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Farmer's Attitude on Sustainable Agriculture and Its Determinants

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Farmer's Attitude on Sustainable Agriculture and Its Determinants Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 2(5): 422-427, 2010 ISSN: 2040-7467 © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010 Submitted Date: May 03, 2010 Accepted Date: May 20, 2010 Published Date: August 01, 2010 Farmer’s Attitude on Sustainable Agriculture and its Determinants: A Case Study in Behbahan County of Iran 1S. Abolhasan Sadati, 1Hosain Shaabanali Fami, 1Ali Asadi and 2S. Abolghasem Sadati 1Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Tehran University, Iran 2Islamic Azad University, Hendijan Center, Iran Abstract: The purpose of this study was to conduct a descriptive survey to study the attitudes and perceptions of Iranian farmers on the concepts and thoughts of sustainable agriculture and identifying effective factors on their attitude. The target population of this study consisted of 7314 Behbahan farmers of Khuzestan province of Iran. A sample consisting of 208 respondents was selected through Stratified Sampling. The instrument used for assessing the attitude of respondents on the concepts of sustainable agriculture was a questionnaire by reliability 0.78. Responses were grouped based on the differences in standard deviation of mean, which revealed that 73.4% of respondents had moderate attitude towards concepts of sustainable agriculture. The results of study showed that there is positive correlation between literacy, participation in extension courses, off-farm income, farmer's knowledge about sustainable agriculture, level of use of sustainable agriculture methods, extension contacts and job satisfaction and negative correlation between age, experience in agricultural activities, family size and agrarian land with attitude toward sustainable agriculture. According to result of regression the ‘extension contacts’, ‘Farmers knowledge about sustainable agriculture’, ‘Job satisfaction’ and ‘literacy’ are effective factors on farmers attitude toward sustainable agriculture and explained 52.6% of this scale. Key words: Attitude, Behbahan County, sustainable agriculture INTRODUCTION that is, agriculture should be consume less and be sustainable more (Pretty, 1995; Williams, 2000; Currently, the world shows extensive worries on the Qamar, 2002; Rasul and Thapa, 2003; Leeuwis, 2004). destructive effects of advanced agricultural technologies The farmers, environmentalists, protectors of natural on the environment, natural resources and long-term resources and rural settlers have various interests and sustainability of agronomy systems. Soil degradation, concerns on this issue and thus, each give a separate erosion, water pollution, excessive use of chemicals, definition on sustainable agriculture; thus, there is no waste of water, decreasing ground water tables, unique definition for sustainable agriculture (Beus and destruction of natural habitats for wildlife and insects and Dunlap, 1990; Leeuwis, 2000). pests resistance against insecticide and pesticide are only The perceived importance of sustainability among a few of the concerns expressed by environmentalists, farmers differs from farmer to farmer and is influenced by ecologists, agricultural professionals, policy makers, socio economic characteristics as well as information- farmers and public (Leeuwis, 2004; Al-Subaiee seeking behavior of the farmers. Since this study explored et al., 2005). Despite these environmental effects at many the degree of importance that farmers attach to different places, the modern agriculture has been involved in many sustainable agricultural practices and factors that economic and social changes both in the industrial and influence it, it is useful to define sustainability developing countries. Among this involvement one may (Tatlidil et al., 2008). name: loss of job, transfer of economic opportunities from In many developing countries, agriculture plays a men to women, increasing specialization in livelihood, the vital role in the economy, and sustainability in the rural institutions becoming governmental and many other agricultural sector must address the issues of poverty cases (Pretty, 1995). Sustainable agriculture, as a alleviation, food security, and stable income generation managerial philosophy and a system that provides for a rapidly growing population (Lee 2005; Bhutto and agricultural needs of both present and future generations Bazmi, 2007). has raised as a major challenge of the 21st century to meet To ensure environmental, economic, and social these complications and natural and human difficulties; sustainability, farmers must adopt different farm-level Corresponding Author: S. Abolghasem Sadati, Islamic Azad University, Hendijan Center, Iran 422 Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 2(5): 422-427, 2010 practices such as judicious use of chemicals, integrated relationships between attitudes and behaviors: attitudes pest management, adequate irrigation, and proper care of cause behaviors; behaviors cause attitudes; attitudes and plant and animal health. Especially, the relationship behavior have mutual causal impact; and attitudes and between pest sellers and farmers behavior about the behaviors are slightly, if at all related (Bentler and proper use of pesticides is very important. In a research Speckart, 1981). conducted by Aktas (2001), the place of pest sellers in the agricultural extension system was investigated and it was The objectives of the study were as follows: found that at the macro level there is a lack of law and C To describe the socio-economic characteristics; regulations, which will direct the optimal use of chemicals C To measure the farmers attitude toward sustainable and pesticides. Soil pollution in the locality is basically agriculture, and caused by improper use of farm machinery, improper use C To determine the extent to which selected socio- of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, improper irrigation economic characteristics influence the importance the and lack of modern irrigation systems such as trickle and farmers’ attitude to sustainable agriculture. drip irrigation, deforestation, early and excessive gazing of range lands, and farm land being used for housing and MATERIALS AND METHODS industrialization purposes. Attitudes are defined as a disposition to respond This research was done from March of 2009 to favorably or unfavorably to an object, person, institution November of 2009 in Behbahan County from Khuzestan or event. An attitude is (a) directed towards an object, Province in Iran. The population of this study consisted of person, institution, or event; (b) has evaluative, positive or 7314 farmers of Behbahan county of Khuzestan province negative, elements; (c) is based on cognitive beliefs in Iran. 208 farmers were selected by Stratified Sampling. towards the attitude-object (i.e., the balancing between The instrument was for data collection was questionnaire positive and negative attributes of an object leads to an that consists of two sections. Section one had 24 attitude); and (d) has consequences for behavior statements of the sustainable agriculture. Five point Likert when confronted with the attitude object scale ranged from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly (Bergevoet et al., 2004). agree. Meanwhile, some of the statements were designed Attitude is determined by the beliefs that are salient negative. The highest possible value for the general or important to a person. Attitudes are formed by what an perception in this scale was 120 and the lowest 24. Higher individual perceives to be true about the attitude-object. values indicated positive attitude toward sustainable This perception may or may not be based upon agriculture concepts. Section two contained demographic information and knowledge and/or an emotional reaction information, asking farmers' age, years of experience, towards the object. Many beliefs and values may underpin level of education, literacy, agrarian land and etc., an attitude (Willock et al., 1999). Attitude simply refers Questionnaire reliability was estimated by calculating to ‘a person’s evaluation of any psychological object’. Cronbach's alpha, which was 0.78. Group of respondents These evaluation judgments are represented as items of for their attitude regarding sustainable agriculture knowledge, which are based on three general classes of concepts was used by the interval standard deviation from information: cognitive information, emotional mean: information, and information about past behaviors (Allen et al., 2003). A = very low: Min # A<Mean-St.d, In fact attitude reflects personal factors. Attitude is a B = low: Mean-St.d # B<Mean, predisposition to act in a certain way. It is the state of C = moderate: Mean # C<Mean+St.d, readiness that influences a person to act in a given manner D = high: Mean+St.d #D# Max (Rahman et al., 1999). Therefore, attitude surveys in agriculture could lead to a more adequate explanation and Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for prediction of farmers’ economic behavior and have been the Social Sciences (SPSS-11.5). Appropriate descriptive used on conservation and environmentally related issues statistics such as frequencies, Percentage scores, mean focusing on the influence of attitude variables as scores, standard deviations and correlation and multiple predictors of conservation behavior (Dimara and regression were used to analyze the data. Skuras, 1999). Dimara and Skuras (1999) concluded from their research that a significant relationship was found Study area: Behbahan County with extent of 3516 Km2 between
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