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Exocytosis by Networks of Rab Gtpases Decoding the Regulation

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The Journal of Immunology Decoding the Regulation of Mast Cell Exocytosis by Networks of Rab GTPases Nurit P. Azouz,* Takahide Matsui,† Mitsunori Fukuda,† and Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg* Exocytosis is a key event in mast cell functions. By this process, mast cells release inflammatory mediators, contained in secretory granules (SGs), which play important roles in immunity and wound healing but also provoke allergic and inflammatory responses. The mechanisms underlying mast cell exocytosis remained poorly understood. An essential step toward deciphering the mechanisms behind exocytosis is the identification of the cellular components that regulate this process. Because Rab GTPases regulate specific trafficking pathways, we screened 44 Rabs for their functional impacts on exocytosis triggered by the Fc«RI or combination of Ca2+ ionophore and phorbol ester. Because exocytosis involves the continuous reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, we also repeated our screen in the presence of cytochalasin D that inhibits actin polymerization. In this paper, we report on the identification of 30 Rabs as regulators of mast cell exocytosis, the involvement of 26 of which has heretofore not been recognized. Unexpectedly, these Rabs regulated exocytosis in a stimulus-dependent fashion, unless the actin skeleton was disrupted. Functional clustering of the identified Rabs suggested their classification as Rabs involved in SGs biogenesis or Rabs that control late steps of exocytosis. The latter could be further divided into Rabs that localize to the SGs and Rabs that regulate transport from the endocytic recycling compartment. Taken together, these findings unveil the Rab networks that control mast cell exocytosis and provide novel insights into their mechanisms of action. The Journal of Immunology, 2012, 189: 2169–2180. egulated exocytosis is a central mechanism in mediating that will specifically target mast cell activation (7). For this purpose, it mast cell physiological functions in immunity and wound is of great importance to elucidate the machineries and molecular R healing, as well as underlying this cell pathological mechanisms behind mast cell activation. Indeed, a large body of functions in allergic and inflammatory reactions (1, 2). In doing so, studies aimed at resolving the stimulus–secretion coupling mecha- externally triggered cells release a variety of preformed proin- nisms in activated mast cells. In particular, previous studies have flammatory and immunomodulatory substances packaged in cyto- delineated the signaling networks elicited by the FcεRI upon binding plasmic secretory granules (SGs). The latter include vasoactive of the allergen to receptor bound allergen-specific IgE Abs (8–10). amines such as histamine and serotonin, proteases, such as chymase However, the mechanism underlying the secretory process remained and tryptase, chemoattractants, and cytokines (3). Mast cell SGs poorly understood and challenging, because mast cells contain dis- also contain lysosomal hydrolases and lysosomal membrane pro- crete types of SGs (11, 12) and release their contents by three exo- teins (3, 4) and are therefore considered secretory lysosomes, a cytic mechanisms. The latter include kiss-and-run exocytosis that property shared with SGs of other immune cells, including CTL, partially releases the SG cargo through a relative narrow and transient NK cells, and platelets (5). Once released, mast cell mediators affect fusion pore; full exocytosis, when fusion of plasma membrane multiple cells and organs, thus initiating an inflammatory response. docked SGs, with the plasma membrane, allows complete expulsion Given the pleiotropic functions of mast cells in health and of their contents, and third, compound exocytosis, the most extensive disease (6), efforts are being undertaken to develop novel therapies mode of cargo release, which involves homotypic fusion of SGs, allowing discharge of multiple granules, including those placed distal *Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel to the plasma membrane (13–15). In addition, the lysosomal nature of Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; and †Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking the mast cell SGs raises questions as to how are secretory lysosomes Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi formed and how do they acquire their exocytosis competence. Con- 980-8578, Japan sistent with the complexity of mast cell exocytosis, multiple SNARE Received for publication February 22, 2012. Accepted for publication June 21, 2012. proteins have been implicated in controlling this process (11, 16–18). This work was supported by a grant from the Israel Science Foundation, founded by To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying mast cell the Israel Academy for Sciences (to R.S.-E.), and was partially supported by a travel exocytosis, we have undertaken work aimed at identifying the grant from the Constantiner Institute (to N.P.A.). network of Rab GTPases that controls this process. More than N.P.A. designed and performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the 60 Rabs are expressed in mammals, regulating and coordinating paper; T.M. constructed and validated the wt and CA Rab plasmids; M.F. supervised the construction and validation of the Rab plasmids, analyzed the data, discussed the discrete steps along the vesicular trafficking through their inter- results, and reviewed the paper at all stages; and R.S.-E. conceived and supervised the actions with numerous effectors (19). Therefore, we reasoned that project, designed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper. identification of the Rabs that regulate mast cell exocytosis should Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg, Depart- unveil the intermediate array of steps that culminate in this pro- ment of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. E-mail address: [email protected] cess. To do so, we applied a gain-of-function screen for Rabs that ε The online version of this article contains supplemental material. affect mast cell exocytosis triggered by the Fc RI or by a calcium Abbreviations used in this article: CA, constitutively active; ERC, endocytic recycling ionophore and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), con- compartment; ISG, immature secretory granule; KO, knockout; NPY-mRFP, neuropep- sidered to activate mast cells downstream of the receptor by ele- tide Y fused to monomeric RFP; RNAi, RNA interference; SG, secretory granule; TPA, vating cytosolic Ca2+ and activating protein kinase C. In this pa- 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; wt, wild-type. per, we identified Rab networks that regulate mast cell exocytosis Copyright Ó 2012 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/12/$16.00 in a stimulus and actin-dependent fashion. www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.1200542 2170 REGULATION OF MAST CELL EXOCYTOSIS BY Rab GTPases Materials and Methods conjugated donkey anti mouse IgG was from Jackson ImmunoResearch Materials Laboratories (West Grove, PA); rabbit polyclonal anti-Rab42 IgG was produced using GST-Rab42. 4-Bromo-calcium ionophore A23187, anti-DNP monoclonal IgE, DNP- HSA, cytochalasin D, and p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminide were Plasmids used in this study purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). TPAwas from Calbiochem pEGFP-wild-type (wt) Rab constructs have been described previously (20, (San Diego, CA). Hoechst was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). 21). Constitutively active (CA) Rab mutants were prepared as previously Abs used in this study described (22) and subcloned into the pEGFP-C1 or pEF-FLAG vectors. To construct the Rab42 small interfering RNA expression vector, oligo- Anti-DNP monoclonal IgE and Hilyte Plus 647-conjugated goat anti-mouse nucleotides containing the 19-base target site GTTAGTGCGAAGAATG- IgG were from Anaspec (Fremont, CA); monoclonal anti-serotonin and ACA were cloned into the pSilencer 2.1-U6 neo (Ambion, Austin, TX) as monoclonal anti-tubulin were from Sigma-Aldrich. Mouse monoclonal described previously (23). The nomenclature of the Rabs is according to anti-TGN38 was from BD Biosciences (Franklin Lakes, NJ); Cy2- Itoh et al. (22). pEGFP-Lifeact was from ibidi (Munich, Germany), and Table I. Primers (59→39 direction) Primer [C] Primer [N] Rab GCACTGGTTTCCAAAAATGG GCCATGGCATCATAGTTGTG Rab1A TGCTGTCGATCTTCAGGTTG ATCGCTACGCCAGTGAGAAT Rab1B GAGATGCATTGGTAGCAGCA TCAGCATTCCAATTCCAACA Rab2A AGGCTGTCTTGGCTGATGTT TTTGGAGCACGTATGGTCAA Rab2B GGCCTCAAAGAACTCAAAGC GCAGAAGGAGTCCTCAGACC Rab3A AGGGGTCTGTGTCCATTGAG CTTCCTTTTCCGCTATGCTG Rab3B TGTATCTTTCCTGGCCTGCT ACAAGATGCCAGGTTTGGTC Rab3C AGTAGGCCGTGGTGATTGTC GCTATGCCGATGACTCCTTC Rab3D GTGCACTTGGAGCCTGTGTA ATGTTCCTGGAAACCAGTGC Rab4A GGCGAAGAGATATGTCACCATAC CAGCCGGGAGACATACAACT Rab4B CTCGTCCTCTGGCTGAGTTT CTTCAAAGGCAAGCAAGTCC Rab5A CACTGGCTCTTGTTCTGCTG GCCAGCAAAATATGCCAGTT Rab5B TGAAACTCCACGGCTCTCTT CAAGCAGCCATTGTGGTCTA Rab5C GCAGCAGAGTCACGGATGTA GAATCCGCTGAGGAAATTCA Rab6A TGTCAATCATCCCTTCTTTGC ACAACACCTACCAGGCAACC Rab6B TCTTTGTGGCCACTTGTCTG TACCATGCAGATCTGGGACA Rab7 GTCCTCTTCTGCTGCTCCAC GAGAAAAGCTGGCACTCGAC Rab8A AGCAGAGAACACCGGAAGAA TGGAGACAAGTGCAAAATCG Rab8B TCGGTGCAGATTGACTGTGT TGTGATTTTGGGCAACAAGA Rab9A CAGCTTCTTCAAAGGCCACT GGAGGTAGATGGACGCTTTG Rab9B TTTCGGAGGATGTCTTCAGC CTGCTTTTCAAGCTGCTCCT Rab10 TTGGCTTGTTCTCAGTGGTG TTGCAACAAGAAGCATCCAG Rab11A GATGTCCACCACATTGTTGC
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  • Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics in Living Cultured Hippocampal Neurons Visualized with CY3-Conjugated Antibodies Directed Against the Lumenal Domain of Synaptotagmin

    Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics in Living Cultured Hippocampal Neurons Visualized with CY3-Conjugated Antibodies Directed Against the Lumenal Domain of Synaptotagmin

    The Journal of Neuroscience, June 1995, 1~76): 4328-4342 Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics in Living Cultured Hippocampal Neurons Visualized with CY3-Conjugated Antibodies Directed against the Lumenal Domain of Synaptotagmin Kajetan Kraszewski,’ Olaf Mundigl,’ Laurie DanielI,’ Claudia Verclerio,* Michela Matteoli,2 and Pietro De Camilli’ ‘Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 and XNR Center of Cytopharmacology and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Milano, Milano, Italy Antibodies directed against the lumenal domain of synap- which representthe presynaptic elementsof synapses.They un- totagmin I conjugated to CY3 (CYB-Syt,-Abs) and video mi- dergo exocytosis selectively at specialized regions of the pre- croscopy were used to study the dynamics of synaptic ves- synaptic plasmalemmacalled active zones and their rate of exo- icles in cultured hippocampal neurons. When applied to cytosis is dramatically stimulated by depolarization-induced cultures after synapse formation, CY3-Syt,-Abs produced a Ca2+ influx (De Camilli and Jahn, 1990; Jesse1and Kandel, strong labeling of presynaptic vesicle clusters which was 1992; Stidhof et al., 1993; Bennett and Scheller, 1994). markedly increased by membrane depolarization. The in- Until recently, the properties of SVs in situ could only be crease of the rate of CYSSyt,-Ab uptake in a high K+ me- studied by conventional morphological approacheswhich in- dium was maximal during the first few minutes but per- volve cell fixation, or by using electrophysiological techniques sisted for as long as 60 min. In axons developing in iso- which detect effects produced by neurotransmitterrelease. New lation, CYSSyt,-Abs, in combination with electron micros- probes have now been developed which make possibleto mon- copy immunocytochemistry, revealed the presence of itor morphologically, at the light microscopic level, SV dynam- synaptic vesicle clusters which move in bulk in antero- ics in the living cell.