A Review on the Lignin Biopolymer and Its Integration in the Elaboration of Sustainable Materials
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Understanding Matboard
FRAMING FUNDAMENTALS by Jared Davis, MCPF, GCF Understanding Matboard Being the best frame shop in your area starts with the best products. atboard is a fundamental compo- Mnent of almost every framed pic- ture. However, understanding the vast range of information and choices avail- able in matboards can be daunting. In this article, I aim to provide some useful insights about matboard to help you to dispel some of the myths and decipher some of the facts about this vital aspect of our profession. The two primary purposes for matboard that the introduction of a matboard can in- Different grades of matboard are are to provide protection for the artwork and crease both the size and level of value in the designed for to enhance the framing design. sale of a frame. different appli- cations. Under- 1) Protect. The last consumer survey con- standing which choice to make is ducted by the Professional Picture Fram- How Matboard is Made important to both ers Association found that the num- Matboards are comprised of layers of pa- your customer and your business. ber-one reason why a consumer chose to per of various thickness, laminated together. custom frame an artwork was to protect The papers and core of a matboard are made the item. Preservation, clearly, is of prima- from either unpurified wood pulp, purified al- ry importance to your customer. pha-cellulose wood pulp, or in the case of mu- 2) Enhance. A matboard can help the view- seum-grade board, cotton linter pulp. er to focus correctly on the image. -
Making! the E-Magazine for the Fibrous Forest Products Sector
PAPERmaking! The e-magazine for the Fibrous Forest Products Sector Produced by: The Paper Industry Technical Association Volume 5 / Number 1 / 2019 PAPERmaking! FROM THE PUBLISHERS OF PAPER TECHNOLOGY Volume 5, Number 1, 2019 CONTENTS: FEATURE ARTICLES: 1. Wastewater: Modelling control of an anaerobic reactor 2. Biobleaching: Enzyme bleaching of wood pulp 3. Novel Coatings: Using solutions of cellulose for coating purposes 4. Warehouse Design: Optimising design by using Augmented Reality technology 5. Analysis: Flow cytometry for analysis of polyelectrolyte complexes 6. Wood Panel: Explosion severity caused by wood dust 7. Agriwaste: Soda-AQ pulping of agriwaste in Sudan 8. New Ideas: 5 tips to help nurture new ideas 9. Driving: Driving in wet weather - problems caused by Spring showers 10. Women and Leadership: Importance of mentoring and sponsoring to leaders 11. Networking: 8 networking skills required by professionals 12. Time Management: 101 tips to boost everyday productivity 13. Report Writing: An introduction to report writing skills SUPPLIERS NEWS SECTION: Products & Services: Section 1 – PITA Corporate Members: ABB / ARCHROMA / JARSHIRE / VALMET Section 2 – Other Suppliers Materials Handling / Safety / Testing & Analysis / Miscellaneous DATA COMPILATION: Installations: Overview of equipment orders and installations since November 2018 Research Articles: Recent peer-reviewed articles from the technical paper press Technical Abstracts: Recent peer-reviewed articles from the general scientific press Events: Information on forthcoming national and international events and courses The Paper Industry Technical Association (PITA) is an independent organisation which operates for the general benefit of its members – both individual and corporate – dedicated to promoting and improving the technical and scientific knowledge of those working in the UK pulp and paper industry. -
The Effect of Organosolv Pretreatment Variables on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse
Chemical Engineering Journal 168 (2011) 1157–1162 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemical Engineering Journal journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cej The effect of organosolv pretreatment variables on enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse L. Mesa a, E. González a, C. Cara b, M. González a, E. Castro b, S.I. Mussatto c,∗ a Center of Analysis Process, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Central University of Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba b Department of Chemical Environmental and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain c Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal article info abstract Article history: Sugarcane bagasse pretreated with dilute-acid was submitted to an organosolv ethanol process with Received 10 November 2010 NaOH under different operational conditions (pretreatment time, temperature, and ethanol concentra- Received in revised form 27 January 2011 tion) aiming to maximize the glucose yield in the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis stage. The different Accepted 3 February 2011 pretreatment conditions resulted in variations in the chemical composition of the solid residue as well as in the glucose recovered by enzymatic hydrolysis. All the studied variables presented significant (p < 0.05) Keywords: influence on the process. The optimum organosolv pretreatment conditions consisted in using 30% (v/v) Sugarcane bagasse ethanol at 195 ◦C, during 60 min. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the residue then obtained produced 18.1 g/l Organosolv Ethanol glucose, correspondent to a yield of 29.1 g glucose/100 g sugarcane bagasse. The scale-up of this process, Enzymatic hydrolysis by performing the acid pretreatment in a 10-l semi-pilot reactor fed with direct steam, was success- Glucose fully performed, being obtained a glucose yield similar to that found when the acid pretreatment was performed in autoclave. -
Basics of Kraft Pulping
Lignin Wood is composed of many chemical components, primarily extractives, carbohydrates, and lignin, which are distributed nonuniformly as the result of anatomical structure. Lignin is derived from the Latin term lignum, which means wood.1 Anselme Payen (1838) was the first to recognize the composite nature of wood and referred to a carbon- rich substance as the “encrusting material” which embedded cellulose in the wood. Schulze (1865) later defined this encrusting material as lignin. Lignin has been described as a random, three-dimensional network polymer comprised of variously linked phenylpropane units.2 Lignin is the second most abundant biological material on the planet, exceeded only by cellulose and hemicellulose, and comprises 15-25% of the dry weight of woody plants. This macromolecule plays a vital role in providing mechanical support to bind plant fibers together. Lignin also decreases the permeation of water through the cell walls of the xylem, thereby playing an intricate role in the transport of water and nutrients. Finally, lignin plays an important function in a plant’s natural defense against degradation by impeding penetration of destructive enzymes through the cell wall. Although lignin is necessary to trees, it is undesirable in most chemical papermaking fibers and is removed by pulping and bleaching processes. 1.1.1 Biosynthesis Plant lignins can be broadly divided into three classes: softwood (gymnosperm), hardwood (angiosperm) and grass or annual plant (graminaceous) lignin.3 Three different phenylpropane units, or monolignols, are responsible for lignin biosynthesis.4 Guaiacyl lignin is composed principally of coniferyl alcohol units, while guaiacyl-syringyl lignin contains monomeric units from coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol. -
( 12 ) United States Patent
US009902815B2 (12 ) United States Patent ( 10 ) Patent No. : US 9 ,902 , 815 B2 Tamminen et al. ( 45 ) Date of Patent: Feb . 27 , 2018 ( 54 ) FUNCTIONALIZED LIGNIN AND METHOD ( 58 ) Field of Classification Search OF PRODUCING THE SAME ??? . .. C07G 1 / 00 See application file for complete search history . @(71 ) Applicant : Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT , VTT (FI ) ( 56 ) References Cited U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS @(72 ) Inventors : Tarja Tamminen , Espoo (FI ) ; Jarmo Ropponen , Espoo (FI ) ; Eva - Lena Hult , 2 ,429 , 102 A 10 / 1947 Lewis et al. Espoo ( FI) ; Kristiina Poppius- Levlin , 3 , 149 , 085 A 9 / 1964 Ball et al . Espoo (FI ) 4 ,017 ,430 A * 4 / 1977 Briggs .. .. .. 530 / 502 5 ,773 , 590 A * 6 / 1998 Hart 530 / 500 6 ,172 ,204 B1 * 1 /2001 Sarkanen et al. 530 /500 @(73 ) Assignee : Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT Oy, 2010 /0105798 A1 * 4 /2010 Hasegawa . .. .. 522 / 99 Espoo (FI ) 2010 /0152428 A1* 6 / 2010 Gifford et al . .. .. .. 530 / 504 2010 / 0204368 A1 * 8 / 2010 Benko et al. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 524 / 73 ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2010 / 0331531 A1 * 12 / 2010 Mykytka .. .. 530 / 501 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 2011/ 0263836 A1 * 10 / 2011 Vuorenpalo et al. .. .. 530 / 500 U . S . C . 154 ( b ) by 33 days. 2012 /0012035 A1 * 1 / 2012 Blank et al. .. .. 106 / 802 ( 21) Appl. No. : 14 /348 , 904 OTHER PUBLICATIONS (22 ) PCT Filed : Oct. 8 , 2012 Holmbom ( Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society , 1977 , p . 289 - 293 ) . * Stenberg et al . (Surface Coatings International Part B : Coatings ( 86 ) PCT No. : PCT/ FI2012 /050965 Transactions , vol. 88 , B2 , 83 - 156 , 2005 ) . -
What Happens to Cellulosic Fibers During Papermaking and Recycling? a Review
PEER-REVIEWED REVIEW ARTICLE ncsu.edu/bioresources WHAT HAPPENS TO CELLULOSIC FIBERS DURING PAPERMAKING AND RECYCLING? A REVIEW Martin A. Hubbe,* Richard A. Venditti, and Orlando J. Rojas Both reversible and irreversible changes take place as cellulosic fibers are manufactured into paper products one or more times. This review considers both physical and chemical changes. It is proposed that by understanding these changes one can make better use of cellulosic fibers at various stages of their life cycles, achieving a broad range of paper performance characteristics. Some of the changes that occur as a result of recycling are inherent to the fibers themselves. Other changes may result from the presence of various contaminants associated with the fibers as a result of manufacturing processes and uses. The former category includes an expected loss of swelling ability and decreased wet-flexibility, especially after kraft fibers are dried. The latter category includes effects of inks, de-inking agents, stickies, and additives used during previous cycles of papermaking. Keywords: Paper recycling, Drying, Deinking, Hornification, Inter-fiber bonding, Refining, Fines, Fiber length, Conformability Contact information: Department of Forest Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Box 8005, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA; *Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Cellulosic fibers can change significantly when formed into a wet web of paper and subsequently subjected to such processes as pressing, drying, printing, storage, repulping, and deinking. Some of the changes can be subtle. Often it is possible to substitute recovered fibers in place of virgin fibers used for the production of paper or paperboard. On the other hand, characteristic differences between recycled fibers and virgin fibers (fresh from pulping wood, not recycled) can be expected; many of these can be attributed to drying. -
Fungal Pretreatment for Organosolv Pulping and Dissolving Pulp Production
13 Fungal Pretreatment for Organosolv Pulping and Dissolving Pulp Production ANDRÉ FERRAZ, LYUDMIL CHRISTOV, AND MASOOD AKHTAR INTRODUCTION Biopulping is the fungal pretreatment of wood chips, designed as a solid-state fer- mentation process, for production of mechanical or chemical pulps (cf. Chapters 10 and 12). The concept of biopulping is based on the ability of some white-rot fungi to colonize and degrade selectively the lignin in wood, thereby leaving the cellulose relatively intact. This chapter presents an evaluation of biopulping and biobleaching with white-rot fungi as pretreatment steps in organosolv pulping and in dissolving pulp production. Fungal-organosolv pulping is focused mainly on chemical and topo- chemical bases for the combination of biopulping and organosolv processes. Experi- mental data are presented to illustrate the potential of this fungal-chemical method to produce wood pulps. Biopulping and biobleaching with selected white-rot fungi are also evaluated as potential methods for production of dissolving pulp. A report in part has been submitted for publication in Enzyme and Microbial Technology. This chapter is based mainly on the work from a collaborative project between the Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, The University of Orange Free State, of Bloemfontein South Africa and the USDA Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin. Fungal-organosolv pulping methods are based mainly on the work developed at the Department of Biotechnology in Lorena, Brazil, and the Renewable Resource Laboratory in Concepcion, Chile. ORGANOSOLV PULPING Background The need to find new technologies for pulp and paper production that cause less environmental impact has contributed to an increase in the number of studies on Environmentally Friendly Technologies for the Pulp and Paper Industry, edited by Raymond A. -
Value Chains for Production of Renewable Transportation Fuels Using Intermediates - Case Studies for Bio-Oils in Refinery Applications and Bio-Sng
REPORT f3 2016:05 VALUE CHAINS FOR PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE TRANSPORTATION FUELS USING INTERMEDIATES - CASE STUDIES FOR BIO-OILS IN REFINERY APPLICATIONS AND BIO-SNG Report from an f3 project June 2016 Authors: Marie Anheden, Christian Ehn & Valeria Lundberg, INNVENTIA AB Karin Pettersson, Chalmers University of Technology Malin Fugelsang & Carl Johan Hjerpe, ÅF Industri AB Åsa Håkansson, Preem AB Ingemar Gunnarsson, Göteborg Energi AB VALUE CHAINS FOR PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE TRANSPORTATION FUELS USING INTERMEDIATES PREFACE This report is the result of a collaborative project within the Swedish Knowledge Centre for Renewa- ble Transportation Fuels (f3). f3 is a networking organization, which focuses on development of envi- ronmentally, economically and socially sustainable renewable fuels, and Provides a broad, scientifically based and trustworthy source of knowledge for industry, gov- ernments and public authorities, Carries through system oriented research related to the entire renewable fuels value chain, Acts as national platform stimulating interaction nationally and internationally. f3 partners include Sweden’s most active universities and research institutes within the field, as well as a broad range of industry companies with high relevance. f3 has no political agenda and does not con- duct lobbying activities for specific fuels or systems, nor for the f3 partners’ respective areas of inter- est. The f3 centre is financed jointly by the centre partners, the Swedish Energy Agency and the region of Västra Götaland. f3 also receives funding from Vinnova (Sweden’s innovation agency) as a Swedish advocacy platform towards Horizon 2020. Chalmers Industriteknik (CIT) functions as the host of the f3 organization (see www.f3centre.se). The project is financed and carried out within the f3 - Energimyndigheten (Swedish Energy Agency) collaborative research program “Förnybara drivmedel och system” (Renewable transportation fuels and systems). -
Optimization of the Continuous Analysis Pearl-Benson Method for Lignosulfonates
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF ROGER LEE BLAINE for the DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Name) (Degree) in CHEMISTRY presented on January 21, 1969 (Major) (Date) Title: OPTIMIZATION OF THE CONTINUOUSANALYSIS PEARL- BENSON METHOD FOR LIGNOSULFONATES Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved Dr. Hty'ry Freund A procedure is described for the optimizationof a previously described continuous analysis adaptation ofthe Pearl-Benson or nitroso method for estimation of spentsulfite liquor (SSL) or ligno- sulfonates.The optimized procedure has a responsetime of 6. 5 minutes.In order to monitor samples whoseSSL concentration is between 0 and 10 ppm, a long path length,dual beam, flow through colorimeter was developed.The colorimeter has a range of 0.94 absorbance units for a 10 cm cuvette length,and has a readout which expresses the sample concentrationdirectly in millivolts. Both the continuous analysis chemicalthanipulation system and the colorimeter are packaged as portable units. An empirical equation is obtained for the response curveof continuous analyzers.This equation permits simulation of the con- tinuous analyzer response in both amathematical form and on an analog computer.Examination of the electrical analog leads to information about the response of continuous analysis apparatus toa' variety of input signals and provides an approach to figures ofmerit for comparison of continuous analysis systems. An electronic method is illustrated for predicting the steady state value of a con- tinuous analysis apparatus long before that steady state condition is -
4-10 Matting and Framing.Pdf
PRESERVATION LEAFLET CONSERVATION PROCEDURES 4.10 Matting and Framing for Works on Paper and Photographs NEDCC Staff NEDCC Andover, MA The importance of proper matting, mounting and framing Do not use any type of foam board such as Fom-cor®, is often overlooked as a key part of collections care and “archival” paper faced foam boards, Gator board, preventative conservation. Poor quality materials and expanded PVC boards such as Sintra® or Komatex®, any improper framing techniques are a common source of lignin containing paper-based mat boards, kraft (brown) damage to artwork and cultural heritage materials that paper, non-archival or self-adhesive tapes (i.e. document are in otherwise good condition. Staying informed about repair tapes), or ATG (adhesive transfer gum), all of which proper framing practices and choosing conservation-grade are used in the majority of frame shops. mounting, matting and framing can prevent many problems that in the future will be much more difficult to MATTING solve or even completely irreversible. As Benjamin Franklin said, “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of The window mat is the standard mount for works on cure.” paper. The ideal window mat will be aesthetically pleasing while safely protecting the piece from exterior damage. Mats are an excellent storage method for works on paper CHOICE OF A FRAMER and can minimize the damage caused from handling in When choosing a framer it is important to find someone collections that are used for exhibition and study. Some well-informed about best conservation framing practices institutions simplify their framing and storage operations and experienced in implementing them. -
Systematic Review on Isolation Processes for Technical Lignin
processes Review Systematic Review on Isolation Processes for Technical Lignin Marlene Kienberger *, Silvia Maitz, Thomas Pichler and Paul Demmelmayer Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25c, A-8010 Graz, Austria; [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (T.P.); [email protected] (P.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +43-031-6873-7484 Abstract: Technologies for the isolation of lignin from pulping process streams are reviewed in this article. Based on published data, the WestVaco process, the LignoBoost process, the LigoForce SystemTM and the SLRP process are reviewed and discussed for the isolation of lignin from Kraft black liquor. The three new processes that have now joined the WestVaco process are compared from the perspective of product quality. Further, isolation processes of lignosulfonates from spent sulfite liquor are reviewed. The limitation for this review is that data are only available from lab scale and pilot scale experiments and not from industrial processes. Key output of this paper is a technology summary of the state of the art processes for technical lignins, showing the pros and cons of each process. Keywords: Kraft lignin; lignosulfonates; lignin isolation processes; technical lignin 1. Introduction Citation: Kienberger, M.; Maitz, S.; After cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer worldwide. Lignins are Pichler, T.; Demmelmayer, P. non-toxic and renewable, and hence may play an essential role during the change-over from Systematic Review on Isolation a fossil-based to a bio-based economy. The value-added application of technical lignin not Processes for Technical Lignin. -
A Review of Wood Biomass-Based Fatty Acidsand Rosin Acids Use In
polymers Review A Review of Wood Biomass-Based Fatty Acids and Rosin Acids Use in Polymeric Materials Laima Vevere *, Anda Fridrihsone , Mikelis Kirpluks and Ugis Cabulis Polymer Department, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; [email protected] (A.F.); [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (U.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +371-28869638 Received: 26 October 2020; Accepted: 14 November 2020; Published: 16 November 2020 Abstract: In recent decades, vegetable oils as a potential replacement for petrochemical materials have been extensively studied. Tall oil (crude tall oil, distilled tall oil, tall oil fatty acids, and rosin acids) is a good source to be turned into polymeric materials. Unlike vegetable oils, tall oil is considered as lignocellulosic plant biomass waste and is considered to be the second-generation raw material, thus it is not competing with the food and feed chain. The main purpose of this review article is to identify in what kind of polymeric materials wood biomass-based fatty acids and rosin acids have been applied and their impact on the properties. Keywords: crude tall oil; tall oil; fatty acids; rosin acids; polymer materials 1. Introduction The success of plastics as a commodity has been significant and polymer materials are a part of everyday life. The advantages of polymers over other materials can be attributed to their adjustable properties, low cost and ease of processing. Worldwide, the manufacturing of polymers grows every year, reaching almost 360 million tonnes in 2018 [1]. In the light of environmental challenges of the 21st century, the development of novel low-cost and scalable monomers from renewable resources is essential.