Bioactive Glass Combined with Natural Derived Proteins As Composite Materials for the Application in Bone Tissue Engineering

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Bioactive Glass Combined with Natural Derived Proteins As Composite Materials for the Application in Bone Tissue Engineering Bioactive glass combined with natural derived proteins as composite materials for the application in bone tissue engineering Kompositmaterialien bestehend aus bioaktivem Glas und natürlichen Proteinen für die Anwendung im Knochen Tissue Engineering Der Technischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr.-Ing. vorgelegt von Jasmin Katharina Hum aus Nürnberg Als Dissertation genehmigt von der Technischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. Februar 2016 Vorsitzender des Promotionsorgans: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Peter Greil Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Aldo R. Boccaccini Prof. Valeria Cannillo Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Armin Bolz Danksagung An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich ganz herzlich bei all denjenigen bedanken, die direkt und indirekt an der Entstehung dieser Arbeit mitgewirkt haben. In erster Linie gilt mein Dank Prof. Aldo R. Boccaccini, der mir nicht nur die Möglichkeit gegeben hat, den Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien von Anfang an mit etablieren zu können, sondern auch durch die Aufgabenstellung der Doktorarbeit meine Kreativität angeregt und mir viele neue wissenschaftliche Erfahrungen näher gebracht hat. Seine Denkanstöße und Vorschläge habe ich stets geschätzt. Vielen Dank auch an Prof. Valeria Cannillo, Prof. Armin Bolz, Prof. Ulrich Lohbauer und Prof. Sannakaisa Virtanen, die sich die Zeit genommen haben, die Arbeit letztendlich zu begutachten und zu bewerten. Dank mehrerer Kooperationen u.a. mit dem Lehrstuhl Glas und Keramik und dem Lehrstuhl Korrosion und Oberflächentechnik hatte ich Zugriff zu unterschiedlichsten Messmethoden, die mir die Charakterisierung meiner Proben wesentlich erleichterten. Auch wenn die Interpretation des ein oder anderen Ergebnisses manchmal herausfordernd war, konnte für jedes Rätsel doch eine Erklärung gefunden werden. Danke daher an Judith Roether, Yaping Ding, Dirk Dippold, Helga Hildebrand, Sabine Brungs und Eva Springer, die mir bei der Durchführung der Messungen hilfreich zur Seite standen. Ebenso möchte ich mich beim Team Henkestraße bedanken, vor allem Alina Grünewald und Rainer Detsch, mit denen ich hilfreiche wissenschaftliche Diskussionen führen konnte. Prof. Ben Fabry danke ich für die Bereitstellung seiner Labore. Während der letzten Jahre haben viele Studenten auf der Suche nach Rat an meine Tür geklopft. Meistens konnte ich helfen, doch auch ich habe viel Unterstützung erhalten. Besonders möchte ich zwei meiner Studenten erwähnen. Shiva Naseri, immer hilfsbereit und wissbegierig, und Jonathan Potschka, der seine Zeit im Labor mit der Herstellung und Funktionalisierung von Scaffolds verbrachte. Danke für eure Hilfe. Neben der wissenschaftlichen Laborarbeit ist allerdings ein Punkt, der nicht vergessen werden darf: das soziale Umfeld. Ich hatte das Glück mit wunderbaren Menschen sowohl Labor wie auch Büro teilen zu können. Danke der spanischen Welle mit all eurem Temperament. Anahí Philippart, Sandra Cabañas Polo, Valentina Miguez Pacheco, Luis Eduardo Cordero Arias und Micael Alonso Frank, mit euch konnte ich immer herzhaft lachen. Danke auch Elena Boccardi, Stefanie Spallek und Petra Rosner für die schönen Erinnerungen. Es war eine wunderbare Zeit. Auch den restlichen Kollegen am Institut danke ich für die zahlreichen Diskussionen, die so manchen Geistesblitz während meiner Dissertation brachten. Ganz herzlich danke ich auch meinen lieben Zimmernachbarn Sigrid Seuß, Giulia Rella und Liliana Liverani für wunderbar warmes Arbeitsklima, eine angenehme Wohlfühlatmosphäre in unserem Büro und die daraus erwachsenen Freundschaften, die ich nicht mehr missen möchte. Heinz Mahler, Gerhard Frank und Bärbel Wust danke ich ganz herzlich für jegliche Unterstützung im technischen und administratorischen Bereich, die zu jeder Zeit hilfsbereit waren. Auch für sonstige Probleme hattet ihr stets ein offenes Ohr. Danke, dass ich immer willkommen war. Zu guter Letzt geht ein großes Dankeschön an meine Freunde und Familie, vor allem Steffi und Hariet, die mir außerhalb des wissenschaftlichen Alltags immer eine große Stütze waren und die trotz vieler offener Fragen Interesse an meiner Arbeit gezeigt haben. Danke Christian Dolle für Ahorn oder Eiche, unsere Kaffeepausen am See und dafür, dass Du immer für mich da bist. Während meiner Promotion war ich nicht nur Doktorandin, sondern auch Laborleitung, Sekretärin und noch viel mehr. Flexibilität war an der Tagesordnung und ich nehme aus dieser Zeit sehr viel Erfahrung mit. Es war ein langer Weg, aber es ist geschafft. Danke an alle! Index Index Abbreviations and symbols............................................................................................................. IV Abstract............................................................................................................................................ VII Zusammenfassung........................................................................................................................... IX 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 2 Fundamentals – Application of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering............... 4 2.1 State of the art..................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Bone tissue engineering......................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Scaffolds and their fabrication technologies............................................................................. 7 2.2 Materials selection............................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 45S5 Bioglass® – a silicate-based bioactive glass.................................................................... 9 Production, structure and properties............................................................................................. 10 45S5 Bioglass® as scaffold material............................................................................................. 12 2.2.2 Collagen – a natural polymer................................................................................................. 13 Structure of collagen.................................................................................................................. 13 Collagen for tissue engineering..................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Zein – a protein derived from corn........................................................................................ 15 Structure and morphology........................................................................................................... 15 Zein as biomaterial................................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Objective of research......................................................................................................... 17 3 Collagen – Composite scaffolds with bioactive glass and collagen............................................................................................................................. 19 3.1 Reinforcement of porous collagen scaffolds with bioactive glass particles – Manufacturing techniques, results and discussion.............................................................. 19 3.1.1 Scaffold preparation............................................................................................................... 19 Porous collagen scaffolds without bioactive glass particles.................................................................. 19 Reinforced porous collagen scaffolds with bioactive glass particles........................................................ 20 Crosslinking process................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2 Morphological and microstructural characterization................................................................ 25 Pure collagen........................................................................................................................... 25 Collagen with bioactive glass reinforcement..................................................................................... 27 3.1.3 Swelling properties and degradation behavior......................................................................... 29 Swelling properties..................................................................................................................... 29 Degradation behavior................................................................................................................. 31 3.1.4 Evaluation of bioactivity.......................................................................................................... 32 I Index Preparation of simulated body fluid............................................................................................... 32 Bioactivity study........................................................................................................................ 32 3.2 Collagen as coating material on bioactive glass-based scaffolds – Manufacturing techniques, results and discussion...................................................................................... 37 3.2.1 Sample preparation..............................................................................................................
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