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Report No. 378a-IRN The Economic Development of FILE COPY Iran Volume II (Part 1) Public Disclosure Authorized Sectoral Analyses (Parts I and II) October 4, 1974 Europe, Middle East and North Africa Region Not for Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Public Disclosure Authorized International Development Association L J This report was prepared for official use only by the -Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Official Exchange Rate To February 13, 1973: 1 Iranian rial = 0.0132 US dollars 1 US dollar = 75.75 Iranian rials From February 13, 1973: 1 Iranian rial = 0.0147 US dollars 1 US dollar = 68.17 Iranian rials All conversions to dollars to the end of Iranian year 1972 are made at the rate of 75.75 Iranian rials. NOTE The Iranian year is Marah 21 to March 20. For convenience, the nearest Gregorian year is used here. Thus 1973 is March 21, 1973 - March 20, 1974. Page 1 of 2 pages IRAN BASIC DATA A. POPULATION (1972) 31.2 Milliol GROWTH (1962-1972) 3.1% of which Urban 41.9% Birth rate 4.7% Literate 37.0% Death rate 1.6% under 15 years 47.1% Infant mortality rate 16.0% Labor Force 29.5% B. LABOR FORCE (1972) 9.2 Million GROWTH (1962-1972) 2.7% of which Agriculture 41.3% Eaployment growth 8.2% Manufacturing 19.8% PARTICIPATION RATE 65.7% Construction 7.7% Utilities 0.7% UNEMPLOYMENT (open) Civil Service 7.0% as % of labor force 3.5% Others 23.5% as % of active population 2.3% C. G.N.P. PER CAPITA (1972) $ 558 GROWTH (1962-1972) 7.1% Urba,n (estimate) $1,035 Rural (estimate) $ 215 D. INCOME DISTRIBUTION (1971): Top 20% receive 50-60% of income Lowest 20% receive 5% of income E. GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (1972) $17,04 Million GROWTH (1962-1972) 10.2% of which Gross Domstio Investment 23.3% Growth 15.7% Private Consumption 57.4% Growth 7.3% Govt. Consumption 21.0% Growth 20.6% Exports (inel. NFS) 30.6% Growth 10.9% Imports (incl. NFS) 20.9% Growth 16.7:4 as proportion of G.N.P. Gross National Savings 21.6% Growth 17. 11 Money and Quasi- Money 33.7% Growth 19.h Government Sector 30.4% Growth 23.34 Agriculture 16.1% Growth 4.2% Manufacturing 13.2% Growth 12.3% F. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, 1972 (1969 - 100): 113.8 GROWTH (1962-1972) 2 6% Page 2 of 2 pages G. BALANCE OF PATMTS (end 1972): Merchandise ]kports $4,654,.o Million Merchandise Imports *3,80.0 Million Balance of Merohandise Trade $1,074.0 Million Balance of Current Aocouit - $ 863.0 Million Balance of Long Term Capital $ 556.0 Million Basic Balance of Payments - $ 307.0 Million Overall Balance of Payments $ 518.0 Million H. FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES (Dec. 1973): $ 970.0 Million as % of 1972 Imports 26.5% I. EXTERNAL DEBT (end 1972): Total $ n.a. Million of which Public $3,6.5 Million Private $ n.a. Million DEBT SERVICE RATIO (1972): 17.0% J. IBRD/IDA LUNDING (Nov. 30, 1973): IBM IDA Outstanding and Labursed $261.1 million $ million Undisbursed $427.1 million $ million Outabanding incl. Undiabursed $688.2 million $ million NOTSt All growth rates are average annual rates and are in constant (1959) prices except those marked with asterisk. IBRD 1D751R ¸ аа ³ sz sr Æ,. а»ÅÁ½³о ¸ `. .1-`, 1 ', f à s.s.R %' ,_ , ;, i RA³v r ¼1) _ - ADMWISTRATIVED1V1S10NS _ _ - 1 ' ' `` { `` u.s.s.R tL CASP/AN5£ А о Á²³¸о¸¸³, Á ³»²¿:: о 4C j= F I º[ а¼»¸ ³¿оȽÁеа¼eio. u ti `r'» EAST ''' . {аnG7,Áоº³, о,: ¸оЕ¸»аЕ. .,, º ? ¸² : ð AZERBA¦ AN' 1 ._,,. i v ½ .+: ²о½оаº³Ï ² . Е,¸.,, о¸.аоо,о»».ЕÁ Á³Â J Р¤ º½, о .s,. - - \ . .+ " ½.,.,, :¿'³ r.,,.. ³, , ,<, v.2 G AN ; Ë Å: о Á. ¿ьо urL²x `.- 11 ³ q ¸ ° º '9 ¸ \` ³ о,,,,,, ¼ аь¸½³ AZA1VDARAN . , о l . r..i " , ь . /' ³ KURDESTAN Ž, а о .'1J ³,º,а о . L G' ¡ ¡7 »аЕ»а« о аР ¡ Е N ¢ R А L ¸½½¸о ³ Р /1 KERMANSHAH ' , ао К , Н О R А 5 А N " ` :"° ¢ о º½о¡²¸р»::, RfÇ. ¿ о N -- / ~ ! t, Il Е s F А ½ А N AFGHANfSTAN »½ о Á.. ь,r qzfh,T¸¿¸о ¿о " - ¿¼ ¼ . Íz В Á¸» £ А Z D , KHU2ESTAN /9' Е'i ""о ! " 1 R А Q f .cor.u ` ´±' 'iy ; .,., l . 1 , а, º³,а»½а / _ Р . . . . . i / Á½½а³о К Е R М А N :. ½ЕÁ. ½о z e /KUWAIT ocxcxl ¤ PAKISTAN v.i -l ½ J' F А R 5 . ³² / à \."" ,, Ã, . аА»¸ Å 92 Р sis ÂArv I 5AUD1 ARABIA AND ³ !а l G BALUCH 1 STAN . а³..., Е. ss¸ . S - Р N Е , , J S'1 n аº'. »{ `^.. r5rx t ,'` ²А ½RАN ,f._ .' Г - ,., ³, 7, Г { - t , аº³ÁG? . _ »° о :, ,. ¸» vw'Ã, J/ ½. ³Á i R ´ ¸ J ' ³о¿о. ¸ Ã_ i- )/ _ Р sS³¸ / 1 I º Î iao Æо ³оо ³Î О AN l F6r,r ^ ½ s ²£о: »¸r ÂА ÅF`* _ Г» "- Ã,-( _ J G i \! f1y 0 50 10D i5c ..fy- _ о ºÁ¼ i½[5fl5 wo, :: »:° о"" ½: ' QATAR sx so , Æ THE ECONOtiIC DEVELOPME14T OF IRAN VOLUME I THE MAIN REPORT VOLUME II SECTOAAL ANALYSES (Parts I and II) VOLUME-III: STATISTICAL APPENDIX This is Volume II of a three-volume report of the Basic Economic Mission which visited Iran in September/October 1973. The Mission consiste' d of Vinod Dubey (Chief), S. K * Bery, Julian Bharier, Peter Bowden, Walter Elkan (Consultant), S. A. Faruqi, John Foster, Norman Hicks,,.Sang Eun Lee, Jacques Nusbaumer, Vinod Prakash, Liza Shipp (Secretary). Anthony Stapleton of the IB10 Agricultural Task Force in Iran, was an associate member of the Mission. Volume I, the Main Report, was finalized and circulated in June 1974. Volume III, the Statistical Appendix, is being finalized and will be circulated concurrently. TABLE OF 00NTENTS (PART I) Page No. 1. AGCULTUE AND URAL DEVELORENT ...... 1 Structure of the Rural Sectort . 1 Performance During the Third and Fourth Plans . 1 The Fifth Plan . 23 Key Sectoral Issues . 28 2. INDUSTRY . Introduction . d. Groth and Structural Chanugee .. 5 Industrial Strategy and Policies . 6 3. INFRASTRUCTURE . 79 An Overview . 9 Development Plan and Priorities . Cost Overruns and Other Problems of Implementation of Development Plans . Sector Profiles . .. OIL AND GAS . ..0 Impact of Petroleum on the Economy . 110 Institutional Arrangements . 113 Oil Production, Consumption and Exports . 118 International Oil Prices . 121 Natural Gas . 128 Petrochemicals . 129 (PART II) 5. DOMESTIC FINANCE: THE MOBILIZATION AND AllOCATION OF RESOURCES . 131 Introduction . 131 The Role of the .Public Sector . .. 131 Financial Organization of the Public Sector . 13 Resources and Taxation . .. T. h3 Resource Allocation Through.the Budet . Demand Management: Problems and Policies . 168 Monetary Policy and Demand Management . 176 Allocation Through the Financial System . , 181 6. A MACRO-EC0NOMIC MODEL OF IRAN . .... o .......197 Introduction .,. .o . o . 197 Model Projections . .. 198 Government Accounts .. ?02 Balance of Payments . .. 20, The Model in Detail . Iran Model Li.sting . .? . .*. 2 List of Tables Table No. a e 1. Official Growth Rates of Agricultural Value Added . 2. Rural Incomes and Expenditure . ... 2C 3. Projected Growth in Demand for Major Agricultural Commodities . 29 1. Livestock Production and Targets . 40 5. Estimated Supply of Short-Tenn Credit . 44 6. Estimated Supply of Medium- and Long-Term Credit to Agriculture, 1970-72 . .o . o . 5 7. Growth and Shares of Manufacturing Value Added . 56 8. Growth and Shares of Value Added by Broad Economic Categories . 56 9. Manufacturing Employment by selected Product Groups, Urban Iran, 1962 and 1972 . .. .. 57 10. Growth of Labor Productivity by Broad Economic Categories, Urban Iran, 1962 and 1972 . .. 58 11. Distribution of Industrial Investment in the Third and Fourth Plans by Broad Economic Categories . .. 12. Gross Inflow of Foreign Private Capital and Loans to Iran by Selected Industries During Third and Fourth Plans . s. 13. Public Investment in Manufacturing by Major Industries During the Fourth Plan . 0 . .. 60 14. Growth of Small and Large Manufacturing Establishments, Urban Iran, 1964 and 1969 . 61 15. Regional Distribution of Manufacturing Activity, 1969/70 . 62 16. Cross Output of Selected Minerals . 64 17. Fixed Investment in Manufacturing by Broad Economic Categories During the Fourth and Fifth Plans . 66 18. Sectoral Distribution of Government Development Funds . 75 19. Investment in New Housing Units .. 103 20. Number and Distribution of Hospital Beds . .108 21. Iranian Oil Revenues . 22. Contribution of Oil Sector to Balaice of Payments . 112 23. Crude Oil Output and Disposal . ... 121 24. Projected F.O.B. Market Prices of Iranian Light Crude . 127 25. The Size of the Public Sector, Selected. Years . 133 26 . S a v i n g s P e r f o rm a n c e . .. 1 3 5 27. Stracture of Central Government Revenues (Selected years) . 145 28. Relative Burden of Non-Oil Revenues (Selected Years) . 1t- 29. Average Rates of Trade Levies (Selected Years) . t 30. Central Goveninent Revenue Projections . .1 31. Recent Budgetary Developments . .. 9 32. Structure of Iranian Income Tax . 33. Private Corporate Taxation . 34. Current and Capital Expenditure from the Budget ... Db 35. Functional Classification of Total Central Government Expenditure . 1 8 36. Comparison of Social Services Expenditure, 1970 and 1972 . 1 37. Comparison of Economic Services Expenditure, 1970 and 1972 . 164 38. Price Movements: Annual Average Chages . 168 39.
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    Farmer's Attitude on Sustainable Agriculture and Its Determinants

    Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 2(5): 422-427, 2010 ISSN: 2040-7467 © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010 Submitted Date: May 03, 2010 Accepted Date: May 20, 2010 Published Date: August 01, 2010 Farmer’s Attitude on Sustainable Agriculture and its Determinants: A Case Study in Behbahan County of Iran 1S. Abolhasan Sadati, 1Hosain Shaabanali Fami, 1Ali Asadi and 2S. Abolghasem Sadati 1Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Tehran University, Iran 2Islamic Azad University, Hendijan Center, Iran Abstract: The purpose of this study was to conduct a descriptive survey to study the attitudes and perceptions of Iranian farmers on the concepts and thoughts of sustainable agriculture and identifying effective factors on their attitude. The target population of this study consisted of 7314 Behbahan farmers of Khuzestan province of Iran. A sample consisting of 208 respondents was selected through Stratified Sampling. The instrument used for assessing the attitude of respondents on the concepts of sustainable agriculture was a questionnaire by reliability 0.78. Responses were grouped based on the differences in standard deviation of mean, which revealed that 73.4% of respondents had moderate attitude towards concepts of sustainable agriculture. The results of study showed that there is positive correlation between literacy, participation in extension courses, off-farm income, farmer's knowledge about sustainable agriculture, level of use of sustainable agriculture methods, extension contacts and job satisfaction and negative correlation between age, experience in agricultural activities, family size and agrarian land with attitude toward sustainable agriculture. According to result of regression the ‘extension contacts’, ‘Farmers knowledge about sustainable agriculture’, ‘Job satisfaction’ and ‘literacy’ are effective factors on farmers attitude toward sustainable agriculture and explained 52.6% of this scale.
  • İngilizce Başlık

    İngilizce Başlık

    İstanbul Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. J. Fac. Vet. Med. Istanbul Univ. 40 (2), 139 - 146, 2014 40 (2), 139 - 146, 2014 Araştırma Makalesi Research Article Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Livestock in Khuzestan Province, Southwest of Iran, 2008-2012 Ehsan Gharib MOMBENI1*, Manoochehr Gharib MOMBEINI2, Mehdi Khalaj3, Reza ASADI4, Abdul Amir REZAEI5, Karim AMIRI6, Samed BROMAND7, Mostafa KENARKOHI8, Afshin Gharib MOMBENI9 1Expert of Animal Diseases Control and Monitoring, Ahvaz Veterinary Organization, Khuzestan province, Iran 2Provincial Head of Animal Disease Control and Monitoring, Veterinary Organization, Iran 3Head of Iran Veterinary Organization, Iran 4General Director of Ahvaz Veterinary Organization, Khuzestan province, Iran 5General Director of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Disease Management, Tehran, Iran 6Group Chief of Brucellosis Control Department, Iran Veterinary Organization 7General Director of Zoonotic Disease Control, Iran Veterinary Organization, Iran 8General Director of Khuzestan Province Veterinary Organization, Iran 9Engineering Department, Shaid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran *Corresponding Author: Ehsan Gharib MOMBENI Animal Diseases Control and Monitoring, Ahvaz Veterinary Organization, Khuzestan province, Iran e-mail: [email protected] Geliş Tarihi / Received: 15.04.2013 ABSTRACT Brucellosis is a zoonotic problem worldwide, especially in developing countries and specifically in Iran, where it is endemic. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis among livestock in the 18 districts of