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Emilio Rodrãguez Nr3.Ps ISSN: 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7583-XXX-X Se i listan och fyll i siffror där kryssen är LICENTIATE T H E SIS Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Division of Operation, Maintenance and Acoustics Robustness Circuits’ Track Emilio Rodríguez Martínez ISSN 1402-1757 Track Circuits’ Robustness ISBN 978-91-7583-045-2 (print) ISBN 978-91-7583-046-9 (pdf) Modeling, Measurement and Simulation Luleå University of Technology 2014 Modeling, Measurement and Simulation Modeling, Emilio Rodríguez Martínez TRACK CIRCUITS’ ROBUSTNESS Modelling, measurement and simulation Emilio Rodríguez Martínez Operation and Maintenance Engineering Luleå University of Technology Printed by Luleå University of Technology, Graphic Production 2014 ISSN 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7583-045-2 (print) ISBN 978-91-7583-046-9 (pdf) Luleå 2014 www.ltu.se ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research presented in this thesis has been carried out at the Operation and Maintenance division and funded by the European Community´s Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement no. ”285259”, TREND project. I would like to thank them for providing the support to perform this licentiate, based on that research. The project was supervised by Prof. Diego Galar, Prof. Uday Kumar and Dr. Stefan Niska. They gave the support, guidance and valuable advice to help me to develop my ideas, allowing me to complete this licentiate. I would like to express also my sincere gratitude to the partners in the consortium, which consists of CEIT, CAF I+D, CEDEX, IFSTTAR, York EMC Services and, in special, to Trafikverket. I worked together with Dr. Stefan Niska from Trafikverket and his cooperation, kind personality and help made this journey much easier, making me feel like one more of their team members. I would also like to mention the coordinator of the project, Íñigo Adín from CEIT, who supported me and helped providing crucial information for the development of this research and Åke Wisten from LTU, whose experience and help in the tests are gratefully acknowledged. Thanks also to all my colleagues for their support and help. I am thinking in many names but among them Amparo Morant, Víctor Simón, Pablo Puñal and Iván Carabante stand out. Amparo Morant worked on TREND project and helped me every time I needed some assistance. I also have to thank her because of her contribution in my thesis and papers. Victor Simón came to the project later and it was also a pleasure to work with him on some parts of the project and papers used also in this thesis. Finally, although Pablo Puñal and Iván Carabante work also at LTU, they were not my direct colleagues. Even so, his advice, company and discussions were as important as any other technical contribution. And last, but not least, thanks to my family, who supported me every step of the way, to my friends (special mention to ‘the musketeers’) for the help in making the way easier and funnier and in general to every other one involved in the development of this research. v vi ABSTRACT In countries with rough weather conditions, frequent delays cause railway companies to waste time and money. Many of these delays are related to the train detection systems, as the old DC track circuits are still used in some countries, including Sweden, our case study. Since the most important factor in the railway system is safety, in some cases, the train detection system gets incorrect information and detects a non-existent train. The train slows down to avoid a problem in the track (with other trains or other faults), causing prolonged delays with cascading effects. The analysis in this licentiate contributes to the detection and reduction of TC failures; this, in turn, will save money for the railway community. A classification of the most probable causes of failures related to the train detection system was derived from the Swedish failures report database 0FELIA. After classifying failures, we focussed on the three most common worst case scenarios: low resistance between the rails, external interference such as a lightning strike, and iron-powder-bridges in the insulated joint. Electromagnetic interferences (EMI) are a problem for the railway system in general. One source of electromagnetic (EM) transients is the return current harmonic produced by the engine of the rolling stock itself. In the first stage of this licentiate, we implemented a Matlab model of the power supply system of the Swedish railway infrastructure, using the characteristics and previous measures of a real source. A model of a train as an active load validated by the manufacturer was integrated as a subsystem in different positions of the infrastructure. This method was used to study the behaviour of the low frequency system from an electrical point of view but it could also be used as input for an electromagnetic model using high frequencies. The model was validated through measurements taken in northern Sweden. In addition, a 3D model of the whole railway system was proposed. The simulation software was CST STUDIO SUITE® (Computer Simulation Technology Studio Suite), supported by real measurements on site and the lab to tune and validate the model. The results of the simulation show that the model fits with reality and is reliable for the study of track circuit sections. Some measurements followed the current standards, but we also analysed points not covered by them, allowing us to update the current standards. KEYWORDS: railway infrastructure, signalling, track circuit, relay, modelling, simulation, testing, robustness, interoperability, reliability, false positive signals. vii viii LIST OF APPENDED PAPERS PAPER A: Fault detection of Railway EMC problems using MATLAB models. E. Rodriguez, N. Raj Karki, D. Galar, D. Valderas, S. Niska. BINDT - The Tenth International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Machinery Failure Prevention Technologies, 18-20 June 2013, Kraków (Poland). PAPER B: Simulation of electrical power supply system in railway infrastructure E. Rodriguez, D. Galar, S. Niska, N. Rai Karki. International Conference on Power & Energy Systems: Advances in Power Systems, 20-30 October 2013, Kathmandu, Nepal. PAPER C: Safety issues of Track Circuits - A hybrid approach. E. Rodriguez, V. Simón, D. Galar, S. Niska. Published in the International Journal Communications in Dependability and Quality Management. Volume 17, Number 2, June 2014, ISSN 1450-7196. PAPER D: El impacto de la complejidad de la electrónica en la seguridad del sistema ferroviario. E. Rodriguez, V. Simón, D. Galar, L. Berges, J. Tamarit. Accepted in the International Journal Mantenimiento, Asociación Española de Mantenimiento, Number 280, December 2014. ix x TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................3 1.1 Problem definition and background ....................................................................3 1.2 Purpose and objectives ........................................................................................5 1.3 Research questions ..............................................................................................5 1.4 Scope and limitations ...........................................................................................6 1.5 Structure of the thesis ..........................................................................................7 EMC IN THE RAILWAY SYSTEM .............................................................................9 2.1 EMI threats ...........................................................................................................9 2.1.1 Rolling stock ................................................................................................ 10 2.1.2 Power supply and electrification system .................................................... 11 2.1.3 Infrastructure defects and debris ............................................................... 12 2.1.4 Signalling and Communication Systems ..................................................... 12 2.2 EMC in the rolling stock..................................................................................... 13 2.3 EMC in the infrastructure .................................................................................. 18 2.3.1 Power supply substation ............................................................................ 19 2.3.2 Booster transformer ................................................................................... 20 2.3.3 Autotransformer ......................................................................................... 21 2.3.4 Design considerations affecting the electromagnetic characteristics of the infrastructure ....................................................................................................... 21 2.3.5 Overhead Catenary system ........................................................................ 22 2.3.6 Section breakers ......................................................................................... 23 2.3.7 Neutral section (phase break) .................................................................... 24 2.3.8 Grounding ................................................................................................... 24 2.3.9 Layout ......................................................................................................... 25 2.3.10 External factors affecting the electromagnetic characteristics of the infrastructure ......................................................................................................
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