementation of the poverty reduction location of poverty, including water- directed towards remedying ‘system’ strategies has to be improved related poverty, matters even in countries failures. considerably. where a majority or substantial minority Key elements for improved water The challenges of implementing such of the population are poor. In order to supply and sanitation are tools for goals in Africa have been well address water service gaps in targeting resources accurately and fairly documented, including the difficulties of communities where improved WSS and for checking sustainability and value transfer of resources to the poor. facilities are most needed, the final for money. These, combined with However, alongside inadequacies in destination of sectoral resources needs to improved coordination within the sector, institutional and administrative be carefully directed. including better planning and capability, country case studies in This means identifying those who have monitoring and evaluation, could end the Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda, in the past been habitually excluded and long wait of the poorest communities for carried out under a joint ODI and establishing criteria and mechanisms for better access to water. WaterAid programme, funded by DFID, allocating resources which serve to point to major disruption and delays in ‘break the mould’ of the existing power- release of money, and evidence of neglect and privilege-based channels of • www.odi.org.uk/rpeg/wpp in terms of absence of clear principles distribution. A test of equity devised by and procedures for distributing funds. WaterAid shows the fairness or otherwise • www.wateraid.org/PRSP The picture which has emerged from of allocation of water funds. Applied in these country studies is that objectives Uganda and Malawi it revealed that funds

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 23 Rural Policy and Governance

Illegal logging: who gains from tighter Policy brief controls? Adrian Wells and David Brown

There is increasing recognition that the weak the heavy-handed nature of the given conflicting jurisdictions and conservation and sustainable regulation itself becomes an opportunity unclear regulation. management of forests depend on a for illegality, creating ample Producer-country constituencies for consensus in society over the rules and opportunities for corrupt practices at all forest-sector monitoring remain small. regulations under which forest goods are levels – in policy setting, in permit Initiatives to date are largely the result of processed. However, despite the procedures, as well as in field-level external pressure and remain vulnerable widespread promotion of forest monitoring and enforcement. to domestic or foreign markets with less management plans, timber harvest Forest regulation in many cases thus stringent sourcing requirements. controls and traditional law enforcement, denies or restricts the tenurial and However, such trade-related initiatives illegality within the sector remains resource rights of the forest dependent can use market pressure to lever greater widespread. This is for a number of poor, criminalising key aspects of their transparency and accountability. A recent reasons. Political instability in many livelihoods and leaving them in a weak ODI review of donor-supported initiatives countries has led to frequent changes of bargaining position with the industry. to strengthen forest-sector monitoring governments and institutions with The costs of regulatory compliance weigh highlighted the need to build strong negative effects on the capacity of forest heavily on community-based timber national ownership of and public departments and other government producers, in particular. In many cases, engagement in monitoring initiatives agencies that play a role in forest this forces reliance on well-connected within producer countries, if they are to conservation. At the same time, powerful traders to facilitate documentation and secure lasting governance reform. economic groups currently benefit from market entry, with highly inequitable Experience suggests that, properly illegal logging. outcomes for the poor. constituted and subject to agreed Those people living in forest areas are Recent ODI research has helped reporting and publication rules, effective among the poorest groups in society, from unpick these barriers to legality. There is verification can be the lever for further the perspective of both social services a clear need to reform the regulatory gains in governance, and become a motor and general welfare. Illegal timber framework of the industry to reduce for broader reform. This is particularly harvesting harms them directly – by the transaction costs, while at the same time, likely where links are made to social disruption it causes – and indirectly better targeting institutional corruption. internationally supported policy – through the deterioration in respect for This requires a combination of measures, processes, such as regional initiatives on the law and norms of society. They bear including strengthening rights in land forest governance in Africa and East Asia, an excessive share of the environmental and resources, including demarcation of and also poverty reduction strategies. costs without compensation, while others indigenous land boundaries, land titling The prospects in this area appear reap the benefits. Yet, with improved for migrant families, and allocation of encouraging. Producer governments are governance, the forest and its timber and secure community concessions with increasingly aware of their own need for non-timber products could be the means long-term title. There is a need to reliable information (and the deficiencies of raising these people out of poverty. simplify administrative procedures to of internally-generated enforcement Illegal logging has a range of negative enable market entry and increase the data), to sustain their own credibility as impacts and poses a variety of problems. returns on legal forest management for international actors. Growing Firstly, there is the question of regulating small scale producers. It is also necessary differentiation within the forest industry an industry, often in isolated environ- to increase transparency and improve gives those companies that are investing ments, the high cost base and potentially data collection and access to information heavily in sustainable forest management very high returns of which make it in order to make illegal logging and other an added incentive to both prove their exceptionally prone to illegality. The high forest crimes more difficult to hide. own virtues and to exclude free-riders value of the product and the technical The growing ecological awareness of from the market place. complexity of sustainable forest many consumer markets for tropical And, as the international aid management, leads to very restrictive timbers is increasing pressure to improve environment becomes more narrowly legislation. Where public institutions are the management of tropical forests. This focused on poverty alleviation and the includes efforts to certify the legality of achievement of the millennium timber production, as well as improved development goals, environmental NGOs monitoring to ensure legal compliance. are under increasing pressure to come to These represent strong external an accommodation with the timber pressures on timber-producing states to industry, and to channel their interest in improve their enforcement operations. positive directions towards the promotion The forest industry also needs to of legitimate enterprise. demonstrate its commitment to credible verification systems to secure its future • www.odifpeg.org.uk/activities/ markets. However, the regulatory environmental_governance/ environment within producer countries impinges heavily on such initiatives. The • www.talailegal-centroamerica.org/ Taking timber to market, Nicaragua basis for proving legality may be weak, eng_index.htm

24 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Rural Policy and Governance

values if they are to be both just and Rural Development Forestry Network practical. This project places great A special issue of the Rural Development Forestry Network and the emphasis on the dissemination of these Nepal-based Journal of Forest and Livelihood show-cased recent ideas through Wildlife Policy Briefings UK-funded research on community forestry in Nepal. There was a and an interactive project website – perceived need to move from passive to active management of www.odi-bushmeat.org (David Brown the resource; significant discussion of the alternative methods for and Cecilia Luttrell) monitoring equity of benefit flows; and recognition that achievement of benefits often relate more to people’s ability to Natural resource management systems work together around other development activities than to originally • stated aims of resource conservation and direct livelihood benefits. Work in Ghana, with the University of (Kate Schreckenberg) Ghana, on developing a participatory, decentralised process of natural resource management based on local consensus for 500 policy makers, researchers, NGOs papers on aid instruments, PSIA, building, and evidence based and the private sector in the region to services, conflict management, pro-poor decentralised planning, is using think strategically about suitable policy growth, and politics. (Andrew Shepherd, anthropological and GIS techniques to options for strengthening food security. Dirk Bezemer, Ursula Grant (PPPG), Kate change attitudes. Natural resource policy Key issues addressed were: the influence Bird (PPPG), Andy McKay (PPPG), and is beginning to be seen more as a means of politics on the policy process, the the University of Manchester) to enhance sustainable development for errors underpinning first round the betterment of the locality than merely economic liberalisation strategies, the Sustainable development and to enforce regulations and authority. need for market interventions in the poverty reduction Youth are coming together to promote short term, and more refined thinking heir livelihood concerns and challenge about vulnerability and social protection Intellectual property rights and local their marginalisation in policy circles. to support immediate food security as seed industries in developing New understandings are emerging about well as the transition to market-based countries deforestation, land degradation, and development in the longer term. • WTO trade related intellectual property fallow regeneration, which are being fed (Elizabeth Cromwell, Steve Wiggins, rights (TRIPs) have led to new IPR into national policy debates. (David Rachel Slater) regimes and the patenting of Brown) biotechnology. Work is underway in • A Learning Review (see China, India, Kenya, Uganda, and • A contribution to the World Bank led www.alnap.org.uk for the After Action Colombia to understand the influence of multi-donor reform of land Review method) of responses to the these regimes on the development of administration in Ghana was also made, 2001–3 southern Africa crisis, in the light local seed industries, the priorities and with IIED. (David Brown) of lessons from responses to the 1991–2 funding of agricultural research, and crisis, revealed the importance of farmers’ access to useful technology. Water and livelihood security information, the operational context of (Rob Tripp, with University of • How can sustainable livelihoods and the response, and the incentives created Wageningen) livelihood security be incorporated into by a donor’s internal systems as critical to demand-responsive approaches to water the response. (Elizabeth Cromwell, Steve Scaling up on-farm bio-diversity supply and sanitation. Case studies in Sri Wiggins, Ed Clay (IEDG), Rachel Slater, conservation Lanka and India examined the challenge Paul Harvey (HPG)) • A review of international practice on of identifying and understanding the ground found that grassroots on-farm demand in complex, dynamic livelihoods • The Green Revolution in Bangladesh, conservation should follow an integrated systems. The project sought to build by contrast, was combined with strategic approach providing a range of incentives improved understanding into a decision interventions in grain markets to support and services not solely focused on farm prices and prevent consumer price conservation techniques: market inflation, and liberalised grain trading, channels and market based incentives; and this combination has achieved all establishing effective working year round rice availability at modest, relationships, often with groups of reasonably stable prices. Malnutrition farmers; developing institutional linkages remains, despite public works and direct which benefit all stakeholders; keeping provision of food by government to the funding chains short and off-setting net poorest who cannot work. Policy makers costs through fees, levies or consultancy have focused overwhelmingly on making charges; and finding ways of off-loading food available. Access to food by the the considerable costs of economic poorest, and having the health to make integration (transport, market chains for use of available food are issues which inputs and outputs) – though the latter policy makers need to focus on now. was thought possibly unfeasible in the (Steve Wiggins) current economic climate in eastern and southern Africa. (Elizabeth Cromwell) Reaching the Poorest • Based on the synthesis work for the Bushmeat Chronic Poverty Report, a collection of • Research into ‘wild meat, livelihood papers were produced for DFID’s security and conservation in the tropics’ Reaching the Poorest policy team on has demonstrated the importance of wild approaches to including the poorest in meat in the livelihoods of the poor, and development programming. This hence the need for conservation Andhra Pradesh included an overview paper, as well as strategies to recognise these livelihood (© Deepa Joshi and Suresh Reddy)

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 25 Rural Policy and Governance

support tool for policy makers and Sharing the Nile Waters practitioners. (Alan Nicol and Tom • Support to the Eastern Nile Technical Slaymaker) Regional Office in Addis Ababa has Policy brief focused on a key emerging issue: how • In India a further study of the to manage transitions from cooperative community management of groundwater political agendas based on short term resources highlighted the challenges of ‘buy-in’ to a more developmental Elizabeth Cromwell moving from a supply based, resource agenda where the political stakes are focused understanding of management longer term and the process of to one of managing patterns of demand agreement inherently more complex. The Southern Africa humanitarian crisis through focusing on the livelihoods Central to this is the nature of benefit that came to international attention in usage of the resource. (Alan Nicol, Tom sharing between states, and how this 2002 stemmed from an expansion of Slaymaker) can be built into regional socio- existing chronic food insecurity rather economic integration. (Alan Nicol) than a sudden disaster. In this, it offers • In the Palestine’s West Bank and Gaza useful lessons for how to manage such a multi-method study revealed the HIV/AIDS crises, which are increasingly part of the significance of small water sources for scene in other regions such as the Horn local livelihoods under conditions of • Cross-ODI work on HIV/AIDS has of Africa. Israeli closure and forced abandonment led to two pieces of work relating the In the 1980s, everyone talked of ‘food of alternative income sources. However, epidemic to livelihoods issues. security’; economic liberalisation was the analysis of the institutional context UNAIDS commissioned a scenario new development paradigm. Prevention indicated a disjunction between national building exercise on the impact of HIV/ of future food crises depended, it was institutional development and local AIDS on African food and farming held, on early warning systems, disaster resource governance. Overall the systems by 2025. Slower economic preparedness, strategic grain reserves, challenge is to build on local resource growth, due to losses of labour and intra-regional cooperation, and could be management to aid the transition from labour productivity and diversion of helped by implementation of the social and economic survival to long investment to pay for care, and domestic and trade measures that had term economic growth. (Alan Nicol) reduced public expenditure will mean become known as the Washington less demand for farm products, less Consensus. The belief was that such a Low external input agriculture support from government, depressed framework would ensure the four key • To what extent have low external input farm output, and higher levels of components of food security: availability, agriculture technologies been diffused, poverty. (Steve Wiggins, with Ed access, utilisation, and stability. modified or abandoned, or led to other Anderson (PPPG) and others.) Indeed, in 1991–2 Southern Africa innovations? What has been the role of averted widespread acute food insecurity human and social capital. Fieldwork has • The implications of high HIV/AIDS – despite a 65 per cent harvest shortfall. focused on soil regeneration in prevalence for social protection However, into the new Millennium, an Honduras, farmer field schools for policies were also explored, as part of estimated 16 million people in the region integrated pest management and soil the background for the development of are permanently vulnerable to food fertility management in Sri Lanka, and a DFID policy paper on Social insecurity, come rain come shine. To soil protection in Kenya. (Rob Tripp) Protection (see above). understand the difference we have to examine the major policy failures of Governance and rights governments and development partners. Human vulnerability arises from the Forest governance inability to cope with natural, economic • Forest governance continues to be a or social risks, and is usually defined in strong focus of ODI’s work. Support has terms of inadequate assets. Today, an been provided to DFID’s forestry estimated 8 million people in Southern programmes in Cameroun, Ghana and Africa (15 per cent of the population) are South Africa, working with national forest vulnerable to chronic food insecurity, departments as they move towards multi- and the same number again are stakeholder forest management. (Neil vulnerable to transitory food insecurity. Bird) Policy, while concentrating on food availability has placed insufficient Independent monitoring of illegal emphasis on access to food. The complex logging relationship between livelihood • In order to improve the effectiveness of strategies and human vulnerability has national controls over illegal logging, also been poorly understood: until donors have recently supported recently, most early warning systems in independent monitoring in a number of the region were based only on crop tropical countries. A review of this work estimates. in Cambodia, Cameroun, Indonesia and HIV/AIDS is a significant cause of elsewhere highlighted the measures to human vulnerability in the region and achieve maximum national ownership of Drawing from an orphanage in Bandawe, monitoring; and the institutional and Malawi (© Laure-Hélène Piron) reporting requirements for accountability and transparency. It argues that independent monitoring activities need to vary in the different operating environments. (David Brown)

26 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Rural Policy and Governance

Food security: what have we learned from the Southern Africa crisis? continues to undermine human capacity, There are three main from individual livelihood strategies to lessons. public sector service delivery. More than Firstly, market-based 30 per cent of adults are now infected in a economic development number of countries and the epidemic will not thrive in the has not yet peaked. But it is not the only region by the efforts of the significant cause. Decades of economic private sector alone. underachievement and poor service Specific policy incentives delivery, interspersed with shocks such which encourage NGOs as the 1991–2 drought, stretched many and community-based households’ coping strategies to breaking organisations to mediate point. And there is increasing recognition and support input, that social exclusion and other political output, finance and credit failures also increase vulnerability. markets are needed. In The development model that believed the short to medium economic liberalisation would bring term, until self-sustaining Family maize stock in Musenge village, Zimbabwe (© IFAD/H. Wagner) immediate benefits, significantly growth takes hold, underestimated the ‘low-level economic strategies have to include policy priorities and monitoring equilibrium trap’. In other words, the market intervention to stabilise food outcomes historic lack of market opportunities, availability and prices. New models for • Encouraging competitive politics resources to invest, reasonable returns on grain reserves and food price (and making greater use of civil investment and acceptable risks, impose stabilisation are urgently required. society to do so) powerful limitations on private sector Social protection policies tailor-made • Developing more consistent donor activity. for the specific needs of different relationships and recognising the Not uniquely to Southern Africa, categories of vulnerable people are also impact – especially political – of some failures in policy design have been far needed. What works for rural maize policies outweighed by failures in policy producers in Southern Malawi will not implementation at national and sub- work and may actually be harmful for Thirdly, there are lessons for national level: substantial policy rural households in Lesotho whose international humanitarian assistance. documents gather dust on Ministry livelihood decisions centre more on what There is only a limited role for shelves and are subject to expensive is happening across the border. internationally procured food aid in reviews and revisions before they even Furthermore, broader economic policies situations of chronic food insecurity and see the light of day. The current nature of need to take social protection objectives other forms of assistance such as cash the policy process is the problem, as it better into account. transfers are often more appropriate, can easily be co-opted or by-passed. Secondly, the relationship between because of the need to improve food The deterioration in regional development partners needs to change. access as much as food availability. integration between the 1991–2 and The $30–40 government spending per Regional sourcing of food aid (e.g. for 2002 crises has been marked. In 1991–2, head in the countries of Southern Africa school feeding, hospital rations) is more various institutions of the Southern is equivalent to a high proportion of the effective. Africa Development Community acted as annual income of much of the population Each of these areas of action is vital: conduits for information flow on needs living below local poverty lines. Over the none can be postponed. Food security assessments, maize procurement, and past decade, this expenditure has has to become an objective of fiscal transport capacity, and in smoothing contributed little towards achieving the policy and a priority for public spending. cross-border controls. By 2002, Millennium Development Goals in the This requires changes in the relationships disagreements concerning region. True, globalisation and HIV/AIDS between development partners and the replenishment of Community funding have had a major negative impact but maintenance of aid flows to support had paralysed key institutions and there development partners could institute these priorities. Will Southern Africa’s has been little progress with other areas some changes such as the following with development partners take up the of regional integration. Given the various immediate positive effect: challenge in the coming round of poverty barriers to participation in international reduction strategy reviews throughout markets and the potential for much • Greater focus on results-based the region? greater cross-border trade in food, this is management – specifically, greater a missed opportunity. use of hard evidence in identifying www.odi.org.uk/food-security-forum

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 27 Humanitarian Policy

space within which the mandated The Humanitarian Policy Group is one of the world’s leading teams of protection agencies are able to operate. policy researchers and information professionals working on HPG is examining the role of humanitarian policy issues. It aims to inspire and inform effective and humanitarian organisations in the principled humanitarian action by conducting policy relevant research protection of civilians, and how they and by promoting informed debate on humanitarian issues. relate to other political and military actors nationally and internationally. It considers questions about perceptions of Humanitarian Policy Research security; tensions between national security and human security agendas; Law, principles and the responsibility and differences of perspective between to protect human rights and humanitarian actors. • A core principle of humanitarian (James Darcy, Frances Stevenson) action is impartiality, that humanitarian assistance should be allocated in • Human rights and humanitarian actors proportion to need, and not by virtue of are taken to be working to substantially the political, racial, ethnic or other the same ends in many conflict-affected discriminating characteristic of any environments, that is the protection of particular group. Those responsible for civilians of violence and the upholding of operationalising this principle have international humanitarian law. In recent challenges in both defining and years, many aid agencies have also measuring need, and then in ensuring adopted ‘rights-based approaches’ to that global humanitarian assistance is their work. This project has sought to allocated accordingingly. A major ODI examine how humanitarian action can be study recommended that the process of understood as being ‘rights-based’, and assessment should be de-linked from the what are the operational implications of resource mobilisation process, by which linking the humanitarian agenda more it is skewed; and that far greater tightly with that of human rights. (James emphasis should be placed on specifying Darcy) problems more precisely, using the combined evidence of actual outcomes The evolving architecture of (mortality, morbidity) and key risk humanitarian action indicators. This HPG report has been • In June 2003, HPG provided technical influential in informing policy thinking in support to an inter-governmental a range of different organisations across conference on principles of ‘Good the sector. (James Darcy, Charles- Humanitarian Donorship (GHD). The Antoine Hofmann, Adele Harmer) meeting established for the first time agreement that official humanitarian • The question of how to protect civilians assistance constitutes a ‘special case’ of and refugees from harm during conflict is development cooperation, both in terms a matter of growing debate of the principles according to which internationally, both in the humanitarian funds should be allocated and managed, sector and in political spheres. The and in terms of aid instrumentation. An practice of states and warring parties in implementation group is responsible for recent years has tended to render civilian identifying ways in which the initiative populations increasingly vulnerable, to will be progressed through multilateral the point where they may be the direct fora (such as the OECD DAC) and targets of military strategy or counter- bilaterally. Related to this, HPG insurgency policies. External supported the informal meeting of the EU mechanisms for protecting civilians, such Humanitarian Aid Committee, convened as those provided by the ICRC and in Dublin in March 2004 by the UNHCR, are under increasing strain. Government of Ireland during its While certain categories of people are Presidency. The meeting brought Zaire/Rwanda: Goma, near Mugunga camp. Exodus of Rwandan refugees from Katale recognised in law as ‘protected persons’, together the heads of emergency aid camp, November 1996 (© CICR/HURST, the relevance of these protective legal departments from all member states and, Thomas) regimes is questioned, and political and for the first time, of accession states, to security factors have diminished the examine how the GHD agenda might

Humanitarian Policy Group Joanna Macrae Group Coordinator Charles-Antoine Hofmann Research Officer James Darcy Research Fellow Victoria Wheeler Research Officer Adele Harmer Research Fellow Matthew Foley Publications Coordinator Paul Harvey Research Fellow Dina Hashem Group Administrator Catherine Longley Research Fellow Carolina Kern Project Administrator Frances Stevenson HPN Coordinator Alison Prescott Events and Membership Administrator Lin Cotterrell Research Officer Julie Bygraves* Project Administrator * Left during the year

28 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Humanitarian Policy

Humanitarian Disasters: the journal of disaster programming: studies, policy and management enhancing operational The journal continues to attract high response quality submissions and subscriptions to • What are the Disasters have continued to grow. implications of HIV/AIDS Readership of online articles increased by for our understanding of 34% in 2003, with 16,744 articles crisis and humanitarian downloaded. As usual the Journal covered aid? Taking the ongoing a broad range of disaster related issues, crisis in southern Africa as including both developed and developing the main focus, research world agendas. Just a few examples of was conducted in Malawi, the issues covered gives an idea of the Zambia, Zimbabwe and breadth of issues; oil spills in Galicia, South Africa to examine flooding in Manila, mortality in Congo, the contribution of HIV/ seed markets after Hurricane Mitch, the AIDS to the crisis and the A Liberian government soldier poses with a machine gun, Monrovia, use of military rations as relief supplies and way in which the June 2003 (©REUTERS/Luc Gnago, courtesy www.alertnet.org) civil society following the Kobe epidemic was being taken earthquake. Several articles reflected on into account in the emergency response. the implications for disaster management The report concluded that HIV/AIDS and the multiplicity of factors that of the September 11 attacks in the US. presents a major challenge to the determine key humanitarian outcomes, There were also articles on HIV/AIDS; humanitarian community. As well as a precise measurement of the impact of focusing on infant feeding in complex crisis in its own right, HIV/AIDS deepens humanitarian aid remains difficult. It will emergencies and prevention in refugee the vulnerability of large numbers of be important, therefore, for donors and settings. Two articles examined ethical people to other forms of natural and others to be realistic in setting considerations for research in humanitar- political shocks and threats. At present, requirements for impact measurement ian emergencies and in refugee research. the humanitarian community remains from their partners. Despite the weakly equipped to analyse the constraints, the report argues that it is implications of HIV/AIDS in terms of possible to measure impact in some best be progressed in Europe. During this disaster preparedness and response. circumstances using quantifiable and period, HPG also contributed to a wider HIV/AIDS, in common with other forms scientific methods, as well as more ODI study for JBIC of trends in of protracted crises, challenges participatory ones. (Charles-Antoine international aid policy, focusing in traditional relief-development aid Hofmann, Paul Harvey) particular on the lessons that might be distinctions, and demands responses drawn from humanitarian policy across the aid community, particularly in • The role of agricultural rehabilitation is development in the UK and in Europe. terms of the establishment of long-term changing: with relief being linked to (Joanna Macrae, Adele Harmer) safety nets, and increased access to development and support to rural health services. (Paul Harvey) livelihoods. HPG, in collaboration with • Each year, HPG produces a review of ICRISAT, aims to review the state of the key trends within the humanitarian • Humanitarian agencies are under art in approaches to agricultural sector. The 2003/4 review, to be increasing pressure to prove that they are rehabilitation. Drawing both on an published in June 2004, focuses on how exerting a positive impact in terms of extensive review of a growing literature, debates have progressed in recent years core outcomes. This pressure arises from and case studies in Sierra Leone and from a concern to ‘link’ relief and donors, the public and from within Afghanistan, the study has identified a developmental forms of aid, to a much agencies themselves concerned to growing convergence in thinking more wide ranging discussion regarding deepen their accountability, to between developmental and the links between aid and security on the demonstrate delivery against targets and humanitarian actors working in one hand, and the need to provide more to promote evidence-based approaches situations of chronic crisis. In particular sustained welfare safety nets and social to resources. HPG has reviewed current there is growing consensus regarding the protection in ‘poorly performing’ approaches to the analysis and need to support livelihoods and to invest countries on the other. The report measurement of impact in the in social protection. The study cautions, concludes that there is likely to be a humanitarian arena. Given the however, that innovations in conceptual significant expansion in the volume of complexity of the operating environment thinking have outpaced programmatic aid spent in these difficult environments. While there remain important and legitimate differences between the goals Humanitarian Practice Network (HPN) and modus operandi of humanitarian and developmental actors, there is also HPN is a unique forum in which humanitarian practitioners and policy makers can share growing convergence including the and disseminate information, ideas, analysis and experience. With an estimated readership MDGs, rights-based approaches and of over 10,000 in 80 countries, and across 400 organisations, HPN human security. There is a need for through its distinctive and comprehensive range of publications greater cross-learning across the relief- enables the humanitarian community to follow key humanitarian development divide about the policy debates, keep up to date on core technical issues and application of these concepts, and for document emerging field practice. In 2003/4, issues covered by HPN building consensus about how to have ranged from the continuing importance of neutrality, navigate the complex politics at play in commemoration of the 10th anniversary of the genocide in Rwanda, these difficult environments. (Joanna and a definitive review of good practice in disaster mitigation and Macrae and Adele Harmer) preparedness. (Frances Stevenson, Matthew Foley) www.odihpn.org

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 29 Humanitarian Policy

Policy brief How humanitarianism is changing

Joanna Macrae

Humanitarian action is both misunder- Greater awareness of the protracted livelihoods and protection in Somalia is stood and contentious. The lack of clarity and repeated nature of many crises one example of how this interface is and consensus regarding its purpose and challenges the idea of relief as a being explored, and its very practical principles has direct, and sometimes temporary palliative. Populations from programming implications. tragic, operational implications. Afghanistan to Zimbabwe face sustained However, there are legitimate Historically, action to relieve suffering threats to their lives and livelihoods differences between the objectives and and save lives in conflict rested upon a lasting years or even decades, from operating principles of the humanitarian ‘deal’ between organisations such as the disease (including HIV/AIDS), violence and developmental communities. In Red Cross and Red Crescent and and political instability. Relief, while particular, while the former is concerned belligerents. In essence, those who important, is not enough: sustained with the short-term goal of saving lives, wished to intervene claimed the right to efforts to provide a social safety net and the latter is concerned with policies that assist those affected by the conflict; in social protection are required. make lives and livelihoods sustainable in return, they undertook that their We have explored these issues in the longer term. The two fields work to interventions would not confer military greater depth through our work on HIV/ different rules in their relations with advantage to either side. AIDS and agricultural rehabilitation and states, the first often seeing the state as a The basic values and principles for our contribution to the ODI-wide study key part of the problem, the second humanitarian aid agencies are set out in on aid in so-called ‘poorly performing’ seeing it as a critical partner. a Code Of Conduct agreed between countries. These differences raise dilemmas over leading non-governmental humanitarian the management of resources and agencies. This stresses the primacy of the competing priorities. Sustained progress ‘humanitarian imperative’, and the duty will depend on achieving greater mutual to act impartially, without regard to race, understanding across the development creed and nationality or any adverse and humanitarian communities of the distinction. It also emphasises the function and limits of different models of independence of humanitarian actors intervention. from political agendas. In order to be effective, the deal has required that all Humanitarianism and security sides understand it, and have an There have been increasing linkages incentive to abide by it. between humanitarianism and security. The principles of humanitarian action After years at the margins of international have come under increased strain as its affairs, the past decade has seen boundaries with development, humanitarianism thrust to the fore. The diplomacy and defence have blurred. idea of ‘humanitarian intervention’ – the Policy coherence is important; but once international use of military force in humanitarian action ceases to be seen as What all such work highlights is the order to address or prevent violations of distinct, then the deal that binds those increasing convergence between the human rights – has become more intervening and belligerents risks being humanitarian and development common. weakened. In short, the security of communities in their analysis of the The term ‘humanitarian war’ was used humanitarian operations and access to causes and political dimensions of in Kosovo in 1999. While counter- affected populations is compromised. vulnerability. HPN’s Network Paper on terrorism provided the primary rationale for international intervention in Humanitarianism and Iraq and Afghanistan, the development overthrow of Saddam Hussein and The respective roles of of the Taleban regime has also humanitarian action and of been justified by an appeal to development may converge, but human rights and the they are distinct. The nature of this humanitarian imperative. In this distinction is not always context, humanitarianism has understood within the broader aid become tightly linked with community. For example many international security. people associate humanitarian Defining the interface between aid simply with the logistical humanitarian action and supply of truckloads of food, a diplomatic and security concerns necessary but inherently is not easy but drawing on case unsustainable means of enabling studies, including Afghanistan, people to cope with what is Medical supplies being unloaded from a Belgian air force plane at HPG is seeking to provide a basis sometimes seen as a temporary Baghdad’s airport, May 2003 from which to promote a dialogue interruption to development. (© REUTERS/Kieran Doherty, courtesy www.alertnet.org) between these different interests

30 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Humanitarian Policy

innovation, and much remains to be a neutral platform for debate. During the done in operationalising new year, the Group produced two HPG approaches. In particular, there is a need Briefing Notes examining the issues to examine how best to navigate the arising with regard to humanitarian complex politics inherent in these crises in Iraq and Ituri. Widely circulated environments. (Kate Longley) through email and key websites, these Briefing Notes, together with specially ‘Rapid Reaction’ convened meetings and roundtables provided timely and accessible on the division of labour in the field of • Drawing on the resources of HPN and information to specialist and non- protection. the HPG research team, this project specialist audiences alike. (All HPG aimed to identify key issues facing policy research staff) Defining the ‘brand’ makers and operational personnel in Within the humanitarian community major emerging crises, identify key itself, what constitutes humanitarian lessons from previous crises and provide action, and how it should relate to development, diplomacy and defence has also become contested and confused. Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance As the number of organisations engaged in the delivery of humanitarian (ALNAP) assistance has proliferated, so too have ALNAP aims to improve the quality and • Biannual Meetings. These provide a the interpretations of humanitarianism accountability of humanitarian assistance sector-wide standing forum for the and the rules that should govern it. programmes by fostering a culture of identification and dissemination of good HPN is a key forum for debate on these learning in the humanitarian sector. The practice and allow key players in the issues. In the aftermath of the bombing of Network is hosted by ODI and currently humanitarian sector the chance to share the UN compound in Baghdad in August consists of 51 Full Member organisations experiences. The May 2003 meeting was 2003, the group worked with partners at and individuals in the humanitarian sector held in London and focused on how to the Feinstein Famine Center, Tufts (who fund ALNAP) and around 380 operationalise the ALNAP Vision. The University, to input into roundtable Observer Members. Strategy is October 2003 meeting was hosted by discussions in London and Geneva to determined by an eight member Steering the Tufts University, Boston, USA and review the implications for humanitarian Committee. focused on the issue of protection. action more broadly. • ALNAP Annual Review 2003 featured • ALNAP’s Global Study on The idea of humanitarianism has a themed chapter on monitoring in evolved over the past decades. It has Consultation and Participation of addition to its usual evaluation synthesis Disaster Affected Populations: become more familiar to many on the and meta-evaluation sections. The international stage, with many of its findings from field studies in Angola, Sri synthesis included a set of completed Lanka, Colombia, Afghanistan and principles and values increasingly reports made available to ALNAP in informing the actions of other aid, Eastern DRC were published in a 2002, comprising 49 individual monograph series, together with a Draft diplomatic and even security actors. But evaluation reports and six synthesis by becoming many things to many Practitioners’ Handbook that is currently reports commissioned to evaluate being piloted. people, its identity has become confused humanitarian action in 21 countries. The and contested. meta-evaluation was based on 39 Clear communications about the evaluative reports and rated against an strengths and limitations of improved ALNAP Quality Proforma. humanitarian values, principles and operating modes has been critical to the ‘Successive meetings by ALNAP since success of the humanitarian project, and its founding in 1997 have served as will remain so. something of a barometer of the growth and maturity of the • www.ifrc.org/publicat/conduct humanitarian sector.’ (From The Humanitarian and War Project, Status • www.ifrc.org/what/values/principles Report #43, November 2003, p 4.) • ALNAP Guidance Booklets on Humanitarian Protection and Evaluating • ALNAP Website. Traffic to Humanitarian Action are both available www.alnap.org increased by in draft form and are currently being approximately 45% in comparison with piloted in several different humanitarian the same period in the preceding year. emergency situations. The ALNAP Guidance Booklet on • Training modules on evaluation of Humanitarian Protection has proved to humanitarian action were updated and be the most popular download on site are available from the website. so far in 2004. ALNAP Staff • ALNAP Evaluative Reports Database John Mitchell: Coordinator (ERD). The ERD represents the most Gabriele Russo: Deputy Coordinator comprehensive library of evaluative Sera Orzel:* Network Officer reports for the humanitarian sector. 76 new records were added to the ERD last John Lakeman: Database & Website Manager year. Colin Hadkiss: Administrative Support Officer * Left during the year

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 31 Public Affairs and Communications

ODI’s public affairs and communications programme works through Cooperation to 2010’ project and a further different media to reach policymakers and to contribute to wider public ten from ODI’s research groups, plus nine Natural Resource Perspectives, 23 network debate on development and humanitarian policy in the UK and papers, and eight Opinions papers. internationally. ODI’s two journals – Development Policy Review and Disasters – are central ODI Website to our publishing programme. Published The ODI website continues to play a key in association with Blackwell Publishing, role in ODI’s communications and public both journals have had another affairs programme. Visitor numbers rose successful year, with significant increases steadily throughout the year, exceeding in circulation. Development Policy Review 3,500 per day by April 2004, with more now has six issues per year. Both journals than two million hits per month, a 30% regularly publish special thematic issues, increase compared with April 2003. with ‘Food Policy Old and New’, in A major attraction of the website is the Development Policy Review (now also very wide range of new material available published as a book), and ‘The Sphere from the site in full text, free of charge. Project: Humanitarian Charter and More than 44,000 copies of Working Minimum Standards in Disaster Papers, Briefing Papers, Natural Resource Response’ forthcoming in Disasters in Perspectives and other documents are June 2004. The publishers are promoting downloaded each month by visitors from the journals world-wide with a particular across the world. focus on electronic subscription access The home page is updated several for libraries and development agencies, The ODI website continues to times a week, featuring details of current as well as additional individual meetings and events, the latest subscriptions. play a key role in ODI’s publications, and other ODI news, with communications and public links across the site. New features this Meetings and seminars affairs programme. Visitor year have included full audio for Discussion meetings remain a key numbers rose steadily meetings, the ODI Opinions page, and a component of ODI’s public affairs throughout the year, exceeding discussion board. With more than 7,000 programme. Over the past year there have 3,500 per day by April 2004, with pages and hundreds of downloadable been three major series attended by a more than two million hits per files, managing the website is becoming constituency of more than 800 people month, a 30% increase compared increasingly challenging. A compre- encompassing civil servants, journalists, with April 2003. hensive redesign of the operation and researchers and NGO representatives. appearance of the website using content Does Evidence Matter?, organised with the management technology is now in Research and Policy in Development preparation, in association with ODI’s team, attracted crowds to the ODI new Partnership Programme Agreement meeting room for eight meetings from with DFID. This will make it easier for April to June. European Development visitors to access the entire range of ODI’s Cooperation 2010: What Scenarios for the output, with considerably improved Future, a joint venture with the All Party search facilities. It will also simplify the Parliamentary Group on Overseas management of the website enabling us Development, and part of a wider to post material more quickly. international project, was held mainly ODI also hosts websites in association across the river in Parliament, at with other organisations, including: Portcullis House and the House of • www.keysheets.org Commons – a new departure for our • www.prspsynthesis.org meetings. The Future of Aid, 2005–2010: • www.propoortourism.org.uk challenges and choices, a series of seven • www.securewater.org meetings, was held at ODI in January and • www.alnap.org February. Topics addressed in other meetings Publications (listed in full on page 44) have included, Every year ODI publishes extensively in the International Finance Facility, print. Although we continue to publish inequality in middle income-countries, full-length books in hardback and humanitarian needs in Iraq and Ituri, paperback editions (six this year), the food policy, oil wealth and forest greater part of the conservation, and water supply and publications programme is sanitation under PRSPs. Reports are Public Affairs and Communications now published in shorter published on the ODI website shortly Peter Gee Head of Public Affairs and IT formats, also available after each meeting, and these are usually online from our website. accompanied by a full sound recording Anna Brown Publications Sales Administrator This year 38 new Working enabling internet visitors to listen to the Daniel Demie IT Officer Papers were produced, entire meeting. This opens up debates to Diana Evans Meetings and Media Officer presenting research results a much wider international audience. Pippa Leask Publications and Website Officer in detail. Four new ODI Briefing Papers were Media Derrick Madir Assistant IT Officer published, together with Working with the print and broadcast Terry McGarvey Information Centre Officer another six Briefings from media is an essential part of ODI’s the ‘European Development communication programme. Journalists

32 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Public Affairs and Communications

and media researchers regularly and Beverley Duckworth, World approach us for advice, comments and Development Movement). Michael interviews, and we work with them to put Howard MP and Caroline across important ‘stories’ generated by Spelman MP presented ODI research. This has led to newspaper ‘Conservative Party Policy coverage in The Guardian, on International The Independent, the Christian Science Development’, while Monitor, the Wall Street Journal and Michael Meacher, MP interviews with ODI researchers on spoke on ‘sustainable Analysis, Farming Today, Four Corners, development’. and The Poor Wars, on BBC Radio 4, and World Business Report, Newshour and Information Centre The World Today on BBC World Service ODI’s internal information Radio, BBC World TV News, and CNN. centre supports our research programmes. Parliament The newly enhanced Located just across Westminster Bridge, intranet site acts as a ODI is well-placed to work closely with portal to key online parliament. In particular, ODI journals and other researchers provide advice to relevant web information parliamentary committees and we also sources. Many other provide support for the All Party economic and statistical Parliamentary Group on Overseas data sources, and training Development (APGOOD). Meetings of materials are available on CD. A small the Group have been attended by paper collection of journals and politicians, academics, business people documents has been retained and this is and NGOs. From the government, the augmented by document supply services, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon notably from the British Library. Brown MP spoke twice, on the ‘International Finance Facility’, and (with Bob Geldof) on ‘Priorities for development ahead of the World Bank and IMF Spring Meetings’. The Secretary of State for International Development, Hilary Benn, MP spoke on ‘Agriculture and Poverty – unlocking the potential’, and on ‘Towards 2005: The Challenge of Trade Justice’ (with Dr Matthew Lockwood, ActionAid UK; Justin Forsyth, Oxfam GB;

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 33 ODI Fellowship Scheme

the HIV/AIDS Crisis Management and Cabinet Secretary Sir Andrew Turnbull, in a speech to celebrate the 40th Technical Committee (Swaziland). anniversary of the ODI Fellowship Scheme, stated that if he was asked • Analysis of the impact of the EU’s what organisation had been particularly influential in his career then he ‘Everything But Arms’ Initiative would undoubtedly nominate the ODI, which gave him his first break (Guyana). after leaving university. This statement is only one of the many in • Preparation of Interim or Final support of the Scheme which the Fellowship Team has received in this National Poverty Reduction Strategy anniversary year. Paper (Rwanda and other African countries). • Forecasting the impact of the 2003/04 marked a important milestone implementation of the SADC Regional Fellowship Scheme for the ODI Fellowship Scheme, as we Trade Protocol (Mozambique). celebrated our fortieth anniversary and • Income Tax modelling (Malawi). Adrian Hewitt Head of Scheme placed a record 33 Fellows in 18 countries • Debt Management strategies Susan Barron Programme Officer in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific, (Tanzania, Malawi, Uganda and Guyana). Angela O’Callaghan Administrator joining the 31 Fellows still in post. Of the • Development of monitoring framework 33, there are 18 men and 15 women. In to enhance accountability of budget terms of nationality the new Fellows are support and to improve monitoring or British, Australian, Dutch, Saint Lucian, progress towards poverty reduction French, Italian, Spanish, Irish, Ghanaian (Tanzania). and Pakistani.We also continued with our policy of diversification of placements by Funding moving to new countries (such as ODI was able to extend the funding Burundi and Sierra Leone) and by provided by the Commonwealth making new placements in existing Secretariat and expand its funding of Scheme countries such as the National international trade posts, to include a emergency Response Committee on HIV/ further four posts in Africa (Malawi, AIDS in Swaziland (NERCHA). As of April Uganda, Sierra Leone and Zambia) in 2004 we have 64 Fellows in the field. addition to the four posts in the Pacific (Fiji, PNG, Vanuatu and Tonga). This is Activity of Fellows additional to the support we receive from Fellows continue to play a significant role DFID (which extends to nearly all the in policy development, formulation and other posts) and from the governments implementation. International trade themselves who pay local salaries to policy plays an important role in the Fellows at civil service rates. Tonga ODI Fellow Samantha Newton, Fellowship Scheme with 14 Fellows an Australian trade economist working on trade issues either within a 40th Anniversary supported by the Commonwealth, trade ministry or a trade-related The Fellowship Scheme’s fortieth with her boss the Secretary for Trade ministry/regional body. Three Fellows anniversary in 2003 was marked by a for Tonga, Paula Kautoke, wearing took part in their country delegations to celebratory event at the House of the traditional Tongan mat to the the WTO ministerials in Cancun while Commons to coincide with the 2003 office others played a vital role in formulating their country Fellowship categories by sector of posting 2004 position. Beyond this, areas in Education/Governance 11% which Fellows are currently, or have been recently working Regional Organisations 6% include: • The introduction of the Health 8% Medium Term Expenditure Environment 2% Framework to line ministries (Rwanda). Agriculture 3% • Elaboration of regional trade João Van Dunem, Directorate of Trade, Industry 20% Customs Policy and Procedures, agreements (Pacific). Mozambique Customs Service • Devising a strategic response Finance and Planning 50% to HIV/AIDS as a member of

‘The ODI experience has undoubtedly shaped Quotations from former Fellows: ‘I learned three lessons that stayed with me the nature of research that ex Fellows are ..and made me optimistic about public service. engaged in, and the way ... health economics ‘The Fellowship Scheme has been a success The first is that rapid economic development as applied to low income countries has from the point of view of recipient countries. is possible in the most inhospitable of developed ... So the ODI Scheme can pride itself Secondly it provides a wonderful personal circumstances ... the second... is the centrality not only on providing useful pairs of hands to development experience for fellows. Thirdly, of economics to good policy and good politics developing country agencies, but also on the scheme has lasting and wide benefits well ... the third ... technical assistance by way of helping to influence the development of health beyond the two year experiences of the good advice, judged largely a failure in the economics as applied to low income country fellowships themselves’. development story can be made to work’. Professor Peter Davies, Vice President and Suma Chakrabarti, Permanent Secretary DFID, settings’. Chief Economist at BP, who was a Fellow in on his experiences in the Ministry of Works and Professor Anne Mills, London School of the Ministry of Finance, Swaziland, 1972–74 Communications, Botswana, 1981–83 Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, former Fellow in the Ministry of Health, Malawi, 1973–75

34 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 ODI Fellowship Scheme briefing session for new Fellows. Over Fellows in post (April 2004) Swaziland 200 former Fellows joined ambassadors, Africa Geoff Handley, Budgets and Economic Affairs donors and friends of the Fellowship in Botswana Section, Ministry of Finance our celebrations and helped the new Rachel Smyth, National AIDS Coordination Edith Patouillard, National Emergency Response cohort of Fellows to prepare for their new Agency (NACA) Committee on HIV/AIDS (NERCHA) posts. Several high-profile former Fellows Burundi Amy Whalley, Public Policy Coordination Unit, spoke of their experiences in post, their Dominique Puthod, Ministry of Planning, Prime Minister’s Office impact and how the Fellowship Development and Reconstruction Tanzania Ethiopia James Bianco, Policy Analysis Department, influenced future career choices. The Niall Kishtainy, Economic and Social Policy Ministry of Finance event was organised by former Fellow Division, United Nations Economic Commission Luca Crudeli, President’s Economic Policy Advisory Adrian Hewitt who worked in the for Africa Unit (PEPAU) Ministry of Labour, Malawi (1974–76) and Ghana Kenneth Lawson, Policy and Planning now heads the Scheme. He introduced Kobi Bentley, Programme Budgeting, Monitoring Department, Ministry of Health the current Scheme and the speakers : and Evaluation Department, Ministry of Kripali Manek, Policy Analysis Department, • Education Ministry of Finance Dr Vincent Cable MP, Liberal Emily Larbi-Jones, Ministry of Trade and Industry Elizabeth Turner, Ministry of Industry and Trade Democrat Treasury spokesman Carolina Monsalve, Ministry of Finance and Uganda • Suma Chakrabarti, Permanent Economic Planning and Institute of Economic Diego Angemi, Poverty Monitoring and Analysis Secretary DFID Affairs Unit (PMAU), Ministry of Finance, Planning and • Professor Peter Davies, Vice President Lesotho Economic Development and Chief Economist BP Haris Irshad, Privatisation Unit, Ministry of Finance David Brown, Lands and Environment, Ministry of • Bruce McAlpine, Lesotho Revenue Authority Finance, Planning and Economic Development Romilly Greenhill now with ActionAid Malawi Graeme Harrison, Macroeconomic Policy • Professor Anne Mills, Professor of Seema Bhatia, Aid Management Division, Ministry Department, Ministry of Finance, Planning and Health Economics and Policy LSHTM of Finance and Economic Planning Economic Development • Sir Andrew Turnbull, Cabinet Secretary Alice Clarke, Ministry of Trade and Private Sector Michael Obanubi, Ministry of Tourism, Trade and • Dr Martin Weale, Director, National Development Industry Institute of Economic and Social Kasper Dalsten, Budget Division, Ministry of Gregory Smith, Budget and Evaluation Finance and Economic Planning Department, Ministry of Finance, Planning and Research. Lucy Jones, Malawi Revenue Authority Economic Development Their essays were subsequently Polly LeGrand, Ministry of Education Zambia published by ODI in 2003. Mozambique Philip Osafo-Kwaako, Ministry of Commerce, Andrea Alfieri, GPSCA,Ministry of Agriculture and Trade and Industry 2004–06 Recruitment Rural Development Zanzibar The 2004–06 round of recruitment was Enrique Blanco de Armas, Technical Unit for Shireen Mahdi, Department of Budget and Multilateral and Regional Trade Negotiations Economic Management, Ministry of Finance and completed in February. This year we had (UTCOM), Ministry of Trade and Industry Economic Affairs a record of number of 403 applications Stijn Broecke, Technical Planning Unit, Ministry of Daniel Wilde, Department of External Finance, and interviewed 70. Formal offers of Health Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs placements with governments were made Eleanor Cannell, National Directorate of Tax and in June 2004. The calibre of ODI Audit, Ministry of Planning and Finance The Caribbean Fellowship applicants remains extremely Xavier Cirera, Ministry of Commerce and Industry Caribbean Development Bank Robert James, Poverty Analysis Division, Ministry Jason Jackson, Research Department, Caribbean high. This is encouraging with demand of Planning and Finance Development Bank, Bridgetown, Barbados for Fellows from developing countries Edward Sam Jones, Macroeconomic Planning Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery continuing to outstrip both supply and Division, Ministry of Planning and Finance Tania Wilson, Trade Analyst, CRNM Barbados funding. New governments are already João Van Dunem, Directorate of Customs Policy Office asking to join the Scheme, to receive and Procedures, Mozambique Customs Service Guyana Fellows to strengthen their public sector Namibia Conor Fox, Environmental Protection Agency Chris Isaac, Ministry of Finance – Treasury Tim Green, Commerce Division, Ministry of economics cadre, and in the case of Zainab Kizilbash, Directorate of Planning and Tourism, Industry and Commerce donors to strengthen their own Development, Ministry of Education Lauren Johnston, Ministry of Finance development cadre. Nigeria is likely to Rwanda Michael Weatherhead, Agricultural Project Cycle employ its first Fellows at federal Möez Cherif, Privatisation Unit, Ministry of Unit (APCU), Ministry of Agriculture government level following an Finance and Economic Planning exploratory mission in January and the Benjamin Cropper, Budget Division, Ministry of The Pacific Finance and Economic Planning Fiji normal round of placements in April. Zöe Keeler, Macroeconomic Policy Department, Virginia Horscroft, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning Business Development and Investment Tim Powell-Jackson, Public Expenditure Papua New Guinea Management, Directorate of Planning, Ministry Mark Essex, Structural Policy and Investment of Health Division, Department of Treasury Afua Sarkodie, Department of Planning and Alessandro Martinatto, Internal Revenue Development Coordination, Ministry of Local Commission Government, Information and Social Affairs Francesco Rampa, Trade Division, Department of Bruno Versailles, Poverty Reduction Programme, Trade and Industry Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning Rachel Wilson, Policy and Research Division, Claire Wallis, Ministry of Local Government and Department of National Planning and Rural Social Affairs Development Sierra Leone Tonga Matthew Lusty, Ministry of Trade and Industry Samantha Newton, Trade Policy Unit, Ministry of Papua New Guinea Fellows Francesco South Africa Labour, Commerce and Industries Rampa (left) and Alessandro Martinatto Aditi Maheshwari, Economic Services, National Vanuatu (far right), both Italians working on Treasury Daniel Gay, Department of Trade, Industry and trade and revenue policy, with the Michelle Schoch, Budget Division, National Investment visiting Trade minister of the Solomon Treasury South Pacific Applied Geo-science Islands and Adrian Hewitt, at the Port Aarti Shah, Intergovernmental Affairs, National Commission Moresby ministerial meeting of the Treasury Emily McKenzie, South Pacific Applied Geo- Pacific nations science Commission, Suva, Fiji

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 35 Finance

Balance sheet summary 31 March 2004 31 March 2003 Statement by the Council The members of the ODI Council ££confirm that the summarised accounts Fixed Assets on this page are a summary of the Tangible assets 30,022 40,484 information extracted from the full Investments (Market Value) 1,231,180 1,080,811 annual accounts which were approved 1,261,202 1,121,295 on 7 July 2004. Current Assets The summarised accounts may not Stocks 16,437 12,566 contain sufficient information to allow Debtors and cash 2,465,825 2,497,969 for a full understanding of the financial affairs of the Institute. 2,482,262 2,510,535 For further information the full annual Current Liabilities accounts and the auditors’ report and Creditors and accruals (1,546,832) (1,866,829) the Report of the members of the Net Current Assets 935,430 643,706 Council on those accounts should be consulted. Copies of the full annual Net Assets 2,196,632 1,765,001 accounts may be obtained free of Unrestricted reserves 2,196,632 1,765,001 charge from the Institute. The summarised accounts do not con- stitute full accounts within the meaning Income and expenditure account summary of the Companies Act 1985 and the 2003/2004 2002/2003 Charities Act 1993. A copy of the ££statutory accounts of the Institute, upon which the auditors have reported Income without qualification, will be delivered Grants and project finance 7,143,647 8,490,204 to both Companies House and the Interest 499 7 Charity Commission. Donations 97 5,472 Other operating income 93,555 111,929 Approved by the members of the Total income 7,237,798 8,607,612 Council and signed on their behalf by the Chair, Baroness Jay, 7 July 2004. Expenditure Staff costs and related Statement by the Auditors expenses 3,297,035 2,935,908 We have examined the summarised Depreciation 32,493 39,726 financial statements of the Overseas Research Expenditure Development Institute. The members of and other direct costs 1,564,705 3,335,876 the Council are responsible for Other operating expenses 738,298 732,759 preparing the summarised financial Meetings, conferences statements in accordance with the and publications 112,848 45,813 recommendations of the charities SORP. Professional and audit fees 9,987 21,074 Our responsibility is to report to you Fellowship supplements 1,201,170 1,043,014 our opinion on the consistency of the summarised financial statements with Total expenditure 6,956,536 8,154,170 the full financial statements and Council Designated fund transfer (80,445) (203,519) Report. We also read the other Surplus on general fund 200,817 249,923 information contained in the summarised annual report and consider the implications for our report if we become aware of any apparent mis- statements or material inconsistencies ODI Income by research group 2003/2004* with the summarised financial statements. We conducted our work in accordance ALNAP (Active Learning Network for Accountability HPG (Humanitarian Policy Group) 10% with Bulletin 1999/6 ‘The Auditors’ and Performance) 10% statement on the summary financial IEDG (International Economic Development ESAU (Economics & Statistics Unit) 4% statement’ issued by the Auditing Group) 12% Practices Board for use in the United Kingdom. In our opinion the summarised financial statements are consistent with the full financial statements and the Council Report of the Overseas Development Institute for the year ended 31 March 2004.

Buzzacott, London, 7 July 2004.

PPPG (Poverty and Public Policy Group) 25% RPGG (Rural Policy and Governance Group) 39%

* excludes the Fellowship Scheme

36 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Funders

ActionAid Food and Agricultural International Petroleum Industry Rural and Urban Development African Development Bank Organization of the United International Save the Children Saferworld African Economic Consortium Nations (FAO) Alliance Save the Children Fund American University Ford Foundation International Service for Natural Shell International Petroleum Asian Development Bank Foundation for Development Agriculture Research (ISNAR) Co. AusAID Cooperation (FDC) International Technology Swedish International Australian Catholic University Foundation For Global Development Group Development Cooperation Bradford Centre for Development InWEnt, Capacity Building Agency (Sida) International Development Fritz Institute International, Germany Swiss Agency for Development British Academy Fundación General de la ITDG Publications and Cooperation (SDC) British Army Universidad Complutense de Japan Bank for International Swiss Ministry of Foreign British Council Madrid (FGUCM) Cooperation (JBIC) Affairs British Geological Survey German Development Institute John D and Catherine T Syngenta Foundation British Petroleum PLC (GDI) MacArthur Foundation Technopolis British Red Cross Global Development Network Joint United Nations Programme UN Office for the Coordination Cambridge Economic Policy USA on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) of Humanitarian Affairs Association Global Resources Development London School of Economics (OCHA), Wales Canadian International & Management Consult (LSE) United Nations Development Agency (CIDA) Guardian Newspapers Maxwell Stamp Plc United Nations Children’s Fund Care International Harvest Help MBW Consulting Engineers Ltd (UNICEF) Care USA Helpage International Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) United Nations Conference on Catholic Agency for Overseas Henry Dunant Centre for International Trade and Development Development (CAFOD) Humanitarian Dialogue Merck & Co (UNCTAD) Center for International HTS Development Ltd Ministry of Agriculture and Rural United Nations Development Forestry Research (CIFOR) IAK AGRAR Consulting GMBH Development, Mozambique Programme (UNDP) Indonesia Imperial College Ministry of Industry & United Nations Economic Chaire Mercosur Sciences Po Industry of Finance & Planning Commerce Commission ComMark Trust Insight Investment Namibia Nature Foundation United Nations Environment Common Market for Eastern Institute for Democracy in South National African Farmers Union Programme (UNEP), World and Southern Africa Africa (IDASA) National Audit Office Conservation Monitoring (COMESA) Secretariat Institute of Development Policy Natural Resources Institute Centre Commonwealth Secretariat and Management, University Netherlands Ministry of Foreign United Nations Industrial Comms Consulting of Manchester (IDPM) Affairs Development Organisation Concern Worldwide Institute of Development Norwegian Ministry of Foreign (UNIDO) Danish Ministry of Foreign Studies, University of Sussex Affairs University Center for Affairs (DANIDA) (IDS) Nutrition Works International Co-operation Defence Academy of the UK International Alert Office of the UN High and Development (CICOPS) Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu International Committee of the Commissioner for Human University College London, Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd Red Cross Rights (UNHCR) Development Planning Unit Department for Environment, International Crops Research Office of US Foreign Disaster University of Amsterdam Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Institute for the Semi-Arid Assistance (USAID) University of Barcelona Department for International Tropics (ICRISAT) Open Society Institute University of Birmingham Development (DFID) International Development Organisation for Economic Co- University of Cambridge Department of Foreign Affairs, Committee operation and Development University of East London Ireland (Ireland Aid) International Federation of the (OECD) University of Manchester Diawa Anglo, Japanese Red Cross Overseas Development Group, University of Newcastle Foundation International Fertilizer University of East Anglia University of Oxford Disasters Emergency Development Centre (IFDC) OXFAM International University of Reading Committee (DEC) Malawi Oxford Policy Management University of Warwick Dóchas International Fund for PANOS Ltd University of Westminster Eastern Nile Technical Regional Agricultural Development Parlement européen Washington University (St Office (IFAD) Planistat Europe Louis) Economics Education and International Lawyers and Poverty, Food & Health in WaterAid Research Consortium (EERC) Economists Against Poverty Welfare WaterAid Malawi Embassy of Sweden (ILEAP) PriceWaterhouse Coopers World Bank Engineers Against Poverty International Maize and Wheat Rockefeller Foundation World Food Programme (WFP) European Commission Improvement Center Routledge World Vision Ireland Humanitarian Aid Office (CIMMYT) Royal Institute of International World Vision UK (ECHO) International Monetary Fund Affairs (RIIA) WWF – UK

Central services staff P.J. Greeves Head of Finance and Administration Richard Kongwa Finance Officer Adrienne Watson Personnel Officer Josephine Olugbekan Senior Project Accountant Patsy de Souza Personnel Assistant Paul Crow Assistant Finance Officer David Sunderland* PA to the Director Cara O’Connor Assistant Finance Officer Natalie Kannemeyer PA to the Director Joanne O’Neill Assistant Finance Officer Rebecca Cranfield* Receptionist Anthea Williams Assistant Finance Officer Michelle Knorr Receptionist * left during the year

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 37 Publications

Books 219: European Andrew Rogerson with Adrian Hewitt Aryeetey, E., Court, J., Nissanke, M. and Development and David Waldenburg, 2004 Weder, B. (eds) (2003) Asia and Africa Cooperation to 236: Understanding the Dynamics of in the Global Economy. United Nations 2010, Simon Socio-Economic Mobility: Tales from University Press Maxwell et al, Two Indian Villages, Caroline Wilson, Booth, D. (ed.) (2003) 2003 2004 Fighting Poverty in 220: Seasonal 225: Hidden Livelihoods? Natural Africa: Are PRSPs Migration for Resource-Dependent Livelihoods and Making a Livelihoods in Urban Development Policy, Rachel Difference? London: India: Coping, Slater and Chasca Twyman, 2003 Overseas Accumulation and 226: Grounding the State: Poverty, Development Exclusion, Priya Deshingkar and Daniel Inequality and the Politics of Institute Start, 2003 Governance in India’s Panchayats, Maxwell, S. and Slater, 221: Policy Processes: An Annotated Craig Johnson, Priya Deshingkar and R. (eds) (2004) Food Bibliography on Policy Processes, with Daniel Start, 2003 Policy Old and New. Particular Emphasis on India, Jos Mooij 227: Communication of Research for Oxford: Blackwell and Veronica de Vos, 2003 Poverty Reduction: A Literature Review, Publishing 222: State Transfers to the Poor and Ingie Hovland, 2003 Moser, C and Cathy Back: The Case of the Food for Work 228: Smart Governance? Politics in the McIlwaine, C. (2004) Programme in Andhra Pradesh, Priya Policy Process in Andhra Pradesh, Encounters with Deshingkar and Craig Johnson, 2003 India, Jos Mooij, 2003 Violence in Latin 223: Livelihood Diversification and Non- 229: The Outreach/Viability Conundrum: America: Urban poor Timber Forest Products in Orissa: Can India’s Regional Rural Banks Really perceptions from Wider Lessons on the Scope for Policy Serve Low-Income Colombia and Change, N C Saxena, 2003 Clients?, Sanjay Guatemala, London 224: Knowledge Management and Sinha et al, 2003 and New York: Organisational Learning: An 230: Institutional Routledge. International Development Perspective. Alternatives and Schneider, B. (ed.) (2003) The Road to An Annotated Bibliography, Ingie Options for International Financial Stability: Are Hovland, 2003 Decentralised Key Financial Standards the Answer? 225: Hidden Livelihoods? Natural Natural Resource Palgrave Macmillan Resource-Dependent Livelihoods and Management in Warner, M. (2003) The New Broker: Urban Development Policy, Rachel India, Pari Brokering Partnerships for Slater and Chasca Twyman, 2003 Baumann et al, Development. London: Overseas 226: Grounding the State: Poverty, 2003 Development Institute Inequality and the Politics of 231: Food Security and the Millennium Governance in India’s Panchayats, Development Goal on Hunger in Asia, Working Papers Craig Johnson, Priya Deshingkar and Gerard J. Gill et al, 2003 ODI Working Papers Daniel Start, 2003 232: The Search for Synergies between 210: Poverty Reduction Outcomes in 227: Communication of Research for Social Protection and the Productive Education and Health, Public Poverty Reduction: A Literature Review, Sectors: the Agriculture Case, John Expenditure and Aid, John Roberts, Ingie Hovland, 2003 Farrington, Rachel Slater and Rebecca 2003 228: Smart Governance? Politics in the Holmes, 2004 212: Strengthening the Enabling Policy Process in Andhra Pradesh, 233: Livelihoods Options? The Political Environment for Agricultural India, Jos Mooij, 2003 Economy of Access, Opportunity and Technology Development in Sub- 229: The Outreach/Viability Conundrum: Diversification, Dan Start and Craig Saharan Africa, Robert Tripp, 2003 Can India’s Regional Rural Banks Really Johnson, 2004 213: Bridging Research and Policy: Serve Low-Income Clients? Sanjay 234: Why Cooperate? A Multi- Insights from 50 Case Studies, Julius Sinha et al, 2003 Disciplinary Study of Collective Action, Court and John Young, 2003 230: Institutional Alternatives and Sarah Gillinson, 2004 214: Animal Health Care in Kenya: The Options for Decentralised Natural 235: The International Aid System 2005– Road to Community-based Animal Resource Management in India, Pari 2010: Forces For and Against Change, Health Service Delivery, John Young, Baumann et al, 2003 Andrew Rogerson with Adrian Hewitt Julius Court and Jacob Wanyama, 231: Food Security and the Millennium and David Waldenburg, 2004 2003 Development Goal on Hunger in Asia, 236: Understanding the Dynamics of 215: How the Sphere Project Came into Gerard J. Gill et al, 2003 Socio-Economic Mobility: Tales from Being: A Case Study of Policy-Making 232: The Search for Synergies between Two Indian Villages, Caroline Wilson, in the Humanitarian Aid Sector and Social Protection and the Productive 2004 the Relative Influence of Research, Sectors: the Agriculture Case, John Margie Buchanan-Smith, 2003 Farrington, Rachel Slater and Rebecca Economic and Statistics Analysis 216: The PRSP Initiative: Multilateral Holmes, 2004 Unit (ESAU) Policy Change and the Role of 233: Livelihoods Options? The Political Working Papers Research, Karin Christiansen with Ingie Economy of Access, Opportunity and WP1: Estimating the Hovland, 2003 Diversification, Dan Start and Craig Economic Impact of 217: Sustainable Livelihoods: A Case Johnson, 2004 HIV/AIDs on the Study of the Evolution of DFID Policy, 234: Why Cooperate? A Multi- countries of the William Solesbury, 2003 Disciplinary Study of Collective Action, Former Soviet 218: Seasonal Labour Migration in Rural Sarah Gillinson, 2004 Union, Martin Wall, Nepal: A Preliminary Overview, Gerard 235: The International Aid System 2005– 2003 J Gill, 2003 2010: Forces For and Against Change, WP2: Poverty Efficient

38 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Publications

Aid Allocations – Collier/Dollar Grimm with agricultural Revisited, Jonathan Beynon, 2003 Bettina Woll, 2004 technology in sub- WP3: Population Ageing, Elderly Welfare, Aid disbursement Saharan Africa and and Extending Retirement Cover: The and effectiveness, the potential role Case of Study of Sri Lanka, Nirosha Sven Grimm, 2004 of donors. Robert Gaminiratne, 2004 The institutional Tripp. April 2003 WP4: Analysing the distributional architecture, Sven 85. ‘Just wildlife?’ Or impacts of stabilisation policy with Grimm, 2004 a source of local CGE models: Illustrations and Critique development? for Zimbabwe, Sonja Fagernäs, 2004 Wildlife Policy Caroline Ashley and WP5: Why is Bangladesh outperforming Briefs Joanna Elliott. April 2003 Kenya? John Roberts and Sonja 1.Wild resources and livelihoods of poor 86. Decentralising natural resource Fagernäs, 2004 households in the Democratic Republic management: lessons form local WP6: Recovery from Economic Collapse: of Congo, Emmanuel de Merode, government reform in India. Pari Insight from Input-Output Models and Katherine Homewood and Guy Baumann and John Farrington. June the Special Case of a Collapsed Oil Cowlishaw, 2003 2003 Producer, John Roberts, 2004 2.Bushmeat and Poverty Alleviation: 87. Post offices, pension and computers: Implications for Development Policy, new opportunities for combining ODI Opinions David Brown, 2003 growth and social protection in 8.Redefining the official humanitarian 3.Contribution of forest insects to food weakly-integrated rural areas? John aid agenda, Joanna Macrae et al, 2004 security and forest conservation: The Farrington et al. June 2003 9.Budgets not projects: a new way of example of caterpillars in Central 88. Making the link between micro and doing business for aid donors, David Africa, Paul Vantomme, Daniela meso: learning from experience of Booth, 2004 Göhler and Francois N’Deckere- Community-based Planning (CBP). CBP 10. The business of poverty, Michael Ziangba, 2004 Partners in Ghana, Uganda, South Warner, 2004 Africa and Zimbabwe. October 2003 11. Trade, investment and poverty, Ian Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG) 89. Livelihoods, chronic conflict and Gillson and Sheila Page, 2004 Research Briefings humanitarian response: a review of 12. Protecting and promoting livelihoods 8. Humanitarian Action in Conflict: current approaches. Catherine Longley in rural India: what role for pensions? Implementing a Political Economy and Daniel Maxwell. October 2003 John Farrington and N.C. Saxena, 2004 Approach. Sarah Collinson, 2003 90. Policy research and African 13. Decentralising environmental 9.Humanitarian action and the ‘global agriculture: time for a dose of reality? management – beyond the crisis war on terror’: a review of trends and Steven Were Omama and John narrative, David Brown and Kojo issues. Adele Harmer and Joanna Farrington. January 2004 Amanor, 2004 Macrae, 2003 91. Social protection and pro-poor 14. Research and policy: parallel 10. The ‘global war on terror’: issues agricultural growth: what scope for universes? John Young, 2004 and trends in the use of force and synergies? John Farrington, Rachel 15. The International Financing Facility: international humanitarian law. Slater and Rebecca Holmes. January Issues and Options, Andrew Rogerson, Chaloka Beyani, 2003 2004 2004 11. Humanitarianism, Islam and 11 September. Jonathan Benthall, 2003 Network Papers ODI Briefings 12. Humanitarian NGOs: challenges and Rural Development Forestry ODI Briefing Papers trends. Abby Stoddard, 2003 Network Papers Results-Oriented 13. Humanitarian Issue 26 – Summer 2003 Public Expenditure Needs Assessment Community Forestry in Nepal Management: Will it and Decision- 26a. Community Reduce Poverty Making. James Forest Faster?April 2003 Darcy and Charles- Management in Can we Attain the Antoine Hofmann, the Middle Hills of Millennium 2003 Nepal: The Development Goals 14. HIV/AIDS and Changing Context, in Education and humanitarian Oliver Springate- Health through action. Paul Baginski et al Public Expenditure and Aid?April 2003 Harvey, 2004 26b. Institutional Food Policy: Old and New, November Development of 2003 Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG) Forest User Groups From Plan to Action: Water Supply and Briefing Notes in Nepal: Processes and Indicators, Sanitation for the Poor in Africa, April Humanitarian principles and the conflict Oliver Springate-Baginski et al 2004 in Iraq, April 2003 26c. Forest Management and Utilization Protection and the humanitarian crisis in Under Community Forestry, Nagendra European Development Ituri, July 2003 Prasad Yadav et al Cooperation to 2010 Briefings Humanitarian issues in Darfur, Sudan, 26d. Hamlet-Based Micro-level Action What scenario for the future? Sven April 2004 Planning: A Tool for Improving FUGS’ Grimm, 2004 Planning, Decision-Making, and International Development and Foreign Natural Resource Perspectives Implementation, Om Prakash Dev et al Policy, Sven Grimm, 2004 83. Poverty reduction, equity and 26e. Impacts of Community Forestry on EU trade partnerships with developing climate change: challenges for global Livelihoods in the Middle Hills of countries, Ian Gillson and Sven Grimm, governance. Michael Richards. April Nepal, Om Prakash Dev et al 2004 2003 26f. Why aren’t Poor People Benefiting Political partnership with the South, Sven 84. The enabling environment for More from Community Forestry? Yam

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 39 Publications

B. Malla, Hari R. Neupane and Peter J. conservation in N. Ghana. Robert Working Paper 17, London: ODI, IIED Branney Chapman et al, 2003 and ICRT 26g. Economics, Poverty and 128. Reforming farm journalism: The Meyer, D. (2003) 'Strengths and Transparency: Measuring Equity in experience of Adike Pathrike in India. Weaknesses of a Pro-Poor Tourism Forest user Groups, Michael Richards, Shree Padre, Sudarshana and Robert Approach, Results of a Survey to Maksha Maharjan and Keshav Kanel Tripp, 2003 Follow-Up Pro-Poor Tourism Research 129. Improving watershed management Carried Out in 2000-2001' PPT Humanitarian Practice Network in developing countries: A framework Working Paper 9, London: ODI, IIED (HPN) Good Practice Review for prioritising sites and practices. and ICRT 9. Disaster Risk Reduction: Mitigation Carlos Perez and Henry Tschinkel Roe, D., Ashley, C., Page, S. and Meyer, and Preparedness in Development and 130. Understanding participatory D. (2004) 'Tourism and the Poor: Emergency Programming. John Twigg, research in the context of natural Analysing and Interpreting Tourism 2004 resource management – paradigms, Statistics from a Poverty Perspective, approaches and typologies. Kirsten Pro-Poor Tourism Working Paper 16 Humanitarian Exchange Probst and Jürgen Hagmann, 2003 Editors: Frances Stevenson and Matthew 131. The adoption and dissemination of The Active Learning Network for Foley fodder shrubs in central Kenya. Steven Accountability and Performance in Special features: Franzel, Charles Wambugu and Paul Humanitarian Action (ALNAP) Number 24, July Tuwei, 2003 ALNAP Global Study on Beneficiary 2003 132. Changing incentives for agricultural Consultation and Participation Humanitarian extension – a review of privatised Monograph Series: Accountability; extension in practice. Robert Chapman • Practitioners’ Number 25, and Robert Tripp, 2003 Handbook draft December 2003 133. Participatory technology • The Case of Neutrality; and development with resource-poor Colombia Number 26, March farmers: maximising impact through • The Case of 2004, Rwanda ten the use of recommendation domains. Afghanistan years on. Czech Conroy and Alistair Sutherland, • The Case of 2004 Democratic Republic Humanitarian Practice Network 134. Strengthening Poverty Reduction of Congo (HPN) Papers Programmes Using An Actor Oriented Humanitarian 43. Housing Reconstruction After Approach: Examples from Natural Protection: A Conflict and Disaster. Sultan Barakat Resources Innovation Systems. Stephen Guidance Booklet (pilot version). Hugo and Rebecca Roberts, 2003 Biggs and Harriet Matsaert, 2004 Slim and Luis Enrique Eguren, 2004 44. Livelihoods and Protection: 135. Information And Communication Displacement and Vulnerable Technology In Agricultural Keysheets for Communities in Kismaayo, Southern Development: A Comparative Analysis Sustainable Somalia. Simon Narbeth and Calum Of Three Projects From India. Livelihoods McLean, 2003 Shaik.N.Meera, Anita Jhamtani, DUM Resource Rao, 2004 Management Agricultural 10. Sustainable Research and Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG) Agriculture Extension Reports Policy Planning and Network (AgREN) 13. Power, Livelihoods and Conflict: Case Implementation Papers Studies in Political Economy Analysis 16. Commodity 122. Rural diversity, for Humanitarian Action. Sarah Supply Chain Development agricultural Collinson, 2003 18. Rights-based Approaches innovation policies 14. Humanitarian Action and the ‘Global 19. The Choice of Aid Modalities and poverty War on Terror’: a Review of Trends and 20. Social Protection reduction. Julio Issues. Joanna Macrae and Adele 21. HIV/AIDS and Development Berdegué and Harmer (eds), 2003 22. Mass Media Germán Escobar, 2003 15. According to Need? Needs 23. Public-Private Partnerships 123. Can extension contribute to rural Assessment and Decision-Making in poverty reduction? Synthesis of a six- the Humanitarian Sector. James Darcy Policy Guidance sheets country study. John Farrington et al, and Charles-Antoine Hofmann, 2003 Understanding Livelihoods in Rural India: 2003 16. HIV/AIDS and humanitarian action. Diversity, Change and Exclusion, 124. Participatory methodologies and Paul Harvey, 2004 Caroline Ashley, Dan Start and Rachel participatory practices: Assessing PRA Slater 2003 use in The Gambia. David Brown et al, Pro Poor Tourism 2003 Ashley C. and Roe, D., (2003) 'Working Published Research Reports 125. Improving farmers’ access to advice with the Private Sector on Pro-Poor Hewitt, A. and on land management: Lessons from Tourism: Opinions and Experience Gillson, I. (2003) A case studies in developed countries. From Two Development Practitioners' Review of the Chris Garforth et al, 2003 London: ODI and IIED. Trade and Poverty 126. Pesticide provision in liberalised Ashley, C., (2003) 'Methodology for Pro- content in PRSPs Africa: Out of control? Stephanie Poor Tourism Case Studies', PPT and Loan-Related Williamson, 2003 Working Paper 10, London: ODI Documents. 127. Rural radio in agricultural Meyer, D. (2003) Outbound UK Tour Chapman, R., extension:The example of vernacular Operating Industry and Implications for Slaymaker, T. and radio programmes on soil and water PPT in Developing Countries, PPT Young, J. (2003)

40 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Publications

Livelihoods Approaches to Information ‘Transforming Roles but not Reality? IIPA. and Communication in Support of Private Sector and Community Bird, K. and Bolt, V.J. (2003) ‘The Rural Poverty Elimination and Food Involvement in Tourism and Forestry Intrahousehold Disadvantages Security. Development on the Wild Coast, Framework: A Framework for the Matthews, P., Neal, I., Warner, M. and South Africa’, SLSA Research Paper 6, Analysis of Intra-household Difference Tanner T. (2003) Enhancing the Social Brighton: IDS. and Inequality’, Chronic Poverty Performance of the Engineering Ashley, C. and Wolmer, W. (2003) Research Centre Working Paper. No. Services Sector Through Multi-Sector ‘Transformation or Tinkering? New 32, July. Partnering: Lot 3 Forms of Engagement Between Bird, K. and Shinyekwa, I. (2003) Transmission Communities and the Private Sector in ‘Multiple shocks Line Research Tourism and Forestry in Southern and downward Project, Africa’, SLSA Research Paper 18, mobility: learning Indonesia, Brighton: IDS. from the life London: Barrance, A. J., Flores, L., Padilla, E., histories of rural Engineers Gordon, J. E. and Schreckenberg, K. Ugandans’, CPRC Against Poverty. (2003) ‘Trees and Farming in the Dry Working Paper Velde, D.W. te, Zone of Southern Honduras I: No.36, October. Gillson, I. and Campesino Tree Husbandry Practices’, Booth, D. (2003) Page, S. (2004) Agroforestry Systems 59 (2): 97–106. ‘Bridging the Special and Benson, C. and Clay, E.J. (2004) Macro-Micro Differential ‘Disasters, vulnerability and the global Divide in Policy- Treatment in Post-Cotonou Services economy’ in Kreimer, A., Margaret Oriented Research: Two African Negotiations, final report for the Dutch Arnold, M. and Anne Carlin (eds), Experiences’, reprinted in Eade, D. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Building safer cities: the future of (ed.) Development Methods and Warner, M. (2003) Partnerships for disaster risk. Disaster Risk Approaches: Critical Reflections, Sustainable Development: Do We Management Series No. 3. 3–32, Oxfam. Need Partnership Brokers? Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Booth, D. (2003) ‘Holder hypotesen? Om Warner, M. (2003) Putting the Benson, C. and Clay, E.J. (2004) PRSP I Afrika’, Den Sustainable 'Development' ‘Understanding Ny Verden 3, special Performance of Companies on the the Economic and issue Ny strategi for Balance Sheet. Financial Impacts bekaempelse af of Natural fattigdom: global ODI Journals Disasters’, Disaster tilpasning eller local Development Policy Review Risk Management udvikling?, August. Editor: David Booth Series No. 4. Booth, D. (2003) Co-editors: John Farrington, Adrian P. Washington, D.C.: ‘Patterns of Hewitt, Oliver Morrissey, Caroline O. N. World Bank. Difference and Moser and Tony Killick Bezemer, D. (2003) Practical Theory: Associate Editor: Margaret Cornell ‘Credit Allocation Researching the New Poverty Strategy Production Coordinator: Tammie O’Neil and Farm Structures in the Czech Processes in Africa’, Journal of Republic’, Comparative Economic International Development, Vol. 15, Disasters: The Journal of Disaster Studies (45) 25–43. 863–77. Studies, Policy and Bezemer, D. (2004) ‘Bimodal Credit Booth, D. and White, H. (2003) ‘Using Management Systems in the Czech Republic’ in Development Goals to Design Country Editors: Paul Harvey, Macey, D., W. Pyle, and S. Wegren Strategies’, in Black, R. and White, H. Helen Young and (eds) Building Market Institutions in (eds) Targeting Development: Critical David Alexander Post-Communist Agriculture: Land, Perspectives on the Millennium Paul Harvey, Helen Credit, and Assistance. Lanham, MD, Development Goals, London: Young and David USA: Lexington Books. Routledge. Alexander Bezemer, D. with Davis, J.R. (2003) ‘The Booth,D. and Lucas, H. (2003) Assistant Editor: Rural Economy in Armenia’, in Spoor, ‘Monitoring Progress towards the Corwen M. (ed.) Transition, Institutions, and Millennium Development Goals at McCutcheon the Rural Sector. Lanham, MD, USA: Country Level’, in Black, R. and White, Lexington Books. H. (eds) Targeting Development: A selection of other Bilal, S., and D.W. te Velde (2003) ‘FDI in Critical Perspectives on the Millennium significant publications by the ACP-EU development cooperation: Development Goals, London: ODI authors from Lome to Cotonou’, in UNCTAD, Routledge. Anegbeh, P. O., Usoro, C., Ukafor, V., The Development Dimension of FDI: Bowen-Jones E., Brown, D., and Tchoundjeu, Z., Leakey, R. R. B. and Policy and Rule-Making Perspectives, Robinson, E.J.Z. (2003) ‘Economic Schreckenberg, K. (2003) Geneva. Commodity or Environmental Crisis? ‘Domestication of Irvingia gabonensis: Bird, K., Booth, D. and Pratt, N. (2003) An Interdisciplinary Approach to 3. Phenotypic Variation of Fruits and ‘Food Security Crisis in Southern Analysing the Bushmeat Trade in Kernels in a Nigerian Village’, Africa: The Political Background to Central and West Africa’, Area (35)4: Agroforestry Systems 58, 213–218. Policy Failure’, Forum for Food Security 390–402, Blackwell Publishing on Ashley C. and Wolmer, W. (2003) ‘Wild in Southern Africa, Theme Paper No. behalf of the Royal Geographical Resource Management in Southern 1. London: ODI. Society. Africa: Participation, Partnership, Bird, K. (2003) ‘Chronic poverty and Brown, D. and Williams, A. (2003) ‘The Ecoregions and Redistribution’, in IDS understanding intrahousehold Case for Bushmeat as a Component of Bulletin, 34 (3): 31–41. differentiation.’ In Aasha Kapur Mehta Development Policy: Issues and Ashley, C. and Ntshona Z. (2003) et al. Chronic Poverty in India. Delhi: Challenges’, The International Forestry

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Review (5)2, June 2003. Europäisierung des Regierens in Poverty, R. van der Hoeven and A. Clay, E.J. (2003) ‘Responding to Change: Europa’ (Europeanization of Shorrocks (eds), WIDER/UNU Press. WFP and the Global Food Aid System’, Governance in Europe) e-learning unit Killick, T. (2004) ‘Monitoring partnership- Development Policy Review 21 (5–6). within the course ‘Governance as a based aid relationships’, Development Conway, T. and Harmer, A. (2003) complex process’, University of the Policy Review, 22(2), March. Changing aid policies of the major Federal Armed Forces, Hamburg. Killick, T. (2004) ‘Politics, evidence and donors: overview study. Japanese Grimm, S. (2004) ‘Human Security, the new aid agenda’, Development Bank for International Cooperation, Placing development at the heart of the Policy Review, 22(1), January. July. EU’s external relations’, Dóchas Briefing Leakey, R. R. B., Schreckenberg, K. and Conway, T., Luttrell, C., Hughes, C. and Paper, Dublin: Dóchas. Tchoundjeu, Z. (2003) ‘The Shanks, E. (2003) Understanding pro- Grimm, S. (2004) ‘Senegal – Sozio- Participatory poor political change: the policy kulturelle Länderkurzanalyse’ (Socio- Domestication of process. Part II: Cambodia and cultural analysis of Senegal) for the West African Vietnam. Inception report, DFID German Federal Ministry of Indigenous Fruits’, Governance Resource Centre: London. Development Cooperation (BMZ), International Court, J. (2004) ‘Assessing governance in February. Forestry Review diverse and complex contexts: evidence Grimm, S. (2004) Yearbook article on 5(4). from India’, in ‘Senegal 2003’, in Africa Yearbook. Macrae, J. and Transparency Institute for African Studies: Hamburg. Harmer, A. (2004) International Global Grimm, S. (2004) Krisenfrühwarnanalyse ‘Humanitarian Corruption Report Senegal (Early Warning Analysis action and the 2004 – Special Senegal) for the German Federal “War on Terror”’, New Routes, A Focus: political Ministry of Development Cooperation Journal of Peace and Research Action, corruption, London: (BMZ), January. Volume 9, Number 1, Life and Peace Pluto Press. Hewitt, A. (2003) ‘Des ressources Institute: Sweden. Darcy, J. (2003) ‘Iraq: humaines dans la coopération Marshall, E., Newton, A. C. and protection, internationale’ and ‘Regards sur la Schreckenberg, K. (2003) legitimacy and the coopération française : point de vue’in ‘Commercialisation of Non-Timber use of armed force’, Humanitarian Haut Conseil de la Coopération Forest Products: First Steps in Exchange 23. Internationale 2003 Coopérer au début Analysing the Factors Influencing Deshingkar, P. Kulkarni, U., Rao, L. and du XXIe siècle : Pourquoi ? Comment ? Success’, International Forestry Review Rao S. (2003) ‘Changing Food Systems Questions sans préjugés, actes de la 5(2). in India: Resource-sharing and conférence nationale des 16–18 Maxwell, S. (2003) ‘How Can Marketing Arrangements for Vegetable septembre 2002, Paris: Editions Researchers Be “Policy Production in Andhra Pradesh’, Karthala. Entrepreneurs”?, summary of Development Policy Review, 21(5). Hewitt, A. and Gillson, I. (2003) ‘Income presentation at EADI Directors’ Gillson, I. (2003) ‘The Implications of Distribution Impact of Trade Facilitation Meeting, 6 September 2003, in EADI GATS for Education Systems in the in Developing Countries’, in Cosgrove- Newsletter, 2. South’, in Carr-Hill, Sacks, C. and Apostolov, M. (eds), Maxwell, S. (2003) ‘Heaven or Hubris: R., Holmes, K., Sharing the Gains of Globalization in reflections on the New Poverty Rose, P. and the New Security Environment, United Agenda’, in RAWOO (Netherlands Henderson, T. (eds) Nations: New York and Geneva. Development Assistance Council), Education and the Hewitt, A. and Whiteman, K. (2003) ‘The Poverty and Governance: RAWOO General Agreement European Commission and Lectures and 25th Anniversary on Trade in Services: Development’, in Arts, K. & Dickson, A. Conference, Publication no.26, What Does the K. (eds) EU development cooperation: November. Future Hold?, from model to symbol, Manchester: Maxwell, S. (2004) ‘Heaven or Hubris: Commonwealth Manchester University Press. Reflections on the Secretariat. Howell, J. (2003) ‘Donor Approaches to new “New Poverty Grant, U. and Devas, N. (2003) ‘Citizen Trade Facilitation in SADC Countries’, Agenda”’, in Black, participation and Study no 5 DFID Regional Trade R. and White, H. local government Support Programme. (eds), Targeting resource Howell, J. (2004) UNCTAD-World Bank Development: Critical accountability in Programme on Services Trade perspectives on the Kenya and Uganda’, Liberalisation, DFID 2004. Millennium Public Howell, J. with Andrew Makenete (2003) Development Goals, Administration and Making Commodity Markets work for Routledge: London. Development, Vol. the Poor: Wool and Mohair Industry in Maxwell, S. and Slater, 23, 307–316. Lesotho, ComMark Trust. R. (2003) ‘Food Policy – Old and New’ Grant, U. et al. (2004) Howell, J. with Zelda de Villiers The Courier, 197:22–23. The Chronic Poverty (2003) Making Commodity Maxwell, S. and Slater, R. (2003) ‘Food Report, Manchester: Chronic Markets Work for the Poor: Policy Old and New’, Development Poverty Research Centre. Wool Industry in South Africa, Policy Review 21 (5&6): 531–553. Grimm, S. (2003) ‘The future of ComMark Trust. Maxwell, S. with Engel, P. (2003) European Development Co- Jenifer Mbabazi, Morrissey, O. ‘European Development Cooperation operation’, Nord-Süd aktuell and Chris Milner (2003) ‘The to 2010’, ECDPM Discussion Paper 48 [Journal of the German Fragility of Empirical Links (also in French: Document de réflexion Overseas Institute, Hamburg], between Inequality, Trade 48), ECDPM: Maastricht. Vol. XVII, No. 4. Liberalisation, Growth and Morrissey, O. (2004) ‘Conditionality and Grimm, S. with Töller, A.E (2003) ‘Die Poverty’ in Perspectives on Growth and Aid Effectiveness Re-evaluated’, The

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World Economy, 27: 2, 153–171. Nicol, A. (2004) The River Nile: Moving Velde, D.W. te (2003) ‘Foreign direct Morrissey, O. and D.W. te Velde (2004) from Cooperation to Development, investment in Latin America: Good ‘Economic Policy and Global Action’, UNESCO IHP, Paris. news for inequality and poverty?’ ID21 The Courier, no. 202, p.28–29. Nina, O. and Velde, D.W. te (2003). insights, issue 47, June. Morrissey, O. and Doug Nelson (2003) ‘Foreign Direct Investment and Velde, D.W. te (2003) ‘Foreign ‘The WTO and Transfer of Policy Development: the Case of Bolivia’, Ownership, Microelectronic Knowledge on Trade and Competition’ Carta Informativa, No. 1 May 2003, La Technology And Skills. Evidence For in H. Bloch (ed.), Growth and Paz, Bolivia: Grupo Integral SRL. British Establishments’, National Development in the Global Economy, Page, S. (2003) ‘Agriculture: Differences Institute Economic Review, 185, 93– Edward Elgar, pp 235–251. in Role, Regulation and 106. Morrissey, O. and Osei, R. (2004) ‘Capital Understanding’, Agriculture and Velde, D.W. te and Morrissey, O. (2003) Flows to Developing Countries: Trends, Agribusiness in the EU-Mercosur ‘Do Workers in Africa Get a Wage Volatility and Policy Implications’, IDS Negotiations, Alfredo G. A. Valladão, Premium if Employed in Firms Owned Bulletin, 35(1), 40–49. Page, S., Paris: Chaire Mercosur de by Foreigners?’, Journal of African Morrissey, O. and Velde, D.W. te (2003) Sciences Po. Economies, 12:1, 41–73. ‘Public goods and industrial Page, S. (2004) ‘Developing Countries in Velde, D.W. te and Morrissey, O. (2003) development: Overcoming market International ‘Spatial Inequality for manufacturing failures’, UNIDO Strategic Research Negotiations: How wages in five African countries’, Programme, Combating they influence WIDER discussion paper 2003/66. Marginalization and Poverty through Trade and Climate Wiggins, S. (2003) ‘Lessons from the Industrial Development (COMPID), Change current food crisis in Southern Africa’, Research Brief 2 (UNIDO). Negotiations’, IDS Cahiers de lIFAS, No 3, juin. Morrissey, O. and Velde, D.W. te (2003) Bulletin, 35, 1, Wiggins, S. (2003) ‘Trade Reform, ‘Public support for private industry: the January. Agriculture and Poverty in Developing challenges for UNIDO’, UNIDO Page, S. and Slater, Countries: A Review of the Empirical Strategic Research Programme, R. (2003) ‘Small Evidence’, in OECD, Agricultural trade Combating Marginalization and Producer and poverty. Making policy analysis Poverty through Industrial Participation in count. Paris: OECD. Development (COMPID), Research Brief Global Food Systems: Policy Williamson, T. and Canagarajah, S. 3 (UNIDO). Opportunities and Constraints’ (2003) ‘Is there a place for Virtual Morrissey, O. and Velde, D.W. te (2003) Development Policy Review 21 (5&6): Poverty Funds in Pro-Poor Public ‘The changing concept of industry in a 641–655. Spending Reform? Lessons from globalising world’, UNIDO Strategic Page, S. and Slater, R. (2004) ‘Small Uganda’s PAF’, Development Policy Research Programme, Combating Producer Participation in Global Food Review, Volume 21 number 4, July. Marginalization and Poverty through Systems: Policy Opportunities and Warner, M. and Foundation for Industrial Development (COMPID), Constraints’ in Maxwell, S. and Slater, Development Cooperation (2003) Research Brief 1 (UNIDO). R. (eds) Food Policy Old and New, Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships, Issue Moser, C. (ed.) (2003) ‘Urban Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Paper, Knowledge For Development Longitudinal Research Methodology: Piron, L.-H. (2003) Learning from the UK Series, Kuala Lumpur: Global Objectives, content and summary of Department of International Knowledge Partnership. issues raised in joint DPU-ODI-World Development’s Rights-Based Approach Warner, M. (2004) Corporate Social Bank-DFID workshop, DPU Working to Development Assistance, Bonn: Responsibility: Diagnostic and Paper, No. 124 German Development Institute (GDI). Appraisal Tool, Washington DC: World Moser, C. and McIlwaine, C. (2003) Piron, L.-H. and Court, J., (2004) ‘SDC’s Bank, Private Sector Advisory Services ‘Poverty, violence and livelihood Human Rights and Rule of Law Department. security in urban Colombian and Guidance Guatemala’, Progress in Development Documents: Studies, Vol. 3, No 2. Influence, Moser, C., Winton, A., and Moser, A. Effectiveness and (2003) ‘Violence, fear and insecurity Relevance within and the urban poor in Latin America’, SDC’, Independent in World Bank LAC Regional Study of Evaluation Report Urban Poverty, Washington DC: World 2004/1, Berne: Bank. Swiss Agency for Nicol, A. (2003) ‘The dynamics of river Development and basin cooperation: The Nile and Cooperation (SDC). Okavango basins’, Richards, M., Wells, A., Del Gatto, F., Chp. 8, in Turton, A, Contreras-Hermosilla A. and Pommier Ashton P, and D. (2003) ‘Costs of Cloete, E (eds) Illegality and Transboundary Constraints to rivers, sovereignty Legality in Central and development – America: A Hydropolitical Diagnostic Analysis drivers in the of Illegal Logging Okavango River in Honduras and Basin, African Water Nicaragua’, Issues Research Unit, International University of Pretoria and Green Cross Forestry Review International. 5(3).

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 43 Meetings

Does evidence matter? (April–June • Reshaping European partnerships: what • Proposal for an International Finance 2003) future for the ACP? Glenys Kinnock MEP Facility, Stephen Pickford, Director of • Does evidence matter? Why is evidence and Co-President of the EU–ACP Joint International Finance at Her Majesty’s Treasury important in policy making? What sort of Parliamentary Assembly; Adrian Hewitt, (13 May) evidence? How to get it? Is the current Research Fellow and Research Adviser to • Protection and the humanitarian crisis emphasis on evidence-based policy in APGOOD, ODI (17 September) in Ituri, Anneke Van Woudenberg, Senior government resulting in better policies? • What is the EU’s comparative Researcher at Human Rights Watch and David Halpern, Strategy Unit, Cabinet Office; advantage with respect to aid? Gareth former Oxfam Country Director in DRC; and Erik Millstone, Science Policy Research Unit Thomas MP, Under-Secretary of State James Fennell, an independent consultant, (30 April) International Development, DFID; Carlos former Vice-President for security firm Armour • The political context: Are policy makers Montes, Development Strategies Consultants Group and Emergencies Director with Care ‘evidence aware’? What sort of evidence (24 September) UK, HPG (9 July) gets to them? What other factors • The EU as a humanitarian actor, Martin • Humanitarian action and the ‘global influence their decision–making? What Griffiths, Director, Henri Dunant Centre for war on terror’: a review of trends and room for manoeuvre do they have? Dr Humanitarian Dialogue; Joanna Macrae, issues, launch of HPG Report 14 by Joanna Vincent Cable, MP for Twickenham; Julius Group Coordinator, Humanitarian Policy Macrae and Adele Harmer, ODI (3 September) Court, ODI (7 May) Group, ODI (8 October) • According to need: needs assessment • The role of research: What does DFID • Is the EU a responsible trade partner? and decision-making in the humanitarian want from research? Does it get it? How Tim Abraham, Director International Trade sector, launch of HPG report 15 on needs could research have more impact on Policy, Department of Trade and Industry, assessment and decision-making in the policy? How can you measure research Sheila Page, Group Coordinator, International humanitarian sector, by James Darcy and impact? What is its relative importance in Economic Development Group, ODI (22 Charles–Antoine Hofmann ODI (25 recent development policy shifts ? Paul October) September) Spray, Director of Research, Policy Division, • Europe in the world: the Common • Does Oil Wealth Help Conserve Forests? DFID; John Young, Research Fellow, ODI (14 Foreign and Security Policy and its Macroeconomic impacts on tropical May) relation to development, Chris Patten, forests and their utilisation, presentation • NGO campaigns: What role do they European Commissioner for External Affairs (7 by the author Sven Wunder, Economist, PhD, play in policy processes? Are they November) DSc, CIFOR, Indonesia of his book Sven evidence based? Are they really effective? • The politics of European Union reform, Wunder, Economist, PhD, DSc, CIFOR, How? How do they communicate? How to Peter Mandelson MP; Howard Mollett, EU Indonesia published by Routledge (1 October) build coalitions? Justin Forsyth, Director of Campaigns Officer, British Overseas NGOs for • Addressing Inequality in Middle Income Policy, Oxfam; Andrew Sims, Director of Policy, Development (BOND) (19 November) Countries, Workshop, Inequality in Middle NEF (21 May) Income Countries: Key Conceptual Issues, Dr • Think–tanks: What role do they play in The Future of Aid, 2005–2010: Andy McKay; Policy Initiatives on Inequality in policy processes? Are they a force for challenges and choices (January– China, Dr Lina Song, University of good? Can they be independent? What’s February 2004) Nottingham; Inequality in Brazil, Luiza Bairros, the ideal balance between research and • Setting the scene: major trends, drivers, Marcelo Paixao and Silvio Humberto Cunha; communication? How important is timelines, and scenarios, Masood Ahmed, Inequality in South Africa, Dr Stephen Gelb, reputation? Tom Bentley, Executive Director, Director–General, DFID; Andrew Rogerson, EDGE Institute, Johannesburg; The divergence DEMOS; Simon Maxwell, Director, ODI (28 ODI (14 January) between the degree of poverty and the May) • Multilateralism: the international aid distribution of the poor in Latin America and • Putting knowledge into practice: Do agencies, their owners and competitors: the Caribbean: policy implications for MICs organisations learn? What incentives do do we still need them all? Mark Malloch with high inequality, Carlos Eduardo Velez, people need to learn? How to convert Brown, Administrator, UNDP; Michael Inter-American Development Bank (IADB); information into knowledge? How to Roeskau, Director, Development Cooperation Pro-poor growth: what is it and does it manage knowledge in international Department, OECD (21 January) matter?Ernesto Pernia, Asian Development networks? Who buys knowledge? The • Accelerating Aid: the systemic impact Bank (4-5 December) power of networks, Bonnie Cheuk, Director, of the International Financing Facility • Bridging Research and Policy, Research Knowledge Management, The British Council; proposals, Shriti Vadera, Council of Advisers, and Policy in Development Programme John Borton – ALNAP Learning Support HM Treasury; Judith Randel, Development (RAPID) Workshop, Marrakech (15 December) Office, ODI (4 June) Initiatives (29th January) • Strengthening Design, Finance and • Policy entrepreneurship: What makes • Launch of the OECD’s Development Delivery of Water Supply and Sanitation an effective policy entrepreneur? Is it art Assistance Committee ‘Development Programmes under PRSPs, Regional or science? Spotting policy windows, Ann Cooperation Report 2004’, Richard Workshop, Kampala, Uganda, organised by Pettifor, Director, Jubilee Research (11 June) Manning, DAC Chairman (30 January) ODI and WaterAid in collaboration with the • International policies, what’s unique • Aid effectiveness and volume after Water and Sanitation Programme-Africa (2– 4 about international and transnational Monterrey: does the emperor have February) policy processes? The balance between clothes? Barbara Stocking, Director, Oxfam • Assessing the Poverty Impact of the local and international voice and capacity. UK; Geoffrey Lamb, Vice President, World Doha Development Round, Sheila Page How can research contribute? Lord Desai, Bank (4 February) (IEDG) and Tim Conway (PPPG), workshop, Director, Centre for the Study of Global • Debt relief evaluation: what is the sponsored by DFID, with case studies Governance, LSE; Alex Wilks, The Bretton impact of debt relief? Dr Geske Dijkstra, presented by authors from Brazil, India, Woods Project (18 June) Associate Professor at Erasmus University, Vietnam and Zambia (19 February) Rotterdam (11 February) • Policy Entrepreneur Workshops, run by European Development Cooperation • Aid policy and evidence: is the Research and Policy in Development to 2010: What Scenarios for the conditionality well–based? Tony Killick, Programme (RAPID) ODI (16 March/14 April) Future? (July–November 2003) Senior Research Associate (20 February) • Food Policy Old and New, Blackwell • Enlargement and the near abroad: will Publishing launch of Simon Maxwell and Europe be distracted? Gisela Stuart MP, UK Other meetings, workshops, Rachel Slater book (eds), Sheila Dillon, Representative on the Convention of the seminars, launches, press conferences Presenter, The Food Programme, BBC Radio 4, Future of Europe; Professor Victor Bulmer- • How should humanitarian needs be Simon Maxwell, Director, ODI, Tim Lang, Thomas, Director, RIIA (1 July) met in Iraq? An HPG debate, Philip Spoerri, Professor, City University, London, Geoff • European development cooperation to Coordinator of Legal Advisers to Operations at Tansey, Independent Consultant, Duncan 2010: what scenarios for the future? the ICRC; Raja Jarrah, Programme Director for Green, DFID (30 March) Baroness Amos, Secretary of State for CARE UK; and Steven McClelland, the Deputy International Development, DFID; Simon Head of the Conflict and Humanitarian Affairs Maxwell, Director, ODI (9 July) Department (CHAD) at DFID (10 April)

44 ODI Annual Report 2003/2004 Research Specialisations

Research Fellows Simon Maxwelll: development theory and Gill Shepherdd: international forest and environ- Caroline Ashley: pro-poor tourism strategies; policy; poverty; food security; economic, social ment policy; national forest programmes; rural livelihoods; influencing business behav- and cultural rights; aid; policy processes. forests, poverty and the ecosystem approach; iour; community-private partnerships; Southern Andy McKayy: poverty and inequality analysis; Asia and Africa. and Eastern Africa. poverty and PRSP monitoring; chronic poverty; Kate Birdd: poverty and chronic poverty; policy impact of policy, especially trade policy, on pov- Research Officers reform; rural livelihoods, diversification and co- erty. Edward Andersonson: inequality, poverty and ping strategies; project, programme and policy Oliver Morrisseysey: aid and government behav- growth; the effects of globalisation on inequal- evaluation. iour; aid and policy; trade policy reform and ity between and within countries. Neil Birdd: national forest programmes; sus- poverty; the WTO; FDI and developing countries; Dirk Bezemeremer: economics of transition; agricul- tainable forest management; forest resource public goods. tural economics; design of market institutions; assessment; forest governance. Alan Nicoll: social, institutional and political di- credit; rural development; poverty. David BoothBooth: institutional issues in develop- mensions of water resources management and Robert Chapmanan: natural resource manage- ment and aid policy; aid modalities and the water supply development at all levels. ment; agricultural knowledge and communica- national policy process. Sheila Pagee: international and regional trade; tion processes; information and communication David Brownwn: governance and social develop- the WTO; comparative trade and development technologies (ICTs). ment; institutional aspects of environmental performance; capital flows; foreign investment; Lin Cotterrell: complex emergencies; interna- management; forests, poverty and development tourism; Southern Africa and Latin America. tional politics; humanitarian aid architecture. policy. Laure-Hélène Pironon: governance, politics, civil Zaza Curranan: poverty reduction strategies; gov- Karin Christiansensen: PRSPs and linkages to pub- society, conflict and difficult environments, se- ernance; civil society political empowerment; lic expenditure management; participatory and curity and access to justice, human rights. human rights and development. decentralised approaches to public expenditure John Robertsts: public finance; aid management Ruth Driscolll: poverty reduction strategies; do- and implementation. and effects; results-oriented public expenditure nor behaviour; social development. Julius Courtt: bridging research and policy; gov- management and PRS; determinants of social Sophie Evittitt: wetland hydrology and manage- ernance and development; policy processes; sector outcomes. ment; integrated water resource management; strengthening southern capacity. Andrew Rogersonson: the international aid system; wetlands and livelihoods. Elizabeth Cromwelll: agricultural biodiversity global public goods; financing for the MDG; Sonja Fagernass: econometric and policy mod- economics and policy; agricultural sustainabi- multilateral development institutions; and Eu- elling; growth; macroeconomic stabilisation; aid lity; livelihood options for rural households. ropean Union aid policies. allocation and the fiscal impacts of aid. James Darcycy: humanitarian principles; protec- Kathrin Schreckenbergg: on-farm tree resources; Ursula Grantant: chronic poverty; poverty analysis tion of civilians and refugees; international non-timber forest products; participatory for- and policy; urban livelihoods; participation and human rights and humanitarian law; needs as- estry; information management. local governance. sessment. Andrew Shepherdd: poverty reduction policies Charles-Antoine Hofmannann: humanitarian aid Paolo de Renzioio: public sector reform and man- and poverty analysis; Africa; South Asia; policy programming and operations in conflict situa- agement; public finance; decentralisation; aid and programme evaluation; rural development; tions; evaluations; emergency health. management and effectiveness. aid management. Nambusi Kyegombeombe: health; poverty; chronic Priya Deshingkarar: migration, mobility and rural Rachel Slaterer: rural and urban livelihoods, food poverty; intra-household dynamics; gender and labour markets; agriculture and economic re- security and food policy, Africa and South Asia. social identity and differentiation. form. Frances Stevensonson: complex political emergen- Cokro Leksmonosmono: rural development; govern- John Farringtonon: livelihood protection and pro- cies; humanitarian programming and ance; decentralisation; privatisation of rural motion, diversification, policy processes. operations; protection; advocacy. services; and Asia. Ian Gillsonson: trade in services with and among Robert Trippp: seed systems; agricultural re- Cecilia Luttrelll: governance and natural re- developing countries; GATS; tariff preferences search and extension; natural resource sources; vulnerability and livelihood analysis; (especially GSP); political economy; trade facili- management. forest and CPR management; resource rights. tation; trade in agriculture. Dirk Willem te Veldede: foreign direct investment Dorothea Meyerer: pro-poor tourism strategies; Sven GrimmGrimm: European Union, European foreign effects and policies; international public goods; tourism development; community-private sector and development policy, regional integration, WTO, regional integration and impact assess- partnerships. Africa (especially West Africa), governance. ments. Joy Moncrieffee: politics, inequalities and exclu- Adele HarmerHarmer: humanitarian aid architecture; Michael Warnerarner: corporate citizenship; opt- sion; poverty reduction and institutional reform; principles and practice of good humanitarian imising the poverty reduction impact of corporate democratic accountability; health; Africa and the donorship; emerging non-DAC humanitarian investment. Caribbean. donors; aid policy in protracted crises. Steve Wigginss: rural livelihoods and the non- Amy Pollard: bridging research and policy; so- Paul Harveyey: humanitarian programming and farm economy; rural-urban linkages; cial anthropology and development; operations; AIDS and humanitarian action; com- governance, environment; Latin America and communications in PRSPs; civil society. plex political emergencies; food and livelihood Africa; food security. Ben Ramalingamam: knowledge management; security in emergencies. John Youngg: rural services; information and IT; strategy development and organisational Adrian Hewittitt: European development policy; knowledge management and learning; research- change; IT systems. foreign aid; international trade; commodities; policy interface; capacity building;partnerships; Tom Slaymakerer: natural resource management; the WTO; global public goods; development Asia and Africa. water-poverty-livelihood linkages; water policy; strategy; Africa and the Caribbean. information and communication for rural John Howelll: agricultural commodity markets; Senior Research Associates development. land reform in southern Africa; SADC trade fa- Edward Clayy: economic and financial aspects Samantha SmithSmith: health & public expenditure cilitation. of natural disasters; food and nutrition policy, management, poverty & health, health econom- Catherine Longleyey: seed security and agricul- especially food aid and food security. ics, international aid delivery. tural rehabilitation; rural livelihoods in chronic Tony Killickk: international economic policy; Adrian Wellss: environmental governance; law conflict and political instability; farmers’ man- World Bank and International Monetary Fund; and poverty; NR policy, poverty and decentrali- agement of crop diversity. debt, PRSPs and conditionality; African eco- sation; multilateral environmental agreements. Joanna Macraeae: aid policy in unstable situa- nomic problems; aid; poverty. Victoria Wheelerer: humanitarian protection, do- tions; the relationship between humanitarian Caroline Moserser: conflict and violence; gender; nor government policy, contemporary security and political responses to conflict; official hu- livelihoods; human rights perspectives; security; issues and international intervention. manitarian policy. empowerment; participation; poverty reduction.

ODI Annual Report 2003/2004