DOCSLIB.ORG

Research in Reproduction : the Indian Scenario in the Last Decade

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research in Reproduction : the Indian Scenario in the Last Decade Indian J Physiol Ph~rmacol 2001; 45 (I): 7-21 REVIEW ARTICLE RESEARCH IN REPRODUCTION: THE INDIAN SCENARIO IN THE LAST DECADE [II]* JAYASREE SENGUPTA Department of Physiology, All India Institute o.f Medical Sciences, New Delhi - 110 029 (Received OD August 10, 2000 ) Abstract: Developing new, improved and totally safe, effective and acceptable contraceptives based on the recent advances in cellular and molecular biology of reproduction is a new challenge to biomedical scientists involved in research in reproductive biology. The present article reviews some of the major contributions made during the last decade by scientists working in lndia in developing new strategies and technologies for better human reproductive health and fertility regulation. Key words: antHmplantation contraception fertility regulation hormonal antagonists hormonal contraceptives immuno-contraception natural contraceptives reproductive health INTRODUCTION to unprotected sexual intercourse and which will decrease the resort to abortion; In a UNICEF report it has been expanded male contraceptive choices, stated, "Family planning could bring more participation and responsibility (3). Now the benefits to more people than any other challenge for scientists in the related single technology now available to the areas is to translate this concept into human race" (1). The necessity of developing developing new, improved and totally safe, a strategy for woman centred agenda effective and acceptable contraceptives had been highlighted at the Cairo b~sed on the recent advances in cellular International Conference on Population and molecular biology of reproduction. and Development (2) and it emphasized on In this review 1 have attempted to tell the three specific needs which were previously story of the contributions made during unmet by the currently available methods: the last decade by scientists working women~controlled methods that provide in India in developing new strategies additional protection against sexual and technologies for better human transmitted infections; methods which a reproductive health and fertility woman can use as a back-up when exposed regulation. -For part I of the article, see Indian Jour/lal of PhysiQla/JY and Pharmacalagy 2000; 44(3); 237-254 SeOIUpu lodiao J Pbysiol Pbarmacol 2001: 45(1) Phy..ieo·chemica' met-hod. for fert.i1ity replaUoo suggest that exfoliation of epithelium due ia the male to vu occlusion by SMA is reversed after 150 days of noninvasive reversal (8). while At. the Centre for Biomedical necrospermic status of the spermatozoa Engineering of the All Indian Instit.ut.e of during initial ejaculations have been Medical Sciences, Guha and colleagues suggested to offer instant: sterility after vas developed an injectable method for inducing occlusion with SMA (9). vas deferens occlusion using maleic anhydride with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSOl UR or plaat produeu ror the developme.at- of Dove.l as its solvent (4). A special feature of this contraceptive .t-rat-e.rie. treatment was that of spontaneous re· establishment of sperm passage with time, As an alternate approach to vasectomy. and the restoration period could be long-term contraception in the male was regulated from three months to five years. tested at the National Institute of Phase I clinical trials on male volunteers Immunology, New Delhi, by injecting a showed that the treatment was well single dose of oil extract.ed from a traditional tolerated with only minimal side effects and Indian plant, Neem (Azodirachta indica) with no long·term adverse effects (5). These into the vos deferens of the rat (0). The results paved the way for the phase 11 authors reported an antifertility response clinical trials and the drug, styrene maleic throughout the 8 month observation period anhydride (SMA) in DMSO (now named as without any inOammatory or obstructive R,sug) was successfully administered to changes in epididymis and vas deferens, and sexually active healthy male volunteers with no change in testosterone levels, whose wives were without any form of however spermatogenic block was observed contraceptive support. The results obtained which was presumably mediated by from this study were encouraging as one local immune mechanism. though anti· year treatment led to azoospermia and sperm antibody could not be detected. provided pregnancy protection (6). At the Subsequently, polyherbal neem as a cream University of Rajasthan, Jaipur., Lohiya and preparation was developed by this group and colleagues examined the feasibility of a was tested in rabbits and monkeys; it spacing method for contraception using SMA showed contraceptive efficacy after 8S a vas occlusive agent in male langur intravaginal application and was found to monkeys (7). The results suggest that the be safe in subacute toxicity st.udies SMA·based spacing technique for mole performed in monkeys (1). The spermicidal contraception could be extrapolated to the activity of neem oil was first report.ed by human by use of no·scalpel injection and Riar and colleagues of the Defense Institute non·invasive reversal. Ultrastructural of Physiology and Allied Scienees, Delhi (l2). studies revealed that after non-invasive Subsequent studies revealed that the reversal, the vos epithelium regained a state spermicidal action with loss of motility of normalcy as evidenced by prominent was due Lo the formation of pores and plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasmic vesicles on sperm head indieating damage organelles, and stereocilia. The results to cell membrane; supplementation of lIldian J Ph,..iol PharmacoI2001; 45(1) Re!leart.b in ReproductIon in India 9 pentoxifyJline which i9 known to enhance attachment. and proliferation and loss of motilit.y could not reverse the spermicidal fertility (20). At the Indian Institute of action of neem oil (13). In addition, the use Chemical Biology, Calcutta, Pakrashi and of neem as a spermicidal agent would coUeagues investigated the anti-ovulatory provide protect.ion to women against. a (21l and anti-spermatogenic (22) potential variety of microorganisms and sexually of Molviscus conzotti nower in the rat. transmitted diseases (14). Lohiya and colleagues at the University The long-term contraceptive potential of of Rajasthan, Jaipur have performed neem for women was proposed by Upadhyay experiments with several plant products et a!. 05), using an intraut.erine mode of using small laboratory animrds and non­ delivery The numbers of MHC II antigen human primate species. Using purified positive cells were found to be high in gossypol acetic acid Blone and in uterine endometrium of bonnet monkeys combination with potassium chloride, the following such neem treatment. Oral antifertility action and possible administrat.ion of purified neem extract, hypokalcmia were tested in adult male Pronl!l!m, to pregnant rats led to resorption Iangurs fOT 120 days. The treatment of embryos with elevated levels of interferon resulted in severe oligospermia, with gamma (IFN-y) and tumour necrosis factor­ impairment of sperm motilit.y. The functions alpha (TNF-a) (16). A post.-implantation of accessory glands and libido, however, aoortifecient response to orally administered remained unimpaired. Complete reversal of Deem was similarly reported for the rabbit these changes were noted after 90 to lOS and the baboon, and the effect was shown days of withdrawnl of treatment leading the to be reversible (17). The partially investigators to suggest that, while fractionated active principle of neem has oligospermia achieved was reversible, the been suggested to function as an hypokalemic response of langun~ is similar immunomodulator in causing pregnancy to human and not related to impurit.y of failure with decline in chorionic gossypol (23, 24). Monkey'" rcceiving gonadotropin (CG) and progcsterone levels gossypol plus potassium salt showed normal in thc bllboon, and increasc in CD4+ and serum potassium level. Scanning electron CDB+ cells in spleen and mcsenteric lymph microscopy of spermato2.oa rcvealed nodes ClB). The active principal in neem deleterious abnormalities in hend and responsible for reversible anti-fertility midpieccj testicular morphology following response in rodent, lagomorph and primate gossypol exposure resulted in a decrease in species was shown to be a mixture of six seminiferous tubule diameter nnd arrest of components which include saturated mono­ spermatogenesis (2Sl. The contraceptive and di-uDsnturated free fatty acids and their efficacy of a chloroform extract. of papaya methyl esters (9). A post-coital action of seeds was investigated. and It was shown Deem oil has been suggested based on the to induce a defect which was reversible and ob ervation that. in utl.ro exposure of two was observed to be mamly post-testicular cell mouse embryo.9 to neem oil led to failure in nature without IDnu(>ncing toxicologic:lJ of blastocyst development. trophoblast profile and libido in rats :lnd rabbits 10 Senguptn Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 200J; 45(1) (26-28). Reversible sterility could also be Hormoual contraception for tbe male induced in male rats by using an aqueous extract of papaya seeds without any adverse There is a need for more participation effects on libido and on toxicological profile by men in fertility regulation, however, a (29). significant degree of gap exists between the need and the demand for novel male The fields of family planning and the contraceptives and the state of prevention and cure of sexually transmitted understanding of the basic knowledge of the disease (STDs), including
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Novel Male Contraceptive Pill-Patch Combination: Oral Desogestrel and Transdermal Testosterone in the Suppression of Spermatogenesis in Normal Men
    0013-7227/01/$03.00/0 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86(11):5201–5209 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2001 by The Endocrine Society A Novel Male Contraceptive Pill-Patch Combination: Oral Desogestrel and Transdermal Testosterone in the Suppression of Spermatogenesis in Normal Men W. MORTON HAIR, KAY KITTERIDGE, DARYL B. O’CONNOR, AND FREDERICK C. W. WU Department of Endocrinology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/86/11/5201/2849291 by guest on 29 September 2021 M13 9WL This study investigated the effect of transdermal T and oral a dose of 75 ␮g was ineffective (0% azoospermic). Total and desogestrel on the reproductive axis of healthy men. Twenty- free plasma T were reduced by approximately 30%. High den- three men were randomized to 1 of 3 treatment groups and sity lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly reduced. No se- received a daily transdermal T patch plus oral desogestrel at rious side-effects were encountered. We conclude that daily a dose of 75, 150, or 300 ␮g/d for 24 wk. Baseline blood and self-administered desogestrel with transdermal T is capable semen samples were obtained and then every 4 wk thereafter of suppressing the male reproductive axis, although the effi- for 32 wk. The outcome measures were sperm density and cacy was less marked and less consistent than injectable reg- plasma levels of FSH, LH, total and free T. The results show a imens. The lower efficacy is likely to be due to failure of the dose-dependent suppression of spermatogenesis and gonad- transdermal T system to maintain circulating T levels consis- otropins.
    [Show full text]
  • Failure of Male Contraception: an Insight Siuli Mitra* and Gautam Kumar Kshatriya Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
    hropolo nt gy A Mitra and Kshatriya, Anthropol 2014, 2:2 Anthropology DOI: 10.4172/2332-0915.1000119 ISSN: 2332-0915 CommentaryResearch Article OpenOpen Access Access Failure of Male Contraception: An Insight Siuli Mitra* and Gautam Kumar Kshatriya Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Introduction Before the revolution brought about by OCPs contraceptive options were limited to withdrawal, periodic abstinence and/or condoms [5]. Contraception is the answer to the surmounting pressure Subsequent development of Intra-uterine devices (IUDs) and tubal on ecology and economy caused by rapid population growth. surgical sterilization shifted the focus on women. After the latter gained Contraception is decreasing fertility in humans to prevent conception popularity the males gradually felt unimportant participating in a of an offspring. Conceiving and bearing a child is among the most service that is female-targeted. Eventually females became the clientele significant aspects of human existence. But limitations of a human body of family planning programmes and contraceptive methods available to conceive too many offspring and socio-economic factors constrain for women outnumbered those for males. Assumptions like men want having too many children in human societies. That is how the idea of more children, do not want to share responsibility of child rearing contraception was realized and different modes of contraception were and averse to contraception, have made them less preferred targets of devised to be directed at both males and females. However female family planning programmes. But recent surveys have denounced this contraception continues to be the more popular choice among couples attitude in men and shown that men are showing increased interest in in all human societies.
    [Show full text]
  • Myths and Fallacies About Male Contraceptive Methods
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by eCommons@AKU eCommons@AKU Community Health Sciences Department of Community Health Sciences March 2013 Myths and fallacies about male contraceptive methods: a qualitative study amongst married youth in slums of Karachi, Pakistan Noureen Aleem Nishtar Aga Khan University Neelofar Sami Anum Faruqi Aga Khan University Shaneela Khowaja Aga Khan University Farid Ul-Hasnain Aga Khan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_chs_chs Recommended Citation Nishtar, N. A., Sami, N., Faruqi, A., Khowaja, S., Ul-Hasnain, F. (2013). Myths and fallacies about male contraceptive methods: a qualitative study amongst married youth in slums of Karachi, Pakistan. Global Journal of Health Science, 5(2), 84-93. Available at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_chs_chs/520 Global Journal of Health Science; Vol. 5, No. 2; 2013 ISSN 1916-9736 E-ISSN 1916-9744 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Myths and Fallacies about Male Contraceptive Methods: A Qualitative Study amongst Married Youth in Slums of Karachi, Pakistan Noureen Nishtar1, Neelofar Sami2, Anum Faruqi3, Shaneela Khowaja4 & Farid-Ul-Hasnain5 1 Health Systems Division, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan 2 Willows Foundation, Pakistan 3 Family Medicine Department, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan 4 School of Nursing, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan 5 Reproductive Health Division, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan Correspondence: Dr. Noureen Aleem Nishtar, Research Fellow, Community Health Sciences Department. Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan Received: November 12, 2012 Accepted: November 25, 2012 Online Published: December 4, 2012 doi:10.5539/gjhs.v5n2p84 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v5n2p84 Abstract Pakistan presently has one of the largest cohorts of young people in its history, with around 36 million people between the ages of 15 and 24 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Testosterone and Its Analogs As a Male Contraceptive
    Advances in Sexual Medicine, 2013, 3, 10-18 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4236/asm.2013.33A002 Published Online August 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/asm) Testosterone and Its Analogs as a Male Contraceptive Abdul S. Ansari, Chandra Shekhar Yadav, Nirmal K. Lohiya* Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India Email: *[email protected]; *[email protected] Received May 14, 2013; revised June 14, 2013; accepted June 22, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Abdul S. Ansari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Male contraception by means of hormonal approach was initiated more than 60 years ago when men became azoo- spermic with administration of testosterone. The basic principle of male hormonal contraception is suppression of spermatogenesis. Exogenous testosterone/testosterone analogs alone or in combination with progestin have been tested for contraceptive efficacy by inhibiting gonadotropins release from pituitary gland. In this review article, advancement in different testosterone preparation tested alone or in combination for contraceptive efficacy has been focused. Ad- ministration of testosterone or testosterone analogs alone failed to provide uniform azoospermia or severe oligospermia (<1 million/ml sperm count) at lower doses regimens whereas higher doses causes side effects. Newer, androgen-pro- gestin combination has proved better contraceptive efficacy than testosterone alone. Further, long term studies with hormonal regimens and other alternative approaches are required with fewer side effects for development of safe and reversible contraceptive. Keywords: Hormonal Contraception; Suppression of Spermatogenesis; Testosterone; Androgen-Progestin Combination 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Male Contraception
    Male Contraception Kirsten M. Vogelsong, PhD UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction WHO’s Male Reproductive Health Research • Contraceptive research and development • Targeted basic science • Social science • Men’s role in reproductive health • Norms and Standards in Andrology • Training workshops Why Men in Family Planning? • International Conference on Population and Development, 1994 • Disproportionate reproductive disease burden • Shared responsibility and gender equity Distribution of Contracepitve Use Prevalence World wide contraceptive use Contraceptive No. of users Users First year failure rate (Millions) (%) (%) - Typical use Total users 550 53 Modern methods Female sterilization 163 30 0.5 IUD 110 20 0.8 Oral contraceptives 91 17 5.0 Condom 49 9 14.0 Male sterilization 45 8 0.15 Injectables/implants 11 2 0.3 Vaginal barriers 8 1 20.0 Traditional methods Withdrawal 41 7 19.0 Rhythm 32 6 25.0 UNFPA, 1994 Male Contraception Research and Development • Use of existing male methods is low, with regional and country differences • Men are aware of family planning methods •Men approve of the use of family planning • Low levels of use may be related to the negative characteristics of existing methods • Example: In a study conducted in Fiji, Iran, India and Korea, men considered a male pill or injection to be more acceptable than vasectomy The Ideal Male Contraceptive • Safe - no harmful side effects • Effective - it works! • Acceptable - to men and their partners
    [Show full text]
  • Contraceptive Equity: Curing the Sex Discrimination in the ACA's Mandate
    5 DONLEY 499-559 (DO NOT DELETE) 12/4/2019 7:22 PM CONTRACEPTIVE EQUITY: CURING THE SEX DISCRIMINATION IN THE ACA’S MANDATE Greer Donley INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 500 I. THE STORY OF BIRTH CONTROL’S LEGALIZATION ............................... 505 II. THE CONTRACEPTIVE MANDATE: ITS CONCEPTION, EVOLUTION, AND EFFECTS ............................................................................................... 514 A. The Fight for Coverage of Birth Control ................................................... 514 B. The Mandate’s Creation and Evolution ................................................... 518 C. The Mandate’s Impact ............................................................................ 522 III. CONTRACEPTIVE EQUITY AS A SEX EQUALITY RIGHT ......................... 524 A. The Mandate’s Exclusion of Men Constitutes Illegal Sex Discrimination ........................................................................................ 525 B. The Mandate’s Exclusion of Men Harms Women ................................... 531 1. The Physical Consequences of Uncovered Male Birth Control Fall on Women, Many of Whom Prefer Male Contraception .................... 532 2. The Mandate Incentivizes Women to Bear All the Side Effects and Risks of Birth Control .............................................................. 537 3. The Mandate’s Exclusion of Men Impedes Innovation of Male Contraception .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rep 249 Sharma
    Reproduction (2001) 122, 431–436 Research A proton NMR study of the effect of a new intravasal injectable male contraceptive RISUG on seminal plasma metabolites U. Sharma1, K. Chaudhury2, N. R. Jagannathan1 and S. K. Guha3* 1Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India; 2Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016, India; and 3Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology and All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was subjects injected with RISUG compared with controls. used to quantify citrate, glucose, lactate, glycero- In addition, metabolite ratios such as choline:citrate, phosphorylcholine and choline in seminal plasma from citrate:lactate, choline:lactate and glycerophosphoryl- subjects injected with a new male contraceptive RISUG, a choline:choline were calculated. Citrate:lactate and copolymer of styrene maleic anhydride dissolved in glycerophosphorylcholine:choline ratios were significantly dimethyl sulphoxide, and in seminal plasma from normal lower in RISUG-injected subjects than in controls ejaculates. No significant difference in the concentration (P < 0.01), thereby indicating the occurrence of partial of citrate was observed between the groups, indicating obstructive azoospermia. The most important finding of that the prostate is not affected by the contraceptive. The the present study was that the intervention of RISUG in the concentrations of glucose, lactate, glycerophosphoryl- vas deferens even for a period as long as 8 years is choline and choline were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in absolutely safe and does not lead to prostatic diseases. al., 1990), including teratogenic safety on reversal (Sethi et Introduction al., 1992), have also been conducted.
    [Show full text]
  • Attitudes Towards the Male Contraceptive Pill: Psychosocial And
    Andrologie (2012) 22:171-179 DOI 10.1007/s12610-012-0185-4 ARTICLE ORIGINAL / ORIGINAL ARTICLE DOSSIER Attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill: psychosocial and cultural explanations for delaying a marketable product Regards sur la pilule contraceptive masculine : enjeux culturels et psychosociaux expliquant le report d’un produit commercialisable A. van Wersch · J. Eberhardt · F. Stringer Revised: February 22nd 2012, Accepted: May 16th 2012 © SALF et Springer-Verlag France 2012 Abstract Even though years of research on the male con- essais cliniques), la confiance – les femmes feraient-elles traceptive pill have been conducted, a marketable product confiance à leur partenaire pour utiliser une pilule masculine is still absent from the arsenal of male and female products efficacement, et les hommes auraient-ils confiance en eux- of contraception. In this paper, the following psychosocial mêmes –, la peur des effets secondaires, les perceptions de la and cultural factors have been elicited from the literature in responsabilité contraceptive et enfin la peur de la perte de order to reveal explanations for this delay: acceptability, masculinité. trust, fear of side-effects, perceptions of contraceptive Sans se soucier des variations culturelles, il semble glo- responsibility and fear of losing connotations of masculinity. balement exister une attitude positive à la fois des hommes et Regardless of cultural variation, overall there seems to be a des femmes en ce qui concerne l’acceptabilité d’une contra- positive attitude towards the acceptability of male contracep- ception masculine, plus particulièrement pour les hommes tive for both males and females, especially males in stable qui sont dans une relation stable.
    [Show full text]
  • Advancing Men's Reproductive Health in the US: Current
    ADVANCING MEN’S REPRODUC TIVE HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES Current Status and Future Directions Summary of Scientific Sessions and Discussions September 13, 2010 Atlanta, Georgia Table of Contents Introduction . .4 . Agenda . 7 Summary Report Overview of Chronic Disease Prevention, Health Promotion and Reproductive Health . 9 Overview of Men’s Reproductive Health . 10 CDC’s Past and Current Men’s Reproductive Health Activities . 11 CDC’s Sexual Health Activity . 12 Comprehensive Reproductive Health Services for Men Visiting STD Clinics . 14 Overview of Male Contraception . 15 Overview of Male Infertility . 17 Fertility Preservation in the Male Patient with Cancer . 18 Modifiable Lifestyle Issues and Male Reproductive Health . 20 Mental Health Issues in Male Reproductive Health . 22 The Importance of Men’s Reproductive Health on Women’s Health and Fertility . 23 Involving Men in Reproductive Health and Family Planning Services . 24 Panel Perspectives on Men’s Reproductive Health . 25 Attachment 1 Registrants . 32 Attachment 2 References Cited by Presenters and Others . 41 Advancing Men’s Reproductive Health Summary of Scientific essions 3 Introduction This report contains a summary of presentations and discussions from the meeting, “Advancing Men’s Reproductive Health in the United States: Current Status and Future Directions .” The meeting was originally planned to help CDC staff and our Federal colleagues gain insights into the emerging areas of public health activities related to male reproductive health . What began as a “brown bag” seminar for CDC staff quickly developed into a one-day meeting of scientists, program managers, and clinicians . Through word-of-mouth, the Meeting Planning Committee received emails and calls from professionals asking to be included as attendees .
    [Show full text]
  • Contraceptive Update
    CONTRACEPTIVE UPDATE DR. SHELDON SEGAL* I. INTRODUCTION Worldwide, there has been a dramatic increase in contraceptive use over the past thirty-five years. The number of couples using systems of fertility control (the prevalence rate) has increased more than tenfold. In developing countries, the number of contraceptive users increased from under 30 million before 1960, to almost 400 million in 1996. The percent of couples in the reproductive age group using contraception has increased from 8 percent to over 50 percent and is continuing to rise in most of the developing world.' Consequently, fertility has been steadily declining. In developing countries, the number of children a woman will have in her lifetime has decreased from approximately six in the 1960s, to less than four today2 Most industrialized countries are at, or even below, replacement levels of fertility. National surveys have provided detailed information on the methods that people choose to prevent pregnancy. Around the world, contraception is practiced chiefly by women. Surgical sterilization, primarily tubal liga- tion, ranks first among methods chosen by American couples. 3 Oral con- traception is the most widely used reversible method.4 In other countries, the pattern is different. In Sweden and France, the intrauterine device (IUD)is the preferred reversible method.' In Japan, modem hormonal methods for women are not openly available, and the predominant method of birth control is the condom.6 Given the high failure rate of condom use, this means that many women ultimately must resort to having an abortion. Over one quarter of pregnancies in Japan are voluntarily terminated.7 * Distinguished Scientist at the Population Council, New York, NY.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Status of Male Contraception Dey D
    Review Article Current Status of Male Contraception Dey D. *1, Chatterjee A. 2, D. Banji 2 and Bhowmik B.B.3 1Pukhraj Health Care Pvt. Ltd, Jalandhar, Punjab-144022, India. 2Department of Industrial Pharmacy,Nalanda College of Pharmacy, Charlapally, Hyderabad Road, Nalgonda-508001,Andhra Pradesh, India 3Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim, 737132 ABSTRACT Rapid Population growth has caused a serious problem in economic growth and human development in the developing countries like India. The control of human fertility, in the sense of its limitation is the most important and urgent one, amongst all bio-social and Address for actuarial problems, confronting mankind today. Methods and Correspondence intentions, typically termed for birth control are generally considered a pivotal ingredient to family planning. Male Contraception is one of Pukhraj Health Care the promising answers to the above problems perhaps. The Pvt. Ltd, Jalandhar, development of male contraceptive is relatively newer concept, Punjab-144022, India. researched or reviewed so far. Mechanism of male contraception, different methods and different intelligent drug delivery systems and E-mail: possible novel drug delivery system (NDDS) are reviewed in this dip_mpharm@ article. yahoo.co.in Keywords : Male contraception, Mechanisms, Advanced drug delivery systems, Herbal microcapsules. INTRODUCTION The developments of male oral contraceptives for women. Likewise, contraceptives represent relatively novel vasectomies are very effective but few men method of contraception. Male involvement are willing to undergo the surgery. 1 in the field of contraception has been low. Human sperm is optimally produced The limited work on male contraception at a temperature that is a few degrees below may be due to cultural background, social body temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • AOGD Bulletin July 2018.Indd
    AAOGDOGD Volume 18; Issue No.3; July 2018 BBULLETINULLETPrice:I ` 30N only AOGD Theme 2018-19 Issue: Current Update Empowering Providers: Viral Hepatitis in Pregnancy Enhancing Women’s Health Contraception AAOGDOGD SSECRETARIATECRETARIAT Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Lady Hardinge Medical College & Smt. Sucheta Kriplani Hospital, New Delhi-110001 [email protected] Vol. 18, No.3; July, 2018 www.aogd.org 1 AOGD Offi ce-Bearers 2018-19 Dr Abha Singh Dr Manju Puri President Vice President Dr Reena Yadav Dr Kiran Aggarwal Scientifi c Advisor Hon. Secretary Dr Anuradha Singh Dr Nishtha Jaiswal Dr Prabha Lal Dr Shilpi Nain Joint Secretaries Treasurer Co Treasurer Editorial Board Dr Ratna Biswas Dr Manisha Kumar Editor Web Editor Dr Pikee Saxena Dr Sharda Patra Dr Swati Agrawal Dr Vidhi Chaudhary Co-Editors Co-Web Editor Dr Meenakshi Singh Dr Muntaha Dr Amrita Dr Aastha Shrivastava Dr Deepika Meena Dr Aishwarya Kapur Clinical Secretary Public Relations & Hospitality 2 AOGD Bulletin AOGD Executive Committee 2018-19 President Patrons Dr Abha Singh Dr S N Mukherjee Dr Urmil Sharma Vice President Dr Kamal Buckshee AOGD BULLETIN Dr Manju Puri Dr Neera Aggarwal Vol. 18, No.3; July, 2018 Scientifi c Advisor Advisors Dr Reena Yadav Dr Gauri Devi Dr Geeta Radhakrishnan Hony. Secretary Dr Reva Tripathi Contents Dr Kiran Aggarwal Dr S B Khanna Dr Sharda Jain BEST CLINICAL PRACTICE - Standards of Care: Hepatitis B 7 Treasurer Dr Usha Gupta Dr Prabha Lal in Pregnancy Ex Offi cio Ankur Jindal Editor Executive Past Presidents Dr Ratna Biswas
    [Show full text]