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A Comparative Study of Extremism Within Nationalist Movements
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXTREMISM WITHIN NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND SPAIN by Ashton Croft Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Departmental Honors in the Department of History Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas 22 April 2019 Croft 1 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXTREMISM WITHIN NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND SPAIN Project Approved: Supervising Professor: William Meier, Ph.D. Department of History Jodi Campbell, Ph.D. Department of History Eric Cox, Ph.D. Department of Political Science Croft 2 ABSTRACT Nationalism in nations without statehood is common throughout history, although what nationalism leads to differs. In the cases of the United Kingdom and Spain, these effects ranged in various forms from extremism to cultural movements. In this paper, I will examine the effects of extremists within the nationalism movement and their overall effects on societies and the imagined communities within the respective states. I will also compare the actions of extremist factions, such as the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Basque Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), and the Scottish National Liberation Army (SNLA), and examine what strategies worked for the various nationalist movements at what points, as well as how the movements connected their motives and actions to historical memory. Many of the groups appealed to a wider “imagined community” based on constructing a shared history of nationhood. For example, violence was most effective when it directly targeted oppressors, but it did not work when civilians were harmed. Additionally, organizations that tied rhetoric and acts back to actual histories of oppression or of autonomy tended to garner more widespread support than others. -
Dziadok Mikalai 1'St Year Student
EUROPEAN HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY Program «World Politics and economics» Dziadok Mikalai 1'st year student Essay Written assignment Course «International relations and governances» Course instructor Andrey Stiapanau Vilnius, 2016 The Troubles (Northern Ireland conflict 1969-1998) Plan Introduction 1. General outline of a conflict. 2. Approach, theory, level of analysis (providing framework). Providing the hypothesis 3. Major actors involved, definition of their priorities, preferences and interests. 4. Origins of the conflict (historical perspective), major actions timeline 5. Models of conflicts, explanations of its reasons 6. Proving the hypothesis 7. Conclusion Bibliography Introduction Northern Ireland conflict, called “the Troubles” was the most durable conflict in the Europe since WW2. Before War in Donbass (2014-present), which lead to 9,371 death up to June 3, 20161 it also can be called the bloodiest conflict, but unfortunately The Donbass War snatched from The Troubles “the victory palm” of this dreadful competition. The importance of this issue, however, is still essential and vital because of challenges Europe experience now. Both proxy war on Donbass and recent terrorist attacks had strained significantly the political atmosphere in Europe, showing that Europe is not safe anymore. In this conditions, it is necessary for us to try to assume, how far this insecurity and tensions might go and will the circumstances and the challenges of a international relations ignite the conflict in Northern Ireland again. It also makes sense for us to recognize that the Troubles was also a proxy war to a certain degree 23 Sources, used in this essay are mostly mass-media articles, human rights observers’ and international organizations reports, and surveys made by political scientists on this issue. -
Murder of Innocents – the IRA Attack That Repulsed the World
Newshound: Daily Northern Ireland news catalog - Irish News article Murder of innocents – the IRA attack that HOME repulsed the world This article appears thanks to the Irish History (Diana Rusk, Irish News) News. Subscribe to the Irish News NewsoftheIrish The IRA bombing at a Remembrance Day commemoration in the Co Fermanagh town of Enniskillen 20 years ago this week killed 11 people, injured 63 and repulsed the world. Book Reviews & Book Forum Amateur video footage of the aftermath of the explosion on November 8 1987 was broadcast internationally, vividly Search / Archive portraying the suffering of innocent victims. Back to 10/96 Half were Presbyterians who had inadvertently stood the closest Papers to the hidden 40lb device so that they could be convenient to their place of worship. Reference There were three married couples – Wesley Armstrong (62) and wife Bertha (55), Billy Mullan (74) and wife Agnes (73), Kit About Johnston (71) and wife Jessie (62). The others who died were Sammy Gault (49), Ted Armstrong Contact (52), Johnny Megaw (67), Alberta Quinton (72) and the youngest victim, Marie Wilson (20). A 12th person, Ronnie Hill, who slipped into a coma days after the explosion, never woke up and died almost 14 years later. For the first time in the Troubles, the IRA admitted it had made a mistake, planting the device in a building owned by the Catholic church to, they said, target security forces patrolling the parade. The bombing is believed to be one of the watershed incidents of the Troubles largely because of the international outcry against the violence. -
Contemporary Lifestyles and the Implications for Sustainable Development Policy: Lessons from the UK’S Most Car Dependent City, Belfast
Cities, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 103–113, 2001 Pergamon PII: S0264-2751(00)00062-7 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Printed in Great Britain 0264-2751/01 $ - see front matter www.elsevier.com/locate/cities Contemporary lifestyles and the implications for sustainable development policy: Lessons from the UK’s Most Car Dependent City, Belfast J Cooper, T Ryley* and A Smyth Transport Research Institute, Napier University, 66 Spylaw Road, Edinburgh, EH10 5BR, UK The rise in demand for car travel is fuelled more by the increased spatial separation of homes and workplaces, shops and schools than by any rise in trip making. Belfast is one of the most car dependent cities in the United Kingdom. A major household survey was intended to inform an understanding of the likely behavioural response to sustainable development policy initiat- ives. The survey was one of a series of linked tools within a wider EPSRC Sustainable Cities Project research project. Insights into consumer responses to the various policy measures con- sidered in the overall project were drawn in part from the stated preference experiments included in the household survey. Initiatives included improved domestic energy efficiency, increased densification of housing, improved public transport and the introduction of traffic restraint measures such as road user charges. There were signs of some willingness to accept moderately higher densities on the basis that residents would be compensated by a lower than otherwise purchase price. The typical effect of introducing road pricing say at £1.00 per day equated to a reduction in property values of some 2.5% while the absence of any apparent statistical significance generated by the public transport variable reflects its current lack of credibility as an alternative to the car. -
“A Peace of Sorts”: a Cultural History of the Belfast Agreement, 1998 to 2007 Eamonn Mcnamara
“A Peace of Sorts”: A Cultural History of the Belfast Agreement, 1998 to 2007 Eamonn McNamara A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy, Australian National University, March 2017 Declaration ii Acknowledgements I would first like to thank Professor Nicholas Brown who agreed to supervise me back in October 2014. Your generosity, insight, patience and hard work have made this thesis what it is. I would also like to thank Dr Ben Mercer, your helpful and perceptive insights not only contributed enormously to my thesis, but helped fund my research by hiring and mentoring me as a tutor. Thank you to Emeritus Professor Elizabeth Malcolm whose knowledge and experience thoroughly enhanced this thesis. I could not have asked for a better panel. I would also like to thank the academic and administrative staff of the ANU’s School of History for their encouragement and support, in Monday afternoon tea, seminars throughout my candidature and especially useful feedback during my Thesis Proposal and Pre-Submission Presentations. I would like to thank the McClay Library at Queen’s University Belfast for allowing me access to their collections and the generous staff of the Linen Hall Library, Belfast City Library and Belfast’s Newspaper Library for all their help. Also thanks to my local libraries, the NLA and the ANU’s Chifley and Menzies libraries. A big thank you to Niamh Baker of the BBC Archives in Belfast for allowing me access to the collection. I would also like to acknowledge Bertie Ahern, Seán Neeson and John Lindsay for their insightful interviews and conversations that added a personal dimension to this thesis. -
Conflict Theory and Northern Ireland's Troubles
The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Theses Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Fall 12-16-2011 The aP th to Peace: Conflict Theory and Northern Ireland’s Troubles (1968-1998) Ruairi Wiepking [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/thes Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, Political History Commons, Political Theory Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Wiepking, Ruairi, "The aP th to Peace: Conflict Theory and Northern Ireland’s Troubles (1968-1998)" (2011). Master's Theses. 13. https://repository.usfca.edu/thes/13 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Path to Peace: Conflict Theory and Northern Ireland’s Troubles (1968-1998) In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS in INTERNATIONAL STUDIES by Ruairi Wiepking December 2012 UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO Under the guidance and approval of the committee, and approval by all the members, this thesis has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree. Approved: ________________________________ _____________ Advisor Date ________________________________ _____________ Academic Director Date ________________________________ _____________ Dean of Arts and Sciences Date 1 Table of Contents Page i. Acknowledgements 2 ii. Abstract 3 1. -
Sustainability Appraisal of the Draft Plan Strategy 2035 Incorporating Strategic Environmental Assessment
DPS004A Sustainability Appraisal of the Draft Plan Strategy 2035 Incorporating Strategic Environmental Assessment Sustainability Appraisal Report August 2018 - APPENDICES 1 to 6 1 DPS004A Contents APPENDIX 1 ................................................................................................................... 6 BELFAST LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN TIMETABLE ............................................ 6 APPENDIX 2 ................................................................................................................... 8 CHECKLIST: ............................................................................................................... 8 DEVELOPMENT PLAN PRACTICE NOTE 04: ANNEX 9 .......................................... 8 APPENDIX 3 ................................................................................................................. 10 LINKS BETWEEN THE BELFAST LDP & SA ........................................................... 10 APPENDIX 4 ................................................................................................................. 12 PLAN, POLICY & PROGRAMME REVIEW ............................................................... 12 APPENDIX 5 ................................................................................................................. 56 BASELINE INFORMATION FOR BELFAST ............................................................. 56 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................ 56 A SOCIAL BASELINE -
Northern Ireland
UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017: Evidence Report UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017 Evidence Report – Summary for Northern Ireland Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Climate change in Northern Ireland ........................................................................................................ 5 3. Natural Environment and Natural Assets ............................................................................................... 7 4. Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................................ 29 5. People and the Built Environment ........................................................................................................ 46 6. Business and Industry ................................................................................................................................ 61 7. International dimensions ......................................................................................................................... 72 8. Cross cutting issues .................................................................................................................................... 77 This report should be referenced as: ASC (2016) UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017 Evidence Report – Summary for Northern Ireland. Adaptation Sub-Committee of the Committee -
Age-Friendly Belfast Baseline Report May 14
Baseline Report 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 Age-friendly Belfast Baseline Report CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................ 1 1. INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT ....................................................................... 7 2. DEMOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 166 3. DEPRIVATION AND POVERTY ...................................................................... 222 4. OUTDOOR SPACES & BUILDINGS ................................................................. 29 5. TRANSPORTATION .......................................................................................... 34 6. HOUSING .......................................................................................................... 43 7. SOCIAL PARTICIPATION ................................................................................. 56 8. RESPECT & SOCIAL INCLUSION .................................................................... 61 9. CIVIC PARTICIPATION & EMPLOYMENT ....................................................... 66 10. COMMUNICATION & INFORMATION ........................................................... 74 11. COMMUNITY SUPPORT & HEALTH SERVICES ......................................... 78 12. STRATEGIC CONTEXT ................................................................................. 90 13. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................. 95 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 SOAs with -
Gordon Wilson
Reconciliation - Resource 30 GORDON WILSON Gordon Wilson was born in Manorhamilton, County Leitrim. He spent most of his adult life running the family drapery business in High Street, Enniskillen. He was a man of great Christian faith (he attended Enniskillen Methodist Church and studied at Wesley College, Dublin). On the 8th November 1987 he attended the Remembrance Day Parade in Enniskillen along with his daughter, Marie, who was a nurse. The Provisional IRA set off a bomb at the town’s war memorial. The bombing killed eleven people (a twelfth person died after being in coma for 13 years). One of the people who died was Gordon Wilson’s daughter, Marie. He was interviewed by the BBC the same evening. He described his last conversation with his daughter as they both lay buried in rubble. In the interview he expressed forgiveness to his daughter’s killers and pleaded with loyalists not to take revenge for her death. “She held my hand tightly, and gripped me as hard as she could. She said, ‘Daddy, I love you very much.’ Those were her exact words to me, and those were the last words I ever heard her say.” He went on to say. “But I bear no ill will. I bear no grudge. Dirty sort of talk is not going to bring her back to life. She was a great wee lassie. She loved her profession. She was a pet. She’s dead. She’s in heaven and we shall meet again. I will pray for these men tonight and every night.” Historian Jonathan Bardon recounts, “No words in more than twenty-five years of violence in Northern Ireland had such a powerful, emotional impact.” Although a resident of Northern Ireland, he was invited to become a member of the Senate of Ireland in 1993, on the nomination of the then Taoiseach, Albert Reynolds. -
Bike Life Belfast 2017 3 Who Is Cycling?
2017 Belfast There are substantial benefits Introducing to Belfast from people cycling 6.7 million trips made by bike in Belfast Bike Life in the past year Saving the NHS £392,000 annually, Sustrans, the charity making it easier equivalent to the average salary of 17 nurses to walk and cycle, is collaborating with seven cities in the UK – Belfast, Bicycles take up to 6,939 cars off Belfast’s Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh, roads each day, equal to a 21-mile tailback Greater Manchester and Newcastle – Moving people to report on progress towards making £16 million total annual benefit to Belfast from Our vision for cycling in Belfast cycling an attractive and everyday people riding bikes for transport and leisure means of travel. Over the past few Greenway, a 9km linear park in east There is huge potential for years cycling has Belfast. However, there are still gaps in our more people to ride bikes... been enjoying infrastructure which must be addressed Edinburgh a resurgence in for a bicycle friendly city to grow. The 5% of Belfast residents usually cycle to and Newcastle Belfast. Greater recent public consultation on the ‘Belfast from work numbers of people Bicycle Network’ outlines the potential for Belfast travelling around the around 130km of convenient, comfortable, Greater Manchester 29% of people live within 125m of a cycle route city have discovered, continuous and coherent bicycle routes to Birmingham 54% would like to start riding a bike, or could or rediscovered, the bring good quality cycle facilities within the Cardiff Bristol ride their bike more benefits of using the reach of most people in the city. -
Clean Air Strategy for Northern Ireland a Public Discussion Document November 2020
A Public Discussion Document Clean Air Strategy for Northern Ireland A Public Discussion Document November 2020 Sustainability at the heart of a living, working, active landscape valued by everyone. Page A Clean Air Strategy for Northern Ireland A Public Discussion Document November 2020 You can get a copy of this document in other formats; including • Paper Copy • Large Print • Braille • Audio CD/MP3 • Other languages • Telephone: 028 9056 9893 should you have any queries about the format of the document. If you have a hearing difficulty you can contact the Department via Text Relay. Dial 18001 028 9056 9893 • Email: [email protected] • Visit our webpage at: http://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/clean_air_strategy_discussion_ document • Write to: Air and Environment Quality Klondyke Building Gasworks Business Park Cromac Avenue Belfast, BT7 2JA Page 1 Clean Air Strategy for Northern Ireland A Public Discussion Document November 2020 Contents Executive Summary ...........................................................................................3 Chapter 1 - The Background: Sources and Effects of Air Pollution ....................5 Chapter 2 - Transport ....................................................................................... 41 Chapter 3 - Household Emissions ................................................................... 71 Chapter 4 - Agricultural Emissions ................................................................... 97 Chapter 5 - Industrial Emissions .....................................................................111