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ACTION to END CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE and EXPLOITATION: a REVIEW of the EVIDENCE • 2020 About the Authors

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ACTION to END CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE and EXPLOITATION: a REVIEW of the EVIDENCE • 2020 About the Authors ACTION TO END CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE • 2020 About the authors Lorraine Radford is Emeritus Professor of Social Policy and Social Work at the University of Central Lancashire, UK; Debbie Allnock is Senior Research Fellow at the International Centre, University of Bedfordshire, UK; Patricia Hynes is Reader in Forced Migration in the School of Applied Social Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, UK; Sarah Shorrock is Research Officer at the Institute of Citizenship, Society & Change at the University of Central Lancashire, UK This publication has been produced with financial support from the End Violence Fund. However, the opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the End Violence Fund. Suggested citation: United Nations Children’s Fund (2020) Action to end child sexual abuse and exploitation: A review of the evidence, UNICEF, New York Published by UNICEF Child Protection Section Programme Division 3 United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unicef.org © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) December 2020. Permission is required to reproduce any part of this publication. Permission will be freely granted to educational or non-profit organizations. For more information on usage rights, please contact: [email protected] Cover Photo: © UNICEF/UNI328273/Viet Hung ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This evidence review was commissioned by UNICEF to support Hanna Tiefengraber, Associate Expert, UNODC; Catherine the work of the Child Protection Section, Programme Division, Maternowska, Lead Data, Evidence and Learning, End Violence UNICEF Headquarters in New York. Special thanks go to Rocio Lab, Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children; Aznar Daban, Child Protection Specialist, and to Stephen Blight, Manus De Barra, Child Protection Officer, Office of the Special Senior Child Protection Adviser, for their expert guidance, Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against advice, patience and coordination of consultations throughout Children; Helena Duch, Head of Solutions Subprogramme, the course of the work. Oak Foundation; Marie-laure Lemineur, Deputy Executive Director/Programmes , ECPAT; Alessandra Guedes, Gender and The primary authors of this publication are Lorraine Radford, Development Manager, Research, UNICEF Office of Research; Patricia Hynes and Sarah Shorrock. Lauren Rumble, Principal Advisor Gender Equality, UNICEF; Andrew Brooks, Child Protection Regional Advisor, UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office; Kendra Gregson, Child UNICEF gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided Protection Regional Advisor, UNICEF Latin America and the for this programme by the End Violence Fund. The End Violence Caribbean Regional Office; Rachel Harvey, Child Protection Fund provides financial support to programmes that deliver Regional Advisor, UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional practical, innovative solutions to protect children from online Office; Aaron Greenberg, Child Protection Regional Advisor, exploitation and abuse. UNICEF Europe and Central Asia Regional Office; Jean Francois Basse, Child Protection Regional Advisor, UNICEF East and Valuable feedback and advice were given by a number of South Africa Regional Office, UNICEF; Denise Ulwor, Child research and practice experts. These include: Protection Specialist, UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office; Esther Ruiz, Child Protection Specialist, UNICEF Latin Greta Massetti, Branch Chief of the Field Epidemiology America and the Caribbean Regional Office; Mona Aika, Child and Prevention Branch, US Center for Disease Control and Protection Specialist, UNICEF East and South Africa Regional Prevention; Berit Kieselbach, Technical Officer on the Prevention Office; Anjan Bose, Child Protection Specialist, UNICEF New of Violence, World Health Organisation; Dina Deligiorgis, York Headquarters; Catherine Poulton, Gender-Based Violence Policy Specialist, Ending Violence against Women and Girls, in Emergencies Manager, UNICEF New York Headquarters; UNWomen; Upala Devi, Senior Gender-Based Violence Advisor, Christine Heckman, Rapid Response Team, Information UNFPA; Chrissy Hart, Senior Advisor, Together for Girls; Management Specialist, UNICEF New York Headquarters . Anna Giudice, Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer, UNODC; Wendy O’Brien, Legal Officer - Violence against We are also grateful for the helpful advice provided by the Children, UNODC; Gabriele Aiello, Associate Expert, UNODC; anonymous peer reviewers of this report. 1 Ending Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: A Review of the Evidence Click on section bars to navigate publication CONTENTS Acknowledgements ....................................... 1 2.4 Protective factors ...................................54 Acronyms and abbreviations .......................... 4 3. Evaluating the evidence on Glossary/definitions ....................................... 5 interventions: ..............................61 Executive Summary ...................................... 9 3.1 Measuring change ..................................63 1. Introduction: Ending Violence 4. International Responses and Against Children ......................... 16 National Frameworks: .................65 1.1 Global imperatives .................................. 17 5. Primary Prevention Strategies: ...76 1.2 Why this evidence review was commissioned ............................................. 17 6. Identification, Reporting and Child Protection Responses ..... 107 1.3 Methodology .......................................... 19 1.4 Structure of the report ............................ 21 7. Preventing Re-offending ...........143 2. Child Sexual Abuse and 8. Supporting Child and Exploitation: A Global Problem ...24 Adolescent Victims ................... 155 2.1 The nature and extent 9. Strategies for action .................. 174 of the problem ............................................. 24 2.2 Drivers, risks and vulnerabilities .............33 References ................................... 191 2.3 Consequences .......................................53 Endnotes ......................................231 2 Ending Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: A Review of the Evidence FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURE 1: INSPIRE Seven strategies .......... 23 TABLE 2: Selected countries prevalence of child sexual abuse, males and females aged FIGURE 2: Respect : 7 strategies to 13-17 in the past year (PY) and any time prevent violence against women .................. 23 before age 18 aged 18-24 (LT). ..................... 28 FIGURE 3: Examples of drivers and risks TABLE 3. Drivers and risks of child in a socio-ecological model: ..........................33 sexual abuse and exploitation ....................... 35 FIGURE 4: Regional burden of violence TABLE 4. Child sexual abuse - against children ............................................. 57 common protective factors .......................... 55 FIGURE 5: Selected forms of TABLE 5: Framework for presenting violence according to the most findings on the evidence ...............................63 likely age of occurrence ................................ 57 TABLE 6. Summary of evidence on primary FIGURE 6: The victim, offender and prevention across different sectors............. 104 technology intersection.................................58 TABLE 7. Summary of evidence on FIGURE 7: Risks and Drivers for Violence identification, reporting and protection ....... 140 Against Children ............................................ 59 TABLE 8. Summary of evidence on FIGURE 8: Drivers and Risks for Sexual preventing re-offending .............................. 153 Violence Against Children .............................60 TABLE 9. Summary of evidence on FIGURE 9: Framework for continuum of victim support & recovery .......................... 171 aftercare services ......................................... 72 TABLE 10: Actions to support an FIGURE 10: Theory of Change for enabling national environment .................... 180 Preventing & Responding to Child Sexual Abuse & Exploitation .................................. 176 TABLE 11: Actions to Support Service Delivery .......................................... 184 TABLE 1: Sustainable Development Goals And Relevant Targets 2030 ........................... 22 TABLE 12: Actions to Support Social & Behavioural Change .................................... 187 3 Ending Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: A Review of the Evidence ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations NAP National action plan CBT Cognitive behavioural therapy NGO Non-governmental organisation CCT Conditional cash transfer OPSC Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention child prostitution and child pornography CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child RAP Regional action plan CSAM Child sexual abuse material RCT Randomized controlled trial DHS Demographic Health Survey SSN Social safety net ECPAT End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography STI Sexually transmitted infection and the Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes TF-CBT Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy EMDR Eye movement desensitization and processing UNFPA United Nations Population Fund FGM Female genital mutilation UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees GBV Gender-based violence UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund HIC High-income country
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