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Stem Biomass and Structure of a Mature Sequoia Sempervirens Stand on the Pacific Coast of Northern California FUJIMORI, Takao: S

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Stem Biomass and Structure of a Mature Sequoia Sempervirens Stand on the Pacific Coast of Northern California FUJIMORI, Takao: S tktg 59(12)77 435-441 Stem Biomass and Structure of a Mature Sequoia sempervirens Stand on the Pacific Coast of Northern California Takao FUJIMORI FUJIMORI, Takao: Stem biomass and structure of a mature Sequoia semper- virens stand on the Pacific Coast of northern California J. Jap. For. Soc. 59: 435-.441, 1977 Stem biomass and structure of a virgin mature Sequoia semper- virens stand on the Pacific Coast of northern California was analyzed nondestruc- tively. The stand was multi-storied with Sequoia sempervirens dominant in all strata. Several other tree species occured in the middle and lower strata, and among them evergreen broad leaf trees were most important. Average tree height of the upper stratum was 87. 6m. Total volume and dry weight of stem were 10, 817ms/ha and 3,461 ton/ha respectively. Total basal area of stem at 1.7m height was 338m /ha. Apparent density of the dry stem per unit volume occupied by the stand (stem dry weight of the stand/product of the average tree height of the upper stratum and the stand area) was 3.95 kg/m3. A 47-year-old regen- erated Sequoia sempervirens stand was also measured; the average height of the upper stratum was 45.8m and the total basal area at 1.3m height was 152m2/ha. limas: 13 11 7 11.=71tfilitT5C1=1Ot M 4 70fINitO$MIJMIt Mirk El Mt 59: 435-441, 1977 V 7 :.--. 71+1V1130,t9Zrpn n, ..k= 4 7 (Sequoia sempervirens) OVAL,tzWMVilL,, 4t0R,V2 #33-igag Min Lizo - 03ft4ZittaffiV.c L, /t•-t 4 7 blt"."COMINTRitn1.-Clotzcath 691:111SOMMOIlitt-C", rliN cOTSL TM iciEN,Lt.:0 _EM031zitggiAlt 87. 6 m otatta LtThalik.it-Eti, 10,817 m3/ha l 3,4§1 ton/ha "C.6-2 ko it_h 1.7m IT-140- 6403ffibliatlt 338m2/ha, (tI2-000)4CW±E6)31401 E#2-ffitr40314) a 3.95 kg/m3_E20fiZgf1 0-li/iz.--66 47 0-ty -f 70 2 MEtailiZL, --(0±.1609z1tAnitt 45.8m, It _E 1.3m 001/fi waintit 152 m2/ha 1,, by Allometric method. Measurements were limited I. Introduction to stem, but as the percentage of stem in a massive Along the Pacific Coast of the United States, from stand is very high (FUJIMORI et al., 1976), the stem the middle of California to the southernmost part of value obtained in this stand would provide at least Oregon, Sequoia sempervirens forests dominate. On a basic understanding of the largest forest biomass good sites, Sequoia sempervirens grows fast (LIND- existing on the earth QUIST PALLEY, 1963, 1967) and to unusual II. Location of the Study Area and its heights (ZAHL, 1964; FEININGER, 1968), and its Circumstances stands are very massive (HALLIN, 1934, 1941; K IM- MEY, 1952). The biomass of the most massive The range of Sequoia sempervirens extends along Sequoia sempervirens forest might presumably be the Pacific Coast of the United States from the the largest forest biomass in the world; its value extreme southwestern corner of Oregon southward could be taken as the upper limit of forest biomass to Salmon Creek Canyon in the Santa Lucia Moun- in the world. tains of southern Monterey County, California From November, 1972 to January, 1973, I had (LINDQUIST PALLEY, 1963). In its range, the the opportunity to select and measure the most research plot representing a mature stand (Photo. 1) massive mature virgin Sequoia sempervirens stand was located along Bull Creek which is a branch of that could be found; the stem biomass was estimated the Eel River in Humboldt State Park in California. Kansai Branch, Gov. For. Expt. Sta., Fushimi, KyOto 612 Mr--€:!1.7.W4MWA • t 436 J. hp. For. Soc. 59(12) 77 materials at the research sites are coastal sedimen- tary rocks of the upper Cretaceous age (WARING, 1964). The soils consist mainly of alluvial types. According to the climatic data for Eureka (U. S. Environmental Science Services Administration, 1966) whose weather station is closest to the research stands (52 km north of the research mature stand), the most striking feature of the climate there is the small annual variations in temperature (5.1°C). Neither the average temper- ature of the coldest (8.6°C in January) nor of the warmest month (13.7°C in August) is extreme; temperatures are moderate throughout the year. Annual precipitation of Eureka is 975 nun but the summer precipitation (June --September) is very small (41 mm), as it is over most of the Pacific Coast of the United States (FRANKLIN DYRNESS, 1973 ; FUJIMORI et al., 1976). The area around the research plots is frequently covered with summer fogs from the Pacific Ocean and the frequent fog and low clouds compensate for the dry condition even Photo 1. The research plot for a mature during summer months. The range of Sequoia Sequoia sempervirens stand sempervirens is limited to the area where frequent summer fogs cover and the width of the range seldom extends more than 50 km (LINDQUIST P ALLEY, 1963; ROY, 1966). III. Method In order to obtain an example of large biomass of Sequoia sempervirens stand, I searched out the most massive stand and located the plot represent- ing a mature stand within it (Photo. 1). In the mature stand a 120m x 120m plot was laid out and care was taken to insure that the plot was free from the influence of the forest edge- Generally it is required that the length of the square of the plot for forest biomass measurement at least ex- ceeds the height of the tallest tree in the plot. As the height of the tallest tree in this plot was 97.6 m, the size of this plot might satisfy the minimal condition for this kind of research. In the research plot, the percentage of the number of those trees whose diameters (hereafter, diameter is expressed by D in case of necessity) at 1.7m above the ground Photo 2. The research plot for a young are less than 10 cm was fairly high both in Sequoia Sequoia sempervirens stand sempervirens and other species. However, since the ratio of the biomass of these trees (D < 10 cm) The elevation of the research plot in the mature toward the whole biomass was apparently very stand is 80m and the inclination is almost 0°. The small, those trees (D<10 cm) were not measured. research plot representing a young stand (Photo. 2) About one third of these trees were measured for was located along the South Fork River which is height ; they were selected so that the tree sizes also a branch of the Eel River. The plot lies 7 km were sampled in proportion to their frequency southeast of the plot in the mature stand mentioned distribution. Diameter and height were measured above. The elevation of the plot in the young stand using a diameter tape and an Abney level, respec- is 50m and the inclination is almost 0°. The parent tively. Iota 59(12) 77 437 0 103 "-41414tra.° E 00 1 102 O (4. O Sequoia sempervirens E • ta Tanis brevifolia ta Umbeltularia californica Corylus cornura var. californica o Lirhocatpus densillorus 10 tot •••• 10 10 0 102 103 D170 (cm) D2H (m2•10) Fig. 1. Relation between diameter and tree height for the mature Sequoia sempervirens Fig. 2. Relation between D2H and stem Sequoia semper- research stand volume for the mature virens research stand In this study, tree heights (hereafter, tree of SMALIANs rule. The relationship between DIN height is expressed by H in case of necessity) and V of the sample stems is shown in Fig. 2 were estimated by the allometric method (KIRA and the equation of that relationship was obtained SHIDEI, 1967) using logarithmic regressions of by means of the least square method as follows: D individual H on D. The relationship between log V=0. 9784 log D2H-0. 4843 ( 4 ) and H which were actually measured is shown in The stem volume of each tree in the research Fig. 1, and the following equations for the rela- plot was calculated by putting the DH of each tionship were obtained: tree into the Equation (4). Stem volume includes 1 0.6336 +0.0086 (D^ 115 cm) ( 1 ) bark volume in this study. H D In this research plot, some trees were recognized 1. 3211 +0.0041 (114 cm ^ D^30 cm) ( 2 ) to have heart rot in their stems, but the percentage D of those trees was considered to be small. So the 1.5430 volume of the hole caused by heart rot in a stem 1 +0.0027 (DS 29 cm) ( 3 ) H D was neglected in the measurement and calculation All of the H in the plot were calculated by put- in this study. Although Equation(4) is for the Sequoia semper- ting D of each tree into each equation in accordance estimation of the stem volume of with its size. Sample trees for 11,--H5 relation. virens in the research plot, the stem volume of were selected in proportion to the frequency distri- other species was also calculated using this equa- bution of D. Here, Ha denotes the height at the tion. This is because the ratio of stem volume of bottom of crown. other species to that of Sequoia sempervirens was In order to obtain the relationship between D2H very small (the ratio of the total stem basal area Sequoia sempervirens and stem volume, the sample trees were selected of other species against that of from the fallen stems lying on the stand floor. was 0.001), and the inexactness of the equation There were many stems present on the forest floor, for other species would therefore not significantly but most had been broken into pieces, especially in affect the plot value.
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