DOCSLIB.ORG

ACTION to END CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE and EXPLOITATION: a REVIEW of the EVIDENCE • 2020 About the Authors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ACTION TO END CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE • 2020 About the authors Lorraine Radford is Emeritus Professor of Social Policy and Social Work at the University of Central Lancashire, UK; Debbie Allnock is Senior Research Fellow at the International Centre, University of Bedfordshire, UK; Patricia Hynes is Reader in Forced Migration in the School of Applied Social Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, UK; Sarah Shorrock is Research Officer at the Institute of Citizenship, Society & Change at the University of Central Lancashire, UK This publication has been produced with financial support from the End Violence Fund. However, the opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the End Violence Fund. Suggested citation: United Nations Children’s Fund (2020) Action to end child sexual abuse and exploitation: A review of the evidence, UNICEF, New York Published by UNICEF Child Protection Section Programme Division 3 United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unicef.org © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) December 2020. Permission is required to reproduce any part of this publication. Permission will be freely granted to educational or non-profit organizations. For more information on usage rights, please contact: [email protected] Cover Photo: © UNICEF/UNI328273/Viet Hung ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This evidence review was commissioned by UNICEF to support Hanna Tiefengraber, Associate Expert, UNODC; Catherine the work of the Child Protection Section, Programme Division, Maternowska, Lead Data, Evidence and Learning, End Violence UNICEF Headquarters in New York. Special thanks go to Rocio Lab, Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children; Aznar Daban, Child Protection Specialist, and to Stephen Blight, Manus De Barra, Child Protection Officer, Office of the Special Senior Child Protection Adviser, for their expert guidance, Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against advice, patience and coordination of consultations throughout Children; Helena Duch, Head of Solutions Subprogramme, the course of the work. Oak Foundation; Marie-laure Lemineur, Deputy Executive Director/Programmes , ECPAT; Alessandra Guedes, Gender and The primary authors of this publication are Lorraine Radford, Development Manager, Research, UNICEF Office of Research; Patricia Hynes and Sarah Shorrock. Lauren Rumble, Principal Advisor Gender Equality, UNICEF; Andrew Brooks, Child Protection Regional Advisor, UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office; Kendra Gregson, Child UNICEF gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided Protection Regional Advisor, UNICEF Latin America and the for this programme by the End Violence Fund. The End Violence Caribbean Regional Office; Rachel Harvey, Child Protection Fund provides financial support to programmes that deliver Regional Advisor, UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional practical, innovative solutions to protect children from online Office; Aaron Greenberg, Child Protection Regional Advisor, exploitation and abuse. UNICEF Europe and Central Asia Regional Office; Jean Francois Basse, Child Protection Regional Advisor, UNICEF East and Valuable feedback and advice were given by a number of South Africa Regional Office, UNICEF; Denise Ulwor, Child research and practice experts. These include: Protection Specialist, UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office; Esther Ruiz, Child Protection Specialist, UNICEF Latin Greta Massetti, Branch Chief of the Field Epidemiology America and the Caribbean Regional Office; Mona Aika, Child and Prevention Branch, US Center for Disease Control and Protection Specialist, UNICEF East and South Africa Regional Prevention; Berit Kieselbach, Technical Officer on the Prevention Office; Anjan Bose, Child Protection Specialist, UNICEF New of Violence, World Health Organisation; Dina Deligiorgis, York Headquarters; Catherine Poulton, Gender-Based Violence Policy Specialist, Ending Violence against Women and Girls, in Emergencies Manager, UNICEF New York Headquarters; UNWomen; Upala Devi, Senior Gender-Based Violence Advisor, Christine Heckman, Rapid Response Team, Information UNFPA; Chrissy Hart, Senior Advisor, Together for Girls; Management Specialist, UNICEF New York Headquarters . Anna Giudice, Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer, UNODC; Wendy O’Brien, Legal Officer - Violence against We are also grateful for the helpful advice provided by the Children, UNODC; Gabriele Aiello, Associate Expert, UNODC; anonymous peer reviewers of this report. 1 Ending Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: A Review of the Evidence Click on section bars to navigate publication CONTENTS Acknowledgements ....................................... 1 2.4 Protective factors ...................................54 Acronyms and abbreviations .......................... 4 3. Evaluating the evidence on Glossary/definitions ....................................... 5 interventions: ..............................61 Executive Summary ...................................... 9 3.1 Measuring change ..................................63 1. Introduction: Ending Violence 4. International Responses and Against Children ......................... 16 National Frameworks: .................65 1.1 Global imperatives .................................. 17 5. Primary Prevention Strategies: ...76 1.2 Why this evidence review was commissioned ............................................. 17 6. Identification, Reporting and Child Protection Responses ..... 107 1.3 Methodology .......................................... 19 1.4 Structure of the report ............................ 21 7. Preventing Re-offending ...........143 2. Child Sexual Abuse and 8. Supporting Child and Exploitation: A Global Problem ...24 Adolescent Victims ................... 155 2.1 The nature and extent 9. Strategies for action .................. 174 of the problem ............................................. 24 2.2 Drivers, risks and vulnerabilities .............33 References ................................... 191 2.3 Consequences .......................................53 Endnotes ......................................231 2 Ending Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: A Review of the Evidence FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURE 1: INSPIRE Seven strategies .......... 23 TABLE 2: Selected countries prevalence of child sexual abuse, males and females aged FIGURE 2: Respect : 7 strategies to 13-17 in the past year (PY) and any time prevent violence against women .................. 23 before age 18 aged 18-24 (LT). ..................... 28 FIGURE 3: Examples of drivers and risks TABLE 3. Drivers and risks of child in a socio-ecological model: ..........................33 sexual abuse and exploitation ....................... 35 FIGURE 4: Regional burden of violence TABLE 4. Child sexual abuse - against children ............................................. 57 common protective factors .......................... 55 FIGURE 5: Selected forms of TABLE 5: Framework for presenting violence according to the most findings on the evidence ...............................63 likely age of occurrence ................................ 57 TABLE 6. Summary of evidence on primary FIGURE 6: The victim, offender and prevention across different sectors............. 104 technology intersection.................................58 TABLE 7. Summary of evidence on FIGURE 7: Risks and Drivers for Violence identification, reporting and protection ....... 140 Against Children ............................................ 59 TABLE 8. Summary of evidence on FIGURE 8: Drivers and Risks for Sexual preventing re-offending .............................. 153 Violence Against Children .............................60 TABLE 9. Summary of evidence on FIGURE 9: Framework for continuum of victim support & recovery .......................... 171 aftercare services ......................................... 72 TABLE 10: Actions to support an FIGURE 10: Theory of Change for enabling national environment .................... 180 Preventing & Responding to Child Sexual Abuse & Exploitation .................................. 176 TABLE 11: Actions to Support Service Delivery .......................................... 184 TABLE 1: Sustainable Development Goals And Relevant Targets 2030 ........................... 22 TABLE 12: Actions to Support Social & Behavioural Change .................................... 187 3 Ending Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: A Review of the Evidence ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations NAP National action plan CBT Cognitive behavioural therapy NGO Non-governmental organisation CCT Conditional cash transfer OPSC Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention child prostitution and child pornography CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child RAP Regional action plan CSAM Child sexual abuse material RCT Randomized controlled trial DHS Demographic Health Survey SSN Social safety net ECPAT End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography STI Sexually transmitted infection and the Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes TF-CBT Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy EMDR Eye movement desensitization and processing UNFPA United Nations Population Fund FGM Female genital mutilation UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees GBV Gender-based violence UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund HIC High-income country
Recommended publications
  • Contribution to the UNHCHR Report on Children Living And/Or Working

    Contribution to the UNHCHR Report on Children Living And/Or Working

    ECPAT International Contribution to the UNHCHR Report on Children living and/or working on the street and the links to sexual exploitation PRODUCED BY ECPAT International End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of children for sexual purposes September 2011 1 ECPAT International Introduction Securing daily basic needs and protection from the hostilities and violence on the street is a perpetual fight, and it often means enduring sexual abuse and exploitation. The spectre of neglect evidenced by the alarmingly high number of children surviving on the street across the world runs counter to the principles enshrined in the CRC, which provide for the protection of children's overall well being, human dignity and mental and physical integrity. Children living and working on the streets are part of the most excluded and at-risk persons in the world, and living on the streets deprive them of a safe environment, comfort and education. The commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is defined by the ILO Convention 182 as one of the worst forms of child labour and means the sexual abuse of a child in exchange of money or other form of remuneration. This includes child prostitution, pornography, sex tourism and trafficking for sexual purposes. It is commonly accepted that a child cannot consent freely to have sexual intercourse with an adult, including children surviving on the street. Therefore, in such cases, they should be considered victims and afforded the necessary protection. Sexual exploitation on the street takes place, by definition, in public areas, like roads, beaches, markets or parks; usually the sex offender approaches the young victim in order to have a sexual relationship.
  • Justice for Victims of Sexual Abuse and Harassment

    Justice for Victims of Sexual Abuse and Harassment

    Journal of Gender-Based Violence • vol 2 • no 2 • 397–402 • © Centre for Gender and Violence Research 2018 University of Bristol 2018 • Print ISSN 2398-6808 • Online ISSN 2398-6816 https://doi.org/10.1332/239868018X15263882926256 policy and practice Justice for victims of sexual abuse and harassment: lessons for Westminster? Lis Bates, [email protected] University of Bristol, UK This policy paper is a comment piece on recent sexual harassment and abuse scandals in the British Parliament, which also references new UK research on justice and gender-based violence. The author draws on six years working for the British Parliament as a clerk (parliamentary civil servant) to reflect on why the parliamentary culture and management has long ignored sexual harassment, abuse and bullying, often moving victims on rather than challenging (alleged) perpetrators. The paper presents current research being conducted by the universities of Bristol, Cardiff and UWE and national charity Women’s Aid, which is asking ‘What does justice mean to victims of gender-based violence?’ Using emerging findings from interviews with over 250 victims/survivors of gender- based abuse, the paper draws lessons for how the House of Commons authorities should respond to sexual harassment and abuse within Parliament. Vital in any victim-centred response are some key principles. Victims/survivors must: be listened to and taken seriously, be empowered to make their own choices about what happens next, be given a range of options including formal sanctions as well as less formal routes, potentially including specialist ‘transformational mediation’ and, most crucially, all be given access to specialist advocates trained in sexual harassment and abuse.
  • Current Issues in Victimization Research and the NCVS's Ability To

    Current Issues in Victimization Research and the NCVS's Ability To

    Current Issues in Victimization Research and the NCVS’s Ability to Study Them Lynn A. Addington, J.D., Ph.D. Department of Justice, Law and Society American University Prepared for presentation at the Bureau of Justice Statistics Data User’s Workshop, February 12, 2008, Washington, D.C. Introduction and NCVS have played an essential role in shaping what researchers know about victimization as well as providing Thirty-five years have passed since the fielding of the first the national measure of criminal victimization for the National Crime Survey (NCS) and 15 years since its redesign United States.2 For the NCVS to continue in this crucial and emergence as the National Crime Victimization Survey and central role, it should be capable of serving the needs of (NCVS).1 This BJS Data Users Workshop presents a good, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. Continuing to and much-needed, opportunity to examine how the survey meet the current needs of these various users of NCVS data has been (and could be) used in its present form as well as may require changes to the survey. to consider possible ways the survey could be changed to explore new issues of concern to victimization researchers. This paper has two primary aims. The first is to provide an Current Trends and Open Issues in overview of the current trends and issues in victimization Victimization Research research. Trends include topics that have attracted research Before examining specific issues, it is useful to place the attention as well as those yet to be fully explored as available current state of victimization research into a larger context.
  • Gender-Based and Child Rights Analysis of Laws on Child Sexual Exploitation Benjamin Lawrence Patrick E

    Gender-Based and Child Rights Analysis of Laws on Child Sexual Exploitation Benjamin Lawrence Patrick E

    Gender-Based and Child Rights Analysis of Laws on Child Sexual Exploitation Benjamin Lawrence Patrick E. Aritao* John Stephen B. Pangilinan** I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 353 II. ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY: GENDER-BASED ANALYSIS WITH CHILD PROTECTION FOCUS........................................................ 355 III. BEHAVIOR OF BOY AND GIRL VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ABUSE . 356 A. How Boys and Girls Differ in Responding to Sexual Abuse B. How Boys and Girls Differ in the Process of Recovering from Sexual Abuse C. How Boys and Girls Differ in Disclosing Their Stories of Sexual Abuse IV. O S E C CASEWORK IN THE PHILIPPINES ....................................... 369 V. GENDER ISSUES IN CSE AND OSEC CASEWORK ......................... 370 VI. P HILIPPINE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ................................................. 371 A. International Law B. Statutes and Their Implementing Rules and Regulations VII. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES UNDER THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ..............................................................................379 A. Law Enforcement B. Public and Private Aftercare Agencies C. Public Prosecutors D. Judiciary E. Non-Government Organizations VIII. SUPREME COURT CASES AND ISSUANCES ................................. 382 A. On the Credibility of a Child Witness B. On the Necessity of a Child Witness and the Procurement of Child Testimony C. Supreme Court Discussions of Gender Issues Surrounding Sexual Abuse D. On the Rights of an Abused Child to Have His or Her Abuser Suffer a Higher Penalty IX. GENDER ANALYSIS OF OSEC CASEWORK DATA ........................ 388 A. Victim Age: Younger Victims B. Victim Sex: Higher Number of Boy Victims C. Victim Relationship Data D. Law Enforcement Performance Data 2018] CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION 353 E. Child-Protective Measures at the Inquest Phase F. Trial Lengths: Statistical Insights G. Insight form the Middle 50 % of the data range H.
  • Whats the Lowest Age of Consent

    Whats the Lowest Age of Consent

    Whats The Lowest Age Of Consent Ingenuous Edmund frizes perdurably while Jerome always corrupt his Monza prologue capriciously, he ineluctablyheadquarter and so bowldifficultly. her catabasis. Blaine often Aquarius vaccinates and linkedpiano whenDevon ignescent never denuclearizes Richmond freeze-dry his Jewess! The legal dating age in Colorado. It says child marriages should not have legal effect. The memory below reflects what each jurisdiction's legislation actually know rather understand what it states on your surface Countries and States Region Must be married. The penalties if the lowest age consent the tentacle of sexual and private weddings and homosexual conduct actually punish those teenagers are reports confirming early initiation of consent is regarded as old. The world we agree with statutory rape or older than a class ii felony statutory rape or female under the age! Can of the legislation increasing the legal age. Well suffer is animal Law that states you exact date was under 1 In air I dated a 16yr old when expenditure was 19 But that's a bit length with a 3yr age range However Legally in the United States both people eat be 1 or older to engage in sexual activity. We use marketing cookies to increase the relevancy of the advertising you may see. This is the toughest matters is activated for answers in hawaii department of consents in the accused would benefit from his spouse, but the royal colleges of. The American colonies followed the English tradition but the accord could at is be called a guide. Children and Youth because History Age or Consent Laws.
  • Government, Civil Society and Private Sector Responses to the Prevention of Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism

    Government, Civil Society and Private Sector Responses to the Prevention of Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism

    April 2016 Government, civil society and private sector responses to the prevention of sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism A Technical Background Document to the Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism Child Protection Section, Programme Division, UNICEF Headquarters ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘ The paper was prepared by Clara Sommarin (Child Protection Specialist, Programme Division, UNICEF Headquarters), Frans de Man and Amaya Renobales (independent consultants) and Jeanette Trang (intern Child Protection Section, Programme Division, UNICEF Headquarters) and copyedited by Alison Raphael. FRONT COVER: On 14 March 2016, a young vendor walks along a highly trafficked street in the heart of the city of Makati’s “red light district,” in Metro Manila, Philippines. Makati is considered the financial and economic centre of Manila, and is also a hub for sexual exploitation in the context of travel and tourism. © UNICEF/UN014913/Estey FACING PAGE: [NAME CHANGED] Rosie, 16, in Dominica in the eastern Caribbean on 8 July 2017. Rosie was 15 yrs old when she underwent sexual abuse. © UNICEF/UN0142224/Nesbitt i CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 2. INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION .................................................................... 3 2.1 International Human Rights Standards ................................................................................... 3 2.2 Global Political Commitments
  • Summary Paper on Online Child Sexual Exploitation

    Summary Paper on Online Child Sexual Exploitation

    SUMMARY PAPER ON ONLINE CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION ECPAT International is a global network of civil society The Internet is a part of children’s lives. Information organisations working together to end the sexual exploitation of and Communication Technologies (ICT) are now as children (SEC). ECPAT comprises member organisations in over important to the education and social development of 100 countries who generate knowledge, raise awareness, and children and young people as they are to the overall advocate to protect children from all forms of sexual exploitation. global economy. According to research, children and adolescents under 18 account for an estimated one in Key manifestations of sexual exploitation of children (SEC) three Internet users around the world1 and global data include the exploitation of children in prostitution, the sale and indicates that children’s usage is increasing – both in trafficking of children for sexual purposes, online child sexual terms of the number of children with access, and their exploitation (OCSE), the sexual exploitation of children in travel time spent online.2 While there is still disparity in access and tourism (SECTT) and some forms of child, early and forced to new technologies between and within countries in marriages (CEFM). None of these contexts or manifestations are the developed and developing world, technology now isolated, and any discussion of one must be a discussion of SEC mediates almost all human activities in some way. Our altogether. lives exist on a continuum that includes online and offline domains simultaneously. It can therefore be argued that Notably, these contexts and manifestations of SEC are becoming children are living in a digital world where on/offline increasingly complex and interlinked as a result of drivers like greater mobility of people, evolving digital technology and rapidly expanding access to communications.
  • Technical Report: Towards a Global Indicator on Unidentified Victims in Child Sexual Exploitation Material

    Technical Report: Towards a Global Indicator on Unidentified Victims in Child Sexual Exploitation Material

    00110010011101010001110010101010101000101001010100001010101010101010101000101101010101010110001011001010 11001101101000110011000101010101001001010110010101000101010100101010101010101010001010001100100111010101 01010101000101010100100101010101010101001010010101000010101111100010101011100010101010010101010101010000 10100101001000010010101010101000010101001010100101001010101110010111000111001110111001110011100011100011 10001001010100101001010111001100100111010100011100101010101010001010010101000010101010101010101010001011 01010101010110001011001010110011011010001100110001010101010010010101100101010001010101001010101010101010 10001010001100100111010101010101010001010101001001010101010101010010100101010000101011111000101010111000 10101010010101010101010000101001010010000100101010101010000101010010101001010010101011100101110001110011 10111001110011100011100011100010010101001010010101110011001001110101000111001010101010100010100101010000 10101010101010101010001011010101010101100010110010101100110110100011001100010101010100100101011001010100 01010101001010101010101010100010100011001001110101010101010100010101010010010101010101010100101001010100 00101011111000101010111000101010100101010101010100001010010100100001001010101010100001010100101010010100 10101011100101110001110011101110011100111000111000111000100101010010100101011100110010011101010001110010 10101010100010100101010000101010101010101010100010110101010101011000101100101011001101101000110011000101 01010100100101011001010100010101010010101010101010101000101000110010011101010101010101000101010100100101
  • Understanding and Overcoming the Entrapment Defense in Undercover Operations

    Understanding and Overcoming the Entrapment Defense in Undercover Operations

    1 Understanding and Overcoming the Entrapment Defense in Undercover Operations Understanding and Overcoming the Entrapment Defense in Undercover Operations Sgt. Danny Baker Fort Smith Police Department Street Crimes Unit 2 Understanding and Overcoming the Entrapment Defense in Undercover Operations Introduction: Perhaps one of the most effective, yet often misunderstood investigatory tools available to law enforcement agencies around the world is that of the undercover agent. In all other aspects of modern policing, from traffic enforcement to homicide investigation, policing technique relies heavily upon the recognition and identification of an agent as an officer of the law. Though coming under question in recent years, it has long been professed that highly visible police have a deterrent effect on crime simply by their presence. Simply stated, the belief is that a criminal intent on breaking the law will likely refrain from doing so should he or she encounter, or have a high likelihood of encountering, a uniformed police officer just moments prior to the intended crime. Such presence certainly has its benefits in a civilized society. If to no other end, the calming and peace of mind that highly visible and accessible officers provide the citizenry is invaluable. The real dilemma arises when attempting to justify and fund this police presence that crime ridden neighborhoods and communities continually demand. Particularly when the crime suppression benefits of such tactics are questionable and impossible to measure. After all, how do you quantify the number of crimes that were never committed and, if you could, how do you correlate that to simple police presence? In polar opposition to the highly visible, readily accessible, uniformed officer, we find the undercover officer.
  • Unraveling Unlawful Entrapment Anthony M

    Unraveling Unlawful Entrapment Anthony M

    Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 94 Article 1 Issue 4 Summer Summer 2004 Unraveling Unlawful Entrapment Anthony M. Dillof Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Anthony M. Dillof, Unraveling Unlawful Entrapment, 94 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 827 (2003-2004) This Criminal Law is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 009 1-4169/04/9404-0827 THE JOURNALOF CRIMINAL LAW& CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 94, No. 4 Copyright ©2004 by Northwesten University, School of Law Printed in U.S.A. UNRAVELING UNLAWFUL ENTRAPMENT ANTHONY M. DILLOF* I. INTRODUCTION Entrapment is as old as a pleasant garden, a forbidden fruit, and a subtle snake. "The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat," pleaded Eve in response to an accusing Lord God.' Early English cases report instances of citizens being lured into crime so they might be apprehended. 2 Nineteenth century American cases similarly record examples of persons tempted to illegality for the purpose of subjecting them to criminal sanctions. Entrapment as a social phenomenon has long been with us. .Associate Professor of Law, Wayne State University Law School. A.B., Harvard University; J.D., Columbia University School of Law; LL.M., Columbia University School of Law. I thank Anthony Duff, Stuart Green, and Peter Henning, whose insightful comments and critiques should in no way be construed as endorsements.
  • Violent Victimization As a Risk Factor For

    Violent Victimization As a Risk Factor For

    U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention J. Robert Flores, Administrator December 2002 Violent Victimization as a Risk Factor for Violent A Message From OJJDP Compared with adults, juveniles are disproportionately affected by high Offending Among Juveniles rates of violence as both offenders and victims. Understanding the rela- tionship between victimization and offending is therefore of critical Jennifer N. Shaffer and R. Barry Ruback importance. As a group, juveniles have high rates of vi- and many of these risk factors suggest Examining data from the National olent victimization and violent offending, a opportunities for intervention. Longitudinal Study of Adolescent pattern suggesting that some juveniles are Health, the authors of this Bulletin The Bulletin includes background informa- both victims and perpetrators of violence. found that victims of violence were tion, a brief theoretical discussion, study To explore that hypothesis, this Bulletin significantly more likely than nonvic- methods and findings, conclusions, policy analyzes the relationships between violent tims to become violent offenders. implications, and suggestions for future victimization and violent offending across They also found that violent victim- research. a 2-year period, using data for 5,003 juve- ization and violent offending share niles who participated in the National Lon- many of the same risk factors, such gitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The Background as previous violent victimization and Bulletin looks at victimization and offend- offending, drug and alcohol use, and ing experiences in subgroups of juveniles Statistical evidence suggests dispropor- depression. These findings are partic- classified by age, gender, race, and level tionately high rates of violence by and ularly important because they sug- gest that interventions directed at of physical development.
  • Bullying Experiences and Resilience in LGBTQ Youth

    Bullying Experiences and Resilience in LGBTQ Youth

    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 12-15-2016 Bullying Experiences and Resilience in LGBTQ Youth Melinda McCormick Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Gender and Sexuality Commons Recommended Citation McCormick, Melinda, "Bullying Experiences and Resilience in LGBTQ Youth" (2016). Dissertations. 2473. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/2473 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BULLYING EXPERIENCES AND RESILIENCE IN LGBTQ YOUTH by Melinda McCormick A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Sociology Western Michigan University December 2016 Doctoral Committee: Angie Moe, Ph.D., Chair Susan Freeman, Ph.D. Ann Miles, Ph.D. Frederick MacDonald, Ph.D. BULLYING EXPERIENCES AND RESILIENCE IN LGBTQ YOUTH Melinda McCormick, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2016 Many young LGBTQ people are experiencing bullying which can lead to increased risk of suicide, drug abuse, and depression, as well as an increased risk of out-of-home placements in either foster care or homeless shelters. As a result of this, LGBTQ young adults are often framed as being at risk. Although this has been helpful in the past in order to raise awareness of the challenges experienced by LGBTQ young people, there is also evidence that they show resilience in response to those challenges.