Informational Text

by Susan Evento

PAIRED READ Ancient Ship Discovered!

FC_BC_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 2 3/12/12 5:53 PM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 STRATEGIES & SKILLS Comprehension Vocabulary Strategy: Summarize exploration, important, Skill: Main Idea and machines, prepare, Key Details repair, result, scientific, teamwork Phonics Consonant + le (el, al) ELL Vocabulary syllables discovery, research

Vocabulary Strategy Content Standards Greek and Latin Roots Science Science as Inquiry

Word count: 725**

Photography Credit: Cover Image Sources/(bkgd) Datacraft Co Ltd/imagenavi/Getty Images, (inset) Sue Ogrocki/Reuters/CORBIS **The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in captions, labels, diagrams, charts, and sidebars are not included.

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Send all inquiries to: McGraw-Hill Education Two Penn Plaza New York, New York 10121

ISBN: 978-0-02-118960-1 MHID: 0-02-118960-9

Printed in the United States.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 DOC 17 16 15 14 13 12 A

IFBC_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 2 2/14/12 3:18 PM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Genre Informational Text

Essential Question Why is teamwork important?

by Susan Evento Chapter 1 The Mighty T. Rex...... 2 Chapter 2 The Dig ...... 4 Chapter 3 At the Museum ...... 8 Respond to Reading ...... 15

PAIRED READ Ancient Ship Discovered! . . . .16 Glossary/Index ...... 19 Focus on Science ...... 20

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 1 3/12/12 5:53 PM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Chapter 1 The Mighty T. Rex

Tyrannosaurus rex were huge animals. They walked on two legs. The T. rex lived about 67 to 70 million years ago. How do we know this?

We know this from scientific studies done on T. rex fossils. The first fossils were found in 1900. Then, in 1990 a new discovery was made. It led to new research. Now we know more about these dinosaurs.

Tyrannosaurus rex means “king of the tyrant lizards.” A tyrant is a harsh ruler. (bkgd) Nic Taylor/Photodisc/Getty Images, (br) Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images, Images Taylor/Photodisc/Getty (bkgd) Nic 2

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 2 3/12/12 5:53 PM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Sue made her discovery at the end of her trip.

Sue Hendrickson was a fossil hunter. In 1990, she was on an exploration for fossils in South Dakota. One day, she walked to some nearby cliffs with her dog, Gypsy.

Sue saw a few small bones on the ground. Then she found some big bones. The bones were hollow. This meant that they came from a meat-eating dinosaur. Sue also knew that T. rex lived in this part of North America. She was excited by her important discovery!

STOP AND CHECK What important discovery did Sue Hendrickson make? (bkgd) Datacraft Co Ltd/imagenavi/Getty Images, (tl) John Zich/AFP/Getty Images, Images Ltd/imagenavi/Getty (bkgd) Datacraft Co 3

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 3 3/14/12 12:13 AM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Chapter 2 The Dig

Sue and her team started to dig. They didn’t use machines. Machines could damage the bones. The team used picks and shovels instead. It took teamwork to find the bones. They dug for five days!

harm or break. En español: dañar.

excavation site

Fossil hunters may spend hours searching for pieces of bones. (bkgd) Nic Taylor/Photodisc/Getty Images, (inset) Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers/Getty Images Researchers/Getty McHugh/Photo Tom (inset) Images, Taylor/Photodisc/Getty (bkgd) Nic

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001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 4 3/12/12 5:54 PM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 jaw

Some of the sharp teeth in Sue’s jaw were up to 12 inches long!

Some bones were huge. The skull was about five feet long! The hunters found almost all of the bones. They wanted to form the skeleton of the T. rex. The hunters named this T. rex Sue.

Huge is an adjective that tells what kind. Find another adjective on page 3. (bkgd) Datacraft Co Ltd/imagenavi/Getty Images, (inset) Millard H. Sharp/Photo Researchers/Getty Images Researchers/Getty H. Sharp/Photo (inset) Millard Images, Ltd/imagenavi/Getty (bkgd) Datacraft Co

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001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 5 3/14/12 12:13 AM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 The diggers took photographs. They numbered the bones. They wrote notes about them. Many bones were in the same position as when Sue died. But some bones were missing.

Some diggers fit into tight spaces to uncover bones.

bones (bkgd) Datacraft Co Ltd/imagenavi/Getty Images, (inset) Louie Psihoyos/CORBIS (inset) Louie Images, Ltd/imagenavi/Getty (bkgd) Datacraft Co 6

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 6 3/14/12 12:13 AM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 There were rocks near the bones. The diggers left some of these rocks there. The rocks would protect the bones. The diggers covered the fossils with cloth. The cloth was soaked in plaster. The plaster hardened like a cast as it dried.

People fought over who owned Sue’s bones. Sue’s bones were finally moved to the Field Museum in Chicago. plaster

Workers used plaster to protect Sue’s bones.

STOP AND CHECK How did the diggers protect Sue’s bones? (inset) Photo Researchers/Getty Images Researchers/Getty (inset) Photo 7

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 7 3/14/12 12:13 AM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Chapter 3 At the Museum

Sue’s skull took more than 3,500 hours to clean!

The workers at the museum needed to prepare the bones. This was a big job. More than 250 bones were cleaned and studied. First, workers took off the plaster. Then they removed the rocks near the bones. They used smaller tools as they got closer to the bone. (bkgd) Nic Taylor/Photodisc/Getty Images, (inset) Jean-Marc Giboux/Getty Images (inset) Jean-Marc Images, News/Getty Images Taylor/Photodisc/Getty (bkgd) Nic 8

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 8 3/12/12 5:54 PM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 This team used a CT scanner. It helped them to see inside the bones. But Sue’s huge skull didn’t fit into the scanner. So the team sent it to a place where airplanes are scanned. Sue’s skull just fit!

barely; almost did not. En español: apenas.

skull

This is a scan of Sue’s skull. (bkgd) Datacraft Co Ltd/imagenavi/Getty Images, (inset) Ira Block/National Geographic/Getty (inset) Ira Block/National Images, Images Ltd/imagenavi/Getty (bkgd) Datacraft Co 9

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 9 3/14/12 12:13 AM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 It is not easy to put together a dinosaur skeleton. The team fixed cracks in the bones with glue. They also used a special clay to repair parts of bones. Sue’s skeleton was missing a few bones. The workers made new ones.

workers

It took a long time to fit the bones together. (bkgd) Datacraft Co Ltd/imagenavi/Getty Images, (inset) John Zich/Allied Van Lines/AP Photo Van (inset) John Zich/Allied Images, Ltd/imagenavi/Getty (bkgd) Datacraft Co 10

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 10 3/14/12 12:14 AM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 The workers also made copies of Sue’s skeleton. They made casts of each bone. Other museums would display the copies. Fitting Sue’s bones together was like doing a giant puzzle!

show. En español: exhibir.

It can take thousands of hours to get a skeleton ready to show. Reuters/CORBIS 11

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 11 3/14/12 12:14 AM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Sue’s skeleton needed a special frame to support it. But the skull was too heavy. So they made a lighter plastic cast of the skull. They put the real skull in a special case.

Sue’s skull was large and hard to lift.

Lighter is an adjective that uses -er to compare. Find another adjective that compares on page 8. (bkgd) Datacraft Co Ltd/imagenavi/Getty Images, (inset) Toshifumi Kitamura/AFP/Getty Images Toshifumi (inset) Images, Ltd/imagenavi/Getty (bkgd) Datacraft Co 12

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 12 3/14/12 12:14 AM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 We don’t know why T. rex had small arms. We do know that these arms were strong. The muscles on Sue’s arm left marks on her bones.

We know that Sue was about 41 feet long. She stood about 12 feet high from the hip. She weighed about 9 tons. She was about 28 years old when she died.

bir d

dinosaur

Some bones of a T. rex and a bird look similar. Illustration: Rob Schuster 13

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 13 3/14/12 12:14 AM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Visitors are able to see Sue at the Field Museum.

Sue is the largest T. rex ever found. Her fossils are the most complete. They are also in the best condition. This helped scientists research T. rex. As a result, we have learned many things.

Scientists learn more about dinosaurs as new bones are discovered. Each new fossil helps us understand the past. They also teach us how animals have changed over time.

STOP AND CHECK What did scientists learn from studying Sue? (bkgd) Datacraft Co Ltd/imagenavi/Getty Images, (inset) Sue Ogrocki/Reuters/CORBIS Images, Ltd/imagenavi/Getty (bkgd) Datacraft Co 14

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 14 3/14/12 12:14 AM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Summarize

Use the chart to Main Idea help you summarize Digging for Sue. Detail Detail Detail

Text Evidence

1. How do you know that Digging for

Sue is an informational text? Genre

2. What is the main idea on page 12? Main Idea and Key Details

3. The Greek root saur means “lizard.” How does that help you know the

word dinosaur? Greek and Latin Roots

4. Write about the main idea and key

details on page 13. Write About Reading

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001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 15 3/12/12 5:56 PM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Genre Informational Text

Compare Texts Read about how explorers work as a team. Ancient Ship Discovered! In 2010, an incredible discovery was made in New York City. A machine was digging at the site of a new building. Then, it hit something hard. It was an ancient wooden ship!

Vesey St. World Trade Center Site

Liberty St. Broadway

Site of old ship 1730 West Side Hwy. that had been coastline used as landfill

Hudson River East River

The ship was 20 feet underground. Illustration: Rob Schuster 16

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 16 3/12/12 5:56 PM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Scientists measured, labeled, and took photographs of things on the ship.

Scientists hurried to the site. They needed to dig up the ship quickly. They did not want air to touch the old wood. That could destroy it. The wood was sent to a place to be studied. Mark Lennihan/AP Images Mark Lennihan/AP 17

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 17 3/14/12 12:14 AM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Scientists found a coin and part of a shoe on the ship.

Scientists studied the rings in the ship’s wood. This helped them find out when it was built. They think it was built between 1770 and 1780. Scientists hope to discover more of the ship’s secrets! Mark Lennihan/AP Images Mark Lennihan/AP

Make Connections Why is it important to work as a team? Essential Question Tell how the scientists in both selections protect items that they find. Text to Text 18

001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 18 3/12/12 5:56 PM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Glossary CT scanner a machine that helps doctors look inside bodies (page 9) fossils the hardened remains of animals or plants that lived long ago (page 2) skeleton the frame that supports and protects the body of an animal (page 5)

Index

CT scanner, 9 skeleton(s), 5, 10–13 fossils, 2–3, 7, 14 Sue Hendrickson, 3–5 Field Museum, 7, 14 Sue, 5–14 plaster, 7–8 T. rex, 2–3, 5, 13–14 scans, 9

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001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 19 3/12/12 5:57 PM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Purpose To find out how teamwork helps you explore

What to Do

Step 1 Work with a partner. Think about a time when you worked with a team to explore something.

Step 2 Create a chart like this one.

Team Members What We Did Charlie took notes

Conclusion Share your chart with the class. Talk about what you explored. Tell how each person helped. Talk about what your team learned.

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001_020_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 20 3/12/12 5:57 PM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2 Literature Circles

Nonfiction

Text Structure How does the author organize information in Digging for Sue?

Vocabulary What new words did you learn after reading Digging for Sue?

Conclusions What conclusions can you draw about Sue’s discovery?

IFBC_CR14_LR_G2_U6W3_L20_ELL_118960.indd 3 2/14/12 3:18 PM Program: CR14 Component: LR PDF Vendor: SRM Grade: 2