APPENDIX: PATIERNS OF SPECIALIZATION
Statistical rationale progress, a second variant of cluster analysis may be considered more appropriate here. In optimal (non-hierarchical) clustering, A variety of ways is available for exploring axes or groupings the analysis sorts the species into a variable number of internally• within multivariate data sets. Principal components analysis, for homogeneous clusters. Group properties of the cluster then example, would identify any axes of specialization to which the become equally important as properties of their individual different attributes might variously contribute, both in kind and in members, and the analysis will not necessarily produce the same degree. However, the most suitable indication arises from the outcome as would an hierarchical analysis into the same number assumption that the values of certain attributes for a particular of clusters. group of species have evolved through simultaneous selection-a This is the approach which we, and Grime eta/. (1987), have composite response on the part of several attributes to a set of followed. They are both successive instances of a 'rolling external environmental pressures. Further, these sets of attributes synthesis', a research strategy which periodically draws together may well have evolved in such a way that coherent groupings of the current state of quantitative knowledge of native plant species species which possess them can now be identified, each with into a statistical and comparative overview. characteristic values, or ranges of values, for each of the attributes. This being so, a cluster analysis is indicated. Two variants of cluster analysis exist. The first employs a The current database hierarchical method in which each species belongs initially to its own separate class. The two classes with the highest similarity are The data used in this attempt to identify strategies of ecological then merged into a cluster, or group, and all other classes are specialization have been drawn mainly from the summary tables redefined according to an agreed criterion. This process is then of plant attributes given in Chapter 6. These permit a multivariate repeated until all species belong to a single cluster, intermediate synthesis to be made of the more important available data, paying stages in this process providing the information sought. Since it is particular (but not exclusive) attention to those attributes which plainly less likely that co-evolution of plant attributes will have have a direct bearing on predictions made by recent Plant Strategy occurred in response to fine interrelations between closely similar Theory, as in Table 3.3. The attributes selected are summarized in species than it is that it has followed broader axes of evolutionary Figure A.l.
Figure A.l An explanation of the 27 plant attributes of the established and regenerative phases which were used in the cluster analysis. For each attribute an abbreviated title is given in captialletters, followed by a fuller title; the categories recognized within the attribute are listed next, with an explanation of the corresponding system of scoring used in the analysis (normally an integer scale running from 1 to 5); the number of instances of each category then appears, with a bar chart in which a single asterisk represents the presence of two species; finally, the number of species for which the attribute could not be supplied is noted.
Attribute: DNA (Amount of DNA per nucleus)
<2. 0 56 **************************** 2.0-3.9 57 ***************************** 4.0-9.9 51 ************************** 10.0-19.9 4 30 *************** 20.0+ pg 5 15 ******** Missing values: 64
Attribute: SPREAD (Lateral spread of the individual plant)
Therophytes 78 *************************************** Perennials <100 mm 85 ******************************************* Perennials 110-250 mm 36 ****************** Perennials 260-1000 mm 4 24 ************ Perennials >1 m 5 50 ************************* Missing values: 0
654 APPENDIX: PAITERNS OF SPECIALIZATION Attribute: FTIME (Time of flowering)
Jan., Feb. or March 1 23 ************ April 2 38 ******************* May 3 63 ******************************** June 4 89 ********************************************* July onwards 5 60 ******************************
Missing values:
Attribute: FOUR (Duration of flowering)
Up to 1 month 1 11 ****** Up to 2 months 2 77 *************************************** Up to 3 months 3 89 ********************************************* Up to 4 months 4 48 ************************ >4 months 5 48 **************~*********
Missing values: 0
Attribute: LIFEFORM (Raunkiaer life form)
Therophyte 1 54 *************************** Geophyte 2 16 ******** Hemicryptophyte 3 169 **************************************************************~~··· Chamaephyte 4 18 ********* Phanerophyte 5 16 ********
Missing values: 0
Attribute: RGR (Mean potential relative growth rate)
(0. 5 1 4 0.5-0.9 2 33 ***************** 1.0-1.4 3 58 ***************************** 1.5-1.9 4 15 ******** 2.0+ per week 5 11 ******
Missing values: 152
Attribute: LIFEHIST (Life history type)
Ephemeral 1 48 ************************ 2 0 Short-lived perennial 3 54 *************************** 4 0 Long-lived perennial 5 171 **************************************************************~···
Missing values: 0
Attribute: LPHENOL (Phenology of the leaf canopy)
Seasonal 1 92 ********************************************** 2 0 Intermediate 3 154 **************************************************************~*** 4 0 Evergreen 24 ************ Missing values:
Attribute: STOR (Storage organs)
In seeds only 1 48 ************************ 2 0 Throughout the plant 3 115 ********************************************************** 4 0 In specialized organs 5 109 ******************************************************* Missing values:
Attribute: LTEXT (Leaf texture)
Succulent 1 66 ********************************* 2 0 Mesomorphic, not succ. 3 130 ***************************************************************** 4 0 Hard, wiry or tough 5 75 * * **** ******* * * * * * ***** * ** * * *** * * * **** Missing values:
Attribute: PLOIDY (Ploidy)
Diploid 1 137 ********************************************************************* 2 0 Intrageneric polyploid 3 87 ** * **** *** ** * ** *** * * * * * * * * * * * ************ * * * 4 0 Intraspecific polypi. 5 36 ******************
Missing values: 13
THE CURRENT DATABASE 655 Attribute: MYCO (Presence or absence of mycorrhizas)
Normally absent 54 *************************** 0 Present or absent 3 63 ******************************** 4 0 Normally present 5 148 ** * * * * * * * ****** * * * * * * * * * * * ********* * * * * * * * * * ******** * * *** ** **~*** Missing values:
Attribute: CANOPY (Vertical arrangement of leaf canopy)
Leaves in rosette only 29 *************** 0 Leafy mostly below 3 108 ****************************************************** 4 0 Leafy at all levels 5 134 * * ****** * ** * ***** *** *** * * * * * * * *** ** ******* * * * * ** * * * * * ** *** * * ** * ** * Missing values:
Attribute: BREED (Breeding system)
Mainly inbreeding 1 43 ********************** 2 0 Inbr. or outbreeding 3 80 **************************************** 4 0 Mainly outbreeding 5 72 ************************************ Missing values: 78
Attribute: CANHT (Height of top of canopy)
<100 mm 1 52 ************************** 100-290 mm 2 82 ***************************************** 300-990 mm 3 95 ************************************************ 1.0-2.9 m 4 32 **************** 3.0+ m 5 12 ******
Missing values:
Attribute: LSIZE (Area of individual leaf)
<500 1 85 ******************************************* 500-990 2 51 ************************** 1000-1900 3 51 ************************** 2000-3900 4 56 **************************** 4000+ sq mm 5 28 ************** Missing values:
Attribute: DSPACE (Dispersal in space) <1 mm, wind-dispersed 1 28 ************** 2 0 Wind, water or animals 3 56 **************************** 4 0 No such dispersal 5 142 **************************************************************~*** Missing values: 47
Attribute: GINIT (Initial germinability of seed)
>75 % germination 1 106 ***************************************************** 50-74 % 2 33 ***************** 25-49 % 3 18 ********* (25 % 4 42 ********************* No germination 5 63 ******************************** Missing values: 11
Attribute: GRANGE (Germination range at constant temperature) No germination 1 7 **** 4-12 deg. C 2 12 ****** 13-20 deg. C 3 60 ****************************** 21-28 deg. C 4 61 ******************************* 29+ deg. C 5 23 ************ Missing values: 110
Attribute: GDARK (Germination in darkne~:s) 90+ 1 30 *************** 50-89 % 2 49 ************************* 10-49 % 3 37 ******************* (10 % 4 35 ****************** No germination 5 27 **************
Missing values: 95
656 APPENDIX: PATIERNS OF SPECIALIZATION Attribute: GMODE (Germination mode at constant temperature)
(15 1 7 **** 15-20 2 84 ****************************************** 21-25 3 55 **************************** 26-30 4 11 ****** >30 degrees c 5 2 • Missing values: 114
Attribute: SSHAPE (Seed shape, expressed as length/breadth quotient)
(1. 5 1 94 *********************************************** 2 0 1. 5-2.5 3 86 ******************************************* 4 0 )2.5 5 92 ********************************************** Missing values:
Attribute: SO FRT (Dispersule in the form of seed or fruit)
Seed 1 92 ********************************************** 2 0 1-seeded fruit 3 162 **************************************************************~*** 4 0 Several-seeded fruit 5 19 ********** Missing values:
Attribute: DTIME (Dispersal in time by means of a seed bank, SB)
SB nil or Type I 1 38 ******************* 2 0 SB Type II or Ill 3 48 ************************ 4 0 SB Type IV 5 145 **************************************************************~***
Missing values: 42
Attribute: VREGEN (Type, if any, of vegetative regeneration)
No vegetative regen. 1 117 *********************************************************** 2 0 Type V 3 120 ************************************************************ 4 0 Type (V) or Type S 5 34 ***************** Missing values:
Attribute: SSHED (Period or month in which seed is shed)
January to May 1 12 ****** June 2 28 ************** July 3 74 ************************************* August 4 95 ************************************************ September onwards 64 ******************************** Missing values: 0
Attribute: SWT (Seed dry weight)
(0.01 1 10 ***** 0.01-0.20 2 68 ********************************** 0.21-0.50 3 50 ************************* 0.51-1.00 4 42 ********************* >1.00 mg 5 103 **************************************************** Missing values: 0
The attributes are available for n = 273 species, i.e. all of the The whole data matrix of 27 attributes X 273 species has no species for which Autecological Accounts are presented in more than 10.1% missing data over all. These were replaced Chapter 5, with the exception of wholly aquatic species and the statistically, after correlating but before clustering, using a conglomerate Hieracium subgen. Hieracium. There are 16 standard method similar to that of Orchard and Woodbury attributes of the established phase and 11 of the regenerative. For (1972). This is designed to facilitate subsequent multivariate cluster analysis, the attributes were re-scored on a uniform 1-2-3- analysis but to add no bias. 4-5 basis, except where the subject (or our state of knowledge of it) In addition to the plant attributes listed in Figure A.1, certain demanded a coarser scale of the same width, 1-3-5. The basis of 'auxiliary' attributes were also assembled (Fig. A.2) for each of the all re-scoring is also indicated in Figure A.l. The attribute 273 species. This was to provide an independent perspective for dispersal in space (DSPACE) was the only one to exhibit the results of the clustering. The attributes were largely considerable skewness in its frequency distribution. distributional in origin and were not included in the clustering The many significant correlations between these attributes itself. They were used simply to supply background information (Fig. 7.1) are discussed in Chapter 7 (p. 649). on the species clusters which emerged from the analysis of plant
THE CURRENT DATABASE 657 Figure A.2 An explanation of the 12 auxiliary (non-clustering) attributes which have been used to provide background information on the clusters of species (Figs. A.4-A.6) which emerged from the analysis. The information is presented in the same way as in Figure A.l.
Attribute: AMPLIT (Ecological amplitude)
Number of primary 1 20 ********** habitat groups (see 2 68 ********************************** below) in which the 3 67 ********************************** subject attains a 4 74 ************************************* score of 3 or more 5+ 44 **********************
Missing values: 0
Attribute: SOILPH (Soil surface pH)
Modal class of (5 .o 44 ********************** distribution in 5.0-5.9 59 ****************************** relation to soil 6.0-6.9 64 ******************************** surface pH 7.0 + 106 ***************************************************** Missing values: 0
Attribute: WETLAND (Affinity to the WETLAND primary habitat group) Quotient of < 0. 25 1 166 **************************************************************~*** percent 0.25-0.49 2 22 *********** frequencies, 0.50-1.99 3 38 ******************* group/ 2.00-3.99 4 10 ***** whole-survey 4. 00 + 5 37 ******************* Missing values: 0
Attribute: SKELETAL (Affinity to the SKELETAL primary habitat group)
Scored as for 1 104 **************************************************** 'WETLAND' 2 37 ******************* 3 95 ************************************************ 4 28 ************** 5 9 *****
Missing values:
Attribute: ARABLE (Affinity to the ARABLE primary habitat group)
Scored as for 1 182 **************************************************************~*** 'WETLAND' 2 13 ****** 3 36 ****************** 4 13 ****** 5 29 ************** Missing values: 0
Attribute: GRASSLD (Affinity to the GRASSLAND primary habitat group)
Scored as for 1 123 ************************************************************** 'WETLAND' 2 14 ******* 3 65 ********************************* 4 32 **************** 5 39 ******************** Missing values: 0
Attribute: SPOIL (Affinity to the SPOIL primary habitat group)
Scored as for 1 89 ********************************************* 'WETLAND' 2 23 ************ 3 102 *************************************************** 4 46 *********************** 5 13 *******
Missing values:
Attribute: WASTELD (Affinity to the WASTELAND primary habitat group)
Scored as for 1 73 ************************************* 'WETLAND' 2 25 ************* 3 122 ************************************************************* 4 44 ********************** 5 9 ***** Missing values: 0
658 APPENDIX: PATIERNS OF SPECIALIZATION Attribute: WOODLD (Affinity to the WOODLAND primary habitat group)
Scored as for 171 **************************************************************~*** 'WETLAND' 2 16 ******** 3 45 *********************** 4 21 *********** 5 20 ********** Missing values: 0
Attribute: FREQ (Percent frequency in the whole survey)
<1.0 1 94 *********************************************** 1.0-1.9 2 70 *********************************** 2.0-3.9 3 52 ************************** 4.0-6.9 4 30 *************** 7 .0+ % 5 27 ************** Missing values:
Attribute: STRESS (Index of mean environmental stress)
Stress 1.0-1.9 1 26 ************* co-ordinate 2.0-2.9 2 68 ********************************** corresponding 3.0-3.9 3 66 ********************************* to 'Estab. 4.0-4.9 4 67 ********************************** strategy' 5.0 5 46 ***********************
Missing values:
Attribute: DIST (Index of mean environmental disturbance)
Disturbance 1.0-1.9 1 20 ********** co-ordinate 2.0-2.9 2 68 ********************************** corresponding 3.0-3.9 3 71 ************************************ to 'Estab. 4.0-4.9 4 71 ** * * * * * * * * * **** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** strategy' 5.0 5 43 **********************
Missing values: attributes. Two of the auxiliary attributes, stress index (STRESS) based being constant throughout. The package effects the and disturbance index (D1ST), allow the results of the clustering to partitions using a transfer algorithm, and for each step (number of be examined in relation to C-S-R theory. They arise from a clusters in the analysis) it supplies the locally optimal value of the digitization in the stress and disturbance dimensions (Fig. 1.2) of sum-of-squares criterion S. Once the user has set the length of the each of the strategy types suggested under 'Established strategy' in series the clustering is all done automatically. However, the series the Autecological Accounts. of analyses thus generated forms only a module in the larger task of also seeking a globally optimal value and identity for p. This creates a super-series of analyses, consisting of many repetitions Clustering policy of the series just described, with progressive adjustments to the size of the attribute set as the super-series proceeds. It is assumed that a globally optimal partition of the n species into Grime eta/. ( 1987) established their own ad hoc guidelines for g clusters exists, such that species within a cluster are as this 'simultaneous global optimization' of g and p, based upon the homogeneous as possible among themselves and as different as few published principles then available. The guidelines for gwere possible from those in other clusters. Some of the p attributes will then developed further by Krzanowski and Lai (in press), by be more useful than others in defining such a partition, but neither means of extensive simulations based upon random data. These number nor the identity of the most useful attributes is known in two publications should be referred to for a full explanation of the advance. Additionally, there is no previous information on the methods used here. most sensible number of clusters in the partition. The purpose of the analysis, therefore, is to find the partition of the species with Briefly, the criterion V = gliPSis calculated for each step in the values of p and g optimized, the corresponding attributes basic series of reducing g. A 'stopping rule' locates the position of identified and the cluster membership of the species determined. greatest local change in V in its series across g, thus identifying the A set of n species can be partitioned into g clusters in very 'tightest' solution to the clustering problem for the given number many ways. A systematic approach to finding the globally optimal of attributes. The criterion of the stopping rule is based upon the partition in the sense defined above is to specify a criterion which quotient of adjacent increments (or decrements) in V. Its exact measures the 'goodness' of any given partition, then to identify the formulation is explained by Krzanowski and Lai (in press), and partition which optimizes that criterion. Various criteria and examples of it in operation appear later in Tables A.1-A.3. At this optimizations exist, but the size of the data matrix in the present position the attribute which exhibits the least variance between problem meant that the only computationally viable approach was clusters, and therefore contributes least to clustering over all, is the minimization of the within-cluster corrected sum of squares S, identified. This attribute is eliminated from the analysis and taken over all attributes. clustering is repeated on the basis of Jr 1 attributes. A new locally Computation was done by means ofthe GENSTAT package optimal V arises in a new series across g. (Alvey eta/. 1980). This requires the prior specification of a Repeating this cycle until all but two attributes are eliminated relatively large, randomly determined number of initial optimal thus yields a super-series in p of values of the stopping criterion, clusters. This number is then reduced in steps of one to form a each associated with a locally optimal classification from its own progressively reducing series of optimal classifications. In the series in g. The maximum value of the criterion in the super-series present case the series began at 15 clusters and ended at two, with then approximately identifies the globally optimal combination of the number of attributes upon which the clustering of species was g clusters and p attributes, since V, on which the stopping
CLUSTERING POLICY 659 criterion is based, is virtually stable across p for random data positions because the stopping rule necessarily operates upon (Krzanowski & Lai, in press). In practice, it is often useful to intervals between adjacent positions. Despite some variations, consider not only the optimal values of pand gthus identified, but the stopping criterion is broadly stable across both g and p, so high certain of their near rivals. values of the criterion may be taken to indicate 'tight' solutions to the clustering problem. Following the general approach outlined above, four Clustering the species in the database potentially optimal classifications emerge. The 'conservative g/ conservative p' classification lies at g = 3, p = 4, with a stopping Clustering of species has been performed on the basis of attributes criterion of 119; the 'liberal g/ conservative p' classification lies at of both the established and the regenerative phases (Fig. A.1 ), g= 13, p= 2, with a stopping criterion of27.1; the 'conservative considered both separately and in combination. In each analysis g/liberal II classification lies at g = 7, p = 12, with a stopping two variants of a final optimum classification have been criterion of 7.75; the 'liberal g/liberal p' classification lies at g= considered, with respect both to the g clusters and to the p 13, p = 14, with a stopping criterion of 7.67. attributes. For g, a 'conservative optimum' classification was initially defined as being the best within the range 3 < g < 8 clusters, and a 'liberal optimum' classification as being the best Attributes of the regenerative phase only within the range 9 < g < 14 clusters. For p the 'conservative Table A.2lists all values of the stopping criterion for the clustering the best optimum' classification was initially defined as being of species according to these attributes. There are data for the within the range 2 < p < 9 attributes, and the 'liberal optimum' sequence g = 14, 13, ... , 3 clusters and for p = 11, 10, ... , 2 classification as being the best within the range 10 < p < 16. attributes (see Fig. 7.1). The thresholds for the 'conservative p' these When the size of the attribute set was varied in later analyses and 'liberal p' classifications were set to 2 < p < 6 and 7 < p < 11 thus thresholds for pwere adjusted appropriately. The approach respectively. The span of g is again reduced from that of its yielded four possible contingencies of classification for each starting positions because of the nature of the stopping rule. High attribute set. values of the criterion indicate 'tight' solutions to the clustering of the auxiliary attributes (Fig. A.2), The cluster means problem. particularly the stress, disturbance and habitat indices, provide a Four potentially optimal classifications again emerge. The convenient background to a graphical representation of the 'conservative g/ conservative p' classification lies at g = 8, p = 4, positions of the optimal clusters, which would otherwise involve with a stopping criterion of 18.0; the 'liberal g/ conservative p' the less satisfactory method of choosing arbitrary pairs of axes classification lies at g = 10, p = 2, with a stopping criterion of 35.6; from within the multidimensional data structures. These indices the 'conservative g/liberal II classification lies at g= 6, p= 7, with also provide the independent basis required for an objective a stopping criterion of 22.9; the 'liberal g/liberal p' classification comparison of the results of the clustering with predictions from lies at g = 12, p = 10, with a stopping criterion of 15.4. C-S-R theory.
Attributes of the established and regenerative phases Outcome of the clustering combined Table A.3lists all values of the stopping criterion for the clustering Attributes of the established phase only of species according to a combination of both of the main sets of Table A.1lists all values of the stopping criterion for the clustering attributes. Therearedataforthesequence g= 14, 13, ... , 3 clusters of species according to these attributes. There are data for the and for p= 27, 26, ... , 2 attributes (see Fig. A.1). The thresholds sequence g = 14, 13, ... , 3 clusters and for p = 16, 15, ... , 2 for the 'conservative p' and 'liberal II classifications were set to attributes. The span of g is reduced from that of its starting 2 < p < 9 and 10 < p < 27, respectively.
Table A.l Values of the 'stopping criterion' obtained during the classification of the 273 species into g clusters according top attributes of the established phase.
p g 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
14 0.15 0.42 0.25 0.39 1.43 2.46 3.76 4.42 1.67 22.86* 0.92 0.13 0.55 1.58 1.18 13 7.45* 2.13 7.67** 6.79* 1.53 1.39 0.90 0.42 0.68 0.39 2.06 2.73 0.14 0.05 27.09** 12 1.44 1.09 1.52 0.63 1.73 0.40 1.73 0.68 0.74 0.50 0.26 2.28 12.60 7.02* 0.12 11 0.33 0.49 0.82 0.73 0.65 2.17 0.24 0.84 1.64 1.98 3.05 2.48 0.04 2.68 1.00 10 2.15 1.76 1.28 2.83 1.67 1.65 1.65 1.13 0.32 3.15 1.25 0.64 14.82 0.38 2.83 9 1.59 1.14 0.61 0.54 0.88 1.13 1.47 2.22 3.92 0.58 1.74 0.51 0.16 1.74 2.19 8 0.41 0.87 0.61 0.64 0.19 0.28 0.61 0.47 1.18 1.33 0.77 1.86 2.43 6.85 0.38 7 1.98 2.95 3.96 1.72 7.75** 1.08 4.76 0.20 1.54 0.39 3.20 1.65 4.47 0.32 0.91 6 1.67 0.64 0.40 1.85 0.25 1.19 0.22 12.07* 1.85 1.98 1.04 0.54 0.82 5.52 1.17 5 0.67 0.53 3.86 1.30 4.31 2.89* 5.32* 2.08 0.03 0.69 0.30 2.24 0.25 0.17 1.23 4 2.44 4.40* 0.87 1.68 1.78 1.70 1.02 0.93 25.40* 4.05 0.62 0.07 0.18 1.00 3.47 3 0.94 0.83 1.10 0.89 0.87 0.99 1.28 1.40 1.33 1.27 5.15* 23.70* 119.27** 5.68 1.38
For each p the value of the stopping criterion is asterisked at the optimal position in g. The four positions identified as 'liberal optimum' and 'conservative optimum' classifications are double-asterisked.
660 APPENDIX: PATTERNS OF SPECIALIZATION Table A2 Values of the 'stopping criterion' obtained during the classification of the 273 species into g clusters according top attributes of the regenerative phase.
p g 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
14 2.72 0.28 6.96* 2.74 1.03 2.14 1.35 0.48 0.41 0.27 13 0.15 0.95 0.56 0.09 0.64 2.56 0.65 8.75 1.42 2.14 12 2.21 15.43** 0.30 4.44 1.03 0.59 1.04 0.06 5.14* 1.00 11 2.86* 0.39 2.54 5.58* 1.18 0.18 0.97 9.53 0.38 0.03 10 0.65 1.70 1.65 0.76 0.67 4.51* 1.17 0.51 0.20 35.55** 9 2.00 1.86 1.12 1.28 3.22 1.96 0.56 0.31 3.55 7.09 8 0.95 0.55 1.59 0.55 1.27 0.38 1.43 18.04** 3.13 0.19 7 1.04 1.49 0.68 3.39 0.04 3.79 1.42 0.13 1.40 5.21 6 1.61 0.95 0.96 0.50 22.86** 0.69 1.60 0.36 0.45 0.14 5 1.07 1.72 2.27 0.85 2.04 1.91 4.72* 17.78 2.68 2.21 4 1.00 0.76 0.60 1.68 0.12 0.50 0.10 1.71 0.84 4.88 3 2.14 2.62 2.82 3.13 10.11 3.34 0.51 0.37 0.06 0.13 For each p the value of the stopping criterion is asterisked at the optimal position in g. The four positions identified as 'liberal optimum' and 'conservative optimum' classifications are double-asterisked.
Table A3 Values of the 'stopping criterion' obtained during the classification of the 273 species into g clusters according to p attributes of the established-and-regenerative phases.
p g 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
14 0.18 0.65 0.65 3.14 1.07 1.15 3.15 0.70 3.30* 2.81 0.99 3.62 1.50 13 2.93 1.67 3.06* 0.31 0.51 2.60 1.35 1.44 0.69 0.78 0.50 0.12 0.32 12 1.77 1.24 1.43 1.88 1.08 0.82 1.03 1.08 0.65 0.44 0.97 5.86* 2.86 11 1.16 0.61 0.84 2.19 1.78 0.57 0.77 1.65 0.74 1.19 0.82 0.83 0.76 10 1.13 1.46 1.15 0.79 0.65 1.47 0.60 0.82 2.17 1.83 2.66 1.86 1.86 9 0.85 1.15 0.87 0.93 1.09 1.72 3.59* 1.79* 1.16 1.15 0.64 0.55 0.84 8 1.00 1.08 1.41 1.18 1.43 0.98 0.42 0.72 1.28 1.40 2.12 1.84 1.05 7 1.53 0.47 0.72 1.21 0.46 0.43 1.15 1.14 0.81 0.29 0.16 1.25 2.30 6 0.47 2.52* 1.83 0.71 2.82* 0.96 1.93 1.09 0.92 4.45* 8.08* 1.28 0.55 5 3.90* 1.80 1.18 3.17* 1.42 3.67* 1.46 1.80 2.84 0.81 0.77 0.95 3.16 4 0.74 0.61 1.40 0.53 1.39 1.26 1.35 1.32 1.14 2.02 2.04 2.21 0.18 3 1.10 1.68 1.06 1.82 0.79 0.94 1.15 1.12 0.78 0.97 0.99 0.77 4.37* (Table A.3, cont.)
p g 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
14 1.57 0.94 0.31 1.73 14.09* 0.86 9.17 132.91* 0.87 2.48 1.08 1.99 0.26 13 0.76 1.36 2.30 2.46 0.20 0.95 0.19 0.38 5.79 0.00 0.09 0.06 2.69 12 2.41* 0.44 1.08 0.36 2.23 0.60 2.78 0.85 1.70 316.04* 10.49 41.96* 0.99 11 0.24 2.70 0.81 2.46 1.33 0.28 1.10 0.68 0.79 0.16 0.33 0.16 0.15 10 1.75 0.75 0.88 0.82 1.22 7.84* 0.76 3.37 1.12 21.07 4.08 19.59 7.72 9 2.32 0.99 0.93 1.12 1.03 0.70 1.30 0.75 1.94 0.09 0.12 0.07 0.19 8 0.69 1.13 0.40 0.02 0.26 0.34 0.12 1.62 2.43 11.02 18.87* 6.95 13.39* 7 1.39 2.06 4.10 23.13** 1.73 5.53 13.03* 0.68 0.11 1.26 1.11 1.30 3.95 6 1.32 0.42 2.34 2.78 2.81 0.32 0.38 1.03 0.73 0.31 0.24 0.46 0.17 5 1.97 3.79* 0.13 0.46 0.53 1.56 0.46 0.25 17.99* 2.51 2.99 5.05 2.32 4 0.99 0.56 7.66* 5.50 4.46 6.01 19.60 11.19 0.01 0.83 0.73 1.82 2.01 3 0.53 2.08 1.29 1.57 1.04 0.22 0.13 0.44 35.60 1.01 0.95 0.30 0.10
For each p the value of the stopping criterion is asterisked at the optimal position in g. The four positions identified as 'liberal optimum' and 'conservative optimum' classifications are double-asterisked.
OUTCOME OF THE CLUSTERING 661 Dataset Number of Number of Stopping criterion used clusters attributes ------Rank Value Bar chart
E + R liberal conservative 1 316 ******************************** (Fig. A .6) E conservative conservative 2 119 ************ (Fig. A.4) R liberal conservative 3 35.6 **** (Fig. A.5) E liberal conservative 4 27.1 E + R conservative liberal 5 23.1 R conservative liberal 6 22.8 E + R conservative conservative 7 18.8 .. R conservative conservative 8 18.0 •• R liberal liberal 9 15.4 •• E + R liberal liberal 10 14.1 E conservative liberal 11 7.8 . E liberal liberal 12 7.7 • Figure A.3 A ranking of the 12 'strongest' classifications to emerge from the cluster analysis. For terminology, see text, p. 660.
Four potentially optimal classifications again emerge. The markedly hyperbolic in shape, with relatively few strong 'conservative g/ conservative p' classification lies at g = 8, p = 4, classifications and relatively many others. Though each of the 12 with a stopping criterion of 18.9; the 'liberal g/conservative p' classifications may be defined as optimal in its own local respect, classification lies at g= 12, p= 5, with a stopping criterion of316; the histogram is dominated by the strongest three. Of these, by the 'conservative g/liberal p' classification lies at g = 7, p = 11, good fortune, there is one classification from each of the three with a stopping criterion of 23.1; the 'liberal g/liberal p' principal databases. classification lies at g = 14, p = 10, with a stopping criterion of 14.1.
Detailed results of the clustering An appraisal of all 12 classifications Three figures provide the results: Figure A.4 for the classification Because the stopping criterion is broadly stable, for random data, according to attributes of the established phase, Figure A.5 across any collection of gclusters and pattributes, the 12 stopping according to attributes of the regenerative phase, and Figure A.6 criteria recognized above may legitimately be compared with one for the classification according to both combined. another. Their relative magnitudes indicate the degrees of For each cluster in each classification the layout of data is 'tightness' in the classifications which they respectively represent. standard. First, there are the cluster mean values of those Figure A.3 presents the criteria in rank order. clustering attributes which survived the progressive and objective Classifications based upon established, regenerative and eliminations described above. Their units are as defined in Figure established-plus-regenerative attributes do not differ A.l. Next, there are the mean values of three of the auxiliary systematically with respect to rank order of stopping criterion: all attributes: ecological amplitude, soil surface pH and frequency in are equally represented throughout. The same is true the UCPE Survey II (p. 9), all as defined in Figure A.2. A habitat classifications which are either 'conservative' or 'liberal' with tree follows, indicating the mean affinity of all species in the cluster respect to number of clusters. Attribute number, however, shows to the seven primary habitat groups (p. 11 ), and finally the a distinct tendency towards strong 'conservative' classifications distribution of the members of the cluster is shown within the and relatively weaker 'liberal' ones. C-S-R triangle. The histogram of value against rank for the stopping criterion is These results are discussed in detail in Chapter 7 (p. 648).
662 APPENDIX: PATTERNS OF SPECIALIZATION CLUSTER NUMBER: Location within the C-S-R triangle:
Mean values of clustering attributes: c SPREAD= 2.1 LIFEHIST = 4.4 STOR 4.3 CANOPY = 2.5
Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPL IT = 3. 5 SO I LPH = 5. 7 MFREQ 2. 5
Affinity to the primary habitat groups:
·------! Wetland ! 1.1 !------· ! Skeletal ·------·------! 2. 6 8 8 Arable Grassland ! 4 1 1.7 2.8 !------· ! Spoi 1 2. 5 *------* Wasteland Woodland 2.9 1.7
CLUSTER NUMBER: Location within the C-S-R triangle: Mean values of clustering attributes: c SPREAD = 3.7 LIFEHIST = 4.6 STOR = 3.7 CANOPY = 4.8
Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPL IT = 3. 1 SO I LPH = 5. 6 MFREQ 2. 4
Affinity to the primary habitat groups:
·------! 9 Wetland 2.5 !------* Skeletal ·------·------! 2. 2 Arable Grassland 1.5 2.4 !------* Spoi 1 2. 2 * ------* Wasteland Woodland 2.5 2.1
CLUSTER NUMBER: Location within the C-S-R triangle: Mean values of clustering attributes: c SPREAD= 1.1 LIFEHIST = 1.2 STOR = 1.1 CANOPY = 3.9
Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPL IT = 3. 1 SO I LPH = 6. 4 FREQ 1. 9
Affinity to the primary habitat groups: ·------! Wetland 1.4 !------* Skeletal *------*------! 2. 3 Arable Grassland ! 9 3.3 1.9 !------· Spoil 3.4 ! *------* Wasteland Woodland 2.2 1.3
Figure A.4 An outline of results from the optimal classification of species with respect to attributes of the established phase. For each of three clusters of species the following data are given: mean values of the attributes with respect to which clustering was performed (the objective selection of these attributes is described on pp. 659-660 and their scales of units are explained in Fig. A.l ); mean values of the auxiliary (non-clustering) attributes (scales of units explained in Fig. A.2); a tree showing the affinity (see Fig. A.2) of the cluster to each of the seven primary habitat groups (see Fig. 2.2); a diagram showing the distribution of members of the cluster within the C-S-R triangle (according to the 'Established strategies' identified within the Autecological Accounts), values plotted are numbers of species at each location (the numeral '9' represents values of 9 and above). These results are discussed in Chapter 7 (p. 650).
DETAILED RESULTS FROM THE CLUSTERING 663 Figure A.S An outline of results from the optimal classification of species with respect to attributes of the regenerative phase. For each of ten clusters of species data are presented as explained in Figure A.4. These results are discussed in Chapter 7 (p. 651).
CLUSTER NUMBER: CLUSTEH NUMBER:
Mean values of clustering attributes: Mean values of clustering attributes: GIN!T = 3.7 SSHAPE = 1.0 GINIT = 1.0 SSHAPE = 3.0 Mean values of auxiliary attributes: Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPLIT = 3. 6 SOILPH = 6. 0 FREQ 2.5 AMPLIT = 3. 3 SOILPH = 5. 8 FREQ 2.3
Affinity to the primary habitat groups: Affinity to the primary habitat groups:
! *------! *------! Wetland Wetland 1.5 !------* 1. 9 ! ------* Skeletal ! Skeletal *------*------! 2.4 *------*------! 2. 4 Arable Grassland Arable Grassland ! 2.1 2. 5 !------* 1. 5 2. 7 ! ------* ! Spoil ! Spoil 2.6 2.2 *------* Wasteland Woodland Wasteland Woodland 3.0 2.1 2.6 2.2
Location within the C-S-R triangle: Location within the C-S-R triangle: c c
CLUSTER NUMBER: CLUSTER NUMBER: Mean values of clustering attributes: Mean values of clustering attributes: G!NIT ~ 4.6 SSHAPE = 1.0 GINIT = 1.8 SSHAPE = 1.0 Mean values of auxiliary attributes: Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPLIT = 3.1 SOILPH ~ 5.7 FREQ 2.3 AMPLIT ~ 3.0 SOILPH = 5.6 FREQ 2. 2
Affinity to the primary habitat groups: Affinity to the primary habitat groups: *------!! *------! Wetland Wetland ! 2.0 !------* 2.2 !------* ! Skeletal Skeletal *------*------! 2.4 *------*------! 1.9 Arable Grassland Arable Grassland ! 2.1 2.6 !------* 2.1 2.5 !------* Spoil ! Spoil 2. 7 2. 4 *------* Wasteland Woodland Wasteland Woodland 2.3 1.6 2.4 1.8
Location within the C-S-R triangle: Location within the C-S-R triangle: c c
664 APPENDIX: PATI'ERNS OF SPECIALIZATION CLUSTER NUMBER: CLUSTER NUMBER:
Mean values of clustering attributes: Mean values of clustering attributes: GINIT = 3.1 SSHAPE = 3.0 GINIT = 1.2 SSHAPE = 5.0 Mean values of auxiliary attributes: Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPLIT = 2. 7 SOILPH = 5. 5 FREQ 1.9 AMPLIT = 3.2 SOILPH = 5.8 FREQ 2.5 Affinity to the primary habitat groups: Affinity to the primary habitat groups:
*------! *------! Wetland Wetland ! 2. 8 ! ------* 2.1 !------* Skeletal Skeletal *------*------! 2.4 *------·------! 2.3 Arable Grassland Arable Grassland 1.4 2.1 !------* 1. 9 2. 2 ! ------· Spoil ! Spoil 2.0 2.6 *------* Wasteland Woodland Wasteland Woodland 1.8 1.6 2.6 2.0
Location witt1in the C-S-R triangle: Location within the C-S-R triangle: c c I
6 5 9 1
CLUSTER NUMBER: 6 CLUSTER NUMBER: Mean values of clustering attributes: Mean values of clustering attributes: GINIT = 2.0 SSHAPE = 3.0 GINIT = 5.0 SSHAPE = 1.0 Mean values of auxiliary attributes: Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPLIT = 3.5 SOILPH = 6.4 FREQ 2.8 AMPLIT = 3.2 SOILPH = 5.8 FREQ 2.4 Affinity to the primary habitat groups: Affinity to the primary habitat groups: ·------! ·------! Wetland ! Wetland ! 2. 1 ! ------* 2.0 !------· ! Skeletal Skeletal *------·------! 2.9 ·------·------! 2.2 Arable Grassland Arable Grassland ! 1.8 1.9 !------* 1.6 2.7 !------· Spoil ! Spoil 2.6 2,7 ·------· Wasteland·------· Woodland Wasteland Woodland 2.6 1.9 3.0 1.6
Location within the C-S-R triangle: Location within the C-S-R triangle: c c
DETAILED RESULTS FROM THE CLUSTERING 665 CLUSTER NUMBER: 9 CLUSTER NUMBER: 10
Mean values of clustering attributes: Mean values of clustering attributes: G!NIT = 4.2 SSHAPE = 5.0 G!NIT = 1.0 SSHAPE = 3.0
Mean values of auxiliary attributes: Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPLIT = 3.6 SOILPH = 5.5 FREQ 2. 3 AMPLIT = 4.0 SOILPH = 6.0 FREQ 2. 5
Affinity to the primary habitat groups: Affinity to the primary habitat groups: *------! ·------! Wetland Wetland 2.0 !------* 1.0 ! ------* Skeletal ! Skeletal *------*------! 2 0 2 *------*------! 3.5 Arable Grassland ! Arable Grassland 2.0 2.5 !------* 1.0 4.0 !------* ! Spoil Spoil 2. 5 3.5 *------* Wasteland Woodland Wasteland Woodland 2.8 2.3 3.0 1.0
Location within the C-S-R triangle: Location within the C-S-R triangle: c c
666 APPENDIX: PATTERNS OF SPECIALIZATION Figure A.6 An outline of results from the optimal classification of species with respect to the combined attributes of the established and regenerative phases. For each of 12 clusters of species data are presented as explained in Figure A.4. These results are discussed in Chapter 7 (p. 651 ).
CLUSTER NUMBER: CLUSTER NUMBER:
Mean values of clustering attributes: Mean values of clustering attributes: STOR = 5.0 GINIT = 1.2 SSHAPE 1.7 STOR = 3.0 GINIT = 1.2 SSHAPE 2.2 DTIME = 3.7 SWT = 1.4 DTIME = 4.9 SWT = 2.7 Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPLIT = 3.0 SOILPH = 5.6 FREQ 2.1 Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPL IT = 3. 3 SO I LPII = 5. 3 FREQ 2. 3 Affinity to the primary habitat groups: Affinity to the primary habitat groups: *------! Wetland ·------! 2.1 !------* Wetland ! Skeletal 2.8 ! ------* *------·------! 3. 1 Skeletal Arable Grassland *------*------! 2. 3 1.4 1.6 !------* Arable Gra·ssland Spoil 1.2 2.9 !------* 2. 1 Spoil 2.1 *------* Wasteland Woodland 1.9 2. 1 Wasteland Woodland 2.4 1.7
Location within the C-S-R triangle: Location within the C-S-R triangle: c c
R
CLUSTER NUMBER: CLUSTER NUMBER:
Mean values of clustering attributes: Mean values of clustering attributes: STOR = 1.0 GINIT = 1.4 SSHAPE 1.7 STOR = 1.9 GINIT = 4.4 SSHAPE 3.2 DTIME = 5.0 SWT = 2.5 DTIME = 4.7 SWT = 3.6
Mean values of auxiliary attributes: Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPLIT = 3.3 SOILPH = 6.3 FREQ 1.4 AMPLIT = 2. 7 SOILPH = 5.8 FREQ 1.9
Affinity to the primary habitat groups: Affinity to the primary habitat groups:
*------! *------! Wetland Wetland 2.1 ! ------* 1.7 ! ------* Skeletal Ske leta 1 2. 7 *------*------! 2. 0 Arable Grassland Arable Grassland ! 2. 6 1. 7 1 ------* 2.4 2.1 '------* Spoil Spoi 1 3. 5 2.7
Wasteland Woodland Wasteland Woodland 2.4 1.0 2.2 1.7
Location within the C-S-R triangle: Location within the C-S-R triangle: c c
DETAILED RESULTS FROM THE CLUSTERING 667 CLUSTER NUMBER: CLUSTER NUMBER: Mean values of clustering attributes: Mean values of clustering attributes: STOR = 5.0 GINIT = 1.7 SSHAPE 4.6 STOR = 4.3 GINIT = 4.2 SSHAPE 5.0 DTIME = 1.7 SWT = 3.8 DTIME = 3.7 SWT = 4.5
Mean values of auxiliary attributes: Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPLIT = 3.5 SO!LPH = 6.1 FREQ 2.6 AMPL!T = 3.5 SOILPH = 5.9 FREQ 2.4
Affinity to the primary habitat groups: Affinity to the primary habitat groups:
! ·------! *------! Wetland ! Wetland 1.4 !------* 2. 0 ! ------* ! Skeletal ! Skeletal ·------·------! 3.1 *------·------! 1. 9 Arable Grassland ! Arable Grassland 1.7 2.3 !------· 2.0 2.5 !------* Spoil Spoil 3.1 2.4 ·------· *------* Wasteland Woodland Wasteland Woodland 3.1 1.6 2.6 2.5
Location within the C-S-R triangle: Location within the C-S-R triangle: c c
R
CLUSTER NUMBER: 6 CLUSTER NUMBER:
Mean values of clustering attributes: Mean values of clustering attributes: STOR = 2.7 GINIT = 1.0 SSHAPE 4.4 STOR = 4.8 GINIT = 2.8 SSHAPE 1.9 DTIME = 1.3 SWT = 4.0 DTIME = 4.5 SWT = 4.9
Mean values of auxiliary attributes: Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPLIT = 3.4 SOILPH = 5.8 FREQ 2.9 AMPLIT = 3.5 SOILPH = 5.9 FREQ 2.8 Affinity to the primary habitat groups: Affinity to the primary habitat groups: *------! *------! Wetland Wetland 1.4 !------* 1.9 !------* ! Skeletal ! Skeletal *------*------! 2. 8 *------*------! 2.0 Arable Grassland ! Arable Grassland 1.7 3.2 !------* 2.3 3.1 !------* ! Spoil Spoil 2.5 2. 8 *------* Wasteland Woodland Wasteland Woodland 2.8 1.8 3.4 1.6
Location within the C-8-R triangle: Location within the C-S-R triangle: c c
5
R
668 APPENDIX: PATTERNS OF SPECIALIZATION CLUSTER NUMBER: CLUSTER NUMBER: 11
Mean values of clustering attributes: Mean values of clustering attributes: STOR = 4.2 GINIT = 4.2 SSHAPE 2.2 STOR = 4.8 GINIT = 4.8 SSHAPE 2.1 DTIME = 4.4 SWT = 2.4 DTIME = 3.5 SWT = 4.8
Mean values of auxiliary attributes: Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPLIT = 2.9 SOILPH = 5.5 FREQ 1.9 AMPLIT = 2.6 SOILPH = 5.6 FREQ 2.3
Affinity to the primary habitat groups: Affinity to the primary habitat groups:
·------! *------! Wetland Wetland 2.1 !------* 1.9 !------* ! Skeletal Skeletal *------*------! 2.2 *------*------! 1. 6 Arable Grassland ! Arable Grassland ! 1.7 2.3 !------* 1.2 1.9 !------* ! Spoil Spoil 2. 8 1.7 *------* Wasteland Woodland Wasteland Woodland 2.2 1.5 2.5 3. 2
Location within the C-S-R triangle: Location within the C-S-R triangle: c c
R
CLUSTER NUMBER: 10 CLUSTER NUMBER: 12
Mean values of clustering attributes: Mean values of clustering attributes: STOR = 3.5 GINIT = 1.3 SSHAPE 5.0 STOR = 2.1 GINIT = 4.5 SSHAPE 1.0 DTIME = 4.7 SI'T = 2.7 DTIME = 4.6 SWT = 4.3
Mean values of auxiliary attributes: Mean values of auxiliary attributes: AMPLIT = 3,7 SOILPH = 6.0 FREQ 3.0 AMPLIT = 3.1 SOILPH = 5.8 FREQ 2.1
Affinity to the primary habitat groups: Affinity to the primary habitat groups:
·------! ·------! Wetland Wetland 2.4 !------* 2.0 !------* Skeletal Skeletal ·------*------! 2.5 *------*------! 1.7 Arable Grassland ! Arable Grassland 1.9 2.6 !------* 2.6 2.3 !------* Spoil Spoil 2. 9 2.4 ·------* Wasteland Woodland Wasteland Woodland 2.7 1.6 2.5 2.0
Location within the C-S-R triangle: Location within the C-S-R triangle: c c
4
R
DETAILED RESULTS FROM THE CLUSTERING 669 REFERENCES
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REFERENCES 697 Subject Index
Bold numbers refer to pages on which a subject is treated under its own heading.
In the case of a subject occurring within the text of an Autecological Account only the left-hand page of the Account is indexed. However, the subject may also (or only) occur within material which over-runs onto a right-hand page.
Abundance 1, 17, 30,42,52, 126,242,280,348,616,651 inability to set seed at 74, 592 beneath suppressed competitors 450 poor performance at 57 4 fluctuations in relative 48, 220, 296 restriction to 594 high 264 low local 164, 428, 544, 602 bias towards 340, 390 low 246 restriction to 80, 162, 312, 604 maintained by agriculture 572, 57 4 problems of establishment at 134 manipulation of relative 52 Altitudinal limits 38, 98, 230, 240, 244, 252, 260, 340, 492, 524, maximum 190 526,532,540,606 trends in see Population trends Aluminium 46 widespread 186,348,366,406 foliar concentrations of 144, 296, 316, 460, 592 Active foraging see Foraging tolerance of high substrate 222 Adventive species 218 Amenity Aestivation grassland species 60, 64, 210, 222, 276, 378, 442 of bulb 328 lawn weeds 124,182,200,208,302,386,392,466,504,568 of corm 474 purposes, species unsuitable 126 of dormant apices 456 use 30, 54, 280, 382, 540, 574 Aggregate species 294, 344, 452 tonnage sown in 276, 280, 378, 382, 574 Agriculture 8 Ammonium ion 46 cultivated species 218, 226, 284, 286, 324, 378, 432, 572, 574 intolerance of 122 developments in 410, 496 tolerance of 118 intensive methods of 204, 216, 218, 358, 360 Ammonium salts minimum tillage 318 increased yield where added 136, 186 ploughing and regeneration 434, 440, 484, 502 suppression by 56, 364, 472, 572 species now little used in 210, 278, 384, 406, 444, 578 Anaerobic soil conditions see Soils unsuitability for 122 Animal dispersal usein 78,210,214,218,278,280,324,378,382,442,572, seeds see Seed dispersal 574 see also Fruit dispersal over-reliance on 378 Annual see Life-cycle tonnage sown in 378, 382, 432, 444, 572, 574 Aquatic 'weeds' of 176,214,220,336,364,500,560 emergent species 92, 256, 542, 582 arable land 5, 11, 56, 62, 80, 90, 100, 102, 116, 140, 152, habitats 182,184,188,196,204,238,254,272,288,290, destruction of 366, 420, 458 318,326,358,360,372,390,410,426,442,446, extension into 330 452,454,492,500,526,530,536,538,544,554, species of 28, 62, 68, 92, 142, 154, 162, 234, 256, 346, 576,590,598,606,616 366,430,450,480 broad-leaved crops 288, 450, 452, 454, 526, 530, 542, populations, derived from land 590 form following flooding 450 cereal crops 288, 360, 426, 446, 452, 598, 606 semi-, species 310, 342, 346, 600 grassland 336 submerged species 92, 234, 456, 482 horticulture 492 Aromatic species 104, 106, 318, 390, 396, 422 pasture 220, 500, 560 Arctic habitats, species of 146, 266 deleterious effects on yield 5 54 Artificial habitats, species of 116, 118, 132, 144, 148, 152, 158, see also Weed species 190,222,244,246,248,254,276,280,320,322,324,334, see also Grassland, Meadow, Pasture species 344,348,350,368,370,374,376,382,386,408,410,422, Alien species 13, 234, 242, 338, 488, 522 426,446,452,484,500,502,504,520,524,526,536,538, Allelopathic species 238, 468 760,576 Altitude 7, 10, 11, 26, 43 Associated floristic diversity see Diversity and edaphic tolerance 528, 534 Associated species 28, 48 and phenology 422 absence of 114 and shade 362, 398, 462, 468, 604, 610 presence of 60, 64, 76, 80, 82, 88, 92, 362, 428, 586, 594 effects of 60 Aspect preference 11, 26 ,44, 54, 60, 94, 110, 112, 128, 130, 132, effects on competition 192 134,160,166,170,178,202,216,222,236,240,260,286, habitats at varying 292 292,296,306,354,376,380,392,398,404,424,460,474, high 506,512,560,592,604,612 decreasing seed viability 540 range 7, 10
INDEX 699 Attributes 654, 657, 660 early 506 correlations between 648 late 470 of established phase 34, 618 648, 650, 651, 654, 657, 660, expansion, causing shoot death 202 663,667 exploitation of phase before development of 328, 358 of regenerative phase 651, 654, 657, 660, 664, 667 -forming species 144, 186, 206, 244, 286, 312, 398, 430, 434, predictive value of 647 488,506 tables of 616 gaps and flowering 380, 558 Autecological accounts germination under 136 contents of 20, 30 height 292, 424, 580, 596, 618 increase in abundance under 256 long-lived 580 Bare soil 10, 13, 27, 47 non-flowering shoots and 282 species exploiting 124, 126, 208, 226, 228, 298, 302, 316, open 582 330,332,334,344,348,350,360,392,406,414,440, persistence beneath 308, 376, 386, 558 484,492,504,506,508,526,550,560,598 of young plants 318 Biennial see Life-cycle protrusion through gaps in 286, 550, 570, 574 Biochemistry 448, 651 sparse 258 Biological in old bushes 584 control, weed species 520, 584 spatial distribution of 34 specialisation, intermediate degree of 352 species occupying top part of 366 Biomass, above-ground 51 structure 618, 648 annual increase in 274, 394, 400 suppression by 84 little seasonal change in 166 tall, species successful in 214 peak 96,194,282,398,464 timing of maximum 308, 546, 612 in summer 128, 186, 300, 334, 356, 368, 370, 466, 482, understorey species 150, 160, 192, 206, 234, 260, 294, 296, 510,548,572,578 304,316,386,398,446,448,462,550,564,594,606, reduced after severe winters 324 614 total contribution to 436 'Capitalist species' 3 large 570 Carbohydrates, storage 16 small 436 Carbon metabolism 35 shoot 20, 130, 236, 352 C3 118,518 Bird C4 116 dispersal see Seeds CA~ 234,456,478,518 nesting, species suitable for 314 Carpet-forming species 222, 308, 314, 406 Bud-break, timing of 54, 126, 206, 286, 540, 586 Chilling and germination see Seed dormancy breaking Bulb-forming species 92, 328 Chloride concentration, high 118 Burned sites Chloroplasts, absence of 142 distribution biased towards 334 Chromosome increase in frequency in 176 numbers 21, 22, 32, 34, 70, 82, 86, 102, 146, 150, 160, 208, minor component of 122, 202, 466 214,290,298,336,444,488,619 species of 130, 296, 422, 516 races 146, 212 Burning 37 Cinder tips, species of 66, 242, 444, 488, 522, 524, 526, 570, controlled 31 576 maintenance by 584 Cliff-tops, species of 136, 352 tolerance of 144, 240 Cliffs, species of 37, 110, 112, 138, 156, 204, 212, 230, 280, 408, increase in abundance after 96, 260 520,534,564,580,584 limited tolerance of 214, 222, 266, 332, 350 Climate 7, 8, 9 protection against 172 and cyanogenic phenotypes 574 restriction of competitors by 498, 546, 578, 596 in relation to life-cycle 80, 290, 404 susceptibility to 134, 186, 202, 276, 292, 418 in relation to life-form 42 tolerance of 60, 82, 120, 126, 128, 178, 264, 374, 406, 444, Climbing see Scrambling 468,592,594,614 Climatic adaptations morphological 544 c-s-R physiological 144 model 3,22,34,48,51,647,648,659 agents of disturbance 5 strategist 24, 35, 37, 51 factors limiting distribution 98, 104, 106, 178, 180, 204, 240, Calcicole habit 112, 120, 122, 128, 298, 310, 316, 352, 408, 518, 242,262,270,340,488,522,530,562,564,592,604, 564 612 Calcifuge habit 46, 48, 66, 222, 226, 296, 316, 326, 418, 534, 592 dependence on snow protection 592, 594 Calcium, foliar concentrations of 102, 120, 144, 202, 214, 220, factors and reproduction 354 238,264,266,276,280,290,304,316,318,324,326,348, requirements 350, 402, 434 350,378,398,402,424,438,442,468,510,580,588 tolerance 42, 72, 82, 126, 222, 240, 554 Calcium levels in substrate, high Climax vegetation 270, 470 inhibition by 350 Clonal species 43, 56, 124, 128, 142, 154, 166, 168, 170, 192, requirement for 422, 564 196,216,222,240,244,256,258,264,276,280,284,292, indifference to 250 296,310,312,314,318,326,336,342,348,354,356,370, Calcium nutrition, variation in 276 374,380,382,384,394,398,402,414,420,424,430,444, Callunetum, establishment in 126 466,468,478,482,488,532,542,548,550,552,570,574, Canals, species of 92, 366, 456, 458 580,582,588,592,594,600,604,608 Canopy 650 Closed vegetation 208, 318 dense, capacity for development of 128, 238, 244, 312, 374, Clump-forming species 214, 222, 350, 358 430,488,506,586,588,592,608 CLUSTAN statistical package 28 produced by young bushes 584 Cluster analysis 648, 650, 651, 654, 657, 659, 660, 662 emergence Coal waste see ~ining spoil
700 INDEX Cold Common names see Nomenclature damage Common species 2, 29, 246, 280, 298, 318, 336, 348 364, 366, susceptibility to 108, 224, 324, 470, 528, 586 396,404,414,426,438,448,452,466,468,470,476,488, in spring 406, 434, 470, 586 498,506,508,526,554,576,606 to leaves formed in mild weather 508 Communities 1 to xylem vessels 586 Community resistance to 128, 316 diversity 52 see also Diversity sensitivity 224, 234, 260, 286, 314, 366, 440, 450, 468, 480, dynamics 51, 52 488,562,574,592 ecology 50 seedlings 7 4 resilience 52 tolerance 54, 238, 240, 276, 354, 424, 432, 438, 444, 446, resistance 52 472,476,570 stability 52 seedlings 486 structure 50 Colonisation Comparative approach 1, 2, 6, 33, 647 ability for 114, 196 Competition effective 56, 58, 60, 62, 66, 106, 110, 112, 116, 154, 156, by roots 126 158,182,200,208,242,244,246,248,250,262, from more robust species 334, 420 280,304,308,320,336,342,366,372,380,434, lack of in disturbed habitats 108 452,458,480,486,512,524,526,536,560,568, low levels favouring flowering 344 582, 584, 588, 600 response to 56, 78 patterns obscured by sowing 572 seedling sensitivity to 92, 508, 542 under favourable circumstances 418 sporeling susceptibility to 228, 258 highly efficient 3 24 tolerance of, by seedlings 54 limited 292, 332, 364, 384, 388, 432, 448, 450, 564, 606 vulnerability to 402, 504 low 82,164,170,202,258,362,394,416,436,462,516, Competitors 24, 34, 650 564, 596, 608, 610 Competitive modest 444 ability opportunist 98, 172, 550 effective 312,428,470,488,548 early 68, 106, 118, 126, 200, 242, 488, 492 moderate 566 following earth moving 186 poor 132, 276, 298, 382, 510, 542, 572 importance of seed for 204, 284, 436, 580, 582 exclusion, species capable of 68, 434 importance of spores for 468 Competitive-ruderal strategy 24, 35, 36, 37, 88, 156 over long distances 350, 434, 440 Competitive species 4, 23, 37, 468 poor 174 characteristics of 23 patterns of 234 co-existence with 328, 428, 476 rapid 208, 228, 348, 548 Competitive strategy 3, 6, 22, 34, 48, 51, 114, 652 relative importance of seed 466, 580 Conservation worldwide 434, 440, 530 nature 1, 6, 651 Colonist species 370 species suitability 126 of artificial habitats 70, 76, 148, 172, 176, 180, 182, 200, 220, Cool-season 222,226,242,244,246,250,252,276,280,304,320, exploitation of dry soils 134 348,370,446,452,484,500,504,520,524,526,560, species 34, 124, 238, 554 560,564,576,580 Coppice cycles low ability 192, 236, 282, 284, 300, 514, 534, 556, 570 closed phase, seed banks in 198, 220, 332 of bare soil 172, 174, 186,200,226,258,264,266,302,316, open phase, species of 528 330,348,392,406,418,486,492,506,508,550,560, Coppicing 54 580 cessation of, effects 4 70 of base-rich sites 286 intolerance of 270 of burned sites 126, 172, 186,264,266,418 response to 82, 286 low ability 222 tolerance of 126, 506, 508, 586 of derelict land 186, 370, 584 Cost-effectiveness, species 378 of disturbed sites 116, 172, 194, 200, 242, 258, 266, 288, Coumarin 86 308,316,330,340,348,356,384,392,500,524,550, Crassulacean acid metabolism see CAM 588 Creeping species 164 of fertile habitats 508 Crevices, species of 110, 112, 114, 228 of forest clearance 126 Crop seed impurity see Seed of gaps see Gaps Cultivation, 'escapes' from 572 of grassland 206, 442 Cushion-forming species 402, 518 closed 470 Cutting see Mowing of infertile habitats 382, 534, 584 Cyclical, vegetation processes 37, 52 of landlocked sites 346, 420, 458, 582, 600 Cytological variation 32, 33, 132, 212, 290, 326, 364, 444, 596, low ability 312, 542 614 of little grazed sites 286 of moist habitats 246, 252, 254, 258, 384 of open ground 126, 278, 286, 302, 304, 324 Day-length of quarries 126, 128, 172 for initiation of flowering 190 of recent environments 434, 470, 478, 484 for initiation of seed germination and 376, 598 low ability 132, 532, 558 long-day species and 80, 390, 528, 576 of reclaimed land 442, 584 vegetative reproduction and 456 of sites above the watertable 348 seed plasticity in response to 188 of spoil heaps 434 Deciduous species 54, 74, 126, 206, 270, 470, 586, 592 of transitory exposed soils 100, 152, 200, 288, 302, 410, 486, Defoliation 492,550,560,598,606 infrequent, success where 214 of waterway systems 192, 234, 282, 312, 338, 366, 396, 416, rapid recovery following 560 420,428,430,434,450,456,480 sensitivity to 8 6
701 severe, by Lepidoptera 470, 520 absence from 188, 190 survival of 452, 544 restriction to sites of 606 tolerance of 82, 410 high, in woodlands 126, 388 severe 442 high population density following 226 see also Grazing, Mowing, Predation inability to establish under 188 Demographic studies 2, 13, 438, 472, 484, 512 inability to exploit due to germination biology 452 Demolition sites, species of 46, 104, 116, 118, 186, 242, 506, intermittent, frequency under 108, 184, 226, 248, 344 522,524,576,580 light, species of 462 Depletion zones, in soil 34 mechanised, vegetative spread 142, 364 Depth-sensing mechanism in seeds 190 sensitivity to 36, 530 Derelict microsites due to 266, 466 environments moderate, tolerance of 344 reclamation of, species for · 382, 572, 584 occasional, tolerance of 304, 356 species of 102, 104, 118, 186, 188, 196, 252, 370, 494, periodic, exploitation under 400 508,522,524,526 predictable, exploitation of 452 Desiccation rapid re-establishment after 454 adaptation to 478 recovery following 344 sensitivity to 354 regeneration favoured by 36, 37, 286, 330 tolerance of 316, 540, 588 restriction of competitors by 226, 232, 236, 242, 252, 294, Dichotomous key 28 304,306,308,332,334,342,346,356,364,372,414, Diseases see Pathogens 478,498,528,548,552,598,600,604,610 Dispersal see Fruit restriction of perennials by 156, 162, 208, 360, 410 Distribution 1, 2, 10, 617 seasonally unpredictable 304 Arctic-Alpine 41, 594 severe, absence from 188, 190 Atlantic 41, 140, 226, 328, 562, 584 soil movement and sporelings 228 biased towards burned sites 334, 422 restriction of perennials by 360, 410, 528, 566 climatic limitations 42, 98, 148, 224, 234, 340, 586, 592, 612 species of habitats subject to 462, 580 rainfall 128, 134, 484 spatially unpredictable 37 coastal 590 species under contrasted 334 comparison of juvenile and adult 7 4, 584 species favoured by 140, 148, 198, 314, 316, 346, 356 continental 42 species indicative of human 484 cosmopolitan 80, 544 susceptibility to 428 disjunct 402 survival of repeated 390 ecolo~cal 104,216,340,344,352,436,470,540,572,578 tolerance of 58, 60, 62, 68, 70, 82, 84, 110, 142, 346 specialised 280 under modem land use 198 species similar in 112, 5 40 unpredictable, survival of 426 wide-ranging 388, 568 vulnerability to reduced 580 edaphic bias 46, 528, 534 vulnerability to sustained 108 effects of morphology and phenology 362 vulnerability to unpredictable 88 extension into upland areas 246 Disturbed habitats geographical 7,26,42, 54, 90,104,108,110,128,176,178, absence from 342 222,268,270,340,344,352,428,444,452,516,532, capacity for expansion in 126 536,538,542 capacity for exploitation of 178, 194, 198, 288, 368, 392, 450, historical 126,242,266,286,356,390,426,516,524,546 476,576,602 limited 314, 392 restricted 454 lowland bias 11, 43, 80, 106, 108, 140, 148, 180, 184, 204, colonisation of by seeds 37, 466, 484 224,234,242,244,252,262,312,340,356,390,392, colonising species of 116, 118, 242, 246, 254, 258, 330, 348, 422,450,486,492,522,524,532,558,566,604,606 524,602 montane 402, 416, 594 establishment in 54, 180 north-facing bias 44, 216 extensive invasion of 148 north-western 212, 268, 470, 586 microsites, restriction to 408 northern bias 44, 266, 592 populations of and male sterility 422 northern limits to 224, 558 restriction to 70, 602 oceanic 260, 402, 594 species indicative of formerly 584 overlapping 182, 366, 606, 612 species of 76, 90, 96, 98, 100, 104, 106, 114, 152, 156, 182, related to land use 106, 438 188,190,196,204,208,226,238,248,272,290,326, related to latitude and lon~tude 420, 617 358,404,410,426,440,442,452,454,484,486,500, related to shade and altitude 362, 398, 462, 468, 604, 610 504,506,526,544,574,560,590,606 related to soils and climate 564 Ditch banks, species of 114, 198, 250, 258, 330, 342, 450, 556, restricted 492 566 sex differential in 398, 528 Ditches, species of 68, 92, 142, 254, 256, 310, 346, 366, 396, south-eastern 270 414,458,480,486,492 south-facing bias 110, 138, 180, 204, 340 Diversity, floristic 10, 12, 14, 16, 28, 48, 50, 52, 617 southern bias 45, 340, 454, 486, 492, 522, 532, 596, 612 decreases in 50, 128 southern limits to 240, 266, 444, 594 poor 508 Sub-Atlantic 138, 192, 202, 380 under forestry monocultures 270 upland bias 11, 43, 112, 144, 212, 240, 266, 594 reduced 338 warm temperate 470 rich 7,48, 132,170,176,278,316,370,464,474,510,558 widespread 49, 66, 150, 190, 222, 306, 372, 506, 538, 596 DNA amount see Nuclear DNA see also Species distribution Dominance Disturbance 3, 5, 22, 28, 48, 659 capacity for 14, 48, 51, 58, 60, 76, 84, 102, 114, 120, 128, abundance following extensive 172 144,186,208,228,230,234,244,266,270,342,360, bare soil as an index of 47 366,428,430,482,488,502,532,582,588 catastrophic 388 in relative short vegetation 580 continuous in shade 494, 532
702 INDEX limited 332, 334, 364, 596 dioecious differentiru in 496, 498, 528 low 134,258 narrow 96 restricted by scrambling habit 608 spatiru exploitation of 52 locru 168,194,196,214,220,328,364,494,608 temporal differentiation in 16, 34, 42, 50, 52, 280, 528 seasonru 456 perspectives 2 susceptibility to 96, 210, 216, 218, 232, 300, 408, 456, 466 overlap, subspecies 476 in seedlings 186, 494 races 300, 304 transitory 206, 260, 364 range 2,34,38,56,60,64, 72, 74, 78,82, 134,152,176, Dominant species 51 228,502,560 coexistence with 352, 414, 474, 588 comparison of age states 506, 584 giving mechanicru support 290 increases in 440 inability to coexist with 422 narrow 38,174,210,260,350,352,422,608 restricted by disturbance 226, 346, 364 wide 166,168,180,182,242,324,334,382,434,448, restricted by grazing 330 534,598 restricted by fertility 330, 334, 346 specialisation 2, 5, 18, 30, 268, 647 restricted by low pH 346 strategies see Strategy theories restricted by mowing 364 Ecology 1, 2, 8, 10, 13, 32, 378, 404, 444, 651 suppressed by conditions 398, 450 distinctive 408 suppression by 456, 458 poorly understood 340, 346, 378, 394, 608, 610 see also Subordinate spp. restricted 190 Dormancy species similar in 420, 492, 502, 528, 536, 552, 600 shoot 234 see also Seed dormancy Ecosystem processes 1 Drainage, effects of 68, 92, 146, 198, 220, 248, 250, 264, 294, Ecotone species 332 310,312,342,384,434,478,480,556 Ecotypes, formation of 166, 204, 210, 226, 276, 280, 282, 298, Drained habitats, persistence in 258, 450 316,334,346,360,372,434,446,452,474,476,490,500, Drought 506,510,520,532,534,550,560,580 and subsoil moisture 174, 178, 316, 568 Ecotypic avoidance differentiation 18, 29, 108, 120, 132, 196, 208, 212, 214, 220, mechanism 474, 564, 568 238,246,280,284,296,304,324,334,352,376,384, strategy 66, 90, 316, 408 410,414,422,438,462,482,494,518,528,530,538, causing growth check 124 562,566,568,576,582,598,612,614 causing shift inC metabolism 518 basis of 178, 208 colonisation of spaces due to 392 lack of 124 destruction by 110 significance of 106, 472, 536 dioecious responses to 498 Edaphic distribution affected by 296, 612 ecotypes 46, 276, 324 flowering inhibition under 588 requirements 122, 512 resistance 282, 518 association with rutitude 528, 534 restriction of perennials by 208, 262, 302, 410, 412, 474, 514, tolerance 56, 132, 134, 460 566,598 wide-ranging 130, 142, 150, 158, 162, 164, 186, 192, 214, seedling mortality 100 264,276,284,294,310,324,334,354,368,386, sensitivity 72, 78, 88, 94, 108, 210, 320, 354, 376, 384, 398, 394,396,402,410,414,454,492,542,552,556, 402,446,488,512,528,542,562,574,586 560,562,578,598 in seedlings 66, 74, 126, 316, 460 see also Soil type in seeds 470 Edible species see Food tolerance 31, 56, 64, 90, 110, 214, 276, 336, 372, 526 Endemic species 142, 192, 202, 268, 562 Droughted habitats Ephemerru species 5, 116, 290, 302 absence from 180, 298, 332, 340, 462, 490, 546, 556, 578, Established phase 3, 5, 34 598 attributes of 34, 618, 648, 650, 651, 654, 657, 660, 663, 667 extension into 302 strategies of see Strategies inability to exploit 270 Eutrophication, consequences of 58, 68, 92, 232, 234, 244, 248, persistence in 382 250,256,310,342,366,396,414,420,458,478,482,542, poor rhizome growth in 264 600 species of 36, 39, 100, 178, 204, 208, 224, 276, 514, 598 Evergreen habit 14, 144, 222, 240, 260, 314, 316, 594 subject to summer 158, 358 Evolution Dry storage see Seed of ecotypes 490, 560 Dutch Elm Disease see Pathogens rapid 440 of inbreeding populations 132, 276 rapid 208, 280, 336 Ecologicru theories of 64 7 affinities 120 Evolutionary amplitude 27, 38, 42, 48, 176, 310, 312, 342, 410, 442, 574 population changes 86 attributes 616 responses 4, 6, 647 barriers, between species 506 theory 647 comparison 352, 420 Extinction differences between races 326 approaching in lowland areas 120, 240, 316, 352, 516, 534, discontinuity, breakdown in 444 594 dissimilarity between gametophyte/ sporophyte generations 228 approaching in native habitats 432 diversity 344 impact, maximum in habitats 286 isolation 250, 274 Fallow ground, occurrence on 426, 606 limitations 318 Family, plant species 620 niche Farming see Agriculture differentiation in 50 Fen carr, species of 506, 588 exploitation of 288, 350, 446, 518 Fen-meadows, species of 162, 560
INDEX 703 Fern species 110, 112, 114, 212, 228, 230, 468, 651 Food plant 188, 196, 202, 240, 372, 468, 530, 558, 588 Ferrous iron toxicity culinary herbs 104, 416 susceptibility to 250, 282, 290, 384, 398 flavouring substance 56 tolerance of 62, 162, 244, 342, 348, 406, 478 historic use 314 Fertility see Productivity in salads 70,372,420,510,538,554 soil see Soil fertility Forage species 378, 382 Fertilizers Foraging 52 effects of addition of 56, 60, 78, 556 by roots and shoots 34, 62, 194, 548 effects on species abundance 280 Forestry see Woodland requirement for 102 Frond characteristics 230 Field studies 2, 9 Frost see Cold Fire hazard, litter 584 Fructan concentration 56, 72, 124, 150, 214, 238, 328, 376, 378 floating rafts, species forming 550 Fructose concentration in shoots 180, 318, 328, 542 flood hollows, species of 250 Fruiting characteristics 54, 240, 286, 436, 456, 510, 542 flooding 37 Fruits 25 ability to re-anchor following 492 dispersal facilitating vegetative spread 232, 248, 428 by animals 98, 240 restriction of competitors by 154, 226, 242, 248, 294, 414, by birds 330, 380, 456, 500, 542, 558 416,528,600 by water 330, 416, 456, 500, 542, 582 root response to 244, 430 by wind 126, 264, 286, 560, 582 seedling vulnerability to 434 life span 54 2 tolerance of 36, 70, 76, 156, 416, 430 palatability 494 unaffecting overwintered seed 338 production floodplains abundant 508, 582 dispersal along 292 low, in shade 494 species of 114, 308, 548 terraces 28 2 floral biology 612 Gametophyte generation 258 structure 108 Gaps flower characteristics 25, 38, 66, 224, 234, 390 colonisation of 36, 37, 58, 86, 104, 134, 206, 214, 252, 286, colour 330,574 influence on pollination 198 in woodland canopy 286 variation within populations 338 left by disturbance 37, 316, 330, 602 formed during previous years 266 left by frost action 266 heterostyly, proportions in 464 left by overgrazing 36, 264, 266, 302, 350, 520, 602 persistence 204 see also Pollination, Reproduction left by trampling 36, 252, 302, 350 flowering 208 limited ability to exploit 152, 432 before leaf expansion 398, 428 detection of 39, 40, 100, 190 conditions for 98, 240 exploitation of 160, 220, 226, 294, 376, 516, 602 delayed 174, 198, 200, 218, 598 species ill equipped for 452 early 160, 164, 192, 240, 266, 302, 308, 344, 352, 386, 398, germination into 37, 39, 150, 252, 260, 286, 316, 326, 340, 462,464,474,476,514,552,560,602,612 342,350,370,396,406,414,422,438,440,446,484, free flowering species 450 520,536,588 in first season 210, 432, 438, 500, 528 seasonal regeneration in 36 in shade, capacity for 338, 604 seedling establishment in 98, 126, 144, 180, 286, 314, 316, in subsequent years 260,328,494,502,512,520,556,558, 320,332,334,340,370,440,472,520 580 temporary expansion into 466 inhibition vegetative spread encouraged by presence of 484 at high altitudes 592 Garden by caterpillar infestation 520 escapes 186,416,488,518,534,582 by drought 588 habitats by shade see Shade absence from 288 initiation of 190 ornamental species 186, 230, 270, 354, 516, 518, late 224, 566 540,582 late summer 180 'weeds' of 5, 94, 148, 152, 156, 158, 194, 204, 242, 246, period 412, 618 248,254,358,360,476,504,526,548,560,606 extended 302,318,344,402,460,504,522,610 Garlic odour 70, 72 inflexible 57 6 Genetic restricted by drought 568 characteristics 3, 22 short 352 discontinuity, decreasing 444 prevented by grazing 364 diversity 86, 218, 270, 402, 448, 578 probability of in next season 500 ecological importance of 466 rapid 182, 336, 514, 550 interaction with phenotypic plasticity 402 rates of 94, 366 heterogeneity 338 of male and female inflorescences 498 mosaic, in individual trees 470 season 124 uniformity in populations 234 secondary 224 Genome size see Nuclear DNA amount shoot, height of 294, 322 Genotypes 30 shy 450 ecological differences between 320, 434 stimulated by nitrogen 320 exploitation by, varying 346 timing 30,64, 76, 78,80,82,86,90,94,98, 100,120,126, fitness of foreign 270 140,144,154,158,314,356,362,400,430,530,618 morphologically distinct 478 variable 176, 442 recognition of 348 Fodder crop 56,144,276,312,434,510,544,574,584,586 resilient to defoliation 102
704 INDEX Genotypic old established 82, 120, 122, 132, 164, 176, 216, 316, 444, control, erect/prostrate form 440 570 variation 52, 60, 86, 94, 106, 118, 136, 144, 152, 176, 178, indicator species of 436, 612 180,184,188,230,238,298,300,316,328,368,378, seedling establishment in 320 382,392,396,406,438,442,460,464,468,484,494, open 178, 218, 298, 302, 340, 376, 598 504,544,554,556,560,572,588,596,614 productive 378,572 attributable to formerly more extensive populations 230 persistence in 382 in growth rate 166, 526, 560, 574 ridge and furrow, niches in 472 in morphology 212, 316, 438, 440, 478, 510, 528, 574, rough, species of 318, 584 584 semi-natural 216, 316, 382, 464 in physiology 614 short 336 in response to shade 614 tall polymorphism see Polymorphism inability to persist in 278, 316, 320, 382, 612 Geographical persistence in 122 isolation, reduced 444 species of 332, 340 origins 54, 88 ungrazed, species of 218 races 300, 334 unmanaged 340, 578 range 29,30 low persistence in 378 intermediate 354, 502 unproductive 300,320,362,370,382,444,556,568,584 increasing 522, 536 major constituent of 418 occurrence as casuals outside 588, 590 upland 292 restricted 350, 608 wet 384 variation in germination xeric 316 biology over 400, 544 Gravel pits, species of 58, 180, 242, 250, 258, 384 Geology, of underlying strata 7, 8, 9 Grazed sites Bunter sandstone, species of 524 ability to establish in 206, 350 Keuper marls, species of 512 absence from 100, 106, 116, 118, 130, 180, 204, 238, 262, Limestone strata 286,288,306,444,492,522,524,526,530,552,566, carboniferous, species of 134, 178, 298, 310, 340 590,598 confinement to 120 sites grazed in early spring 362 frequenton 284,408,412 frequencyin 348,452,602 magnesian 178, 252, 262,434, 512, 570 fruit production in 368 Millstone grit 66, 192, 264 infrequent in 178, 188, 190, 226, 426 Siliceous strata, species of 592 occurrence in 146,320,368,472,478,516 Germination see Seed persistence in 176, 232, 336, 496 Germinule 25, 38 see also Seed, Spore restriction to 210 Glacial relict species 402 seed production in 382 Glucose concentration 180 species less successful in 260 Gold, accumulation of 258 Grazing Grassland 8, 11, 50 close acidic, species of 222 favoured by 466 ancient 376, 448 susceptibility to 352 burned sites, distribution biased towards 334, 422 detrimental to regeneration 470 calcareous 460, 516 effects of cessation 102, 382 colonists of sward effects of damage by, severe 216 deterioration 442, 446 effects on relative abundance 31 communities 50 elimination by 282 components 122, 578, 614 favoured by increased 266 crop species 378, 432, 572 heavy damp, species of 160, 168, 170, 198, 202, 406 colonisation of bare areas left by 36, 200, 240, 252, 264, derelict 266,440,472,520 species of 134, 214, 220, 300, 324, 584 effects of 134, 214, 222, 292 species suppressed in 132, 276, 296, 316, 320, 382, 436 exploitation of sites of 472, 474 destruction of older systems 276, 278, 280 inability to persist under 278, 326 disturbed, species of 302 poor growth under 432 dry, species of 178, 218, 578 susceptibility to 144, 572, 578 fertilised, persistence in 316, 4 36 vegetative regeneration under 336 floristic diversity in 13 infrequent, species of 214 habitats, species of 56, 60, 62, 64, 78, 82, 84, 86, 94, 96, 120, intermittent, tolerance of 432 122, 126, 130, 134, 150, 160, 172, 174, 176, 196, 198, leading to losses of fruits 164 200,202,206,210,216,220,276,280,310,326,372, light 392,436,442,444,446,452,460,472,476,490,570, species abundant where 122, 218, 602 572 species restricted to situations of 364 invaded after myxomatosis 584 survival of 562 limestone 160, 170, 172, 280, 300, 460 tolerance of 266, 320, 362, 384 floristic diversity in 13 moderate, tolerance of 316, 342 little-managed, replacement in 172 of young plants 144 lowland 134 pressure managed 132, 220, 378 resulting in appressed forms 124, 556 management, species decline under modem methods of 336, 464 resulting in displacement 244 montane 444 resulting in reduced stature 120 mown resulting in semi-prostration 102, 438 absence from 100, 204, 522, 526, 566 prevention of flowering by 364 increased frequency in 176 protection from by other spp. 250, 286 species of 472 by low growth-habit 132, 568
INDEX 705 by odour 304 Heather canopy, understorey spp. 296 by siliceous stem characteristics 258 Heathland, species of 126, 144, 172, 216, 222, 260, 268, 350, by spines 196, 198, 200 418,460,584 by toxic principles 328 Heavy-metal relaxation of accumulator species 402 leading to tall phenotypes 592 excluder species 56, 62, 114, 144, 150, 220, 276, 300, 320, prominence in sites subject to 292, 300, 326 352,372,378,382 vulnerability to 164, 382, 464 tolerance 56, 62, 114, 144, 150, 220, 276, 300, 320, 352, 372, woodlands attributable to 286 378,382,402,438,496,516,528,564,572,578,617 restriction of competitors by 160, 162, 164, 168, 170, 182, Hedgerows 222,240,250,258,292,294,330,372,448,474,546, removal of 494 556,564,596,600 species of 70, 90, 108, 206, 226, 284, 286, 292, 306, 308, seedling sensitivity to 54, 286, 508 314,318,356,358,380,394,462,470,494,506,508, species exploited for 430 548,552,558,566,586,602,608,610 species subject to little 340 species planted as 206, 584 strategy for avoidance 476 Height 21, 54, 74, 126, 270, 286, 470, 506, 508, 540, 586 susceptibility to 88, 92, 96, 102, 136, 148, 172, 218, 224, appressed 504 244,248,252,286,292,318,322,324,328,380,396, low-growing 124,298,300,320,344,346,356,414,436, 416,428,490,534,562,576,580,596,608 448,462,498,516,528,552,568,574,596,606 tolerance of 56, 60, 76, 78, 82, 84, 102, 152, 214, 264, 378, tall 84, 98, 102, 162, 186, 196, 288, 304, 332, 334, 338, 348, 392,406,420,442,444,574,592 360,364,374,384,408,410,422,430,432,434,488, by seedlings 4 70 496,526,584,588,590 value to stock 406 Hemiparasitic species 268, 490 see also Predation Herbicides Gregariousness 26, 43 control by 62,196,474,484,530 Growth ineffective 204, 290 dependent on high rainfall 286 occurrence in areas treated by 94 early in season 552, 560 resistance to 188, 204, 238, 374, 442, 488, 526, 606 effects of temperature on 56, 202, 366, 462 population variation ion 576 -form see Morphology restriction of perennials by 184, 242 inhibition of, by humus 222 selective 426 opportunistic 34, 94 specific to 290 period, short 444 Herbivory see Predation rate Herbs diminution of 130 culinary see Food varying with habitat and area 466 medicinal see Medicinal spring and autumn peak in 238 Heterophyllous species see Morphological variation 'stored' 34 Host species summer-peak 128 of hemi-parasites 268, 490 suppression 56 Humans winter 432, 446 introduction by 128 see also Relative growth rate plants associated with 88, 124, 136, 152, 238, 288, 372, 378, 438,454,484,508,554,588,590 population increases associated with activities of 550, 651 Habitat species of economic use 126, 468 continuity, restriction to sites of 576 for compost 468 destruction, effects of 58, 60, 74, 76, 92, 114, 120, 128, 146, for fuel 434, 468 154,166,168,170,172,178,222,230,234,240,250, for industry 434, 468, 470 252,256,264,276,278,280,294,310,342,352,354, for thatching 434, 468 366,376,384,396,422,434,448,460,464,478,480, see also Agriculture, Fodder, Food plants, Timber 490,534,556,592 Hump-backed model 15,48 distribution Hybridisation 60, 62, 74, 80, 110, 108, 110, 112, 114, 118, 126, in relation to altitude 43 136,156,158,168,182,194,196,228,230,252,278,298, in relation to slope 44 304,306,310,328,334,336,342,344,396,424,448,460, range 8, 29, 30, 62,84, 86,128,186,246,284,442,472, 470,482,494,506,528,538,540,560,572,614 564,616,617 of ancestral species 444, 538 exploitation by seedlings relative to adult plant 508, 584, 586 Hydrology 10, 13, 27, 45 narrow 268,332,428,612,617 rapidly increasing 522 species similar in 408, 514, 542 Infections see Pathogens wide 168,206,228,242,280,318,322,360,382,386, Infertile habitats see Soils 438,446,468,484,494,496,554,568,596 Ingestion, survival by seeds of Habitats 10, 11, 26, 42, 47 by livestock 140, 152, 190, 288, 290, 344, 390, 452, 478, microhabitats 50 498,520,572,576 remnants of ancient countryside 43 cattle 118, 294, 302, 344, 410, 436, 496, 498, 598, 602 specialisation of taxa with respect to 268 by wildlife 364, 400, 438, 454, 510, 574, 590 species similar in 590 birds 152, 190, 272, 288, 290, 452, 454, 456, 458, 498, variation in growth form with 570 500,526,530,542,544,574 Hapaxanth species 516 earthworms 152 Hard-coat dormancy see Seed mammals 116, 218, 544 Hay Insect fauna, association with 54, 74, 126, 206, 270, 286, 468, crops, contaminants of 438 506,520,586 meadows, species of 136, 182, 278, 318, 324, 364, 372, 384, Interbreeding 572 438,490,496 Introduced species 54, 104, 140, 186, 214, 234, 338, 390, 426, species exploited for 430, 432, 446, 572 488,524,530,606
706 INDEX Invasive species 468, 488, 588 314,318,344,358,366,392,418,432,434,438,464,468, Invertebrate fauna, association with 456 see also Insect fauna 470,474,500,510,512,522,526,528,532,540,542,546, Iron 554,556,558,562,564,570,576,586,592,594,614,647,650 foliar concentrations of 146, 192, 214, 226, 282, 304, 318, greater in moist conditions 276 324,348,354,402,424,438,460,552,554,582,588 variable 176, 276, 504, 516 tolerance of low substrate 244 Light bright, toxicity induced under 334 capacity for interceptance 480 Juveniles, persistent 37, 42 see also Seedlings compensation point 234 high, and height increase 286 inhibition of seed germination by 40 Laboratory research 2, 7 intensity species for 94, 190 flowering over wide range in 604 Lake-shore, species of 162, 478 plasticity in response to 494, 534 Lakes, species of 92, 190, 256, 346, 458 requirement 328 Land management 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 29, 31, 52, 651 response to increased 398 current deleterious trends in 412 low, intolerance of 166 distribution of ecotypes with 210, 560 prolonged duration of growth 584 fluctuating, persistence under 324, 578 tolerance of 212, 398, 424, 480 intensive, extinctions under 316, 496 microsites, restriction to 17 4 plant size dependent on 568 patchy, stolon exploitation of 284 regimes, effects of 6, 7, 134, 214, 240, 268, 298, 324 phase species favoured by modem 350, 360 exploitation of 82, 328, 398 wide ranging 7 removal, and oak regeneration 470 Landscape reclamation, species for 30, 74, 88, 384, 392 photoperiod, leaf production Lateral spread see Vegetative spread dependenton 480 wide 234 Lime chlorosis Lawn species see Amenity species exhibiting 296, 350, 362, 364, 468, 498, 546, 584 Lead-mine spoil, species of 56, 60, 174, 298, 402, 496 Limestone dust, resistance to 314 Lead tolerance 280 Liming Leaf abundance increased by 13 2 arrangement see Morphology inhibition of establishment by 186 canopy see Canopy suppression by 56 expansion 14, 54, 68, 318, 428, 470 Literature searches 19, 26, 29, 30 timing of emergence in trees and saplings 286 see also Litter (leaf, grass, frond, stem etc.) 24, 27 Shoot expansion accumulation, species producing 35, 47, 114, 186, 206, 468, fall and fruit fall 470 488 form see Morphology breakdown, rate of 126 litter see Litter capacity for emergence through 39, 326, 328, 398, 400, 446 long-lived 166, 216, 282, 322 characteristics 54, 7 4 movement, nastic 'sleep' 424 grass, submergence beneath 296 persistence harvested as animal bedding 406 in shade 282 non-persistent 286, 540, 586 in winter 292 persistent 14, 144, 220, 270, 280, 348, 434, 488, 584, 588 replacement restriction to sites with no 274, 404 lack of 328 seed germination in sites with 236, 328 rate, slow 216 seedling establishment shed during drought 316 inhibited by 138, 328, 404 size 30, 428 promoted by 470 texture 648 shortly persistent 506, 508 Leguminosae, association with 136 susceptibility to 132, 222, 228, 408, 424, 512 Life-cycle 200, 242, 618 suppression by 128, 236, 404, 430, 468, 488 annual 39 tolerance of 72, 82, 354, 614 ability to function as 152, 182, 242, 288, 290, 358, 360, see also Leaf litter 392,404,410,550 Longevity see Life span obligate 344, 526 summer- 80, 116, 118, 140, 184, 188, 272, 338, 404, 410, 426,452,454,492,524,590 Magnesium capacity to function as 536, 598 foliar concentrations of 222, 282, 328, 354, 424, 510, 554, winter- 66, 80, 94, 100, 136, 140, 158, 180, 206, 224, 302, 580,588,614 412,456 requirement for high levels of 564 ability to function as 392, 410, 568, 598 Man see Human communities 66, 412 Manganese biennial 376 foliar concentrations of 144, 226, 296, 328, 460, 552, 582, perennial 39,174,200,242,246,322,348 592 capacity to behave as 404, 520, 550 tolerance genotype 442 of high levels of 222 rapid completion of 442, 486 of low levels of 244 temperature requirements for 404 Manure heaps, species of 116, 118, 190, 526 Life-form 20, 30, 35, 42, 618, 647, 648 see also Morphology Maritime habitats, species of 62, 104, 118, 224, 280, 304, 352, Life-history 21, 22, 23, 48, 50, 156, 246, 260, 290, 392, 516, 382,452,478,500,524,526,528,532,556,576 618,648,650 Marshland habitats, species of 160, 506, 542 variation in 516 Mast seeding 74, 270, 470 Life span 34, 35, 54, 70, 74, 126, 144, 146, 152, 166, 178, 206, and absence of spring frosts 270 210,218,220,228,230,240,260,262,266,270,278,286, Mat-forming species 192, 276, 296, 298, 300, 550, 564
INDEX 707 Maturation, age of 98, 218, 576 in response to submergence 330, 458, 478, 480, 486 Meadow habitats in seed size, induced by shade 466 fertiliser application to 490 intra- and inter-population 584 re-sowing of 490 leaf species of 76, 78, 88, 102, 124, 214, 278, 364, 432, 466, 472, heterophyllous species 142, 150, 446, 458, 478, 480, 484,496,608 520 Medicinal plants 56, 68, 104, 226, 420, 502, 546, 596 in response to illumination 150, 286, 314, 354, 398, Mesic sites, restriction to 328 424,532,588 Microspecies, species divided into 322, 494, 560 seasonal patterns in 110 Migration, barriers to 54 shape 204,396,436,516,520,522 Milk plastic in origin 368, 496, 584, 602 reduction of yield 258 relationshlp to ecological distribution 436 spp. tainting 56,104,218,420 root, in response to flooding 244 Mineral see Nutrient size 436 Mining spoil see also Seed polymorphlsm reclamation see Landscape Morphologically species of 118, 180, 222, 242, 250, 322, 488, 568, 570, 580 dissimilar forms of species 346 Mining subsidence, species associated with 450 distinct ecotypes 452 Minor species see Subordinate distinct taxa 280, 322 Mire habitats 45, 46 indistinguishable populations 298 adjacent to open water 396, 414, 550, 600 intermediate species 122 absence of species from 168 similar species 254, 420 grazed, species of 342 Morphology 22, 23, 30, 51, 52, 112, 116, 647 ombrogenous 27, 264 (of) bark 508 persistence in 256 complementary 51, 574 shaded effects on distribution 362 absence of species from 330 (of) flowering stem 96, 394 species of 148, 156, 192, 282 (of) foliage 56, 68, 80, 82, 84, 98, 102, 104, 110, 114, 142, soligenous 27, 132, 142, 154, 160, 162, 166, 168, 170, 192, 146,362,364,428,464 198,216,240,248,250,252,256,258,264,294,310, (of) fruit 516, 542 330,346,384,396,406,460,478,556 (of) leaf 132, 346, 444, 456, 482 species of 62, 68, 74, 84, 92, 138, 156, 160, 162, 198, 244, protective against burning 172 248,310,346,376,430,450,550,560,582 reduced, of subordinate component species 52 topogenous 27,46, 146,168,198,250,252,330,384,430 robust 102 transient occurrence in 458 (of) root 56, 74, 82, 92, 234, 244 undisturbed, species of 342 (of) seed 16, 106, 144, 538, 542, 619 Mobility, species 72, 120, 142, 150, 154, 180, 286, 412, 466, 476 (of) seedling 584 hlgh 262,274,336,344,346,368,370,410,414,456,520, (of) shoot 314, 324, 326, 330, 376, 482 566,588,590 (of) species similar in 542, 590 low 164,276,398,428,448,488,530,546,612 (of) stem 234, 338, 346 Moist environments structural, carbohydrates for 272 restriction to 338, 342, 424, 588 thallus 366 species more robust in 446, 460 tussocks 348 species of 328, 348, 432, 450, 472, 504, 506 Mowing Moisture effects on relative abundance 31, 312 requirement for 82, 84, 102, 110, 112, 148, 156, 604, 610 aquatic macrophytes 482 stress, susceptibility to 376 inability to persist under 280, 446 subsoil, access to 176 infrequent, spp. abundant at 122 Monocarpic species see Seed production persistence under 336 Monocotyledonous species 108 prevention of flowering by 364 Monocultures, species forming 4, 148, 186, 270, 290, 312, 326, restriction of competitors by 170, 182, 258, 318, 364, 372, 330,434,482,504,594 504,546,596,610 Montane strategy for avoidance of 476 habitats, species of 146, 228, 280, 382, 402, 444, 556, 560, survival of intermittent 426, 430, 432 564 susceptibility to 136, 148, 186, 210, 222, 244, 282, 288, 328, populations 120, 490, 534, 540 418,428,576,580,588,590 Moorlands, species of 240, 260, 346, 406, 448, 584 tolerance of 70, 84, 90, 104, 116, 152, 312, 348, 368, 378, Morphological 392,416,452,466,502,506,574 discontinuity, breakdown in 444 by attached tiller/rhizome 444 uniformity 130, 210, 216, 260, 350, 418, 434, 562 by prostrate growth forms 440, 568 variation 34, 56, 86, 108, 114, 116, 118, 130, 144, 146, 152, vegetative regeneration under 336 160,178,196,204,218,226,228,312,342,344,396, Mulch effect of talus 102, 130, 562 398,438,448,452,468,496,498,520,534,560,564, Multivariate data sets 654 602 Mycorrhizas 20, 31, 37, 618, 648 association with habitat/ area 466 association with 108, 150, 280, 440 association with management 568 capacity to bind heavy metals 144 between dioecious plants 286 colonisation by 214, 300, 320, 370, 510, 516 between populations 454 enhancement of seedling yield 126, 132, 150, 176, 300, 320, flower colour, in 204, 436 370, 438, 510, 516 genetic in origin 212, 316, 438,440, 478, 510, 528, 584 lack of 96, 164 height, in 510 no benefit gained from 496 induced by grazing and mowing 466 requirement for in seedlings 37, 180 induced by temperature 466 in response to canopy height 444 in response to habitat 168, 424, 570 Native in response to lack of grazing 120, 528 populations, loss of 432
708 INDEX species 13, 214, 272, 278, 358, 416, 454, 586 fruit 494 Naturalised species 234, 416, 442, 586, 590 relatively low 166, 176, 218, 220, 276, 286, 300, 392, 418, Nectaries, extratloral 468 462,466,498,512,562 Niche see Ecological niche unpalatable species 134, 196, 198, 200, 206, 258, 268, 426, Nitrogen 35 458,460,470,472,474,502,520,594 addition, stimulation by 320 Paleobotanical research, species used in 314 enrichment of soil by legumes 382 Pasture, species sown for 210, 278, 378, 442, 444, 574 extraction from soil 104 Pasture habitats 616 -fixation, capacity for 30, 74, 362, 364, 382, 384, 392, 568, derelict, species of 104, 584 570,572,574,584,608,610,648 distribution in 362 -fixing bacteria, changes induced by strains of 574 fertilised 336 foliar concentration of 120, 146, 186, 192, 202, 220, 222, species of 56, 60, 128, 160, 208, 210, 250, 296, 364, 372, 280,282,324,348,354,398,402,416,438,442,580, 386,432,442,444,460,496,588 582,588 improved, spp. suppressed in 382 requirement 366 infertile -rich habitats, species of 188, 190 species of 276, 462, 556, 602 soil levels, cyclical 378, 570, 574, 610 destruction of 166, 602 utilisation of low levels 118, 222, 240, 488 infrequent in 318, 608 Nitrogenous fertiliser old, species of 388, 4 7 4 and internal nitrate accumulation 554 permanent, species of 466, 472, 474 spp. increased by 136 ploughed, species decreasing in 464 suppression by 86, 382, 438, 572 tolerance of 496 Nomenclature 20, 30, 80, 212, 616 poor, species of 5 20 Nuclear DNA amount 16, 21, 22, 24, 32, 50, 51, 56, 60, 68, 72, sparsely distributed in 324 76,82,94, 120,128,130,132,134,138,146,164,202,206, under-utilised, species of 218 216,238,278,312,328,362,372,442,446,476,574,647, unmanaged, persistence in 510 648 wet, species of 170 intraspecific variation in 442 Patch-forming species 60, 62, 82, 124, 142, 154, 182, 330, 346, Nutrient 384,386,396,424,448,466,498,518,562,600,610 absorption Pathogens foliage 456 attack by 5, 54, 126, 234, 430, 470, 528, 562, 570 roots 234 Dutch Elm Disease 586 availability 35, 36 fungal, of flowers 430, 528 composition, mineral 60, 70, 72, 82, 84, 88, 102, 144, 146 interactions, genetic mosaics 470 -deficiency, tolerance of 5, 126, 240, 250, 374, 526, 594, 598 Paths, species exploiting 5, 344, 440, 442, 476, 504 levels, sensitivity to soil 64, 86 Perennation, means of 88 releases by burning 260 Perennial vegetation seasonal pulses in 266 dominance see Dominant recycling, efficiency at 468 establishment in 318 requirement 378 persistence in 254, 290 high 238,326,588 Perennial see Life-cycle low 222,594 Perenniality, evolution towards 500 response to added 224 Persistence see Species persistence stress, restriction of competitors by 164, 282, 294, 302, 374, 448, Pest 604 damage turnover rates 406 by grey squirrels 54 uptake 23 by insects 54, 178 by water flow 482 interactions, genetic mosaics 470 Nutrition 24, 132, 354, 364 pH 8, 10,12,27,46,617 specialisation 104 bimodal distribution in 216, 406, 617 Nutritionally-extreme habitats range 90,114,206,270,324,382,470,534 tolerance of 118 restriction by low 346 tolerance 74, 186, 230 at high values 118, 126, 252, 522 Odour 56, 108, 304, 398, 416, 508 at intermediate values 348, 362, 462, 556, 570 acridity 518 at low values 222, 544 foetid species 524, 548 at wide-ranging values 540 Open habitats, species of 56, 64, 66, 80, 86, 102, 110, 116, 118, Phenolic substances, presence of 126 146,174,180,198,204,208,224,232,254,288,298,300, Phenology 13, 14,20,31, 50, 70, 72,80,82,84,86, 90,134, 302,304,324,336,340,344,362,370,372,374,376,380, 146,154,192,194,292,300,356,464,474,510,546,580, 382,398,412,452,462,520,562,564,568,576,598,614 602,648 Orchids, ecology of 108 complementary 50, 51, 428, 446, 456, 574, 588 Osmosis, role of mannitol in 490 cool season 88,238,378,432 Overwintering, ability for 76, 234 effects on distribution 362 as dormant apices 456 facilitating co-existence as dormant buds 458 with arable species 238, 358 Oxygen requirements with taller species 192, 312, 358, 446, 574 for germination 582 flowering 398, 460 for nitrogen fixation 384 leaf 618 restricted, of subordinate component species 52 shoot 14,114,138,176,178,276,278,368,380,398,446 Palatability 24, 56, 62, 74, 82, 86, 104, 108, 120, 124, 126, 128, relationship with genome size 33 186,188,210,214,216,222,238,278,280,312,320,336, species similar in 514, 542 352,368,370,378,382,386,430,438,442,446,478,530, tolerance of grazing due to 432 536,538,540,554,560,574,578,586,588 variable 158
INDEX 709 variations with altitude in 422 566,576,596,619,648 vernal 14, 72,102,108,132,146,156,202,290,328,362, aneuploid series 444, 619 398,476 ecological differences associated with 150, 608 winter green 56, 64, 78, 86, 88, 96, 110, 112, 120, 122, 124, Poisonous plants 72, 332, 334, 398, 424, 474 132,134,138,160,164,178,182,190,192,198,214, Pollination 25, 38, 50 216,226,276,280,284,292,300,306,310,324,340, influence of flower colour on 198 342,350,352,354,356,372,386,388,398,400,408, heterostyly 464 414,432,436,438,446,462,464,466,472,484,512, insect 178, 338, 614 516,522,552,572,600,604,612,614 mechanism 108, 268 Phenotypes self 35, 96, 136, 142, 198, 200, 504 cyanogenic 57 4 timing of 74 descriptions of 142, 380 wind 142, 582 Phenotypic plasticity see see also Flowering, Reproduction Plasticity Pollution Phosphate 35 acid rain foliar concentration of 102, 144, 146, 186, 192, 202, 220, effects on wetland species 346 222,226,282,290,318,328,354,378,398,416,424, resistance to 526 438,442,468,528,554,580,582,614 atmospheric, effects on 110 requirement for 366 indicator species 190 utilisation of low levels of 240 sulphur dioxide, distribution and 112 Photobleaching 130 water, effects of 420, 482 Photosynthate, allocation of 88, 318 Polycarpic species see Seed production Photosynthetic Polymorphism see Morphological variation, Seed polymorphism activity 23, 24, 30 Pond-margins, species of 142, 190, 256, 344, 346, 414, 456, 458, spring and autumn peaks in 238 480 winter 482 Population apparatus 254 biology 6, 512 stem 232, 258, 348, 592 seed persistence in 592 rate limited by water speeds 482 changes, evolutionary 86 utilisation of bicarbonate ion 234, 456 densities, regulation of 17 4 Phylogeny 651 dynamics 34, 35, 80, 94, 304, 586 Physiology 22, 23, 651 expansion 3 24 Physiological variation, in shade 614 fluctuations in 35, 100, 320 Phytochrome 198 cyclical, dependent on soil N 378, 570, 574, 610 Plantations see Woodland maintenance Plasticity role of disturbance in 388 morphogenetic 438 role of seed regeneration in 436 phenotypic 2, 188, 214, 234, 292, 296, 382, 396, 398, 402, recruitment from gardens 354 434,438,442,444,446,454,464,480,496,500,504, resurgence on motorway verges 464, 584 530,544,554,556,560,608 size, annual variations in 346 ecological importance of 466, 574 structure 84, 304, 318 enabling exploitation of different habitats 346, 450, 478 trends extreme 450 decreasing 58, 64, 72, 74, 78, 80, 82, 86, 96, 110, 112, floret number 124, 136 114, 120, 122, 128, 130, 132, 134, 146, 150, 154, flower number 180 162,178,188,202,210,214,232,236,268,276, growth form 56, 60, 68, 92, 110, 124, 144, 160, 178, 186, 280,282,284,288,292,298,300,316,320,332, 214,346,426,494,574 362,378,382,394,424,426,434,436,450,454, high 118, 136, 342, 456, 576 456,462,472,474,476,514,518,530,544,552, N-fixing bacteria, responses to 574 558,562,586,602,606,608,610,612,652 in different habitats 346, 450, 4 78 due to habitat destruction 166, 168, 172, 174, 178, in response to 210,212,218,222,226,230,234,250,252, canopy height 602 256,260,264,266,276,282,294,296,312, cutting 368,466,496 330,342,352,354,384,396,398,402,406, disturbance 368 412,418,420,422,434,458,464,478,490, litter 614 496,512,560,602,604 graring 292,368,438,454,466,556,592,602 due to modern farming practice 364, 372, 606 management 318, 496, 568 due to vegetation management 520, 530, 578 shade 186,220,256,296,398,462,494,504,588 in lowland areas 160, 164, 166, 170, 192, 216, 222, site fertility 568 226,250,256,260,264,266,276,296,328,330, submergence 458 346,350,352,384,388,400,406,418,436,448, temperature 466, 546 460,468,482,510,516,528,534,546,556,564, trampling 368, 418, 454 570, 592, 600, 614 interaction with genetic diversity 402, 568 in original habitats 144, 176, 184, 188, 204, 216, 408, leaf characteristics 220, 282, 424, 450, 462, 478 500 life cycle 442 increasing 62, 68, 70, 88, 94, 98, 100, 102, 106, 110, 112, relating to climate 544, 57 4 118, 124, 126, 142, 152, 156, 158, 180, 186, 194, reproductive effort 190, 268 200,206,208,224,228,238,244,266,270,286, resource allocation, rhizome and root 34, 424 290,318,324,334,336,338,340,344,348,356, seed characteristics 188, 530, 544 366,368,374,378,390,404,440,442,452,466, seed production 94, 426 476,484,486,492,506,508,522,524,536,538, shoot 34, 438 548,560,566,568,576,582,584,588 s~e 94,180,268,330,424,568 as a result of human activities 550 stem dimensions 232 in lowland areas 190, 358 terrestrial and aquatic forms 478, 480 in upland areas 160, 190, 240, 328, 346, 350, 388, 418, Ploidy levels 22, 34, 110, 112, 220, 320, 352, 366, 372, 392, 402, 468,470,486,592,594,400
710 INDEX locally 148, 358 reduced by weed infestation 446, 474 with creation of artificial habitats 176, 184, 190, 244, relationship with RGR 32 248,254,266,304,322,334,446,500,502,504, response to increased 164, 224 580,590 in terms of plant size 568 with relaxation of grazing 128 sites of high under burning 96 species of 78, 110, 244, 270, 344, 426, 440, 450, 452, 454, under forest clearance 286 468,484,500,504,508,526,532,544,560,574, remaining common 498, 554 576,588,590,606 stable 56, 60, 142, 360, 414, 376, 460, 470, 604 decline in abundance in 164, 276 in upland areas 222, 226, 264, 296, 330, 406, 416, 528, exclusion from 216, 372 534 sites of intermediate uncertain 66, 76,84,90,92, 104,108,136,138,214,246, restriction of competitors in 330 248,258,260,262,274,302,304,310,314,322, species of 292, 342, 460, 472 326,328,346,370,376,380,386,392,400,408, sites of low 410,430,454,494,512,532,540,542,598 persistence in 470, 584 turnover 86 restriction of competitors in 162, 168, 170, 232, 236, 250, variation 358, 464 252, 256, 262, 284, 304, 332, 334, 342, 346, 372, Populations 374,384,388,394,396,400,474,478,512,556, adapted to climate of site of origin 260 598, 602, 610 dense 43 restriction to 35, 60, 150, 164, 180, 182, 250, 262, 266, distinctive 236 276,282,300,332,334,362,374,376,394,418, distribution within dioecious 528, 558 436,448,534,614 ecologically specialised 62, 224 species 270, 278, 294, 324, 326, 352, 378, 384, 430, 444, former genetic variation of 230 482, 582, 606 genetically specialised 60 spp. indicative of enhanced 226 homeostasis in 122, 352 stimulated by additional N 320 inextensive 332 tolerance of varying 444 isolated 'Proletarian strategy' 3 cytologically 298 Prostrate geographically 298 ecotypes 532, 576 topographically 298 species 296, 316, 336, 342, 378, 392, 452, 550, 564, 606 showing male sterility 422 Protein concentration 318 variation between 94, 286, 336, 524 Prothallus, ferns, ecology of 112, 212, 228, 230 according to habitat and area 460, 466 by-passing of vulnerable stage of 468 in regeneration 466, 560 Pteridophyta 258 Potassium, requirement for high 564 Predation 88, 132 avoidance of 348, 350, 372, 464, 474, 476, 556, 558, 564, Quadrat record 14 592,614 Quarries, species of 100, 126, 128, 132, 172, 174, 224, 262, 308, by low growth habit 438, 462, 464 314,320,334,370,376,388,402,412,422,448,534,564 by cattle 182, 220, 328, 350, 420, 484 Quarry spoil, species of 80, 180, 252, 284, 322, 332, 376, 444 by grouse 240 by insects 206, 470, 502, 520, 528, 540 by rabbits 128, 130, 222, 510, 584 rand K selection 3 by rodents 4 70 Railway bysheep 130,222,328,484,510 ballast, species of 94, 184, 204, 242, 284, 334, 374, 518, 522, by slugs 376, 510 524,576 by squirrels 470 banks, species of 80, 100, 102, 128, 134, 204, 208, 222, 254, deterrents to 35, 68, 74, 162, 174, 196, 198, 200, 206, 220, 260,262,320,322,370,372,376,412,426,428,444, 228,258,328,332,366,382,398,424,484,508,518, 488,494,510,514,534,556,570,584 524,532,574,647 Rainfall by production of numerous seed 528 high, species favoured by 134, 484 by strategy of masting 270 low, species favoured by 128 chemical 35, 468, 524 Rare species 29, 170, 178, 230, 298, 416, 464 inducible 508, 540 Reductionist approach 1 physical barriers 35, 524, 578, 588 Refugia, species restricted to 316, 514 stinging hairs 588 Regeneration 13, 16, 29, 50 thorns 206 by seed 56, 58, 60, 62, 68, 70, 72, 74, 78, 84, 90, 96, 98, tough leaves 594 102,104,132,220,226,292,356,466,498,564,570 detrimental effects of 470 associated with disturbance events 286, 462 flowers 438 capacity for foliar 126,206,470,520 declining 4 70 fruits 206, 516 in droughted conditions 526 growth form where free from 528 in grazed and mown habitats 370 rates of 34 in shaded habitats 540, 562, 586 seedlings 100 under nutrient stress 526 seeds 39, 98, 172, 174, 176, 178, 200, 270, 286, 318, 394, flexibility in method of 336, 438, 442 470,474,484,516,528,586,588,614 high mortality rate during 612 species subject to little 314 relative importance of Predictive value, of plant attributes 64 7 dependence on 38, 116, 118, 126, 134, 136, 138, 158, Proclimax vegetation 37 172,174,180,188,202,206,214,218,268,302, Productivity 30, 32, 48 318,322,340,344,352,376,392,416,426,448, agricultural, reduced by weeds 474 470,472,476,490,492,500,516,522,524,534, maximised on poor soils 594 536,540,544,558,566,572,590 persistence varying with 386, 580 specially high 374, 388, 436, 446
INDEX 711 at Southern limits of range 354 capacity 314,326 during colonisation of new sites 284, 348, 350, 418, high 126 420,430,436,494,532,542,574, poor 38,596,612 580,582 effort for population maintenance 436 associated with pulses of mineral nutrient release 260 main method 130, 176, 178, 226, 236, 260, 262, constancy in 526 266,274,278,286,298,316,322,324,328, maintained under conditions of mineral nutrient stress 35 370,440,496,556,608 maintained under drought 35, 590 in unshaded habitats 380 plastic 190 infrequent 192,204,240,296,330,386,396,398,450, maturity 108 458,594,596 failure to reach 114 in established vegetation 350, 414, 494, 588 output, variable 116 low importance phase, frequency of, required to maintain seed bank 530 relative to vegetative reproduction 124, 148, 154, potential 304, 526 162,164,168,170,232,238,310,326,418, Reservoir margins, exploitation of 76, 330, 344, 346, 396, 450, 478 480,492 rare 166, 168, 300, 312, 428, 456, 482, 542, 602 Resource requiring investigation 552 allocation ·. seasonal 38 between rhizome and root 424 stimulated by winter temperatures 456 between seed and vegetative reproduction 354, 466, 504, by spores 110, 112, 114, 212, 468 560,580,582,610,612 importance in colonisation 468 between structural/reproductive tissue 35, 38, 272 relative importance of seed and vegetative 22, 354, 466, 504, differentials, dioecious pis 498, 528 560,580,582,610,612 to seed production/trunk size 286 vegetative see Vegetative reproduction capture, rates of 5, 34, 35, 238, 244 Regenerative and spatial separation of organs 50, 314, 602 biology 88, 108, 182, 254, 380, 612 depletion 51 failure 38 see also Reproductive capacity, poor partitioning 50 flexibility 52, 224 Respiration phase 3,5, 22, 23, 25,35,38,50,619,648 rate limited by water flow 482 attributes of 651, 654, 657, 660, 664, 667 thermogenic 108 stra~egies 3, 5, 22, 23, 25, 35, 38, 50, 60, 62, 86, 138, 240, Rhizomatous species 60, 64, 82, 102, 114, 128, 148, 150, 168, 244,348,388,480,619,648,651 170,204,212,222,228,238,244,254,256,258,264,280,292, involving a bank of persistent juveniles 37 312,348,356,362,364,396,398,414,424,428,430,434, involving a persistent seed bank 37 444,450,458,468,488,542,548,562,570,580,582,588, involving numerous widely dispersed seeds or spores 37 592,594 seasonal regeneration in vegetation gaps 36 River bank habitats, species of 70, 74, 84, 88, 114, 146, 148, 162, vegetative expansion 36 192,198,226,236,242,244,248,282,304,310,338,414, versatility 242 416,428,430,450,488,528,532,548,550 Relative growth-rate 16, 17, 21, 32, 50, 54, 56, 60, 62, 74, 78, River beds, seasonally exposed, spp. of 252 84,86,88, 108,120,126,132,150,194,216,222,226,242, Rivers 244,246,354,366,647,648 pollution, indicator species 190 high 5, 35,272,290,324,446,498,522,528,542,554,588, species of 92, 156, 430, 456, 482 606 Road verges relationship with Nuclear DNA amount 33 population resurgence on 464 seedling 21,318,506,516 species of 56, 70, 80, 88, 98, 102, 106, 122, 128, 132, 134, low 35,276,280,282,296,316,318,352,354,362,370, 136,144,148,204,208,214,254,260,262,280,292, 376,424,460,466,470,512,518,546,562,564,592, 302,308,318,322,356,364,368,372,378,382,386, 594,614 390,416,422,428,438,444,448,452,462,488,502, variation in 166, 526, 560, 574 526,548,560,566,570,584,602,610 Reproduction winter salted, species of 118, 238, 526 asexual Rock outcrops, species of 66, 80, 100, 112, 136, 158, 178, 180, apomoos 90, 230, 320, 322, 418, 444, 494, 560 182,192,204,208,224,230,302,316,332,352,358,402, main method 614 408,422,444,514,526,528,534,566,568,598 delayed 35 Rocky habitats, species of 120, 150, 174, 226, 228, 230, 236, early 35 246,248,276,296,298,300,318,320,322,394,432,436, sexual 516,518,522,540,560,564,578 mechanisms of 50 Roots cleistogamy 216, 424, 614 abscission of 428 dioecious species 196, 234, 428, 488, 496, 498, 506, aerenchyma production in 430, 434, 542, 582 558,588 capacity to receive oxygen 166, 256, 542 hermaphrodite spp. 196 capacity to exploit subsoil 174, 178, 258, 302, 316, 318, 322, inbreeding species 38, 152, 216, 242, 246, 310, 454, 328,334,336,340,382,392,422,436,444,498,510, 500,526,582 516,564,568 reproductive depression in 414 poor 270 outbreeding species 38, 150, 160, 176, 196, 238, 276, depth of 15, 31, 74, 76, 106, 108, 122, 128, 134, 148, 196, 204, 310,368,370,384,422,438,526,534,556 238,244,254,258,270,276,286,298,300,316,320,370, selection for see Selection 376,398,406,430,438,558 self compatability 178, 196 deep, causing vulnerability to waterlogging 31, 328, 558, self-incompatibility 148, 154, 206, 374, 430, 460, 570, 592,594 576 shallow 424,446,460,462,584,604,612 timing of 5 expansion of 328 vegetative see Vegetative reproduction formation of 314, 420 see also Pollination, Regeneration by seed parasites of 268 Reproductive physiology of 7 4 activity 35 plasticity under low nitrogen 222
712 INDEX shoot ratio 126 long 38,218,224,262,322,340,350,390,426,470, system 504,512,522,524,536,580,598 adventitious, buttressing by 338 short 174,354,364,418,448,514,520,584,614 aquatic species 482, 542 effectiveness 126, 206, 348, 650 at surface in waterlogged soils 324 poor 154,196,200,292,316,354,398,472,516,546, contractile 108, 560 556,604,610,614 dependence upon for nutrients 164 explosive 156, 158, 160, 302, 338, 584, 614 extensive 374 from capsules at soil level 606 of spreading superficial roots 556 human 66, 106, 116, 118, 124, 138, 140, 152, 172, 194, stunted 296 218,272,274,288,290,304,306,322,324,372, on acidic soils 564 404,410,438,440,452,484,496,498,502,504, tap 39,200,218,302,316,318,322,334,370,392,416, 512,524,526,560,566,576,598,606 436,452,500,510,516,536,560,568,584 ineffective 154, 610, 614 produced in seedlings 470 in crop seeds 140, 272, 288, 290, 324, 336, 360, 438, 440, providing anchorage in wetland 416 446,452,496,530,554,568,576,606 underground storage organs 34, 650, 651 in fodder 364, 496, 506 Rosette-forming species 56, 96, 124, 142, 152, 156, 160, 174, in manure 606 180,186,198,200,218,226,282,320,322,336,340,350, (by) mammals 37, 188, 206, 470, 540, 544 360,368,370,412,436,438,440,464,474,496,510,516, mechanisms of 384, 606, 619 520,534,536,546,556,560 lacking well-defined 438, 472, 474, 548, 556, 562, 588, Ruderal 590 characteristics 23, 144, 230, 420, 452, 536 (in) mud 342, 452 habitats, species of 118, 426 on machinery and vehicles 124, 152, 172, 390, 452, 544, species 4, 24, 34, 37, 188, 208, 224, 268, 304, 318, 338, 442, 554 504,530,576,606,650,652 poor 196,200,292,316,354,398,472,516,546,556,604 strategy 3, 6, 22, 35, 51 soil contamination 358, 498, 522, 588, 590 temporal see time of shedding (by) trains 184, 514, 522 Salt-marshes, species of 118, 190 under-dispersed species 394, 562 Salt-tolerance 62, 118, 142, 190, 280, 344, 384, 390, 434, 452, (by) water 68, 74, 84, 146, 148, 170, 274, 282, 288, 290, 542 294,304,338,396,430,456,458,500,540 Sampling widespread 42,186,286,302,322,324,342,508,536, bias 390 576 techniques 8, 9 (by) wind 37, 56, 74, 106, 144, 152, 218, 226, 242, 246, Sand-dunes, species of 80, 136, 170, 174, 180, 224, 262, 280, 248,250,252,262,266,318,320,322,336,368, 300,334,444,514,518,520,560,564 370,408,428,434,506,514,516,522,524,526, Sand-pits, species of 66, 180, 412 534,536,560,580,586,596,598 Saplings see Seedlings see also Ingestion Scarification see Seed dormancy dormancy 15,358,418,526,536,558,566 Scrambling species 290, 292, 294, 314, 364, 380, 532, 552, 608, annually re-imposed 272, 358, 376, 452 610 breaking mechanisms 66, 70, 94, 172, 316, 647 Scree habitats, species of 102, 130, 230, 280, 284, 286, 298, 304, after-ripening requirement 100, 158, 412, 514, 598 448,562,602,614 short 224 Screening experiments 16 chilling requirement 17, 39, 70, 74, 84, 88, 126, 146, Scrub vegetation, species of 206, 284, 306, 386, 506, 540, 562, 152,202,206,272,290,318,328,338,376,436, 586,592,612 454,470,490,494,540,566,604,614 Sea shore, species of 118 cold treatment 278 Sea spray, spp. of soils subjected to 352 dry storage 17, 39, 432 Secondary thickening, species with 258 hard-coat dormancy 68,206,302,304,316,456,458, Sections, species divided into 322, 560 494, 582, 584, 610 Seed 25, 38 heat treatment 260 country of origin 270 lack of 136, 200, 276 crop, impurities of 80, 116, 136, 140, 178, 182, 188, 218, light requirement 17, 40, 41, 80, 106, 182, 226, 324, 288,290,302,324,336,360,446,452,454,496,530, 446,470,486,492,526,554,588,598 568,576,606 scarification 17, 40, 116, 196, 362,430, 582 dispersal 56,60,66, 70, 74,82,96, 100,102,152,478,619 stratification 430 see also seed mobility temperature fluctuations 17, 40, 116, 154, 190, 324, along transport corridors 106, 184, 242, 292, 368, 514, 414,430,478,486,492,582,588 522,524,604 double 494 animal 56,68, 116,118,124,138,140,194,218,232, epicotyl 470 240,270,274,290,304,306,348,364,390,410, induced by winter temperatures 566 454,484,486,502,512,526,554,566,576,588, lacking 310, 420, 446, 606 600 population variations in 446 ants 150, 172, 216, 354, 358, 386, 388, 394, 398, 404, secondary 452, 472 448,562,584,606,612,614,648 variation in 554 brrd 80,108,116,118,162, 188,204,206,232,240,27o, dry weight 200, 438, 454 284,314,454,458,470,500,508,530,532,540, ecology 300 542,544,554,558,576 embryo buoyancy characteristics 88, 286, 318 inarr 200,500,524,526,536,560,580,598 dormancy 206, 286 in water 542 poorly differentiated 416, 490 capacity for 332 s~e 84,202,286,416,436,604 limited 510 germination 15, 16, 17, 25, 39, 54, 56, 62, 74,620,647,648, censer mechanism 426 651 distance 356 behaviour 17,116,152,358,414,502,566
INDEX 713 complex 412, 456 by drought 270, 470 conservative 412 by frost 470 flexibility in 156, 324 plasticity 544, 554 opportunist 412 in response to day length 188 variable 188, 358 polymorphism 38, 116, 118, 188, 452, 454, 500, 502, 520, over geographical range 400 528,554 characteristics 17, 144, 218, 328, 360, 500 predation see Predation ecotypic differentiation in 528 production 38, 142, 220, 320, 360, 372, 386, 388, 444, 470 cues stimulating 478, 582, 588 abundant 106, 144, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 198, 200, day length 376, 598 208,210,244,252,260,264,266,282,290,334, nitrate 498 336,338,342,348,350,358,390,400,402,406, oxygen 582 422,426,428,458,464,472,474,486,492,494, sunlight 120 504,506,516,520,522,524,526,534,554,560, in darkness 126 580,586,588,590,598,600 delayed 40,196,206,216,244,320,396,404,410,416, age of first 270, 324, 470 420,460,494,514,546,558,566,596 rulocation of resources to 286 direct 39, 208, 236, 240, 244, 252, 328, 352, 396, 420, at higher altitudes 564 428,442,486,506,560,578,586,600 early in season 156, 272, 440, 560 early 268, 272, 348, 528 extended period of 610 environmental control of 80, 94 flexibility in 526 epigeal 25, 42 in grazed sites 382, 440 hypogeru 25,42,362,470 low 108,130,140,154,224,270,272,326,408,512,530 inhibition 41, 80 mast years 74, 270, 470 by canopy shade 41, 100, 106, 126, 198, 226, 368, 446, moderate 382, 532, 542 530,544,584,598 monocarpic spp. 30, 174, 262, 304, 340 by darkness 41, 598 plastic 190, 426, 442, 530 by high temperatures 404, 598 polycarpic spp. 30, 158, 340, 502, 526, 544, 554, 606 by light 40, 41, 140, 590 . in shaded sites 494 by litter 236 potentiru for 374 by low moisture 68, 598 high 452, 576, 606 inhibitors, present in coat 286, 332, 334 prolific 37, 242, 262, 288, 324, 332, 356, 392, 404, 430, in pods still attached to parent plant 362 440,528,544,550 moisture requirements for 82, 100, 140, 148, 328, 598 quantity of 56, 74, 80, 86, 96, 100, 126, 174, 218, 226, 246, percentage totru 244, 304, 502, 651 250,322,360,412 period rapid 152, 208, 392, 526, 544, 554 protracted 76, 116, 124, 182, 226, 290, 302, 304, 336, sustained at expense of vegetative development 392 358,390,442,526,554,576,606 temperature requirement for 86 restricted 184, 376 timing of 408, 518, 580, 610 phenology of 298 variable 126,152,158,292,302,376,470,500 rapid 208,324,372,446,506,560,580 years of maximum 270, 470 rate of 17, 41, 244, 400 retention on plant 372, 440, 454, 558, 564 brown and black seeds ripening 136, 460 similar 118 -set 60, 296, 310 variable 116 at high rutitudes 74, 128, 418 relationship to abundance 17 early 358, 390, 462, 474, 496, 550, 578 season of factors reducing 206, 282 autumn/winter 62, 66, 74, 80, 90, 96, 102, 120, 122, high 214, 496, 528 132,136,158,188,222,236,244,260,280,320, in cold conditions 7 4 328,340,360,362,372,410,412,442,446,504, in shade 338, 424 514,516,518,520,536,570,608 reduced 306, 308, 314, 388 in Southern areas 400 low 148,162,196,308,312,374,418,434,476,488, spring/summer 54, 70, 84, 88, 94, 106, 116, 118, 128, 510,604 140, 142, 144, 146, 154, 160, 162, 174, 178, 188, in grazed sites 160, 364, 370, 372 196,202,204,236,240,244,266,270,272,274, modest 364 276,282,286,288,292,294,314,316,332,334, rare 366 338,342,350,354,360,362,364,372,374,376, timing of 76, 82, 88, 94, 184, 188, 208, 246, 276, 392, 380,384,394,396,406,414,416,420,422,426, 400,504,536,568 428,430,448,450,452,454,466,478,490,498, variable 270 502,504,512,524,528,532,540,544,556,558, shape 39,41,620,648,651 574,590,596 size 30, 38, 39, 41, 90, 102, 132, 138, 140, 144, 178, 192, at Northern limits 400 216,310,352,470,619,647 uncertain 164, 172, 386, 462, 464, 602 in cross-pollinated individurus 198, 200 variable 56, 68, 148, 150, 152, 176, 200, 360, 486, large 288, 292, 304, 318, 338, 360, 362, 382, 384, 394, 510,530 398,416,444,448,490,510,540,566,584,608 synchronous 37,88, 276,318,338,352,436,614 minute 180, 184, 208, 260, 332, 334, 342, 504, 506, 514 temperature requirement for 40, 120, 124, 156, 178, 204, small 402, 422, 600 216,222,244,246,272,290,324,328,352,368, variable 116, 160, 198, 218, 440, 466, 500, 528, 576 386,406,446,460,560,580,594,596,598 species overwintering as 338 longevity 186, 314, 428, 516, 542, 580, 588 time of shedding 158, 174, 176, 278, 280, 286, 324, 376,430, maturation 460,514,544,546,560,564,651 early 446 before hay harvest 490 late 216, 546 flexibility in 438 mixtures, commerciru 86, 210, 214 synchronisation with leaf frul 470 mobility 126,130,138,182,184,214,292 viability 126, 128, 146, 148, 270, 398, 470, 486, 510, 524, morphology see Morphology 580, 586 mortality 612 relationship with rutitude 540
714 INDEX weight 619, 648, 651 morphology 584 Seed banks 15, 17, 50, 52, 98, 619, 647, 651, 652 mortality 100,126,132,218,268,270,304,436,510,516, absence of 39, 74, 78, 82, 84, 88, 102, 120, 128, 130, 132, 586 136,140,186,194,202,206,210,222,236,268,270, due to climatic factors 562 274,278,292,306,310,314,320,326,330,336,352, due to flooding 434 398,428,432,448,466,482,490,492,496,506,508, due to fungal attack 562 512,532,546,556,560,578,560,586 due to shade 126, 584 buried 39, 52,188,192,272,298,348,394,422,426,438, in close proximity to parent pl. 328, 584 442,460,504,568,592,606 in sites with deep litter 328 deep 272 risk of 198 'floating' 542 persistence 22, 31, 37, 42, 84, 222, 318, 512 insubstantial 176, 214, 240 in darkness 222 persistent 15, 16, 37, 38, 39, 40, 60, 62, 68, 70, 76, 80, 86, prolonged by low light levels 584 90,94,96,98, 100,106,116,144,148,152,154,156, shade sensitivity 286 158, 160, 168, 172, 174, 180, 182, 188, 190, 196, 198, size 272 204,208,216,220,226,242,244,248,252,260,266, susceptibility 282,284,288,294,296,300,302,312,324,332,334, to damping off 286 342,344,346,348,350,358,372,374,382,384,386, to desiccation 286, 316 388,390,392,396,400,402,404,406,410,440,446, survival 218, 304 454,472,478,484,486,498,500,502,514,516,518, of winter conditions 442 528,530,538,544,548,550,554,562,564,572,574, yield 214 576,582,584,588,590,598,600,606 see also Sporeling vanat10n in 554 Selection predicted 450, 480, 570 pressures 2, 35, 40, 572 requirement for maintaining 530 for inbreeding 426, 570 shortly persistent 286, 290, 308, 360, 370, 474, 520, 522, 526, for outbreeding 422 536 processes 4, 33, 647 suspected 118,412,414,420,430 rand K 3 transient 15, 16,37,56,66, 122,184,238,280,368,378, Semi-natural vegetation, spp. of 88, 134, 216, 316, 352, 382, 424, 566 430,464,516,546,556,564,572,590,612 uncertain 124,126,146,162,164,200,232,262,264,288, Seral species 74, 286 316,356,364,408,418,432,434,444,458,462,464, Sex ratio 286, 496, 498 510,524,540,602,604,608,610 existence of females only 234 Seedling proportion of male to female bushes 506 colonisation, infrequent 394 Shade-adapted species 108 damage by frosts, reduction of 406 Shade-avoidance strategy 72, 90, 202 dispersal by water 344, 348 Shade distribution association with altitude 362, 398, 462, 468, 604, 610 relative to adults 584 association with aspect preference 45, 380, 604 relative to canopy species 270 capacity for dominance in 532 establishment 31, 54, 56, 74, 92, 102, 108, 128, 264, 318, capacity to etiolate in response to, seedlings 510 324, 340, 368 cast by 98, 270, 580 adverse effects of livestock 540 deep at higher altitudes 134 absence from 130, 204, 462, 590 conditions required for 548, 596 disappearance under 164 high rainfall 270, 320 less abundant in 138 conditions unsuitable for 542 low tolerance of 552, 576, 588 constraints on 286 survival of 194, 212, 424 dependence on seed reserves in 362 tolerance of 354, 512, 540 factors conducive to 298 dry matter production in 424 (in) ants nests 612 ecotypes, response to light 5 34 (on) bare ground 508, 348, 474, 580, 592 extension into 96, 102 (in) closed perennial communities 39, 318 failure to prosper in 200, 218, 542 (in) compacted soil 440 flowering, inhibited by 206, 222, 314, 326, 348, 354, 380, (in) disturbed sites 266, 348 406,494,498,508,528,532,534,542,550,558,608 (in) dry, exposed microsites 466 fruiting inhibited by 206, 494, 508, 532 (in) established grassland, rare 320 fungal attack under 166, 326 (in) heavily grazed sites 126, 206, 240, 474 light (in) shade 126, 270, 540, 586 flowering maximised in 604 (in) ungrazed sites 286 species of 226, 230, 246, 308, 326, 356, 416, 528 (in) unshaded sites 134, 198, 240, 314, 388, 506 species producing 286 (under) leaf litter, favoured by 470 tolerance of 504 inhibition by 138, 328, 404 margin species 332 on wet mud 542 moderate 274, 288, 306, 338, 396 poor 472 patchy, species of 308 prevention by understorey spp. 286 persistence in 56, 80, 88, 172, 182, 198, 206, 286, 406, 498, rapid 204, 580 508,554,558,608 sites unsuitable for 286 greater in male plants 498 slow 370, 500, 592, 594 inability for 584, 598 soil depth favouring 140 of leaves 282 strategy of 17 8 ofseedlings 270 timing of 242 population variation and 614 uncommon 398 reduced ability to regenerate 470, 562 under water response to 84, 588, 614 capacity for 542 response to release from 308, 558 inability for 348 restricted tolerance of 324, 348, 428, 548, 550, 612
INDEX 715 restriction of competitors by 154, 156, 162, 194, 236, 248, 512,514,516,528,556,560,564,566,580,584,596, 256,282,284,294,304,308,360,388,394,400,416, 598,604,606,630,614 528,548,552,604 vigour reduced on 460 restriction to 194, 592 chalk 334, 494 seed production in 314, 424, 466 clay, associated species of 90, 132, 186, 282, 332, 388, 400, sensitivity to 86, 100, 210, 286, 298, 452, 574 470,494,512,546,580,604 sp. achieving prominence in 398 compacted 390 suppression by 98, 558, 606 deep, associated species of 202, 258, 410, 416, 468, 546 tolerance of 54, 58, 70, 74, 78, 112, 150, 156, 160, 164, 198, depth, uneven exploitation of 284 222,228,246,260,304,376,380,386,398,408,546, dry, associated species of 134, 138, 172, 174, 178, 222, 224, 592,594,600,604,614 230,260,262,268,302,320,334,336,340,374,410,412, intermediate 296, 306, 338 422,444,510,514,560,568,598 moderate 446, 448, 466, 562, 570, 596, 602, 610 eroded seedlings 270, 540, 586 species associated with 402 variation in 496 species unaffected by 338 topographic 292 exhausted, indicator species 132, 438 vigour, reduced by 222, 284, 326, 366, 476, 550 fertility vulnerability to 174, 180, 320, 350 high, associated species of 70, 74, 76, 78, 84, 98, 104, 106, Shaded sites 108, 116, 136, 140, 142, 148, 152, 154, 156, 188, 190, absence from 106, 170, 330, 490, 524, 526 194,204,210,238,244,248,270,286,288,290,308, species of 156, 192, 246, 248, 328, 354 312,318,324,336,338,344,356,358,360,368,378, Shingle beaches, species of 304 428,440,450,452,454,468,484,500,504,506,508, Shoot 526,532,544,548,554,560,574,576,588,590,598, biomass see Biomass 606,608 capacity to diffuse oxygen into roots 166, 542 moderate, associated species of 54, 72, 102, 124, 146, 160, density 58, 398, 596 176,182,198,208,226,228,242,248,258,272,278, emergence, characteristics of 328, 376, 398 282,310,364,382,466,476,490,570 expansion 14, 15, 20, 82, 88, 102, 130, 204, 240, 318, 372, low, associated species of 56, 82, 86, 90, 118, 120, 122, 378 128, 130, 132, 134, 150, 164, 172, 174, 176, 180, delayed 164, 370, 386 202,208,214,216,218,224,250,262,264,266, rapid 134, 154, 282, 362, 602 268,276,286,300,302,316,320,322,332,334, reduced by low light intensity 584 336,340,350,352,362,370,376,380,382,386, timing of 50, 68, 120, 132, 280, 282, 298, 328, 352, 428, 392,394,398,418,422,436,438,490,498,510, 476,602 514,516,518,546,552,584,602,612 penetration, of asphalt 488 gravel, spp. of 270 phenology see Phenology heavy, spp. of 570, 614 production 176, 236 intermediate base status 300 Shrubby species 206, 240, 286, 316, 494, 506, 508, 540, 584, leached 172, 300, 544 592,594 microsites, exploitation of 90, 94, 96, 100, 514 Similarity in habitats 48 see also Associated species mineral status, high 128, 152, 202, 260, 348, 374, 406, 416, Skeletal habitats 11 556,562,582 species of 110, 212, 246, 304, 376, 526, 540, 614, 616 moist, associated species of 108, 114, 116, 118, 122, 124, 126, Slope 10, 11, 26, 44, 45 132,148,158,170,198,216,228,240,246,248,252,272, Sodium 274,278,286,288,292,318,324,328,332,344,348,354, foliar concentrations of 146, 192, 214, 226, 304, 324, 328, 362,368,386,388,400,406,424,428,444,454,462,466, 348,350,438,476,554,580,582 470,476,506,510,548,552,572,602,604,608 tolerance of high substrate 118 mull humus 126 Soil type 7 non-calcareous strata, less abundant on 166, 252 acidic 8 nutrient-deficient, spp. of 166, 250 associated species of 58, 60, 64, 74, 82, 86, 92, 144, 172, nutrient-rich, spp. of 354, 582 186,198,202,216,220,222,226,240,250,256,260, organic, spp. of 412 266,270,294,296,322,324,326,330,336,342,348, peaty, spp. of 168, 240, 266, 294, 330, 342, 386, 478, 498, 350,380,386,388,400,402,404,406,414,418,424, 592,594 460,468,478,494,496,498,540,546,550,552,564, pH see pH 572,592,594,604,614 podzolic, spp. of 222, 326, 460 in upland areas 164, 168 poorly drained, spp.of 220, 484 non-association with 162, 286 rocky alkaline 260 associated species of 66, 94, 96, 106, 284, 334, 514 alluvial 312, 338, 428 restriction of competitors by 184, 498, 522 anaerobic sandy, spp. of 62, 66, 90, 94, 100, 106, 132, 158, 186, 208, failure to persist in 31, 198 270,300,302,322,334,336,386,410,412,432,498, oxygen requirement for detoxification of 384 514,520,544,560,568,590,598 survival of 324 shallow, spp. of 134, 158, 262, 284, 410, 424, 518, 614 tolerance of 76, 256, 312, 542 waterlogged, spp. of 170, 198, 266, 278, 312, 348 base-poor 170, 346, 352 well-drained, spp. of 108, 122, 144, 158, 230, 236, 260, 286, base-rich 138,206,214,236,274,280,304,310,326,342, 316,328,334,356,394,416,418,474,508,520,540,562, 348,394,398,406,436,448,462,508,578,602,614 572 brown earths 326, 460, 468, 496 wet, spp. of 266, 282 calcareous 8 see also Edaphic, pH absence from 114, 142, 248, 250, 294, 310, 606 Soil-less habitats, extension over 314, 602 associated species of 82, 90, 92, 96, 110, 112, 120, 122, 128, Specialisation, species lacking 122, 57 6 130, 132, 134, 158, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, Speciation 494, 560 178,180,184,216,218,224,228,230,240,256,262, Species 268,270,286,292,298,300,320,332,340,342,348, co-existence 50 352,364,370,376,392,394,396,400,402,406,410, strategies facilitating 280 414,422,424,436,444,448,460,464,478,496,510, composition, changes in 52
716 INDEX density 15 Surveys see Vegetation surveys distribution gregarious 116 patchy 552 Tall-herb communities scattered 86, 228, 260, 278, 280, 286, 410, 586 absence from 386, 510, 534, 612 sparse 248, 250, 324 capacity to persist under 308, 444, 566, 600, 608 see also Stand-forming species of 146, 244, 282, 290, 364, 476, 478 interaction 50, 608 suppression by 370, 532, 562, 574 persistence 254, 290, 384, 444 understorey, spp. of 210, 280, 322, 330, 398, 444, 446, 602 once established 588 Taxonomic study, spp. in need of 472 varying with site productivity 580 Taxonomy 20, 29, 30, 56, 60, 62, 96, 176, 220, 280, 288, 294, resilience of 34 314,320,322,328,374,382,438,484,494,516,520,534, resistance of 34 540,560,578,651 -rich vegetation see Diversity Timber management see Woodland management Spoil heaps 11, 27, 42 Toxic principles species of 62, 104, 106, 118, 144, 148, 200, 258, 320, 340, alkaloids 258, 426, 430, 518, 520 372,374,382,392,434,452,504,526,576,580,616 cyanogenic glycosides 162, 382, 468, 508, 574 Spore-bank 110, 112, 114, 212, 228, 468 digitalin 226 Spore 25 glycoalkaloids 532 dispersal 114, 258 glycosides 328 by ingestion by insects 468 hypericin 332,334 by wind 110, 212, 468 oxalate 366, 454, 496, 498 germination oxalic acid 424 light requirement for 228 protoanemonin 472, 476, 478, 486 rate of 110, 112, 212 Toxicity 46, 80, 106, 108, 146, 188, 206, 226, 228, 254, 258, temperature requirement for 110 270,288,308,314,376,396,398,424,430,454,468,470, production 110, 112, 114, 212, 228, 230, 468 472,476,478,486,488,490,496,500,508,518,520 viability 254, 468 berries 532 Sporeling fatal 340, 558 establishment 228, 230, 256, 258, 468 phytotoxins 51 mortality 228 reduction of animal yield 4 72 recruitment 228 seeds 530 Stand-forming species 72, 92, 128, 162, 194, 232, 238, 244, 256, Trackways, species of 344, 378, 390, 440, 452 266,280,282,310,326,328,334,338,342,354,394,396, Trampled habitats 398,430,488,508,542,548,580,584,588 adoption of prostrate form in 440, 454 Standing crop 482 inability to exploit 526 Statistical analysis 654, 659 infrequent in 178 Stems, short-lived 420, 494 plasticity of growth form in 418 Stoloniferous species 58, 60, 62, 76, 154, 192, 194, 242, 244, species of 124, 252, 350, 368 248,252,284,292,300,320,354,386,442,446,462,484, Trampling 574,602 gaps created by, establishment in 36, 474 Storage organs see Underground storage persistence under moderate 316, 390 'Stored growth' 34 resistance to 172, 216, 342, 466 Strategic range 28, 494 restriction of competitors by 390, 600 Strategies 15, 22, 30, 32, 34, 50, 618, 647, 648, 654 sensitivity to 78, 88, 116, 118, 136, 182, 396, 426, 468, 562 ecological 2 strategy for avoidance of 476 primary 3, 34,37,48,648 susceptibility to 214, 222, 252, 288, 324, 328, 354, 428, 432, secondary 37 544,572,578,580 viability of 460 tolerance of 58, 128, 152, 276, 348, 372, 378, 418, 442, 444, see also Competitive, Ruderal, Stress-tolerant strategies 452,504,556,560,574 Stratification see Seed dormancy Transient habitats, species of 410, 442, 486, 492, 526, 536, 538, Stream-banks, species of 156, 274, 304, 330, 342, 506, 580, 600, 606 604 Transient constituent species 432, 524, 550 Streams, species of 92, 168, 482 Transpirational water loss 30, 130 Stress 5, 28, 659 Tree species 54, 74, 126, 270, 286, 470, 506, 508, 540, 586 Stress-tolerant Triangular model 22, 35, 36, 51 competitor 24, 35, 37, 651 Triangular ordination 27, 29, 47 ruderal 24, 35, 37 ecological indications of 524, 560 species 4, 6, 23, 37, 166, 168, 224, 322, 650, 651 Tuber-forming species 476, 558 strategy 3, 22, 24, 35, 36, 51 Turf, species of 62, 64, 166, 276, 278, 280, 284, 336, 368, 376, Submergence 386,392,406,432,436,440,448,464,516,546,556,564, adaptation to 4 78 602,280 tolerance of 600 species sown for 444, 446 in winter 344, 414, 456 Tussock-forming species 102, 120, 168, 172, 214, 220, 266,406, Subordinate component species 42, 43, 51, 122, 150, 168, 182, 418 258,274,278,298,356,424,444,446,578,604,614 Twining habit 148, 204, 272, 380, 558 Subspecies, description of 136, 148, 156, 176, 182, 184, 206, 216,218,232,280,314,316,320,336,354,360,370,386, 412,448,464,554,596 Underground Succession 34, 52, 74, 126, 206, 226, 242, 270, 340, 506, 508, parts, majority of biomass 256 586 reserves 318 birch, replacement of degenerating gorse bushes 584 storage organs 34, 650, 651 hawthorn, invasion associated with 314 Understorey see Canopy predictions of 5 Upland habitats 8 Succulence, species exhibiting 118, 372, 486, 518, 596 carpeting species 192 Summer annual species see Life-cycle extension into 246, 250
INDEX 717 grazing value in 406 by dormant apices 456 populations 134 by lateral roots 334 species of 112, 144, 212, 240, 266, 348, 350, 398, 406, 418, by layering of old branches 316 594 by leaflets 160 Urban dereliction see Derelict environment by plant fragments 258, 434, 482 Urban environments 8 by plants detached by disturbance 284, 402, 484 species of 106, 190, 242, 442, 488, 522, 524, 536 by prostrate rooting shoots 324, 358, 380, 420, 478, 504, 600,604 by ramets 484, 496, 548 Variation 18, 200, 318, 470, 482 by rhizome proliferation 56, 60, 82, 102, 114, 128, 148, coinciding with associated spp. 574 160,162,168,220,232,238,244,256,264,280, due to hybrid origin 538 282,312,326,348,350,356,362,364,394,396, due to introgression 168 414,418,424,428,430,434,450,458,468,488, in size 116, 158, 536 512,542,548,562,570,580,582,588,592,608, with geographical distribution 172 612 interspecific 2 by root tubers 476, 558 intraspecific 2, 4, 5 by rooted stems 314, 494, 532, 550, 552, 554, 604 see also Ecotypic, Morphological, Genotypic, Phenotypic and by runners 460, 564 Population variation by stem buds 438 Varieties by stolons 58, 60, 62, 76, 124, 154, 242, 250, 252, 284, description of 180, 482 320,354,384,446,484,528,574,596,602 native x cultivated 572, 574 by suckers 494, 586 Vascular tissue by vegetative branching 68 development in 456 effective 162, 250, 456 lacking vessels 366, 458 exclusive 234 vessels in 258 importance at N edge of range 354, 564 Vegetation importance in disturbed habitats 520, 606 classification 8 importance in grazed habitats 364, 496 cover importance in S. Britain 382 discontinuous, spp. of 340, 372 importance in trampled habitats 496 seedling survival 376 lack of effective method 78, 86, 96, 266, 306, 318, 448, density 304 528,558,598 dynamics 50, 648 see also Population dynamics limited capacity for 332, 388, 400, 436, 464, 496, 510, 512 gaps see Gaps low capacity for 296, 500 management see Land main method of 240, 308, 312, 326, 384, 398, 430, 450, structure 648 482,484,488,532,546,548,552 surveys 7, 13 in shaded habitats 380 type, wide-ranging 446 in stable communities 464, 468, 580 Vegetative ofminorimportance 328,440 dispersal slow 596, 612 by human activity 548 strategies of 484 by soil contaminated with rhizomes 488, 580, 588 vigorous 258, 330 by water 58, 92, 114, 256, 258, 282, 294, 310, 312, 346, spread 650 354,396,414,428,430,434,450,458,488,542, aggressive 148, 196, 204, 312 582,600 capacity for 146, 194, 248, 276, 466 effective 548 lacking 344, 408, 416, 510, 516 of whole plants 366 slight 262, 432 expansion 36 confined 228 parentage, common 428 extensive 314 reproduction 132, 142, 164, 168, 336, 472, 648 'fairy ring' 176 by adventitious buds 70, 374, 498 ineffective 378 by adventitious roots 552, 564, 614 lateral 102, 106, 110, 112, 130, 172, 182, 184, 214, 220, by axillary shoots 334 264,292,294,310,322,406,580,618,650 by branched stock 370 limited ability for 332, 334, 368, 372, 374, 422, 438, by budding 366 474,608,610 by buds in leaf axils 88 in dry habitats 370 by buds on stock 510 little capacity for 43, 340, 596 by bulbils 476, 596 lack of ability for 122, 212, 242, 432 by corms 542 by movement of rhizome fragments 364 by creeping stems 150, 330 rapid 308, 450 by daughter rosettes 226, 320, 440, 512, 520, 560 restricted capacity for 324 by daughter tubers 108 resulting from human action 238 by detached fronds 212 (by) rooting at nodes 342 by detached inflorescences 420 tillering capacity 60, 86, 102 by detached leaves 158, 160, 518 unimportant 176 by detached roots 148, 196, 204, 240, 382, 438, 494, 498, state, persistence in 17 4, 182 500,520,560 Vernal species see Phenology effected by disturbance 232, 502, 560, 588 Vemalisation by detached shoots 92, 142, 146, 156, 160, 182, 192, 234, requirement for flowering 94, 100, 140, 224, 412, 514, 598 248,256,292,308,310,326,332,334,344,346, requirement for germination 260 354,358,382,396,414,420,430,434,440,450, Viviparous species 346 458,466,480,518,548,550,552,554,600,606 effected by disturbance 232, 434, 440, 446, 454, 466, Walls, species of 37, 46, 110, 112, 114, 156, 212, 230, 246, 314, 478,492,552,554,602,606 322,408,514,522,598 by detached stems 102, 250, 486 Wasteland habitats 11 by detached twigs 506, 508 species of 62, 66, 98, 102, 128, 136, 158, 182, 196, 208, 242,
718 INDEX 248,302,318,332,340,410,426,444,452,454,490, status 54, 56, 62, 80, 94, 152, 188, 196, 200, 220, 234, 238, 506,520,584,598,616 254,272,290,434,438,440,500,502,520,530,538, Water 544, 554 characteristics Weeding base poor 366, 414, 480 restriction of competitors by 242 base rich 458 vulnerability to the effects of 288, 360 brackish 456, 480 'Weedy' behaviour 228 intolerance of 582 Wetland habitats 11, 45, 46, 58, 76, 616 calcareous 234, 366, 456, 600 absence from 452, 522 eutrophic 190, 234, 456 colonists of 68, 76 capacity to exploit 542, 582 drainage see Drainage sensitivity to, seedlings 542 persistence in 286 mesotrophic 234 sites transitional with dryland 282, 290, 310, 384, 406, 486, peaty 234,458,480,582 492 species poorly represented in 456 species of 142, 146, 162, 232, 248, 250, 252, 258, 282, 294, stagnant 458 326,330,342,344,346,348,384,434,446,450,478, turbid, failure to establish in 542 486,532,550,560,582,596 currents survival in 166, 442 morphological adaptation to 482 Wind physiological adaptation to 482 dispersal restriction of competitors by 162,232,600 seeds see Seed dispersal depth 13 spores see Spore dispersal light penetration at varying 458 inability to tolerate strong 270 sites subject to seasonal levels of 346 Winter-annual see Life-cycle exploitation of subsoil 96 Winter damage, sensitivity to 324 flowing, species of 430, 434, 482, 600 Winter-dormancy 278 absence from 542 Winter-green species see Phenology level, fluctuations in Wood, characteristics of 30, 126, 506, 508, 540, 586 restriction of competitors by 480 Woodland 8, 11 sensitivity to 162, 256 ancient 126, 286, 328, 362, 388, 394, 398, 400, 462, 470, tolerance of 450, 480 552,586,604 facilitated by heterophylly 480 bare soil, sporelings of 228 limited 458 broad-leaved, species of 54, 74, 126, 138, 220, 270, 286, 380, -margin communities 162, 232, 342 388,508,512,586,592,604 pollution see Eutrophication, Pollution canopy see Canopy running, close proximity to 346 clearance, spp. abundant in 286, 388 shallow, species of 264, 542, 582 clearings, species of 226, 274, 288, 308, 360, 388, 410, 508 still 366, 480 composition, tree species 586 subsoil, access to 17 6 destruction of habitats 230, 512, 604 substrate, characteristics of 482, 542 disturbed, species of 388, 404, 508 Water-conduction see Xylem floor, dominant species of 228, 230, 328, 398 Waterlogged sites floristic diversity in 13 absence from 106, 282, 306, 462, 524, 546 forestry, 'weeds' of 126, 144, 468 inability to exploit 330 grass species of 394, 400, 446 inability to persist in 598 habitats, species of 70, 72, 82, 88, 108, 114, 130, 194, 202, Waterlogging 206,246,304,306,314,326,328,334,354,468,540, absence due to prolonged 440 592,616 intolerance of 200, 240, 394, 406, 592, 594 hectare contribution 586 loss of seed viability due to 270, 470 herb-layer, species of 228, 322, 424, 476, 528, 614 sensitivity to 72, 78, 88, 186, 324 coppiced 130, 306, 326 specialisations associated with 244 effects of tree species on 54, 270 survival of intermittent 432 limestone susceptibility to 31, 210, 328, 398, 528, 576 absence from 328 tolerance of 56, 74, 390 species of 206, 230, 286, 314, 586 Water-table 46 lowland 138, 228, 274, 328 colonisation of sites above 348 management 54, 108, 138 deep, exploitation of 102 changes in 270 fluctuating favoured by modem methods 274, 288, 306, 404, 494, 548 characteristic species of 68, 74, 168, 346, 396, 406 species less vulnerable to 328 intolerance of 232, 248, 396 margins, species of 236, 274, 284, 292, 332, 362, 506, 528, tolerance of 142, 310, 348, 414 534,546,556,558,566,570,610 tussock growth form in 406 mixed 470, 586 lack of root penetration into 286 old established 82, 424 rooting below level of 542 indicator species of 354 surface 82 open 236,282,296,326,338,388,562,602,612 Wave action, vulnerability to 256, 458, 542 plantations Weed coniferous, exploitation of 424, 594 killers see Herbicides species comprising 54, 74, 270 species 124, 182, 200, 208, 302, 334, 336, 386, 410, 442, species of 108, 194, 226, 228, 230, 328, 388, 508, 604 446,450,466,504,520,560,568,606 primary 70 biological control of 520 relict species 130, 202 control by farming practices. 31, 196, 200, 606 rides, species of 130, 242, 306, 308, 396, 462, 466, 548, 556, highly invasive 238, 468, 488 584,604 of forestry 126, 144, 468 secondary 70, 138, 194, 206, 236, 274, 286, 304, 306, 308, of tree nurseries 94, 158, 326, 498 314,356,380,404,506,512,548 see also Agricultural weeds species exclusive to 404
INDEX 719 thicket-forming species of 584 Xeromorphic species 258, 352, 564 timber species of 270, 286, 470, 586 Xerophyllic species 276 undershrub 380, 494 Xylem system 68, 72, 328, 338, 468, 470 upland, species of 230, 328, 400 Woody species 448, 506, 532, 562, 584
720 INDEX AUTHOR INDEX
Bold page numbers refer to full citations in the Reference List.
In the case of names occurring within the text of an Autecological Account only the left-hand page of the Account is indexed. However, the author's name may also (or only) occur within material which over-runs onto a right-hand page.
Aarssen, L. W. 24, 336, 608, 670, 694 Balme, 0. E. 10, 460, 671 Abbott, R. J. 526, 682, 686 Band,S. R. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 24,25, 30, 31, 33, 39,41, 50, Adams, A. W. 556, 670 114,132,164,166,182,196,280,282,368,370,398,400, ADAS 140, 378,432, 468, 572, 670 406,446,566,580,588,596,647,670,679 Akeroyd, J. R. 500, 524, 670 Banfield, C. F. 659, 670 Alberte, R. I. 532, 674 Bannister, P. 260, 671 AI-Farraj, M. M. 244, 250,670 Barclay, A. M. 540, 671 Allen, G. P. 582, 670 Barel, R. A. 422, 682 Allen, T. F. H. 648, 670 Barker, M. A. 258, 688 AI-Mashhadani, Y. D. 24, 33, 51, 324, 670 Barkham, J. P. 398, 682 At-Mufti, M. M. 14, 15, 24, 31, 33, 114, 166, 282, 328, 370, 398, Barling, D. M. 444, 671 400,446,588,604,674,670 Baskin, C. C. 5, 94, 358, 500, 566, 598, 671 Alvey, N. G. 659, 670 Baskin, J. M. 5, 94, 358, 500, 566, 598, 671 Arney, L. 8, 676 Bassett, I. J. 24, 188, 588, 671 Amor, R. L. 494, 670 Bassett, J. 438, 673 Anderson, J. M. 35, 228, 679, 688 Baxter, R.I. 659, 670 Anderson, M. 54, 670 Beadle, N. C. W. 30, 671 Anderson, P. 7, 670 Bean, W. J. 206, 671 Anderson, V. L. 56, 122, 134, 174, 178, 218, 300, 316, 320, 376, Beattie, A. J. 612, 614, 671, 675 382,392,422,438,510,516,612,670 Beckett, G. 126, 206, 270, 286, 584, 586, 671 Andrew, T. 526, 688 Beckett,K. 126,206,270,286,584,586,671 Angevine, M. W. 284, 670 Beddows, A. R. 24, 138, 140, 214, 236, 274, 278, 324, 326, 378, Ankei, T. 550, 670 432,671 Antonovics, J. 86, 402, 438, 670, 678 Bell, J. N. B. 240, 671 Armstrong, R. A. 398, 695 Bell, P. R. 258, 671 Armstrong, W. 406, 670 Bennett, M. D. 22, 32, 33, 60, 66, 70, 104, 108, 132, 136, 208, Arnold, H. R. 26, 110, 112, 114, 212, 228, 230, 254, 256, 258, 220,238,274,362,368,378,388,390,424,426,430,444, 468,670,683 446,472,474,476,478,484,486,498,500,522,526,536, Arnold, R. M. 184, 670 560,610,647,671 Aro,F.M. 126,687 Bentley, S. 502, 671 Ashmore, C. J. 606, 676 Benton, R. A. 106, 580, 672 Atkins, D. P. 280, 670 Berko, I. M. 548, 672 Atkinson, D. 246, 670 Bernatzky, A. 74, 540, 672 Austin, M. P. 134, 504, 670 Berry, A. D. 482, 680 Avdulov, N. P. 33, 671 Best, K. 272, 682 Ayres, P. 102, 671 Bhat, K. K. 5, 672 Bieniek, M. E. 584, 672 Biggin, P. 468, 672 Bailey, J. P. 488, 671 Billings, W. D. 40, 672 Bailey, L. G. 530, 687 Birks, H. J. B. 192, 202, 380, 508, 672 Bajwa, R. 144, 689 Bishop, G. F. 320, 672 Baker, A. J. M. 352, 402, 671 Bjork, S. 434, 672 Baker, H. G. 2, 38, 39, 528, 647, 671 Bjorkman, 0. 496, 534, 672 Bakker, D. 24, 486, 580, 671 Bjorkvist, I. 68, 672 Bakshi, T. S. 374, 671 Black, L. 56, 695 Ball, D. F. 120, 164, 436, 448, 696 Black, M. 40, 126, 672 Ball, P. W. 6, 20, 22, 26, 54, 74, 80, 84, 90, 94, 96, 100, 110, Black, R. F. 118, 672 136,142,148,154,160,180,182,184,190,192,206,218, Blackman, G. E. 328, 672 226,260,270,272,282,284,286,306,308,314,316,318, BJorn, C. W. P. M. 438, 440, 672 330,332,334,374,376,398,402,410,412,414,416,422, Blythe, G. M. 314, 588, 679 426,436,448,450,464,470,472,474,476,478,484,486, Boatman, D. J. 406, 670 490,492,494,496,504,506,510,512,514,518,528,530, Bocher, T. W. 290, 372, 422, 466, 672 540,548,554,562,564,566,568,570,572,574,584,586, Boddrell, J. E. 80, 184, 358, 690 588,590,594,598,600,602,604,606,608,612,614,616, Bonnemaison, F. 382, 672 617,618,694 Boot, R. 24, 588, 590, 672 Ballard, L. A. T. 40, 671, 680 Borg, P. J. 258, 672
INDEX 721 Bornkanun,R. 134,552,672,690,696 530,598,673 BoniU,~. 278,310,672,694 Chapin, F. S., III. 3, 5, 32, 35, 36, 266, 673, 674, 677, 683, 691 Borthwick, H. A. 647,693 Charlton, J. F. L. 568, 674 Bosbach, K. 152, 672 Charlton, W. A. 68, 674 Bostock, S. J. 56, 106, 580, 672 Chamov, E. L. 38, 674 Bourdot, G. W. 56, 672 Chater, A. 0. 6, 20, 22, 26, 62, 74, 76, 78, 80, 84, 86, 90, 94, Box,E.O. 30,42,647,672 96, 100, 102, 108, 110, 120, 122, 128, 130, 132, 134, 138, 142, Bradley,~. V. 32, 144, 672 148, 154, 156, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, Bradley, R. 144, 672 178,180,182,184,190,192,200,204,206,208,214,216, Bradshaw, A. D. 6, 21, 32, 60, 276, 280, 382, 392, 402, 442, 568, 218,220,222,224,226,236,260,262,266,270,272,274, 572,584,670,672,675,682,684,692 276,280,282,284,286,290,292,294,296,298,300,306, Brand, J. ~. 24, 174, 376, 512,695 308,312,314,316,318,320,326,330,332,334,336,342, Brenchley, W. E. 29, 56, 60, 78, 86, 102, 116, 122, 132, 136, 346,348,350,352,360,366,368,368,372,374,376,380, 176,182,184,186,204,214,280,290,320,324,364,376, 386,388,390,394,398,400,402,406,410,412,414,416, 382,410,426,436,438,444,472,510,526,572,578,590,672 422,426,428,430,432,434,436,438,440,444,446,448, Briggs, D. 124, 440, 466, 500, 504, 524, 526, 588, 670, 673, 681, 450,456,458,464,470,472,474,476,478,484,486,490, 689,695 492,494,496,504,506,508,510,512,514,516,518,520, Brighton, C. A. 396, 680 522,528,530,534,536,538,540,542,548,554,558,560, Bringhurst, R. S. 284, 680 562,564,566,568,570,572,574,578,582,584,586,588, Britten, R. J. 32, 673, 675 590,594,596,578,600,602,604,606,608,612,614,616, Britton, C. E. 178, 673 617,618,683,694 Brocklebank, K. J. 150, 180, 244, 681 Chen,S.S.C. 40,674 Brown, A. H. F. 126, 180, 194, 404, 604, 673 Chepil, W. S. 118, 674 Brown, J. ~. B. 270, 673 Cherfas, J. 470, 674 Brown, L. ~. 33, 683 Chiariello, N. 31, 674 Brownlee, C. 31, 673 Chippindale, H. G. 80, 124, 158, 288, 310, 372, 406, 418, 498, Brunsberg, K. 364, 673 572,674 Bryant, J. D. 5, 35, 673 Chorlton, K. 278, 694 Bryant, J. P. 5, 35, 674 Chrtkova-Zertova, A. 382, 608, 674 Budd, E. G. 446, 673 Chrystal, J. 458, 692 Burdon, J. J. 19, 21, 574, 673, 694 Church, A. H. 108, 674 Burges, N. A. 6, 20, 22, 26, 54, 62, 74, 76, 78, 80, 84, 86, 90, 94, Cideciyan, M. A. 502, 674 96, 100, 102, 108, 110, 120, 122, 128, 130, 132, 134, 138, 142, Clapham, A. R. 1, 2, 6, 13, 14, 20, 26, 58, 88, 94, 100, 148, 152, 148, 154, 156, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 172, 174, 176, 178, 158,176,198,226,236,280,294,296,298,304,306,322, 180,182,184,190,192,200,204,206,208,214,216,218, 330,342,348,352,358,360,366,380,404,416,440,470, 220,222,224,226,236,260,262,266,270,272,274,276, 472,490,494,516,532,534,568,586,600,606,612,616, 280,282,284,286,290,292,294,296,298,300,306,308, 618,674,690,695 312,314,316,318,320,326,330,332,334,336,342,346, Clark,S.C. 9,24,224,514,674 348,350,352,360,366,368,370,372,374,376,380,386, Clarke, C. B. 280, 670 388,390,394,398,400,402,406,410,412,414,416,422, Clatworthy, J. N. 366, 674 426,428,430,432,434,436,438,440,444,446,448,450, Clifford, H. T. 68, 72, 108, 328, 558, 675 456,458,464,470,472,474,476,478,484,486,490,492, Gough, J. M. 532, 674 494,496,504,506,508,510,512,514,516,518,520,522, Outton-Brock, T. H. 2, 647, 674 528,530,534,536,538,540,542,548,554,558,560,562, Cockburn, W. 478, 674 564,566,568,570,572,574,578,582,584,586,588,590, Cody, W.J. 254,468,674 594,596,598,600,602,604,606,608,612,614,616,617, Colbry, V. L. 674 618,694 Coley, P. D. 5, 35, 647, 674 Burkhill, I. H. 558, 673 Collins, J. P. 3, 696 Burley, N. 38, 697 Colosi, J. 536, 538, 682 Burnett, J. H. 130, 216, 266, 534, 673, 692 Commoner, B. 32, 674 Burrows, F. M. 580, 691 Conolly, A. P. 488, 671, 674 Burt, A. J. 144, 672 Conway,E. 468,674 Burton, R. M. 534, 673 Cook, C. D. K. 480, 482, 542, 674 Butterworth,B. 278,432,688 Cook,S.A. 488,674 Buttery, B. R. 24, 312, 430, 673 Coombe, D. E. 584, 674 Byatt,J.I. 206,673 Cooper, A. 132, 674 Cooper, M. R. 72, 80, 82, 106, 108, 114, 146, 162, 206, 226, 228, 254,258,270,288,308,314,328,334,340,374,376,382, Cahn, M.A. 574, 694 396,398,454,468,472,474,476,478,484,486,488,490, Calder, D. ~. 676 496,498,508,518,520,532,558,674 Calhoun, B. M. 582, 677 Cooper-Driver, G. 35, 468, 675 Callaghan, T. V. 468, 673 Cope, T. A. 344, 675 Campbell, M. H. 334, 673 Corkill,L. 574,675 CaniUo, M. V. 522, 524, 526, 677 Coupland, R. T. 374, 671 Carroll,C.P. 326,673 Courtney, A. D. 49, 272, 452, 675 Carter, R. N. 43, 673 Courtney,S.P. 206,686 Caswell, S. A. 118, 434, 673 Coutts, M. P. 470, 685 Catling, P. M. 456, 673 Cox,P. 398,528,675 Causton, D. R. 604, 697 Cox, S. A. 328, 693 Cavalier-Smith, T. 32, 673 Crawford, R. M. M. 46, 282, 430, 540, 582, 671, 675, 692 Cavers, P. B. 70, 126, 392, 438, 454, 500, 502, 673, 682, 691, Cresswell, E. G. 41,118, 130, 150, 422, 675 692,694,695,696 Crick, F. H. C. 32, 688 Chadwick,~. J. 19, 21, 32, 418, 568, 672, 673, 676 Crick,J.C. 32,34,62,675,679 Chaloner, E. G. 468, 691 Crompton, C. W. 24, 188, 438, 468, 588, 671, 673, 674 Champness, S. S. 444, 673 Cronquist, A. 42, 532, 558, 675 Chancellor, R. J. 80, 124, 140, 204, 272, 290, 308, 410, 426, 432, Culver, D. C. 612, 675
722 INDEX Cumming, B. G. 190, 675 Engledow, F. 8, 676 Curtis, A. V. 17, 18, 25, 30, 39, 41, 182, 196, 276, 368, 400, Ennos, R. A. 210, 676 406,566,580,596,647,679 Ernst, W. H. 0. 72, 676 Cussans, G. W. 90, 182, 689 Etherington, J. R. 244, 676 Evans, J. 692, 693 Evans, R. 418,676 Daday, H. 574, 675 Dahlgren, R. M. T. 68, 72, 108, 328, 558, 675 Dale, A. 160, 675 Falinska, K. 304, 676 Dale, H. M. 218, 675 Fanner, A.M. 478, 676 Dancer, W. S. 382, 392, 572, 675 Farrell,L. 26,110,112,114,212,228,230,254,256,258,468. Darlington, C. D. 32, 33, 500, 675 670,683 Darlington, H. T. 675 Faulkner, J. S. 168, 676 Da~d,R. W. 162,164,166,168,170,683 Feast, P. M. 188, 272, 390, 392, 426, 442, 526, 576, 590, 690 Da~dson, E. H. 32, 673, 675 Federov, A. A. 22, 184, 234, 416. 676 Da~es, M. S. 86, 260, 675, 692 Fekete, G. 130, 693 Da~s, C. B. 64 7, 695 Fenner, M. 41, 42, 182, 676 Da~son,A. W. 34,38,43,132,246,670,675 Ferguson, I. K. 6, 20, 22, 26, 54, 84, 90, 142, 148, 180, 184, 206, Davy, A. J. 220, 320,672, 675, 690 218,226,260,282,284,286,306,308,314,316,318,330, Dawson,F.H. 482,675 332,334,374,376,398,410,412,414,416,422,436,448, De Jong, T. 200, 675 464,490,494,510,512,540,548,562,564,566,568,570, Deannan,R.S. 2,132,578,647,679 572,574,584,594,598,600,602,604,606,608,612,614, Defilipps, R. A. 6, 20, 22, 26, 142, 148, 174, 176, 178, 180, 184, 616,617,618,694 200,208,226,260,262,286,290,292,294,296,298,300, Fiala, K. 434, 582, 676 308,320,336,360,368,370,372,374,380,390,398,410, Field, R. J. 56, 672, 683 412,414,422,428,438,440,464,490,508,516,520,522, Finch, R. A. 368, 370, 676 534,536,538,548,560,562,564,594,596,598,600,602, Finegan, B. G. 370, 676 604,606,616,617,618,694 Finlay, R. D. 689 Delfosse, E. S. 334, 673 Fitter, A. H. 5, 74,606,617,676,677,694 Denny,P. 234,456,675 Flavell, R. B. 32, 676 Dickinson, T. A. 206,675 Fogg, G. E. 530, 677 Diekmahns, E. W. 62, 78, 86, 278, 280, 432, 444, 446, 568, 572, Folkes, B. F. 166, 697 578,692 Forbes, J. C. 520, 677 Dilcher, D. L. 31, 675 Fossett, N. 582, 677 Dimbleby, G. W. 126, 675 Foster, J. 124, 677 Dirzo, R. 554, 675 Foulds, W. 392, 574, 677 Dixon, A. F. G. 54, 675 Fowler, M. C. 458, 677 Dixon, J. 446, 677, 681 Frame, J. 572,677 Dobson, I. 456, 673 Francis, R. 689 Dodge, A. D. 332, 684 Frankel, R. 134, 430, 677 Doll, R. 560, 675 Frankland, B. 40, 683 Dolph, G. E. 31, 675 Franko, G. D. 382, 554, 694 Donelan, M. 166, 382, 404, 466, 512, 675 Frankton, C. 176, 686 Doolittle, W. F. 32, 675 Fraser, D. K. 270, 678 Dorph-Petersen, K. 236, 302, 675 Frost, L. C. 584, 674 Dosier, L. W. 234, 675 Froud-Williams,R.J. 80,140,204,272,290,410,446,530,598, Doust, J. L. 202, 675 673,677,681 Doust, L. L. 24, 202, 484, 675, 676 Fryer, J.D. 24, 29, 62, 90, 126, 140, 152, 178, 182, 200, 204, Dover, G. A. 32, 676 272,288,290,302,318,324,360,446,452,454,468,498, Doyle, C. J. 2, 13, 682 526,530,568,576,606,677,687 Dring, M. J. 468, 676 Fryxell, P. A. 208, 568, 578, 677 Duckett, A. R. 258, 676 Fuchs, C. 488, 677 Duckett, J. G. 258, 676 Fuller, R. M. 126, 686 Duddridge, J. A. 31, 673 Funderburg, S. W. 33, 685 Duffey, E. 696 Fume~,S.B. 5, 14, 15,24,31,33, 102,114,166,282,370,398, Duke, J. A. 384, 570, 676 400,446,588,647,670,677,686 During, H. J. 24, 218, 268, 376, 516, 676 Dyer, A. F. 468, 676, 687 Gadella, T. W. J. 320, 677 Gadgil, M. 472, 691 Edwards, K. E. 7, 9, 676 Gajewski, W. 306, 677 Edwards, M. 530, 676 Galun, E. 134, 430, 677 Edwards,P.J. 35, 74,126,206,286,470,506,508,540,586, Gardiner, B. G. 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 676,697 80,82,84,86,88,90,92,94,96,98, 100,102,104,106,108, Edwards, P. M. 692, 693 110, 112, 114, 116, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, Egunjobi, J. K. 584, 676 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, Elberse, W. T. 372, 466, 688 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, Elias, C. 0. 19, 21, 676 184,186,188,190,192,194,196,198,200,202,204,206, Elkington,T.T. 160,176,675,676 208,210,212,214,216,218,220,222,224,226,228,230, Ellenberg, H. 56, 78, 88, 102, 676 232,234,236,238,240,242,244,246,248,250,252,254, Ellis, J. R. 460, 686 256,258,260,262,264,266,268,270,272,274,276,278, Ellis, M. 576, 676 280,282,284,286,288,290,292,294,296,298,300,302, Ellis, R. P. 156, 676 304,306,308,310,312,314,316,318,320,324,326,328, Ellis, W. M. 442, 676 330,332,334,336,338,340,342,344,346,348,350,352, El-Sheikh, A. M. 218, 676 354,356,358,360,362,364,366,368,370,372,374,376, Elzebroek, A. T. G. 370, 676 378,380,382,384,386,388,390,392,394,396,398,400,
INDEX 723 402,404,406,408,410,412,414,416,418,422,424,426, Haag, R. W. 234, 679 428,430,432,434,436,438,440,442,444,446,448,450, Haase, R. 152, 672, 682 452,454,456,458,460,462,464,466,468,470,472,474, Hackett, C. 222, 679 476,478,480,482,484,486,488,490,492,494,496,498, Hackett, W. P. 314, 506, 697 500,502,504,506,508,510,512,514,516,518,520,522, Hadfield, P. R. H. 468, 676 524,526,528,530,532,534,536,538,540,542,544,546, Haggar, R. J. 324, 446, 679 548,552,554,556,558,560,562,564,566,568,570,572 Haggar, R. S. 696 574,576,578,580,582,584,586,588,590,592,594,596 Hagon, M. W. 40, 680 598,600,602,604,606,608,610,612,614,688 Hajar, A. S.M. 402, 680 Gardner, F. P. 432, 677 Hajkova, L. 100, 412, 684 Gardner, G. 286, 677 Hall, I. V. 594, 608, 670, 680 Garnock-lones, B. J. 106, 677 Hall, J. B. 128, 280, 680 Gartner, B. L. 266, 677, 691 Hall, P. C. 534, 680 Gaskin, R. E. 584, 697 Hall, R. H. 5, 677 Gates, D. M. 30, 42, 677 Halliday, G. 11, 402, 680 Gauhl, E. 532, 677 Ham, S. F. 482, 680 Gaynor, D. L. 584, 677 Hambler, D. J. 490, 680 Geiger, R. 42. 677 Hamly, D. H. 40, 680 Gibbs, P. E. 478, 522, 524, 526, 677 Harnmerton, J. L. 454, 680 Gibby, M. 228, 677 Hancock, J. F. 284, 680 Gigon,A. 46,677 Handel, S. N. 386, 680 Gill, D. E. 3, 677 Handley, J. F. 382, 392, 572, 675 Giller, K. E. 244,696 Hansen, K. 6, 56, 438, 680 Gimingham, C. H. 144, 172, 260, 594, 677,686 Harberd, D. J. 276, 280, 326, 618, 680 Givnish, T. J. 30, 31, 647, 677 Harding, J. S. 126, 680, 687 Gliessman, S. R. 468, 677 Hardman, N. 32,680 Goddard,P. 74,126,206,286,470,506,540,586,697 Harley, E. L. 96, 164, 618, 680 Godwin, H. 3, 42, 126, 314, 406, 677 Harley, J. L. 31, 96, 164, 618, 680 Goebel, K. 150, 677, 678 Harley, R. M. 396, 680 Goldsmith, F. B. 270, 470, 687 Harmer, R. 276, 400, 680 Goldstein, D. J. 22, 678 Harper, C. W. 488, 680 Good, R. 42, 678 Harper, J. 694 Goode, J. E. 34, 691 Harper, J. H. 694 Goodman, D. 3, 34, 696 Harper, J. L. 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 19, 21, 22, 24, 36, 38, 176, 236, 286, Goodway, K. M. 298, 678 366, 426, 438, 440, 466, 472, 474, 496, 498, 500, 502, 518, Gordon, A. G. 270, 678 526,574,673,674,680,685,689,690,691,694,697 Gomall, R. J. 478, 677 Harris, G. R. 598, 602, 606, 680 Gorska, K. 106, 368, 530, 544, 678 Harris, W. 498, 680 Gorski, T. 41, 106, 368, 530, 544, 647, 678 Harrison, J. S. 582, 678 Gould, S. J. 647, 678 Hartsema, A. M. 34, 680 Gower, J. C. 659, 670 Harvey, H. J. 84, 370,676,680 Grabham, P. W. 328, 678 Harvey, P. H. 2, 647, 674 Grace, J. 42, 582, 678 Haselwandter, K. 680 Grace, J. B. 42, 582, 678 Haslam, S. M. 434, 680 Gradwell, G. 470,678 Haukioja, E. 126,680,681 Grandstrom, A. 388, 592, 594, 678 Haukioja, F. 126, 687 Grant, C. J. 372,678 Hawarth, C. C. 560, 690 Grant, M. C. 86, 678 Hawkes, J. G 398, 681, 695 Grant, V. 619, 678 Hawthorne, W. R. 98, 440, 679, 681 Grant, W. F. 382, 678 Hay, R. K. M. 677 Graveline, K. J. 582, 684 Hayashi, I. 488, 681 Gray, H. 262, 678 Heads, P. A. 468, 681, 684 Green, B. H. 54, 678 Heagy, M. I 70, 673 Greene, D. 444, 691 Hegi, G. 19, 304, 681 Greenslade, P. J. M. 3, 678 Hejny, S. 456, 458, 693 Greig-Smith, P. 24, 174, 588, 590,678 Helpsper, H. P. G. 144, 681 Grignac, P. 606,678 Henderson, D. M. 126,681 Grigsby, B. 498, 692 Hendry, G. A. F. 150, 180, 244, 681, 683, 693 Grime, J.P. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, Herberger, J. P. 80, 152, 188, 196, 234, 238, 254, 258, 290, 434, 22,24, 25,27,28,30,31,32,33,34,35,38,39,40,41,44,46, 438,440,500,502,538,544,554,606,681 48,49,50,51,52,54,62,82,96, 102,114,118,120,128,130, Hermy, M. 3, 681 132,150,164,166,176,180,182,186,190,196,208,222, Herriott, J. C. 544, 687 240,276,280,282,286,294,296,300,304,314,316,320, Heslop-Harrison, J. S. 60, 66, 158, 208, 220, 238, 274, 424, 444, 326,328,334,354,362,364,368,370,372,378,386,398, 498,500,671,681 400,406,422,438,442,444,446,460,466,474,496,506, Heubl, G. R. 448, 681 510,514,516,546,550,556,564,566,574,578,580,584, Heukels, H. 336, 681 588,590,592,596,612,614,618,619,647,648,650,651, Heywood, V. H. 6, 20, 22, 26, 54, 62, 74, 76, 78, 80, 84, 86, 90, 654,659,670,672,675,677,678,679,683,685,686,693 94, 96, 100, 102, 108, 110, 120, 122, 128, 130, 132, 134, 138, Groenhart, M. C. 560, 693 142, 148, 154, 156, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 172, 174, 176, Gross, K. L. 39, 679 178, 180, 182, 184, 190, 192, 200, 204, 206, 208, 214, 216, Gross, R. S. 98, 679 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 236, 260, 262, 266, 270, 272, 274, Grubb,P.J. 3,4,36, 144,280,584,679 276, 280, 282, 284, 286, 290, 292, 294, 296, 298, 300, 306, Guppy, H. B. 30, 679 308, 312, 314, 316, 318, 320, 326, 330, 332, 334, 336, 342, Gupm,P.L. 35,42,679,690 346, 348, 350, 352, 360, 366, 368, 370, 372, 374, 376, 380, Gustafsson, M. 118, 679 386, 388, 390, 394, 398, 400, 402, 406, 410, 412, 414, 416,
724 INDEX 422, 426, 428, 430, 432, 434, 436, 438, 444, 446, 448, 450, Jermyn,S. T. 534,683 456, 458, 464, 470, 472, 474, 476, 478, 484, 486, 490, 492, Joenje, W. 88, 442, 683 494, 496, 504, 506, 508, 510, 514, 516, 518, 520, 522, 528 Johnson, A. W. 72, 80, 82, 106, 108, 114, 146, 162, 206, 226, 530, 534, 536, 538, 540, 542, 548, 554, 558, 560, 562, 564 228, 254, 258, 270, 288, 308, 314, 328, 334, 340, 374, 376, 566, 568, 570, 572, 574, 578, 582, 584, 586, 588, 590, 594 382, 396, 398, 454, 468, 472, 474, 476, 478, 484, 486, 488, 596, 598, 600, 602, 604, 606, 608, 612, 614, 616, 617, 618 490,496,498,508,518,520,532,558,674 681,694 Johnson, M.P. 478, 674 Hickman, J. C. 31, 674 Jonasson, S. 266, 683 Hicks, M. J. 126,686 Jones, B. M. G. 156, 548, 676, 684, 697 Higgs, D. E. B. 24, 216, 681 Jones, D. A. 382, 574, 672, 683 Hill, M. 0. 172, 540, 592, 681 Jones, E. W. 54, 74, 470, 683 Hillier, S. H. 132, 150, 176, 180, 280, 300, 320, 370, 376, 436, Jones, K. 62, 326, 673, 683 438,496,510,516,614,648,651,654,659,679,681 Jones, R. 166, 683 Hilton, J. R. 140, 446, 526, 677, 681 Jones, R. N. 33, 683 Hirose, T. 488, 681 Jones, T. 378, 689 Hobbs, R. 266, 689 Jowett, D. 21, 32, 672 Hodgkin, S. E. 526, 681 Justice, 0. L. 488, 683 Hodgson, J. F. 268, 438, 490, 602, 681 Hodgson, J. G. 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 16, 29, 30, 46, 222, 264, 362, 498, 546,550,584,650,651,679,681 Kadereit, J. W. 520, 526, 683 Hoffman, G. R. 430, 681 Kannangara, H. W. 56, 683 Hogan, M. B. 430, 681 Kay,Q.O.N. 38,196,448,506,528,558,576,676,683,684 Holm, L. G. 80, 152, 188, 196, 234, 238, 254, 258, 290, 434, Kedrowski, R. A. 266, 673 438,440,500,502,538,554,606,681 Keeley, J. E. 234, 456, 683 Holmes, I. F. 118, 434, 673 Kelly, D. 268,683 Holmgren, P. 496, 534, 672, 681 Kemp, E. 126,684 Holt, J. S. 526, 681 Kendrick,R.E. 40,683 Hope-Simpson, J. F. 42, 128, 134, 166, 681, 182, 697 Kenkel, N.C. 554, 694 Hopkins, A. 60, 214, 276, 280, 681 Kent, D. H. 450, 488, 496, 498, 522, 683, 684 Howard, H. W. 420, 682 Kheyr-Pour, A. 422, 683 Howarth,S.E. 372,420,682 Kimata, M. 156, 683 Howitt, B. M. 44, 240, 594, 682 King, J. 418, 683 Howitt, R. C. L. 44, 240, 594, 682 King, T. J. 41, 100, 182, 300, 316, 370, 376, 510, 564, 598, 683 Hubbard, C. E. 62, 64, 122, 132, 216, 274, 280, 394, 400, 406, Kinnaird,J. W. 126,684 430,432,682 Kinzel, W. 40, 647, 684 Huits, P. 340, 695 Kirchner, 0. 74, 684 Hull, R. 124, 682 Kjellsson, G. 172, 684 Hulten, E. 617, 682 Klein, R. M. 40, 691 Hume, L. 272, 500, 682 Klerken, G. A. M. 144, 681 Hundt, R. 6, 682 Klinkhamer, P. 200, 675 Hunt, R. 2, 13, 17, 18, 19, 21, 24, 32, 42, 88, 166, 506, 647, 679, Kliphuis, E. 296, 684 682,683,690,693 Kluge, M. 518,691 Huntley, J. P. 42, 43, 689 Knight, G. H. 328, 684 Hurka, H. 152, 672, 682 Knox,J.P. 332,684 Hussein, F. 160, 682 Knuth, P. 58, 64, 72, 132, 174, 226, 240, 284, 302, 304, 332, 340, Hutchings, M. J. 24, 398, 682 352, 362, 372, 376, 380, 400, 422, 512, 514, 518, 532, 552, Hutchinson, C. S. 442, 682 572,684 Hutchinson, G. E. 2, 3, 647,682 Kokron, R. F. 70, 673 Hutchinson, I. 536, 538, 682 Kootin-Sanwu, M. 146, 684, 697 Hutchinson, T. C. 2, 130, 222, 562, 682 Krattinger, K. 582, 684 Kraus, R. 152, 682 Krekule, J. 100, 412, 684 Iestewaart, J. H. 422, 682 Krzanowski, W. J. 659, 670, 679, 684 Ikelaar, M. E. 422, 682 Kuropat, P. S. 5, 35, 673 Inghe, 0. 24, 31, 512, 682 Kwak, M. M. 490, 684 Ingram, R. 522, 526, 682 Kytovuori, I. 250, 684 Ivens, G. W. 584, 682
Laane, M. 150, 684 Jager, E. 617, 686 Lacey, E. P. 218, 684 Jain, s. 86, 697 Lack, A. J. 176, 178, 448, 516,684 Jalas, J. 616,617,682 Lai, Y. T. 659, 684 Jalloq, M. C. 80, 158, 200, 682 Laibach, F. 94, 684 James, D. B. 24, 216,418, 681, 682 Lamarck, J. B. 108,684 Janssen, J. M.G. 412, 682 Lambert, J. M. 24, 312, 430, 673, 684 Jarvis, B. C. 41, 590, 679 Landolt, E. 366, 684 Jarvis, M. S. 32, 682 Lane,P. W. 659,670 Jarvis, P. G. 32, 222, 470, 682 Langer, R. H. M. 432, 684 Jefferies, R. A. 584, 682 Larcher, W. 42, 684 Jefferies, R. L. 320, 350, 422, 672, 683 Larsen, K. 290, 372, 672 Jefferies, T. A. 406, 682 Lauer, E. 358, 684 Jeffrey, D. W. 38, 102, 304, 679 Law, R. 19, 31, 51, 442, 684 Jeffreys, H. 418, 683 Lawrence, M. J. 94, 684 Jensen, J. 6, 56, 438, 680 Lawton, J. H. 468, 681, 684 Jensen, K. I. N. 608, 670 Le Duenff, Y. 500, 684 Jermy, A. C. 26, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 683 Lechowicz, M. J. 30, 206, 498, 586, 684, 697
INDEX 725 Leck,M.A. 582,684 Marshall, J. K. 94, 687 Lee, B. T. 0. 442, 676 Marten, G. C. 382, 678 Lee,J. A. 276,400,680 Martin, M. H. 398, 686 Leech, P. K. 659, 670 Martinez, J. 272, 682 Lees, D. R. 464,684 Maruta, E. 488, 686 Lees, F. A. 44, 684 Mason, G. 17, 18, 25, 30, 39, 40, 41, 182, 196, 368, 400, 406, Leps, J. 5, 34, 52, 684 546,566,580,596,674,679,686,693 Leslie, A. C. 402, 684 Matfield, B. 460,686 Levin, D. A. 33, 685 Mathe, I. 532, 686 Lewin, R. A. 536, 538, 682, 685 Mathe, I., Jr. 532, 686 Lewis, D. H. 683, 693 Matthews, J. R. 42, 594, 686 Lewis, J. 136, 278, 685 Maw, M. G. 104, 686 Lewontin, R. C. 647, 678 May, R. M. 3, 686, 691 Lhotska, H. 416, 685 Maynard Smith, J. 3, 686 Linhart,Y.B. 206,685 Meeuse, B. J. D. 108, 686 Linton, D. L. 7, 685 Meikle, R. D. 506, 686 Linton, W. R. 186, 685 Meredith, R. C. 84, 680 Little, E. C. S. 584, 685 Merker, A. 570, 686 Lloyd, P. S. 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 18, 19, 21, 27, 32, 44, 82, 96, Merton, L. F. H. 206, 286, 586, 686 102, 120, 130, 132, 166, 296, 316, 320, 372, 386, 444, 446, Meusel, H. 617,686 474,486,556,564,578,592,612,679,682,685 Middlefell, L. C. 176, 676 Loach, K. 31, 406,685 Miles, J. 64, 686 Lockett, P. M. 532, 690 Millener, L. H. 584, 686 Lodge, R. W. 210, 685 Millington, A. J. 40, 689 Loenhoed, P. J. 344, 685 Millington, W. F. 584, 672 Loew, E. 74, 684 Milne, C. 522, 524, 526, 677 Longman, K. A. 470, 685 Milton, W. E. J. 80, 124, 158, 216, 276, 288, 300, 310, 370, 372, Loomis, W. E. 432, 677 386,406,418,460,466,498,504,572,647,674,686 Loucks, 0. L. 30, 688 Moffett, V. 7, 11, 685 Lousley, J. E. 450, 488, 496, 498, 651, 685 Mogford, D. J. 198, 686 Loveless, A. R. 30, 685 Mooney, H. A. 31, 40, 672,674 Lovell, P. H. 2, 38, 514, 598, 602, 606, 680, 688 Moore, D. M. 6, 20, 22, 26, 54, 62, 76, 78, 80, 84, 86, 90, 102, Lovkvist, B. 154, 160, 685 108, 120, 122, 128, 130, 132, 134, 138, 142, 148, 162, 164, Lucas, A. T. 584, 685 166, 168, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 184, 200, 204, 206, 208, Lyon, A. G. 420, 682 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 236, 260, 262, 266, 274, Lyons, N. 612, 614, 671 276, 280, 282, 284, 286, 290, 294, 296, 298, 300, 306, 308, 310, 312, 314, 316, 318, 320, 326, 330, 332, 334, 336, 342, 346, 348, 350, 352, 360, 366, 368, 370, 372, 374, 376, 380, Macan, T. T. 346, 685 386, 388, 390, 394, 398, 400, 406, 410, 412, 414, 416, 422, McAllister, H. 314, 685 428, 430, 432, 434, 436, 438, 440, 444, 446, 448, 456, 458, MacArthur, R. H. 2, 3, 647, 685 464, 490, 494, 508, 510, 512, 516, 520, 522, 534, 536, 538, McCallister, H. A. 150, 685 540, 542, 548, 558, 560, 562, 564, 566, 568, 570, 572, 574, MacCarter, L. E. 584,677 578, 582, 584, 594, 596, 598, 600, 602, 604, 606, 608, 612, McCreath, J. B. 468, 685 614,616,617,618,686,694 McEvoy, P. B. 98, 520, 685 Moore, K. G. 2, 38, 680 MacFarlane, J. D. 98, 690 Moore, R. J. 22, 176, 196, 436, 686 McGrath, S. P. 324, 685 Mooren, J. F. A. 560, 693 McGraw, J. B. 240, 266, 685 Moreno-Casasola, P. 40, 686 Mackey, J. M. L. 5, 30, 132, 150, 176, 180, 280, 300, 320, 370, Morris, K. 444, 673 438,496,510,516,648,651,654,659,679,681 Morris, M. G. 470, 686 MacLean, D. A. 40, 696 Morrison, J. 324, 442, 446, 687 MacLeod, J. 3, 675 Morton, B. A. 234, 456, 683 McNaughton, I. H. 426, 685 Morton, J. F. 582, 687 McNaughton, S. J. 582, 685 Morton-Boyd, J. 468, 687 MacPherson-Stewart, S. F. 2, 132, 578, 647, 679 Moss, G. R. 584, 687 McVean, D. N. 27, 58, 64, 74, 120, 126, 160, 286, 368, 406, 685 Mountford, 0. 444, 691 MAFF 9, 78, 214, 226, 276, 278, 280, 378, 382, 432, 444, 446, Mousseau, M. 562, 687 572,574,686 Mowforth, M. A. G. 16, 17, 18, 22, 25, 30, 33, 40, 41, 182, 196, Magistrad, 0. C. 46, 686 368,400,406,442,566,570,580,596,647,679,687 Mahmoud, A. 5, 31, 60, 102, 222, 276, 686 Mukerji, S. K. 398, 687 Maignan, G. 40,690 Muller, F. M. 148, 170,266,284,384,388,510,570,608,687 Makepeace, R. J. 24, 29 62, 90, 116, 140, 152, 178, 182, 200, Muller, H. 346, 360, 388, 687 204, 272, 288, 290, 302, 318, 324, 360, 446, 452, 454, 468, Muller-Doblies, D. 582, 687 498,526,530,568,576,606,677 Mulligan, G. A. 530, 687 Malcolm, D. C. 692, 693 Murray, B. G. 132, 687 Malibari, A. 31, 673, 677 Muzik, J. J. 204, 696 Mallik, A. U. 172, 260, 686 Myerscough, P. J. 24, 94, 186, 242, 246, 580, 687 Malloch, A. J. C. 218, 502, 671, 674, 686 Mann, D. 126, 681 Manzur, M. I. 206, 686 Neal, A. M. 17, 18, 25, 30, 39, 41, 182, 196, 368, 400, 406, 566, Markham, B. 476,693 580,596,647,679 Marks, P. L. 37, 686 Neilson, J. E. 90, 690 Marrs, R. H. 126,686 Neider, J. A. 659, 670 Marsden-Jones, E. M. 80, 176, 686 New, J. K. 544, 687 Marshall, C. 444, 687 Newbold, A. J. 270, 470, 687 Marshall, D. F. 526, 686 Newman, E. I. 39, 66, 687
726 INDEX Nicholson, G. C. 476, 687 Peterson, S-R. 182, 688 Niemela, P. 126, 680, 681, 687 Pfitzenmeyer, C. D. C. 102,688 Nikolajevskii, V. G. 434, 687 Pharis, K. P. 314, 506, 697 Noble, I. R. 647, 687 Phelps, K. M. 659, 670 Nordborg, G. 510, 687 Philbrick, C. T. 142,688 Nowicki, J. 106, 368, 530, 544, 678 Philipson, W. R. 58, 62, 64, 688 Nyahoza, F. 444, 687 Phillips, M. E. 264, 688 Nybom, H. 494, 687 Philp, E. G. 534, 688 Nye, P. H. 5, 672, 687 Pianka, E. R. 2, 3, 647, 688 Pigott, C. D. 24, 38, 41, 42, 43, 54, 206, 270, 282, 286, 320, 470, 540,564,586,588,592,685,688,689 Oberdorfer, E. 522, 687 Piroznikow, E. 304, 676 Odurrn,S. 104,144,188,190,392,484,504,544,574,588,687 Pitcairn, C. E. R. 689 Ogden, J. 24, 580, 687 Plucknett, D. L. 80, 152, 188, 196, 238, 254, 258, 290, 434, 438, Ogden,T.L. 26,526,680 440,500,502,538,544,554,606,681 Okusanya, 0. T. 218, 686, 687 Pogorelova, T. D. 24, 230, 689 Olmo, E. 32, 687 Pollard, A. J. 438, 588, 689 Olsiecka, R. 78, 687 Pollard, F. 90, 182, 689 Olszewska, M. J. 78, 687 Pollock, C. J. 214, 378, 689 Oomes, M. J. M. 372,466,688 Pons, T. L. 198, 306, 689 Oosterhuis, L. 126, 180, 194, 404, 604, 673 Popay, A. I. 152, 526, 689 Oosterveld, P. 560, 688 Port, G. R. 206, 689 Orchard, T. 657,688 Prat, S. 528, 689 Oredsson, A. 494, 688 Primack, R. B. 438, 670 Orgel, L. E. 32,688 Prime,C.T. 108,689 Osboma-Kosinova, J. 5, 34, 52, 684 Prince, S. D. 43, 673 Ottosson, J. G. 228,688 Pritchard, T. 334, 689 Otzen, D. 520, 688 Proctor, M. C. F. 316, 540, 689 Ovington, J. D. 326, 688 Proffitt, G. W. H. 406, 689 Oxford, G. S. 526, 688 Putwain,P.D. 24,442,496,498,584,682,684,689
Packham, J. R. 328, 354, 424, 678, 688 Quinlivan, B. J. 40, 689 Page, C. N. 24, 110, 112, 114, 212, 228, 230, 254, 256, 258, 468, 688 Rabotnov, T. A. 3, 24, 230, 689 Palmblad, I. G. 524,688 Rackham, 0. 54, 74, 82, 126, 206, 226, 270, 282, 286, 314, 328, Palmer, J. H. 238, 688 400,470,506,512,540,586,689 Pancho, J. V. 80, 152, 188, 196, 234, 238, 254, 258, 290, 434, Radosevich, S. R. 526, 681 438,440,500,502,538,544,554,606,681 Rahman, A. A. 172, 686 Panetta, F. D. 41, 688 Rahn, K. 290, 672 Panigrahi, G. 146, 688 Ramenskii, L. G. 3, 4, 22,647,689 Parkhurst, D. F. 30, 688 Randall, R. E. 492, 689 Parry, J. 278, 432, 688 Ratcliffe, D. A. 27, 39, 58, 64, 94, 100, 120, 126, 160, 368, Pate, J. S. 584, 688 514,598,651,685,689 Patterson, S. 468, 691 Raunkiaer, C. 21, 30, 618, 647, 689 Payne, R. W. 659,670 Raven, P. H. 194, 689 Pearson, P. L. 372, 688 Rawes, M. 266, 689 Pemadasa, M. A. 514, 598, 688 Raynal, D. J. 24, 588, 590, 672 Perring, F. H. 2, 26, 44, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, Read, D. J. 31, 132, 144, 150, 176, 180, 280, 300, 320, 370, 438, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 496, 510, 516, 648, 651, 654, 659, 672, 673, 679, 680, 689, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 696 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, Reader, P.M. 657, 690 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, Rebele, F. 552, 690, 696 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, Rees, W. J. 118, 690 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, Reid, D. M. 697 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, Reiner, T. 152, 682 252, 254, 256, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, 272, 274, Rejmanek, M. 5, 34, 42, 52, 684, 690 276, 278, 280, 282, 284, 286, 288, 290, 292, 294, 296, 298, Rejmankova, E. 366, 690 300, 302, 304, 306, 308, 310, 312, 314, 316, 318, 320, 322, Richards, A. J. 38, 560, 690 324, 326, 328, 330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, Richards, P. W. 348, 690 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 370, Richardson, I. B. K. 6, 20, 22, 26, 62, 76, 78, 80, 86, 102, 108, 372, 374, 376, 378, 380, 382, 384, 386, 388, 390, 392, 394, 120, 122, 128, 130, 132, 134, 138, 142, 148, 162, 164, 166, 396, 398, 400, 402, 404, 406, 408, 410, 412, 414, 416, 418, 168, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 184, 200, 204, 208, 214, 216, 420, 422, 424, 426, 428, 430, 432, 434, 436, 438, 440, 442, 220, 222, 224, 226, 236, 260, 262, 266, 274, 276, 280, 286, 444, 446, 448, 450, 452, 454, 456, 458, 460, 462, 464, 466, 290, 292, 294, 296, 298, 300, 308, 312, 320, 326, 336, 342, 468, 470, 472, 474, 478, 480, 482, 484, 486, 488, 490, 492, 346, 348, 350, 352, 360, 366, 368, 370, 372, 374, 380, 386, 494, 496, 498, 500, 502, 504, 506, 508, 510, 512, 514, 516, 388, 390, 394, 398, 400, 406, 410, 412, 414, 422, 428, 430, 518, 520, 522, 524, 526, 528, 530, 532, 534, 536, 538, 540, 432, 434, 438, 440, 444, 446, 456, 458, 464, 490, 508, 516, 542, 544, 546, 548, 550, 552, 554, 556, 558, 560, 562, 564, 520, 522, 534, 536, 538, 542, 548, 558, 560, 562, 564, 578, 566, 568, 570, 572, 574, 576, 578, 580, 582, 584, 586, 588, 582,594,596,598,600,602,604,606,616,617,618,694 590, 592, 594, 596, 598, 600, 602, 604, 606, 608, 610, 612, Richardson, R. G. 494, 670 614,616,651,670,683,686,688 Richens, R. H. 586, 690 Peterken, G. F. 54, 70, 74, 126, 138, 270, 274, 286, 304, 306, Ridley, H. N. 39, 56, 68, 80, 84, 106, 116, 118, 140, 146, 148, 308, 314, 352, 362, 380, 388, 394, 398, 400, 404, 424, 462, 152, 162, 170, 204, 216, 226, 232, 234, 248, 250, 270, 272, 470,512,548,552,586,604,688,692 282, 284, 288, 290, 294, 302, 304, 330, 344, 348, 358, 380, Petersen, R. L. 468, 688 388, 390, 394, 396, 398, 400, 410, 414, 434, 448, 452, 456,
INDEX 727 458, 478, 480, 482, 486, 492, 496, 498, 526, 540, 572, 576, Shildrick,J. 58,62,64,222,280,446,691 598,600,602,619,690 Shimwell, D. 7, 670 Riley, W. R. 204, 696 Shirreffs, D. A. 82, 691 FUncon,J.E. 32,34,62,679 Sidhu, S. S. 126, 392, 691 Riopel, J. L. 234, 675 Sidrak, G. H. 118, 690 Riouxe, R. 238, 696 Sifton, H. B. 582, 691 Ritchie, J. C. 24, 592, 594, 690 Silvertown, J. W. 41, 72 691 Roberts, E. H. 152, 526, 689 Silvestre, S. 202, 691, 692 Roberts, H. A. 16, 56, 66, 76, 78, 80, 90, 102, 106, 124, 128, Simmonds, N. W. 454,692 136, 140, 176, 178, 182, 184, 188, 208, 214, 218, 220, 226, Simpson, B. B. 560, 692 236, 272, 280, 288, 306, 312, 320, 324, 332, 334, 336, 358, Simpson, D. A. 234, 692 368, 370, 372, 374, 376, 378, 390, 392, 416, 426, 436, 442, Simpson, H. R. 659,670 446, 466, 490, 512, 520, 522, 526, 528, 532, 546, 566, 576, Sinker, C. 434,680 590,647,690 Skalinska, M. 596, 692 Robertson, N. F. 468, 687 Skeffington, R. A. 584, 692 Robinson, D. 222, 690 Slatyer, R. 0. 118,647,687,692 Robson, N. K. B. 334,690 Sledge, W. A. 242, 692 Robson, T. 0. 458, 677 Small,E. 240,594,692 Rodewald-Rudescu, L. 434, 690 Smirnoff, N. 282, 430, 582,692 Rodman, J. 17, 18, 25, 30, 39, 41, 182, 196, 368, 400, 406, 566, Smith, B. S. 98, 690 580,596,647,679 Smith, D. 238, 692 Roelofs, J. G. M. 346, 690 Smith, J. P. 22, 32, 33, 60, 66, 70, 104, 108, 132, 136, 140, 208, Roetman, E. 560, 690 220, 238, 274, 362, 368, 378, 388, 390, 424, 426, 430, 444, Rogers, C. E. 659, 670 446, 472, 474, 476, 478, 484, 486, 498, 500, 522, 526, 536, Rogers, S. 426, 690 560,610,671 Rollin, P. 40, 690 Smith, P. M. 136, 692 Rollo, C. D. 98, 690 Snape, J. 42,682 Rorison, I. H. 7, 8, 35, 42, 46, 222, 516, 677, 679, 683, 685, 690, Snaydon,R. W. 21,32,86,276,672,675,692 693,694 Sobey, D. G. 554, 692 Rose, P. Q. 314, 690 Solbrig, 0. T. 560, 692 Ross, G. J. S. 659, 670 Southwood, T. R. E. 2, 3, 54, 74, 270, 506, 586, 647,690,692 Ross, M. D. 438, 690 Sowter, F. A. 108,692 Rothera, S. L. 220, 690 Sparrow,A.H. 32,695 Rutter, A. J. 328, 406, 672, 690 Spears, D. A. 118, 434, 673 Rymer, L. 468, 690 Spedding, C. R. W. 62, 78, 86, 278, 280, 432, 444, 446, 568, 572, 578,692 Spence, D. H. N. 232, 234, 256, 458, 478, 676, 692 Sagar, G. R. 174, 238, 438, 440, 444,678,687,688,690 Sprague, T. A. 596, 692 Salisbury, E. J. 1, 2, 5, 24, 35, 38, 39, 68, 80, 100, 108, 130, 148, Sprent, J. I. 384, 692 152, 158, 160, 174, 182, 184, 194, 198, 226, 234, 242, 262, Stace, C. A. 58, 62, 64, 74, 76, 78, 80, 96, 98, 110, 126, 136, 288, 300, 302, 328, 334, 336, 338, 340, 348, 356, 358, 360, 148, 152, 156, 158, 160, 168, 180, 182, 196, 200, 206, 212, 370, 374, 382, 388, 390, 398, 404, 436, 442, 486, 492, 504, 224, 228, 232, 238, 242, 246, 248, 250, 252, 256, 258, 262, 522, 524, 526, 528, 532, 534, 552, 560, 576, 580, 590, 606, 268, 274, 276, 280, 288, 298, 306, 310, 316, 318, 322, 324, 619,647,690,691 326, 328, 334, 342, 344, 348, 352, 374, 378, 388, 414, 448, Salter, P. J. 34, 691 454, 456, 458, 470, 294, 298, 480, 482, 492, 494, 496, 500, Sapienza, C. 32, 675 504, 514, 522, 524, 526, 528, 536, 540, 542, 560, 568, 576, Sargent, C. 444, 691 582,584,586,614,675,692 Sarukhan, J. 24, 472,474, 484, 691 Stahevitch, A. 104, 686 Saville, D. J. 56, 672 Staniforth, R. J. 454, 692 Schenkeveld, A. J. 24, 174, 218, 268, 376, 516,676, 691, 695 Stanley, L. D. 430, 681 Schnrid,B. 466,691 Starr, T.B. 648,670 Schneller, J. J. 230, 691 Staudt, G. 284,692 Schotsman, H. D. 142,691 Stearns, S. C. 692 Schroeter, C. 74, 684 Stebbins, G. L. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 22, 30, 33, 34, 208, 336, 619, 647, Schuber, M. 518, 691 692 Schultz, M. R. 40, 691 Steele, R. C. 54, 74, 126, 270, 286, 470, 586, 692 Scott, A. C. 468, 691 Steinbauer, G. P. 498, 500, 675, 692 Sculthorpe, C. D. 45, 68, 142, 234, 256, 330, 366, 430, 450, 458, Sterk, A. A. 344, 560, 685, 690, 693 482,486,691 Stern, R. C. 54, 693 Scurfield, G. 222, 286, 326, 688, 691 Stevens, D. P. 506, 528, 558, 683 Segal,S. 150,504,691 Stevens, P. A. 172, 592, 681 Seger, J. 3, 686 Stewart, A. J. A. 38, 693 Seilacher, A. 2, 691 Stewart, F. 318, 693 Sell, P. D. 26, 520, 683 Stieperaere, H. 76, 693 Seymour, G. B. 442,682 Stokes, P. 318, 693 Shac~ock,J.M.L. 16,50, 132,164,280,679 Stott, K. G. 488,680 Shamsi, S. R. A. 244, 691 Strandhede, S. 0. 232, 693 Shaver, G. R. 266,677,691 Street, H. E. 694 Shaw,M. W. 126,470,691 Styles, B. T. 452, 693 Shaw, S. C. 17, 18, 25, 30, 39, 41, 56, 62, 150, 182, 196, 276, Suominen, J. 616, 617,682 300, 320, 352, 368, 378, 382, 400, 402, 406, 438, 496, 516, Suter, M. B. 144, 584,679 564,566,572,578,580,596,647,679,691 Sydes, C. 10, 35, 39, 54, 166, 270, 286, 326, 328, 354, 400, 446, Shay, J. M. 594, 680 614,693 Sheail,J. 120,164,436,448,696 Sydes, C. L. 14, 15, 24, 31, 33, 114, 166, 282, 370, 398, 400, Sheffield, E. 468, 673 446,588,647,670,693 Sheldon, J. C. 368, 580, 691 Szujko-Lacza, J. 130, 693
728 INDEX Takhtajan, A. 42, 693 490, 492, 494, 496, 504, 506, 508, 510, 512, 514, 516, 518, Tallis, J. H. 240, 671 520, 522, 528, 530, 534, 536, 538, 540, 542, 548, 554, 558, Tamm, C. 0. 2, 3, 24, 31, 464, 512, 682, 693 560, 562, 564, 566, 568, 570, 572, 574, 578, 582, 584, 586, Tansley, A. G. 1, 206, 296, 298, 506, 508, 693 588, 590, 594, 596, 598, 600, 602, 604, 606, 608, 612, 614, Taschereau, P. M. 116, 118, 693 616,617,618,694 Tateno, T. 488, 681 Van Andel, J. 24, 186, 694 Taylor, F. J. 166, 693 Van Baalen, J. 226, 695 Taylor, K. 24, 588, 689, 693 Van Breeman, A. A. A. 200, 695 Taylor, L. 522, 682 Van den Bergh, J.P. 29, 695 Taylorson, R. B. 554,647,693 Van der Dijk, S. J. 336, 695 Teeri, J. A. 532, 674 Vander Meijden, E. 520,695 Teltscherova, L. 456, 458, 693 Vander Pijl, L. 39, 695 Ten Hove, H. J. 486, 695 Van der Toorn, J. 434, 486, 695 Thiman, K. V. 40, 674 Vander Valk, A. G. 647, 695 Thomas, A. G. 104, 686 Van der Waals-Kooi, R. E. 520, 695 Thomas, A. S. 128, 584, 693 Van Gils, H. 340, 695 Thommen, G. H. 92, 420, 693 Van Groenendael, J. 438,695 Thompson, J. R. 206,689 Van Leeuwen, B. H. 198, 200, 695 Thompson, K. 15, 17, 38, 39, 40, 76, 102, 132, 166, 186, 190, Van Oostroom, S. J. 336, 681 216, 280, 294, 324, 378, 382, 398, 404, 422, 442, 446, 466, Van't Hof, J. 32, 695 486,512,514,528,578,647,651,675,693 Varapolous, A. 414,695 Thompson, P. A. 40, 328, 400, 528, 693 Vardy, A. 574, 694 Thornton, J. D. 314, 588, 679 Vaughan, J. G. 684 Thurston, J. M. 29, 62, 204,694 Vera, F. 24, 186, 694 Timmerman, C. 76, 693 Verkaar, H. J. 24, 174, 218, 268, 376, 516, 676,691, 695 Timms, E. W. 342, 694 Vermeij, G. 30, 677 Tinkle, D. W. 3, 696 Vincent, E. M. 500, 695 Todd, A. D. 659, 670 Vose, P. D. 430, 695 Toole, V. K. 40,694 Tripatlri,R.S. 236,694 Trueman, I. C. 280, 670 Wade, K. M. 398, 695 Tubbs, C. R. 584, 694 Wagner, V. 254, 670 Tucker, J. J. 74, 694 Walker, S. 228, 677 Tukey, J. W. 19, 694 Walters, S. M. 2, 6, 20, 22, 26, 44, 54, 62, 74, 76, 78, 80, 84, 86, Turesson, G. 282, 528, 534, 694 90, 94, 96, 100, 102, 108, 110, 120, 122, 126, 128, 130, 132, Turkington, R. 24, 336, 382, 392, 554, 574, 683, 694 134, 138, 142, 148, 154, 156, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 172, Turner, J. H. 384,694 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 190, 192, 200, 204, 206, 208, Turner, R. G. 402, 670 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 232, 236, 260, 262, 266, Turrill, W. B. 176, 686 270, 272, 274, 276, 280, 282, 284, 286, 290, 292, 294, 296, Turin, T. G. 1, 6, 14, 20, 22, 26, 54, 58, 62, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 298, 300, 306, 308, 312, 314, 316, 318, 320, 326, 330, 332, 84, 86, 88, 90, 94, 96, 100, 102, 108, 110, 120, 122, 128, 130, 334, 336, 342, 346, 348, 350, 352, 360, 366, 368, 370, 372, 132, 134, 138, 142, 148, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 374, 376, 380, 386, 388, 390, 394, 398, 400, 402, 406, 410, 166, 168, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 190, 192, 198, 412, 414, 416, 422, 426, 428, 430, 432, 434, 436, 438, 440, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 444, 446, 448, 450, 456, 458, 464, 470, 472, 474, 476, 478, 236, 260, 262, 266, 270, 272, 274, 276, 280, 282, 284, 286, 484, 486, 490, 492, 494, 496, 504, 506, 508, 510, 512, 514, 290, 292, 294, 296, 298, 300, 304, 306, 308, 312, 314, 316, 516, 518, 520, 522, 528, 530, 534, 536, 538, 540, 542, 548, 318, 320, 322, 326, 330, 332, 334, 336, 342, 346, 348, 350, 554, 558, 560, 562, 564, 566, 568, 570, 572, 574, 578, 582, 352, 358, 360, 366, 368, 370, 372, 374, 376, 380, 386, 388, 584, 586, 588, 590, 594, 596, 598, 600, 602, 604, 606, 608, 390, 394, 398, 400, 402, 404, 406, 410, 412, 414, 416, 422, 612,614,616,617,651,684,688,694,695 426, 428, 430, 432, 434, 436, 438, 440, 444, 446, 448, 450, Warburg, E. F. 1, 6, 14, 20, 26, 58, 94, 100, 148, 152, 158, 176, 456, 458, 464, 470, 472, 474, 476, 478, 484, 486, 490, 492, 198, 226, 236, 280, 294, 296, 298, 304, 306, 322, 330, 342, 494, 496, 504, 506, 508, 510, 512, 514, 516, 518, 520, 522, 352, 358, 360, 366, 380, 404, 416, 440, 470, 472, 490, 494, 528, 530, 532, 534, 536, 538, 540, 542, 548, 554, 558, 560, 516,532,534,568,586,600,606,612,616,618,674 562, 564, 566, 568, 570, 572, 574, 578, 582, 584, 586, 588, Ward, L. K. 120, 164, 436, 448, 696 590, 594, 596, 598, 600, 602, 604, 606, 608, 612, 614, 616, Wardle, P. 286, 695 617,618,674,683,694 Wareing,P.F. 40,126,368,410,554,672,695,696 Tyler, B. 278, 476, 694 Warington, K. 29, 56, 60, 78, 86, 102, 116, 122, 132, 136, 176, 182, 184, 186, 214, 280, 290, 320, 324, 364, 376, 382, 410, 436,438,444,472,510,526,572,578,672 Ubsdell, R. A. E. 180, 694 Warwick,S.I. 56,124,440,466,504,524,526,670,695 Urbanska-Worytkiewicz, K. 154, 366, 694 Watson, P. J. 276, 460, 695 Usher, G. 546, 694 Watson, W. C. R. 494, 695 Watt,i\.S. 1,2,24, 174,270,296,320,468,494,508,695,696 Watt, T. A. 24, 324, 696 Vaartaja, 0. 5, 31, 694 Wcislo, H. 450, 696 Valentine, D. H. 6, 20, 22, 26, 54, 62, 74, 76, 78, 80, 84, 86, 90, Weaver, S. E. 204, 500, 502,696 94, 96, 100, 102, 108, 110, 120, 122, 128, 130, 132, 134, 138, Webb, D. A. 6, 20, 22, 26, 54, 62, 74, 76, 78, 80, 84, 86, 90, 94, 142, 148, 154, 156, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 172, 174, 176, 96, 100, 102, 108, 110, 120, 122, 128, 130, 132, 134, 138, 140, 178, 180, 182, 184, 190, 192, 200, 204, 206, 208, 214, 216, 142, 148, 154, 156, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 172, 174, 176, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 236, 260, 262, 266, 270, 272, 274, 178, 180, 182, 184, 190, 192, 200, 204, 206, 208, 214, 216, 276, 280, 282, 284, 286, 290, 292, 294, 296, 298, 300, 306, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 236, 260, 262, 266, 270, 272, 274, 308, 312, 314, 316, 318, 320, 326, 330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 276, 280, 282, 284, 286, 290, 292, 294, 296, 298, 300, 306, 342, 346, 348, 350, 352, 360, 366, 368, 370, 372, 374, 376, 308, 312, 314, 316, 318, 320, 326, 330, 332, 334, 336, 342, 380, 386, 388, 390, 394, 398, 400, 402, 406, 410, 412, 414, 346, 348, 350, 352, 358, 360, 366, 368, 370, 372, 374, 376, 416, 422, 426, 428, 430, 432, 434, 436, 438, 440, 444, 446, 380, 386, 388, 390, 394, 398, 400, 402, 406, 410, 412, 414, 448, 450, 456, 458, 464, 470, 472, 474, 476, 478, 484, 486, 416, 422, 426, 428, 430, 432, 434, 436, 438, 440, 442, 444,
INDEX 729 446, 448, 450, 456, 458, 464, 470, 472, 474, 476, 478, 484, Wilkinson, G. M. 659, 670 486, 490, 492, 494, 496, 504, 506, 508, 510, 512, 514, 516, Willems, J. H. 24, 128, 134, 218, 268, 376, 516, 676, 697 518, 520, 522, 528, 530, 534, 536, 538, 540, 542, 548, 554, Williams, E. D. 62.694,697 558, 560, 562, 564, 566, 568, 570, 572, 574, 578, 582, 584, Williams, J. J. 372, 682 586, 588, 590, 594, 596, 598, 600, 602, 604, 606, 608, 612, Williams, J. T. 36, 188, 190, 697 614,616,617,618,694,696 Williams, W. T. 312, 673 Webster, J. R. 406, 696 Williamson, P. 31, 697 Webster, M. M. 426, 696 Willis, A. J. 166, 350, 422, 683, 697 Webster, S. D. 480, 696 Willmot, A. J. 24, 228, 230, 692,694,697 Wedderburn, R. W. M. 659,670 Willson, M. F. 38, 697 Wehnarck,A.. 76, 78,102,122,222,280,324,378,696 Wilson, A. 26, 74, 80, 92, 106, 128, 162, 184, 244, 312, 392, Wein, R. W. 40, 266, 696 422,450,486,492,524,532,566,604,697 Weinert, E. 617, 686 Wilson, E. D. 2, 3, 647,684 Weir, J. 526, 682 Wilson, J. Y. 328, 697 Weiss, F. E. 80, 584, 686, 696 Windle, D. W. 7, 11,685 Welch, D. 350, 696 Winn, A. A. 466, 697 Wells, T. C. E. 31, 120, 164,436, 448, 696 Wishart, D. 28, 697 Went, F. W. 5, 696 Wohrmann, K. 152, 682 Werner, P. A. 98, 238, 552, 679, 690, 696 Wolfenden, E. A. 604, 697 Wesson, G. 368, 410, 554, 696 Wolseley, P. 434, 682 West, G. 614, 696 Wood, W. A. 520, 680 West, R. G. 42, 696 Woodbury, M.A. 657, 688 Westlake, D. F. 92, 420, 693 Woodell,S.R.J. 146,398,684,695,697 Weston, R. L. 118,696 Woodland, D. W. 24, 588, 671 Wetzel, R. G. 582, 678 Wratten, S. D. 35, 74, 126, 206, 286, 470, 506, 508, 540, 586, Whatley, J. C. 324, 693 676,697 Wheeler, B. D. 10, 74, 162, 244, 250, 696 Wright, J. F. 482, 680 Wheeler, K. G. R. 24, 588, 696 Wu, L. 86, 697 Whelan, R. J. 206, 685 White, R. A. 258, 468, 696 Whitebrook, J. 372,678 Yapp,R.H. 282,697 Whitehead, F. H. 24, 242, 244, 246, 588,687,691 Yemm, E. W. 166, 697 Whittaker, J. B. 502, 671 Yeo,P.F. 68, 72,108,268,328,558,675,689,697 Whittaker, R. H. 3, 34, 696 Young, J. E. 110,697 Whittingruun,J. 31,696 Whitworth, J. W. 204,696 Widlechner, M.P. 184,696 Zabkiewicz, J. A. 584, 697 Wiegers, J. 74,696 Zandee, M. 342, 346, 697 Wilbur, H. M. 3, 696 Zarzycki, K. 6, 56, 60, 86, 132, 166, 280, 372, 376, 382, 392, Wilcock, C. C. 548, 697 436,438,460,466,484,560,570,572,574,602,608,697 Wilkins, M. B. 692 Zimmermann, J. K. 498, 697 Wilkins, D. A. 268, 697 Zimmermann, R. H. 314, 506, 697
730 INDEX SPECIES INDEX of Generic, Binomial and Vernacular Names
A bold page number refers to the Autecological Account of which the species is a subject.
In the case of a name occurring within the text of an Autecological Account of some other subject species, only the left-hand page of the Account is indexed. However, the name may also (or only) occur within material which over-runs onto a right-hand page.
Acer pratensis 76, 78,102,136,210,278,432,490,621,629,638 campestre 628, 636, 645 Amaranthus caudatus 683 pseudoplatanus 38, 39, 43, 48, 54, 226, 228, 270, 326, 328, American Willow-herb, see Epilobium ciliatum 470,494,586,628,636,645,675,683,693 Amphibious Bistort, see Polygonum amphibium Achillea Anacamptis pyramidalis 621, 629, 638 millefolium 14, 31, 56, 444, 621, 629, 638, 672, 683, 695 Anagal/is ptarmica 621, 629, 638 arvensis 80,90, 272,410,544,590,617,621,629,638,686 Aegopodium podagraria 621, 629, 638 ssp. arvensis 80 Aethusa cynapium 621, 629, 638 ssp. foemina 80 Agriolimax carranae 675 tenella 170 Agrimonia eupatoria 621, 629, 638 Anchusa arvensis 621, 629, 638 Agropyron Anemone nemorosa 14, 36, 45, 51, 72, 82, 130, 202, 206, 220, caninum see Elymus caninus 286,354,398,512,621,629,638,691 donianum see Elymus caninus Angelica sylvestris 45, 84, 338, 621, 629, 638 repens see Elymus repens Annual Meadow-grass, see Poa annua Agrostis Annual Poa, see Poa annua canina s.l. 621, 629, 638 Anthemis cotula 476 ssp. canina see canina s.s. Anthoxanthum odoratum 14, 37, 39, 41, 46, 50, 78, 86, 170, ssp. montana see vinealis 386,474,496,621,629,638,670,672,675,678,697 canina s.s. 58, 64, 198 Anthriscus sylvestris 32, 37, 39, 47, 48, 70, 88, 140, 290, 306, capillaris 5, 14, 34, 38, 39, 44, 48, 50, 51, 60, 62, 64, 172, 318,548,621,629,638 182,216,276,280,316,324,336,352,362,386,406, var. angustisecta 88 418,498,621,629,638,672 var. latisecta 88 caste/lana 60 Anthyllis vulneraria 621, 629, 638 gigantea 52, 62, 621, 629, 638, 697 Aphanes stolonifera 34, 42, 43, 60, 62, 64, 76, 621, 629, 638, 672 arvensis 90,598,621,629,638 var. palustris 62 inexspectata 66, 90 var. stolonifera 62 microcarpa see inexspectata tenuis see capillaris Apion ulicis 584 vinealis 58, 64, 621, 629, 638, 686 Apium spp. 16, 39, 58, 60,64, 386,688 inundatum 92 A ira nodiflorum 46,49,92, 142,252,258,310,342,420,600, caryophyllea 621, 629, 638 617,621,629,638,693 praecox 31, 38, 39,43,60,66, 144,260,336,498,621,629, repens 92 638 Arabidopsis thaliana 34, 40, 45, 48, 94, 100, 158, 302, 412, Ajuga replans 284, 462, 621, 629, 638 514,518,566,568,598,621,629,638,684,687 Alchemilla vulgaris agg. 617, 621, 629, 638 Arab is Alder, see Alnus glutinosa brownii 96 Alisma hirsuta 41, 96, 516, 518, 621, 629, 638 plantago-aquatica 68, 312, 450, 621, 629, 638 Arctium spp. 672 lappa 98,621,629,638 Alliaria petiolata 34, 70, 88, 148, 288, 338, 416, 422, 621, 629, minus agg. 39, 49, 98, 356, 620, 621, 629, 638, 679 638,673 ssp. minus 98 Allium ssp. nemorosum 98 cepa 22, 33, 39 ssp. pubens 98 ursinum 72, 82, 220, 274, 286, 328, 476, 528, 621, 629, 638, minus s.s. see minus ssp. minus 676,694 nemorosum see minus ssp. nemorosum vineale 621, 629, 638 pubens see minus ssp. pubens Alnus ssp. 690 glutinosa 43, 74, 126, 428, 446, 506, 628, 636, 645, 685 Arenaria incana 74 ciliata 680 Alopecurus leptoclados 100 aequalis 76 serpyllifolia 34, 37, 45, 47, 100, 158, 392, 412, 514, 518, geniculatus 76, 78, 472, 492, 621, 629, 638 568,598,621,629,638,683
INDEX 731 var. macrocarpa 100 Black Hay, see Medicago lupulina Armoracia rusticana 621, 629 Black Medick, see Medicago lupulina Arrhenatherum elfltius 14, 41, 48, 88, 102, 204, 304, 364, 432, Blackstonia perfoliata 180 444,570,578,621,629,638,679,686,688 Blechnum spicant 628, 637, 646 ssp. bulbosum 102, 671 Bluebell, see Hyacinthoides non-scripta ssp. elatius 102 Bluebell (Scotland), see Campanula rotundifolia Artemisia Blueberry, see Vaccinium myrtillus absinthium 43, 46, 104, 522, 538, 621, 629, 638, 686 Blue Fleabane, see Erigeron acer vulgaris 106,118,186,196,242,374,500,502,522,524, Bog Cotton, see Eriophorum angustifolium 536,576,580,621,629,638,677 Bog Stitchwort, see Stellaria a/sine Arum Bourtree, see Sambucus nigra italicum 108 Brachypodium maculfltum 108,130,206,306,354,380,398,404,512,558, pinnatum 14, 38, 43, 47, 48, 49, 51, 82, 128, 130, 134, 176, 621,629,638,689,692 178,218,334,444,570,621,629,638,684 Ash, see Fraxinus excelsior ssp. rupestre 128 Asplenium sylvaticum 40, 41, 82, 108, 130, 202, 286, 394, 398, 404, adiantum-nigrum 628, 637, 646 512,621,629,638,693 ruta-muraria 31, 46, 51, 110, 112, 114, 212, 230, 246, 408, Brachythecium rutabulum 588 628,637,646,697 Bracken, see Pteridium aquilinum trichomanes 37, 45, 47, 110, 112, 114, 178, 212, 246, 408, Bramble, see Rubus fruticosus agg. 628,637,646,697 Brassica ssp. quadrivalens 112 oleracea 512 ssp. trichomanes 112 rapa 512, 621, 629, 638 Athyriumfilix-femina 110, 112, 114, 212,408, 617, 628, 646 spp. 360 Atriplex 38 Brittle Bladder-fern, see Cystopteris fragilis hastata see prostrata Briza laciniata 118 media 14, 43, 44, 86, 122, 132, 164, 170, 216, 300, 382, 386, littoralis 116 436,464,621,629,638 patula 39, 116, 118, 188, 190, 442, 526, 538, 554, 619, 621, spp. 687 629,638 Broad Buckler-fern, see Dryopteris dilatata prostrata 104, 106, 116, 118, 190, 196, 324, 374, 500, 580, Broad-leaved Dock, see Rumex obtusifolius ssp. obtusifolius 621,629,638,672,679,696 Broad-leaved Pondweed, see Potamogeton natans spp. 692, 693 Broad-leaved Willow-herb, see Epilobium montanum Autumn Hawkbit, see Leontodon autumnalis Bromus A venula erectus 14, 31, 33, 40, 49, 51, 128, 134, 176, 334, 362, 570, pratensis 14, 32, 43, 46, 120, 164, 166, 316, 352, 448, 510, 621,629,638,670,672,684,690,692 614,621,629,638 hordeaceus 31, 36, 136, 278, 490, 572, 621, 629, 638 pubescens 14, 86, 122, 132, 300, 362, 436, 464, 570, 621, ssp. thominii 136 629,638 ssp. ferronii 136 ssp. molliformis 136 var. leiostachys 136 Baccharis halimifolia 688 lepidus 136 Barley 9 x pseudothominii 136 Barbarea vulgaris 621, 629, 638 ramosus 138, 236, 274, 306, 314, 586, 621, 629, 638 Barren Brome, see Bromus sterilis sterilis 38, 51, 140, 508, 621, 629, 638, 670, 677, 681 Barren Strawberry, see Potentilla sterilis Brooklirne, see Veronica beccabunga Bearded Couch-grass, see Elymus caninus Bulbous Buttercup, see Ranunculus bulbosus Beech, see Fagus sylvatica Bulbous Rush, see ]uncus bulbosus Bellbine, see Calystegia sepium s.s. ssp. sepium Burdock, see Arctium minus agg. Bell-heather, see Erica cinerea Burnet Saxifrage, see Pimpinella saxifraga Bellis perennis 40, 124, 182, 210, 378, 432, 466, 474, 574, 621, Bur-reed, see Sparganium erectum 629,638,677,682,691,695 Bush Vetch, see Vicia sepium Bent, Creeping, see Agrostis stolonifera Butterbur, see Petasites hybridus Bent-grass, Brown, see Agrostis canina and A. vinea/is Bent-grass, Common, see Agrostis capillaris Beru/a erecta 621, 629, 638 Callitriche Betonica officina/is see Stachys officialis hamu/ata 142 Betony, see Stachys officina/is hermaphroditica 691 Betula 38 p/atycarpa 142 agg. 32, 37,42,48,54, 74,126,206,286,470,540,584,586, stagnalis 46, 49, 92, 142, 258, 310, 542, 618, 621, 629, 638 616,628,636,645,676,680,681,689 ssp. 688 nana 126 Calluna vulgaris 37, 39, 43, 46, 48, 66, 82, 144, 172, 222, pendu/a 20,126,616,680,684 240,260,266,338,336,592,594,621,629,638,677,679,681, pubescens 20, 74, 126, 616, 680, 684 686 Bidens pilosa 616 Caltha palustris 146, 156, 192, 282, 396, 532, 621, 629, 638, Bilberry, see Vaccinium myrtillus 684,688 Bilderdykia convolvulus see Fallopia covolvulus var. radicans 146 Bindweed, see Convolvulus arvensis Calystegia Birch, see Betula agg. sepium s.l. 70, 98, 148, 204, 588, 621, 630, 638, 692 Birdsfoot-trefoil, see Lotus corniculatus sepiums.s. Biting Stonecrop, see Sedum acre ssp. pulchra 148 Bittersweet, see Solanum dulcamara ssp. roseata 148 Bitter Vetch, see Lathyrus montanus ssp. sepium 148 Blackberry, see Rubus fruticosus s.l. ssp. silvatica 148, 692 Black Bindweed, see Fallopia convolvulus sylvatica see sepium ssp. silvatica Black Bryony, see Tamus communis Campanula rotundifolia 14, 43, 48, 51, 150, 276, 298, 320,
732 INDEX 352,376,382,510,516,564,621,630,638,677,684,685 Cerastium Canadian Pondweed, see Elodea canadensis arvense 182 Caps ella fontanum 14,46,51,56, 124,182,438,466,472,496,572, bursa-pastoris 24, 39, 116, 152, 188, 358, 390, 440, 442, 574,622,630,639,683,688 452,526,554,576,621,630,639,672,682,689 ssp. g/abrescens 182 rubella 152 glomeratum 622, 630, 639 Cardamine ho/osteoides see fontanum amara 32,146,154,156,294,414,532,550,621,630,639, semidecandrum 622, 630, 639 685 tomentosum 622, 630, 639 f/exuosa 31, 41, 45, 48, 74, 84, 156, 158, 160, 192, 282, 446, vu/gatum see fontanum 621,630,639,676,683 spp. 182 hirsuta 40, 94, 156, 158, 180, 208, 224, 262, 534, 621, 630, Chaenorhinum minus 42, 47, 184, 218, 242, 374, 504, 617, 639 622,630,639,670,696 impatiens 156, 683 Chaerophyl/um temu/entum 622, 630, 639 /yrata 683 Chamaenerion angustifo/ium see following entry pa/ustris 160, 691, 697 Chamerion angustifolium 14, 24, 33, 34, 37, 38, 42, 186, 194, pratensis 58, 156, 160, 198, 294, 348, 414, 484, 622, 630, 244,374,522,580,622,630,639,676,681,687,694 639,675,682,685,691 Chamomil/a suaveolens see Matricaria matricarioides scutata 683 Charlock, see Sinapis arvensis spp. 694 Cheiranthus cheiri 622, 630, 639 Cardaria draba 622, 630, 639 Chelidonium majus 622, 630, 639 Carduus Chenopodium 38 acanthoides 622, 630, 639 album 31,32,34,39, 116,152,188,190,238,288,526, nutans 200 554,590,620,622,630,639,671,697 Carex bonus-henricus 622, 630, 639 acutiformis 47, 51, 154, 162, 244, 622, 630, 639, 676 rubrum 40,188,190,622,630,639,675,697 arenaria 264 Chickweed, see Ste/laria media binervis 622, 630, 639 Chrysanthemum caryophy/lea 14, 36, 43, 86, 120, 132, 164, 216, 300, 352, /eucanthemum, see Leucanthemum vulgare 386,436,448,464,510,556,612,622,630,639 segetum 622, 630, 639 demissa 170, 622, 630, 639 Chrysosp/enium echinata 170, 622, 630, 639 alternifolium 192 f/acca 14, 15,40,44, 102,132,166,170,298,316,562,614, oppositifolium 146, 156, 192, 282, 604, 617, 622, 630, 639 622,630,639,693 Circaea hirta 622, 630, 639 alpina 194 hostiana 170, 622, 630, 639 lutetiana 194, 274, 476, 528, 604, 622, 630, 639 nigra 40, 58, 168, 622, 630, 639 x intermedia 194 otrubae 622, 630, 639 spp. 689 ova/is 622, 630, 639 Cirsium pa/lescens 622, 630, 639 acaulon 38, 42, 688 panicea 35,44, 160,166,168,170,556,617,622,630,639 arvense 39, 106, 118, 196, 200, 324, 622, 630, 639, 671, 683, pendu/a 622, 630 686 pi/ulifera 40, 44, 66, 144, 172, 240, 260, 350, 388, 418, 592, pa/ustre 44, 58, 196, 198, 200, 250, 306, 622, 630, 639, 686, 594,622,630,639,684 689,695 pulicaris 170 vulgare 43, 196, 200, 618, 622, 630, 639, 675, 695 remota 622, 630, 639 spp. 198, 200 riparia 162 C/aviceps purpurea 430 sy/vatica 512, 622, 630, 639 Cleavers, see Ga/ium aparine spp. 680 Clematis vitalba 380 Car/ina vulgaris 13, 24, 45, 174, 268, 284, 402, 616, 622, 630, C/aytonia spp. 680 639,678 Clinopodium vulgare 622, 630, 639, 672 Carline Thistle, see Car/ina vulgaris Cock's-foot, see Dactylis glomerata Carnation-grass, see Carex flacca Coltsfoot, see Tussi/ago farfara Carnation Sedge, see Carex panicea Common Centaury, see Centaurium erythraea Catabrosa aquatica 442 Common Cotton-grass, see Eriophorum angustifo/ium Catapodium rigidum see Desmazeria rigida Common Forget-me-not, see Myosotis arvensis Cat's Ear, see Hypochaeris radicata Common Hemp-nettle, see Ga/eopsis tetrahit Cat's-tail (Great Reedmace), see Typha /atfolia Common Horsetail, see Equisetum arvense Cat's-tail (Timothy), see Ph/eum pratense Common Milkwort, see Polyga/a vulgaris Celery-leaved Crowfoot, see Ranuncu/us sce/eratus Common Mouse-ear Chickweed, see Cerastium fontanum Centaurea Common Orache, see A triplex patula debeauxii Common Reed, see Phragmites australis ssp. nemora/is see nigra s./. ssp. nemoralis Common Rockrose, see Helianthemum nummularium ssp. thul/ieri 176 Common Sedge, see Carex nigra nigra s./. 14, 31, 128, 134, 176, 178, 180, 334, 570, 622, Common Sorrel, see Rumex acetosa 630,639,676,684 Common Spike-rush, see Eleocharis pa/ustris ssp. vulgaris ssp. nigra 176 Common St John's Wort, see Hypericum peforatum ssp. nemoralis 176 Commoc Tonnentil, see Potentil/a erecta scabiosa 14, 31, 39, 45, 176, 178, 218, 340, 622, 630, 639, Common Violet, see Viola riviniana 673,684,694 Common Water-crowfoot, see Ranunculus pe/tatus spp. 516, 684 Common Water-starwort, see Cal/itriche stagnalis Centaurium Conium maculatum 622, 630, 639 erythraea 31, 180, 334, 340, 534, 622, 630, 639, 694 Conopodium majus 202, 476, 617, 622, 630, 639 spp. 180 Convolvulus arvensis 40, 140, 204, 238, 622, 630, 639, 696 Centranthus ruber 622, 630, 639 var. linearifo/ius 204 Cepaea nemoralis 679 Conyza canadensis see Erigeron canadensis
INDEX 733 Corn Spurrey, see Spergula arvensis Dipsacus fullonum 98 Combine, see Convolvulus arvensis Doddering Dillies, see Briza media Coronopus squamatus 622, 630, 639 Dog's Mercury, see Mercurialis perennis Corydalis Dove's-foot Cranesbill, see Geranium molle c/aviculata 404, 622, 630, 639 Draba muralis 41 lutea 622, 630, 639 Drepanosiphum platanoides 54, 675 Corylus ave/lana 628, 636, 645 Dryopteris Cotton-grass, see Eriophorum vaginatum affinis 230,628,637,646 Cotula coronopifolia 695 assimilis see expansa Couch-grass, see Elymus repens borreri see affinis Cowberry, see Vaccinium vitis-idaea carthusiana 671 Cow Parsley, see Anthriscus sylvestris dilatata 43, 114, 212, 228, 230, 388, 628, 637, 646 Cow Parsnip, see Herac/eum sphondylium expansa 228 Cowslip, see Primula veris filix-mas 24, 42, 74, 110, 114, 212, 228, 230, 246, 617, 628, Crataegus 637,646,689,691 crus-galli 615 intermedia 228 /aevigata 206, 673 spp. 697 monogyna 126,206,286,506,508,628,636,645,673,686 Duck's meat, see Lemna minor Creeping Buttercup, see Ranunculus repens Duckweed, see Lemna minor Creeping Fescue, see Festuca rubra Dull-leaved Willow-herb, see Epilobium obscurum ssp. rubra Dutch Oover, see Trifolium repens Creeping Soft-grass, see Holcus mol/is Creeping Thistle, see Cirsium arvense Crepis capillaris 158, 208, 224, 262, 322, 372, 536, 622, 630, Early Forget-me-not, see Myosotis ramosissima 639,683 Earthnut, see Conopodium majus var. agrestis 208 Echium vulgare 695 var. capillaris 208 Eggs-and-Bacon, see Lotus corniculatus Crested Dog's tail, see Cynosurus cristatus Elder, see Sambucus nigra Crested Hair-grass, see Koeleria macrantha Eleocharis Crosswort, see Galium cruciata palustris 232, 256, 312, 450, 582, 622, 631, 640, 693, 695 Crowberry, see Empetrum nigrum ssp. nigrum ssp. palustris 232 Crowfoot, see Ranunculus repens ssp. vulgaris 232 Ctenopharyngodon idella 458, 677 quinqueflora 170 Cymba/aria muralis 622, 630, 639 uniglumis 232 Cuckoo Flower, see Cardamine pratensis Elodea Cuckoo-pint, see Arum maculatum canadensis 234, 456, 458, 542, 622, 631, 640, 675 Curled Dock, see Rumex crispus nuttallii 234 Curled Pondweed, see Potamogeton crispus spp. 692 Cynoglossum officinale 615, 695 Elymus Cynosurus cristatus 50, 78, 124, 132, 210, 278, 378, 432, 466, caninus 112, 114, 138, 212, 230, 236, 314, 408, 622, 631, 574,622,630,639,676,685 640,694 Cystopteris fragilis 31, 43, 46, 110, 112, 114, 212, 230, 246, repens 31, 43, 52, 62, 88, 128, 204, 238, 356, 444, 623, 631, 408,628,637,646 640,688,694,696,697 Cytisus scoparius 628, 636, 645 spp. 238 Empetrum nigrum 43,172,240,296,350,418,592,617,671 Dactylis glomerata 14, 49, 50, 210, 214, 280, 318, 324, 372, ssp. hermaphroditum 240 438,444,560,622,631,639,671,689 ssp. nigrum 240, 623, 631, 640 Dacty/orhiza Enchanter's Nightshade, see Circaea lutetiana fuchsii 622, 631, 639 Endymion non-scriptus, see Hyacinthoides non-scripta incarnata 622, 631, 639 Epilobium 38 macu/ata 622, 631, 639 adenocaulon see ciliatum Daisy, see Bellis perennis angustifolium see Chamerion Dandelion, see Taraxacum agg. ciliatum 184, 242, 244, 246, 502, 504, 506, 623, 631, 640, Danthonia decumbens 24, 32, 37, 39, 41, 216, 386, 464, 556, 687 622,631,639 hirsutum 34, 37, 38, 39, 42, 74, 84, 192, 244, 248, 250, 252, ssp. decipiens 216 282,428,446,623,631,640,647,670,676,691 ssp. decumbens 216 montanum 45, 230, 242, 244, 246, 248, 623, 631, 640, 670, Daucus carota 14, 178, 184, 218, 617, 622, 631, 640, 675, 676, 687 681,684 obscurum 192,248,250,252,492,550,623,631,640 ssp. carota 218 palustre 58, 62, 248, 250, 252, 348, 492, 623, 631, 640, 670, ssp. gummifer 218 684 ssp. sativus 218 parviflorum 250,252,420,600,623,631,640 Deschampsia spp. 37, 242, 244, 248 cespitosa 39, 46, 220, 622, 631, 640, 675, 690 Epipactis helleborine 623, 631, 640 ssp. alpina 220 Equisetum flexuosa 46, 48, 50, 60, 144, 172, 222, 260, 266, 296, 406, arvense 148,254,258,374,628,637,646,674,688 424,498,592,594,622,631,640,679,682,690,691 fluviatile 234,256,258,456,458,480,542,582,628,637, Desmazeria 646 marina 224, 674 palustre 49, 92, 142, 248, 252, 254, 256, 258, 310, 342, 420, rigida 24, 40, 48, 158, 208, 224, 262, 412, 536, 566, 622, 600,617,628,637,646,672 631,640,651,674 variegatum 258 ssp. majus 224 spp. 254, 258, 676, 688 Devil's-bit Scabious, see Succisa pratensis Erica Digitalis purpurea 39, 41, 43, 226, 270, 404, 508, 617, 622, 631, cinerea 39, 46, 66, 144, 172, 222, 240, 260, 594, 623, 631, 640 640,671,675
734 INDEX tetralix 623, 631, 640, 675 muralis 623, 631, 640 Erigeron officina/is 623, 631, 640 acer 158,208,224,262,340,422,536,623,631,640 Furze, see U/ex europaeus canadensis 262 Eriophorum angustifo/ium 40, 264, 266, 594, 623, 631, 640, 688 Ga/eopsis vaginatum 222, 240, ?66, 276,406, 617, 623, 631, 640, 673, bifida 288 683,691,696 tetrahit 39, 288, 318, 360, 416, 623, 631 640 ssp. spissum 266 Ga/ium Erodium cicutorium 623, 631, 640 album 300 Erophi/a verna 94, 158, 412, 514, 623, 631, 640 aparine 31, 34, 39, 48, 51, 70, 88, 140, 288, 290, 308, 318, Euonymus europaeus 628, 636, 645 416,508,548,588,623,631,640 Eupatorium cannabinum 623, 631, 640 cruciata 47, 49, 292, 552, 623, 631,640 Euphorbia e/ongatum 294 cyparissias 689 fleurotti 298 exigua 80 odoratum 623, 631, 640 helioscopia 623, 631, 640 pa/ustre agg. 154, 160, 198, 244, 294, 348, 396, 414, 484, pep/us 623, 631, 640 623,631,640 Euphrasia pa/ustre s.s. 294, 396, 414, 484 confusa 268 pumi/um 298, 678 nemorosa 268 pusilluim 298 officinalisagg. 38,268,402,496,617,623,631,640 saxati/e 43, 44, 45, 48, 50, 222, 240, 294,296, 298, 418, spp. 268, 697 592,594,623,631,640,693 Eyebright, see Euphrasia officina/is sterneri 42, 46, 150, 268, 284, 294, 298, 316, 562, 564, 623, 631, 640, 693 . sy/vestre, see sterneri Fagus sy/vatica 35, 38, 39, 51, 54, 226, 270, 328, 470, 512, 628, uliginosum 294, 623, 631, 640 631,645,680,687 verum 14,31,122,294,300,436,546,623,631,640 Fal/opia convolvulus 49, 80, 90, 116, 204, 272, 360, 410, 426, ssp. verum 300 454,530,544,590,606,623,631,640,682 spp. 684 Fat Hen, see Chenopodium album Garlic Mustard, see Alliaria petiolata Fern Grass, see Desmazeria rigida Gastrophysa viridu/a 502, 671 Festuca Gentianel/a amarella 623, 631, 640 arundinacea 274, 278, 623, 631, 640 Geranium gigantea 72, 84, 138, 194, 220, 274, 278, 338, 428, 476, 528, columbinum 623,631, 640 604,623,631,640 dissectum 302, 623, 631, 640 nigrescens 280, 616 lucidum 623, 631, 640 ovina 31, 32, 39, 46, 48, 50, 86, 102, 120, 134, 216, 222, molle 37, 40, 94, 208, 302, 566, 568, 623, 631, 640 276,280,316,352,386,400,406,418,510,616,623, purpureum 304 631,640,680,692,695 pusil/um 302 pratensis 14, 78, 136, 274, 278, 364, 432, 490, 623, 631, 640 pyrenaicum 623, 631, 640 ssp. apennina 278, 694 robertianum 47, 48, 102, 302, 304, 623, 631, 640, 676 ssp. pratensis 278 spp. 302 rubra 14, 34, 38,40,46,49, 50, 51,60, 102,170,214,276, Germander Speedwell, see Veronica chamaedrys 280,324,382,402,438,444,520,560,578,623,631, ssp. chamaedrys 640,670,680 Geum ssp. arctica 280 rivale 306, 623, 632, 640 ssp. arenaria 280 urbanum 40,48, 108,138,306,314,380,394,404,558, ssp. commutata see nigrescens 623,632,640 ssp. litoralis 280 spp. 677 ssp. pruinosa 280 Giant Fescue, see Festuca gigantea ssp. rubra 276, 280 G/aucobactus spp. 494 tenuifolia 276, 616 Glaucous Sedge, see Carex f/acca vivipara 276, 680 G/echoma hederacea 290, 308, 548, 552, 558, 588, 62, 632, spp. 274, 378 640 Field Poppy, see Papaver rhoeas Glyceria Field Thistle, see Cirsium arvense dec/inata 310, 623, 632, 640 Field Woodrush, see Luzula campestris fluitans 49, 92, 142, 258, 310, 342, 623, 632, 640 Filipendula ulmaria 84, 146, 156, 192, 282, 396, 398, ::l32, maxima 128, 312, 430, 434, 450, 623, 63, 640, 673, 684 604,623,631,640 x pedicel/ata 310 Fiorin, see Agrostis stolonifera plicata 310, 623, 632, 640 Fireweed, see Chamerion spp. 310, 672 F1ote-grass, see Glyceria fluitans Gnaphalium uliginosum 623, 632, 641 Fool's Watercress, see Apium nodiflorum Golden-rod, see Solidago virgaurea Foxglove, see Digitalis purpurea Golden Saxifrage, see Chrysosplenium oppositiolium Fraga ria Goosegrass, see Galium aparine x ananassa 284 Gorse, see Ulex europaeus vesca 284,332,462,623,631,640,670,680 Great Hairy Willow-herb, see Epi/obium hirutum vmgtana 670 Great Maple, see Acer pseudop/atanus spp. 692 Great Reedmace, see Typha /atifolia Frankia spp. 74 Greater Knapweed, see Centaurea scabiosa Fraxinus excelsior 38, 47, 54, 72, 206, 286, 354, 528, 586, 628, Greater Stitchwort, see Stel/aria holostea 636,645,677,695 Ground Ivy, see G/echoma hederacea Fritillaria meleagris 32 Groundsel, see Senecio vulgaris Fumaria Gymnadenia conopsea 623, 632, 641
INDEX 735 Hair-grass, Early, see A ira praecox 340,374,624,632,641,673,68 Hairy Bitter-cress, see Cardamine hirsuta pulchrum 362, 624, 632, 641 Hairy Brome, see Bromus ramosus tetrapterum 624, 632, 641 Hairy Oat-grass, see A venula pubescens spp. 690 Hairy Rock Cress, see Arabis hirsuta Hypochaeris Hairy StJohn's Wort, see Hypericum hirutum glabra 336 Hairy Violet, see Viola hirta radicata 24, 31, 43, 60, 66, 336, 498, 624, 632, 641, 670, Hairy Woodrush, see Luzula pilosa 694 Hard Poa, see Desmazeria rigida Hypochoeris see Hypochaeris Hardheads, see Centaurea nigra Harebell, see Campanula rotundifolia Hastate Orache, see Atriplex prostrata flex aquifolium 42, 628, 637, 645 Hare's Tail, see Eriophorum vaginatum Impatiens Hawkweed, see Hieracium glandulifera 24, 37, 38, 39, 51, 70, 84, 148, 288, 338, 416, Hawthorn, see Crataegus monogyna 428, 624, 632, 641 Heath Bedstraw, see Galium saxatile spp. 338 Heath False-brome, see Brachypodium pinnatum Inula conyza 180, 224, 262, 334, 340, 422, 62, 632, 641, 695 Heath Grass, see Danthonia decumbens Iris pseudacorus 624, 632, 641 Heath Rush, see !uncus squa"osus Iron-root, see A triplex patula Heather, see Calluna vulgaris lsolepis setacea 624, 632, 641 Hedera Ivy, see Hedera helix helix 42, 138, 236, 306, 314, 380, 424 586, 623, 632, 641 hibernica 314 spp. 685, 690 Jack-by-the-hedge, Hedge Garlic, see Alliaria petiolata see Alliaria petiolata Hedge Woundwort, see Stachys sylvatica Japanese Knotweed, see Reynoutria japonica Helianthemum Jointed Rush, see !uncus articulatus apenninum 316 !uncus acutiflorus 342, canum 316 624, 532, 641 ambiguus 344 chamaecistus see following entry articulatus 37, 41, 62, 248, 252, 258, 342, 550, nummularium 14, 40, 41, 42, 120, 164, 166, 298, 316, 352, 624, 632, 448,510,562,564,614,618,623,32,641,689 641,697 Helictotrichon bufonius 37, 142, 344, 624, 632, 641, 675 685 pratense see A venula pratensis bulbosus 142, 342, 346, 542, 624, 632, 64 pubescens see A venula pubescens conglomeratus 348, 624, 632, 641 ejfusus 37,38,40, Helix aspersa 126, 206, 286, 470, 506, 540 56,160,198,250,294,330,348,406, Hepatica nobilis 682 484,550,624,632,641,690 Heracleum var. compactus 348 mantegazzianum 318, 338, 693 inflexus 348, 624, 632, 641 kochii see sphondylium 32, 36, 39, 51, 88, 318, 623, 632, 641, 693 bulbosus ssp. sibiricum 318 minutulus see bufonius see ssp. sphondylium 318 ranarius ambiguus Herb Bennet, see Geum urbanum subnodulosus 342 Herb Robert, see Geranium robertianum squarrosus 35, 240, 350, 624, 632, 641, 696 spp. 39, Hesperis matronalis 623, 632, 641 232, 346 Hieracium subgenus Hieracium 14, 37, 208, 320, 322, 336, 372, 392, 618,623,632,641,657 Keck, see Anthriscus sylvestris pilosella 31, 48, 96, 276, 320, 322, 370, 376, 382, 516, Kingcup, see Caltha palustris 520,578,623,632,641,672,677 Knautia arvensis 14, 624, 632, 641 umbellatum 322 Knotgrass, see Polygonum aviculare Hippuris vulgaris 623, 632, 641 Koeleria Hogweed, see Heracleum sphondylium cristata, see macrantha Holcus glauca 352 lanatus 16, 24, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 0, 196, 324, 326, 623, macrantha 14, 35, 39, 48, 120, 150, 164, 276, 352, 510, 564, 632,641,671,673,685,690,96 624,632,641 mol/is 42, 54, 226, 324, 326, 468, 498, 550, 552, 604, 623, vallesiana 352 632,641,671,673,680,683,88 Honeysuckle, see Lonicera periclymenum Hordeum spp. 238 Lady-fern, see Athyrium filix-femina murinum 38, 41, 675 Lady's Bedstraw, see Galium verum Huckleberry, see Vaccinium myrtillus Lady's Smock, see Cardamine pratensis Humulus lupulus 623, 632, 641 Lamiastrum galeobdolon 14, 31, 45, 72, 108, 194, 220, 286, Hyacinthoides 354,400,476,624,632,641,688,69,696 hispanica 328 ssp. flavidum 354 non-scripta 14, 31, 33, 39, 45, 54, 82, 126, 202, 226, 228, ssp. galeobdolon 354 270,326,328,380,388,424,470,47,494,617,620, ssp. montanum 354 623,632,641,672,678,684,693,697 Lamium Hydrocotyle vulgaris 312, 330, 450, 624, 632, 641 album 98,356,624,632,641 Hypericum purpureum 98, 104, 358, 502, 576, 590, 624 632, 641, 671 androsaemum 617, 624,632, 641 Lapsana communis 39, 204, 238, 288, 360, 624, 632 641 hirsutum 284, 332, 624, 632, 641 ssp. intermedia 360 humifusum 624,632, 641 Large Birdsfoot-trefoil, see Lotus uliginosus maculatum 624, 632, 641 Large Bitter Cress, see Cardamine amara ssp. obtusiusculum 334 Large Field Speedwell, see Veronica persic perforatum 39, 41, 128, 134, 176, 178, 180, 21, 332, 334, Larger Bindweed, see Calystegia sepium sp. sepium
736 INDEX Lathyrus Malva montanus 49, 122, 134, 202, 362, 364, 546, 570, 624, 632, moschata 624, 633, 642 641 neglecta 624, 633, 642 pratensis 14, 136, 324, 364, 624, 632, 641 673 sylvestris 624, 633, 642 Lemna Marsh Bedstraw, see Galium palustre s.l. gibba 366, 458, 690 Marguerite, see Leucanthemum vulgare minor 234, 366, 456, 458, 480, 542, 58,617,618, 624,632, Marsh Foxtail, see Alopecurus geniculatus 641,690 Marsh Horsetail, see Equisetum palustre minuscula 366, 684 Marsh Marigold, see Caltha palustris trisulca 618, 624, 632, 641 Marsh Thistle, see Cirsium palustre spp. 618 Marsh Willow-herb, see Epilobium palustre Leontodon Marsh Yellow-cress, see Rorippa palustris autumnalis 29,368, 402, 617,624, 632, 641 676 Mat-grass, see Nardus stricta ssp. pratensis 368 Matricaria hispidus 14, 15, 41, 96, 320, 322, 340, 370, 376, 422, 464, matricarioides 31, 35, 39, 43, 152, 390, 440, 442, 452, 516,520,534,624,632,641,76 526,576,624,633,642 taroxacoides 370, 624, 632, 641 perforata, see Tripleurospermum inodorm spp. 676 Meadow Buttercup, see Ranunculus acris Lepidium Meadow Fescue, see Festuca pratensis campestre 624, 632, 641 Meadow Foxtail, see Alopecurus.pratensis heterophyllum 624, 632, 641 Meadow Oat, see A venula pratensis Lesser Celandine, see Ranunculus ficaria Meadow-sweet, see Filipendula ulmaria Lesser Hairy Willow-herb, see Epilobium paviflorum Meadow Vetchling, see Lathyrus pratensis Lesser Knapweed, see Centaurea nigra s.l. Medica go Lesser Pond-sedge, see Carex acutiformis lupulina 39, 40, 45, 100, 208, 302, 322, 372 392, 412, 624, Lesser Spearwort, see Ranunculus flammula 633,642,691,694 Lesser Yellow Trefoil, see Trifolium dubium sativa 616, 624, 633, 642 Leucanthemum vulgare 49, 208, 214, 322, 372, 392, 422 560, ssp. falcata 616 624,632,641,672,678,682,688 Melampyrum pratense 624, 633, 642, 684 Ligustrum vulgare 628, 637, 645 Melandrium dioicum, see Silene dioica Limosella aquatica 691 Melica uniflora 29, 82, 130, 138, 306, 314, 394, 398, 404, 512, Linaria 586,624,633,642 repens 374 Melilotus alba 680 vulgaris 184,186,334,374,524,624,63,641,671 Mentha Ling, see Calluna vulgaris aquatica 146, 192, 282, 294, 396, 414, 53, 624, 633, 642 Linum catharticum 24, 43, 150, 320, 370, 376, 382, 438, 520, arvensis 396,624,633,642 534,578,624,632,641 spicata 624, 633, 642 Listera ovata 624, 633, 641 x verticillata 396, 625, 633, 642 Littorella uniflora 478 spp. 396, 680 Lolium Menyanthes trifoliata 625, 633, 642 multiflorum, see perenne ssp. multiflorum Mercurialis perennis 24, 42, 43, 45, 51, 82, 108, 130, 202, perenne 14, 29, 33, 50, 51, 78, 210, 214, 274, 278, 280, 206,236,286,306,314,354,398,62,633,642,682,687,695 368,378,440,570,574,610,671,690,96 Mespilus germanica 206 ssp. multiflorum 378, 616 Milfoil, see A chi/lea millefolium ssp. perenne 378, 616, 624, 63, 641 Milk-Thistle, see Sonchus oleraceus Lonicerapericlymenum 314,328,380,400,424,470,55,624, Milium effusum 39, 41, 126, 380, 400, 424, 468, 494, 540, 625, 633,641 633,642,693 Lop Grass, see Bromus hordeaceus Mimulus guttatus 625, 633, 642 Lords-and-Ladies, see Arum maculatum Minuartia verna 35, 42, 47, 48, 268, 402, 496, 617, 625, 633, Lotus 642,680 corniculatus 14, 15, 39, 41, 42, 45, 56, 320, 382, 384, 578, ssp. verna 402 624,633,641,672,677,678,83,694 Moehringia trinervia 39, 39, 394, 404, 625, 633, 642 uliginosus 382, 384, 617, 624, 633, 641 Molinea Luzula caerulea 40, 44, 168, 296, 350, 406, 418, 625, 633, 642, 683, campestris 50, 60, 86, 386, 624, 633, 641 689 forsteri 388 ssp. arundinacea 406 multiflora 386, 624, 633, 641 littoralis, see caerulea ssp. arundinacea ssp. congesta 386 Montiafontana 142, 192, 478, 550,625,633, 642 ssp. multiflora 386 Moon Daisy, see Leucanthemum vulgare pilosa 40, 41, 228, 270, 388, 468, 470, 540, 624, 633, 641 Mountain Ash, see Sorbus aucuparia sylvatica 624, 633, 641 Mouse-ear Hawkweed, see Hieracium pilosella spp. 680 Mugwort, see Artemisia vulgaris Lychnisflos-cuculi 624, 633, 642 Mycelis muralis 37, 47, 48, 110, 112, 114, 212, 230 246, 408, Lycopersicum esculentum 190 625,633,642 Lycopus europaeus 624, 633, 642 Myosotis Lysimachia arvensis 29,41,49,80, 272,360,410,426,454,530,544, nemorum 624, 633, 642 590,606,625,633,642 nummularia 624, 633, 642 ssp. arvensis 410 vulgaris 624, 633, 642 ssp. umbrata 410 Lythrum portula 624, 633, 642 discolor 625, 633, 642 salicaria 624, 633, 642, 691 laxa ssp. caespitosa 414, 625, 633, 642 ramosissima 31, 39, 47, 90, 94, 100, 302, 392, 412, 514, 518,568,598,625,633,642,682 Maidenhair Spleenwort, see Asplenium trichomaes ssp. globularis 412 Male Fern, see Dryopteris filix-mas ssp. ramosissima 412 Malus sylvestris 628, 637, 645 scorpioides 154, 160, 244, 294, 396, 414, 48, 532, 625, 633,
INDEX 737 642,695 Physcomitrium sphaericum 677 secunda 414,625,633,642 Pignut, see Conopodium majus sylvatica 528 Pill-headed Sedge, see Carex pilulifera Myriophyllum spicatum 625, 633, 642 Pimpinella saxifraga 14, 39, 122, 132, 176, 300, 362, 38, 436, Myrrhis odorata 39, 70, 88, 148, 288, 290, 338, 16, 428, 625, 546,612,625,634,642 633,642,685 Pineapple Weed, see Matricaria matricariodes Pinguicula vulgaris 170 Plantago Nardus stricta 32, 35, 44, 50, 172, 240, 276, 296, 350, 406, 418, coronopus 618, 625, 634, 642 625,633,642,673,682,683 lanceolata 14, 39, 41, 49, 51, 56, 182, 214, 280, 438, 440, Nasturtium 444,560,578,625,634,64,670,673,689,690,695 microphyllum 420, 616 media 14 microphyllum x officinale 420, 616 major 378, 390, 440, 442, 504, 625, 634, 642, 681, 690, officinale 420, 616 695 officinaleagg. 49, 62, 92, 252, 258, 420, 600, 616,625, ssp. major 440 633,642,682,693 rugelii 681 Nemophila insignis 672 spp. 672 Nipplewort, see Lapsana communis Plantain, Water, see Alisma plantago-aquaticaOd] Nuphar lutea 625, 633, 642 Platanthera chlorantha 625, 634, 643 Ploughman's Spikenard, see Inula conyza Poa Oak, see Quercus agg. angustifolia 444, 616, 671, 691 Oat, 9 annua 5, 22, 29, 31, 32,33,34,47,4, 152,214,390,440, Oat-grass, see Arrhenatherum elatius 442,526,530,625,634,643,67,682,684,695 Odontites verna 625, 633, 642 nemoralis 625, 634, 643 Oenanthe crocata 625, 633, 642 pratensis 14, 48, 49, 122, 214, 280, 318, 44, 560, 616, 625, fistulosa 625, 633, 642 634,643,687 Onion Couch, see Arrhenatherum elatius sp. bulbosum subcaerulea 444, 616, 671 Ononis repens 625, 633, 642 trivia/is 13, 16, 31, 34, 37, 38, 45, 50, 1, 52, 150, 236, 356, Ophrys insectifera 362 446,456,588,625,634,643,67,673,677,679,681 Orchardgrass, see Dactylis glomerata Policeman's Helmet, see Impatiens glandulifer Orchis mascula 625, 633, 642 Polemonium caeru/eum 688 morio 625, 633, 642 Polyga/a Origanum vulgare 39, 180, 262, 340, 372, 422, 625 633, 642, serpyllifo/ia 448, 625, 634, 643 682,683 vulgaris 43,48, 120,132,164,166,316,448,464,614,625, Ornithopus perpusillus 66 634,643 Oxalis acetosella 31, 45, 202, 388, 400, 424, 540, 625, 633, ssp. collina 448 642,688 spp. 448, 684 Ox-eye Daisy, see Leucanthemum vulgare Polygonum Oxford Ragwort, see Senecio squalidus amphibium 46, 312, 348, 450, 582, 618, 625 634, 643 arenastrum 452 avicu/are s.l. 35, 39, 116, 152, 376, 390, 440, 44, 452, 554, Paigle, see Primula veris 576,625,634,643,675,69 Papaver aviculare s.s. 452, 619, 634, 643 argemone 625, 633, 642 convolvulus, see Fallopia convolvulus dubium 426, 625, 633, 642 cuspidatum, see Reynoutria japonica lecoqii 426 hydropiper 625, 634, 643 rhoeas 37, 39, 49, 52, 410, 426, 530, 606, 625, 633, 642, lapathifolium 454, 625, 634, 643, 692 685 pensylvanicum 692 spp. 690 persicaria 49, 188, 272, 360, 452, 454, 544 554, 606, 625, Parietaria judaica 625, 634, 642 634,643,692 Parnassia palustris 170 spp. 32, 52, 116, 452, 674, 680, 683, 69 Parsley Piert, see Aphanes arvensis Polypodium vulgare 628, 637, 646 Pedicularis sylvatica 625, 634, 642, 68 Polypogon monspeliensis 62 Pennywort, see Hydrocotyle vulgaris Polytrichum Pentaglottis sempervirens 625, 634, 542 commune 58, 685 Perennial Rye-grass, see Lolium perenne ssp. perenne juniperinum 66 Persicaria, see Polygonum persicaria Populus tremula 628, 637, 645 Petasites Potamogeton fragrans 625, 634, 642 co/oratus 458 hybridus 14, 34, 43, 47, 70, 74, 192, 288, 338, 416, 428, crispus 45, 234, 456, 458, 625, 634, 643 673 625,634,642 natans 234,456,458,480,625,634,64 Peucedanum palustre 84, 680 polygonifolius 142, 458 Phaeclia tanacetifolia 674, 691 spp. 458, 693 Phalaris arundinacea 24, 34, 48, 74, 154, 244, 430, 550, 625, Potato, see Solanum tuberosum 634,642,695 Potentilla ssp. rotgesii 430 anglica 460, 625, 634, 643, 686 Phleum pratense 78, 124, 136, 182, 210, 278, 378, 432, 472, anserina 625, 634, 643 474,490,572,574,625,634,642,84 erecta 47, 60, 198, 362, 460, 625, 634, 643, 695 ssp. bertolonii 432 palustris 625, 634, 643 ssp. pratense 78, 432 reptans 460, 625, 634, 643 Phragmites sterilis 166, 284, 332, 448, 462, 614, 62, 634, 643 australis 13, 36, 288, 312, 430, 434, 542, 582, 608, 616, 625, Poterium sanguisorba, see Sanguisorba mnor ssp. minor 634,642,672,673,676,680,87,695 Primula communis, see australis veris 14, 24,35,43,48,216, 284,448,464,510,612,625, Phyllitis scolopendrium 112, 628, 637, 646 634,643,684,693
738 INDEX ssp. veris 464 Reed-grass, see Glyceria maxima and halaris arundinacea vulgaris 362, 625, 634, 643 Reseda luteola 626, 634, 643 Prochirus spp. 678 Reynoutria Procumbent Pearlwort, see Sa gina procumbens japonica 13,31,34, 36,43,49,98, 148,488,580,616,626, Prunella vulgaris 124, 284, 466, 626, 634, 643, 67, 691, 695, 634,643,677,680,681,686 697 var. compacta 488 Prunus avium 628, 637, 645 var. japonica 488 pensylvanica 686 sachalinensis 338, 488 spinosa 628, 637, 645 spp. 671, 674 Pteridium aquilinum 31, 34, 36, 43, 45, 47, 48, 228, 258, 296, Rheum rhaponticum 98 326,328,388,468,494,540,552,62,637,646,670,672,673, Rhinanthus 674,675,676,677,681,684,685,687,88,690,695,696 minor 31,39, 78,136,278,432,474,90,572,626,634,643 Pulicaria dysenterica 626, 634, 643 var. minor 490 Purging Flax, see Linum catharticum var. stenophyl/us 490 Purple Moor-grass, see Molinia caerulea spp. 680, 684 Pyrola rotundifolia 42, 682 Rhizobium leguminosarum 362, 364, 608, 630 lupini 382, 384 Quaking Grass, see Briza media meliloti 392 Quercus trifolii 568, 570, 572, 574 agg. 37,39,42,43,51,54, 126,226,270,328,388,470, Rhizoctonia spp. 620 540,616,628,637,645,678,680,683,85,686,687, Rhododendronponticum 628,637,645 689,691 Ribes uva-crispa 626, 634, 643 petraea 20, 35, 470, 616, 683 Ribwort, see Plantago lanceolata robur 20, 470, 616, 683 Rorippa x rosacea 470 amphibia 492 islandica, see Rorippa palustris microphylla, see Nasturtium microphyl/m Ragwort, see Senecio jacobaea nasturtium-aquaticum, see Nasturtium oficinale Ramsons, see Allium ursinum palustis 37,39,46, 190,486,492,506,626,634,643,689 Ranunculus x sterilis, see Nasturtium microphylum x officinale acris 78, 182, 364, 472, 474, 484, 496 572, 626, 623, 643, Rosa 680,691 canina 616 ssp. acris 472 rubiginosa 616 ssp. borealis 472 tomentosa 616 auricomus 626, 634, 643 spp. 616, 628, 637, 645 aquatilis 480, 674 Rose-bay Willow-herb, see Chamerion aquatilis x fluitans 482 Rough Hawkbit, see Leontodon hispidus subgenus Batrachium 674, 696 Rough Meadow-grass, see Poa trivia/is bulbosus 33, 68, 86, 202, 364, 466, 472, 74, 484, 490, 626, Rough-stalked Meadow-grass, see Poa trivia/is 634,643,680,691 Rowan, see Sorbus aucuparia circinatus 480 Rubus ficaria 14, 22, 32, 37, 48, 51, 82, 194, 202, 220, 274, 428, caesius 494, 626, 634, 643 476,528,604,626,634,643,68,693 fruticosus 20, 37, 42, 54, 228, 326, 328, 380, 400, 424, 468, ssp. bulbifer 476 494,508,540,552,626,634,64,670,682 ssp. ficaria 22, 37,476 idaeus 626, 634, 643 flammula 234, 248, 250, 310, 342, 456, 478, 626, 634, 643, inermis 494 674 ulmifolius, see Rubus inermis ssp. flammula 478 spp. 494, 687, 688 ssp. minimus 478 Rue-leaved Saxifrage, see Saxifraga tridatylites ssp. scoticus 478 Rumex fluitans 480, 482 acetosa 24, 31, 46, 51, 56, 182, 250, 268, 364, 402, 472, peltatus 480, 482, 582, 606, 626, 634, 643 496,617,626,634,643,689 penicil/atus 45, 420, 482, 626, 634, 643, 675 acetosel/a 60, 66, 336, 498, 626, 634, 643, 680, 689, 692, var. penicillatus 482, 680 697 var. vertumnus 482 a/pinus 416 pseudofluitans, see penicillatus angiocarpus 498 repens 24, 37, 45, 160, 446, 472, 474, 84, 548, 602, 626, conglomeratus 626, 634, 643 634,643,676,680,691 crispus 21, 39,40, 118,242,496,500,502,524,580,626, replans 478 634,643,670,671,673,674,82,684,695 sceleratus 46, 486, 492, 626, 634, 643, 695 var. /ittoreus 500 trichophyllus 480, 482 hydrolapathum 626, 634, 643 spp. 486 obtusifolius 21, 31, 37, 106, 242, 356, 496, 500 502, 626, Raphanus raphanistrum 626, 634, 643 635,643,671,673,674 Rat-tail Plantain, see Plantago major ssp. major ssp. obtusifolius 502 Ray-grass, see Lolium perenne ssp. prenne ssp. sylvestris 502 Rayless Mayweed, see Matricaria matricarioide ssp. transiens 502 Red Campion, see Silene dioica sanguineus 626, 635, 643 Red Oover, see Trifolium pratense tenuifolius 498 Red Dead-nettle, see Lamium purpureum spp. 38 Red Fescue, see Festuca rubra ssp. rubra Rye-grass, see Lolium perenne ssp. prenne Red Goosefoot, see Chenopodium rubrum Redshank, see Polygonum persicaria Sagina apetala 626, 635, 643 Red Whortleberry, see Vaccinium vitis-idaea nodosa 626,635,643 Reed, see Phragmites australis procumbens 41, 182, 184, 504, 506, 626, 635 643 Reed Canary-grass, see Phalaris arundinaca spp. 504
INDEX 739 Salad Burnet, see Sanguisorba minor ssp minor dioica 41, 48, 138, 194, 236, 274, 326, 47, 528, 626, 635, Salix 644,671,693 alba 616 ssp. zetlandica 528 atrocinerea, see cinerea ssp. oleifolia nurans 41 aurita 616 vulgaris 626, 635, 644 caprea 504, 506, 616 Silver Birch, see Betula var. sphacelata 506 Sinapis arvensis 80, 188, 358, 426, 454, 530, 626 635, 644, 676, cinerea s.l. 32, 74, 504, 506, 616, 628, 637, 64 677,687 cinerea s.s Sisymbrium altissimum 626, 635, 644 ssp. cinerea 506 officinale 626, 635, 644 ssp. oleifolia 506 Slender False-brome, see Brachypodium sylvatium fragilis 74, 506, 616, 628, 637, 645 Small Nettle, see Urtica urens purpurea 628, 637 Small Scabious, see Scabiosa columbaria repens 617, 626, 635, 643 Small Toadflax, see Chaenorhinum minus viminalis 628, 637, 645 Smooth Hawk's-beard, see Crepis capillaris spp. 37, 38, 48, 506 Smooth-stalked Meadow-grass, see Poa pratensis Sambucus nigra 38, 47, 140, 508, 628, 637, 645 Soft Brome, see Bromus hordeaceus Sanguisorba Soft Rush, see !uncus effusus minor 15, 31, 39, 43,120, 150, 164, 276, 16, 352, 436, 510, Solanum 564,626,635,643,687 dulcamara 84, 146, 154, 156, 192, 244, 282, 36, 414, 532, ssp. minor 510 626,635,644,674,677,686,69 ssp. muricata 510 tuberosum 360 Sanicle, see following entry Solidago Sanicula europaea 24, 35, 36, 37, 45, 51, 72, 82, 08, 130, 354, canadensis 534 394,398,512,626,635,643,68 x niederedi 673 Saponaria officina/is 626, 635, 643 virgaurea 158, 284, 370, 534, 626, 635, 64, 681 Saxifraga Sonchus hypnoides 514 arvens~ 626,635,644 tridactylites 39, 51, 94, 100, 208, 224, 302, 392 412, 514, asper 536, 626, 635, 644, 682, 685 518,566,568,598,626,635,64 oleraceus 104, 522, 538, 626, 635, 644, 68, 685 spp. 696 tenerrimus 538 Scabiosa columbaria 14, 31, 43, 46, 96, 120, 370, 422, 436, Sorb us 496,516,520,534,562,626,635,64 aucuparia 326, 388,400, 424, 468,470, 494, 540, 628, 637, Scarlet Pimpernel, see Anagal/is arvensis ssp. arvensis 645,671 Scentless Mayweed, see Tripleurospermum inodoum spp. 540 Schoenoplectus lacustris 626, 635, 543 Sow-Thistle, see Sonchus oleraceus Sc/eranthus annuus 626, 635, 643 Sparganium Scrophularia emersum 618, 626, 635, 644 auriculata 626, 635, 643 erectum 142, 234, 456, 458, 480, 542, 62, 674 nodosa 626,635,643 spp. 687 Scutch, see Elymus repens Spear Thistle, see Cirsium vulgare Scutellaria galericu/ata 626, 635, 644 Spergu/a arvensis 49, 80, 90, 204, 272, 360, 410, 426 472, 530, Sedum 544,590,606,626,635,644,68 acre 31, 35, 45, 46, 48, 51, 94, 96, 00, 302, 514, 518, 626, var. nana 544 635,644,691 Spergularia rubra 626, 635, 644 album 518,616,617,626,635,644 Sphagnum spp. 58, 168, 264, 276, 330, 460 anglicum 518 Spiny Milk-Thistle, see Sonchus asper telephium 626, 635, 644 Spirodela polyrhiza 366 Self-heal, see Prunella vulgaris Spodoptera littora/is 688 Senecio Spring Sedge, see Carex caryophyllea aquaticus 520, 626, 635, 644 Spurrey, see Spergula arvensis cambrensis 522, 526 Squirrel 270 jacobaea 31, 96,98, 102,280,320,370,376,520,626,635, Stachys 644,680,683,685 x ambigua 548, 697 ssp. dunensis 520 arvensis 627,635,644 ssp. jacobaea var. condensatus 520 officina/is 49, 122, 216, 300, 362, 436, 546 556, 612, 627, squalidus 41, 43, 46, 47, 104, 106, 118, 186, 200, 242, 500, 635,644 522,524,526,538,580,626,63,644,682,683 pa/ustris 548, 627, 635, 644 sylvaticus 524, 626, 635, 644, 688, 694 palustris x sylvatica see x ambigua viscosus 47, 48, 104, 106, 118, 184, 186, 20, 242, 374, 500, sylvatica 88, 140, 194, 290, 308, 318, 548 558, 588, 627, 522,524,580,626,635,644,67,688 635,644 vulgaris 22, 24, 31, 35, 42, 47, 116, 152, 188, 190, 200, Stella ria 502,522,526,530,538,626,635,64,673,680,681, a/sine 39, 62, 160, 248, 342, 348, 484, 550, 627, 635, 644 682,686,688,689,692,695 graminea 627, 635, 644 ssp. denticulatus 526, 683 holostea 29, 292, 308,552, 558,627,635 644, 690 var. hibernicus 526 media 29, 31, 32, 35, 47, 116, 152, 188, 58, 404, 452, 454, spp. 677, 688 554,627,635,644,647,692,694 Serratula tinctoria 41 neg/ecta 554 Sheep's Fescue, see Festuca ovina pal/ida 554 Sheep's Sorrel, see Rumex acetosel/a spp. 670 Shepherd's Purse, see Capsel/a bursa-pastoris Sterner's Bedstraw, see Galium sterneri Shepherd's Weatherglass, see Anagal/is arvenss ssp. arvensis Sticky Groundsel, see Senecio viscosus Sherardia arvensis 626, 635, 644 Stinging Nettle, see Urtica dioica Sieglingia decumbens, see Danthonia decumbes Stinking Groundsel, see Senecio viscosus Silene Subterranean Clover, see Trifolium subterraneum alba 528, 626, 635, 644 Succisa pratensis 35, 41, 45, 216, 436, 546, 556, 612, 627, 635,
740 INDEX 644,670 x glauca 678 Sweet Cicely, see Myrrhis odorata /atifolia 232, 312,434, 450,480,482, 542, 582, 627, 636, Sweet Vernal-grass, see Anthoxanthum odortum 644,676,677,678,685,691 Sycamore, see Acer pseudoplatanus spp. 684, 685, 687 Symphytum officinale 627, 635, 644 Tyria jacobaeae 520 x up/andicum 627, 635, 644
U/ex Tall Brome, see Festuca gigantea europaeus 51,584,617,628, 637, 645,672 676, 677, 685, Tamus communis 43, 45, 140, 308, 314, 380, 548, 55, 558, 686,697 627,635,644,673 gal/ii 584 Tanacetumparthenium 627,635,644 minor 584 vulgare 627, 635, 644 spp. 679 Taraxacum Ulmus agg. 14, 20, 34,49, 214,236,444,504,560,616,627,635, glabra 126, 586, 617, 628, 637, 645 644,675,688,690,692,693 ssp. g/abra 586 sect. Erythrosperma 560, 616 ssp. montana 586 sect. Obliqua 616 minor 586 sect. Palustria 560, 616 procera 586, 628, 637, 645 sect. Spectabilia 560, 616 Umbilicus rupestris 627, 636, 644 sect. Taraxacum 560, 616 Upright Brome, see Bromus erectus Taxus baccata 512 Upright Hedge-parsley, see Torilisjaponica Teesdalia nudicau/is 66 Urtica Teucrium scorodonia 102, 284, 298, 332, 516, 562, 62, 635, dioica 14, 24, 32, 34, 37, 106, 238, 282, 290, 308, 356, 446, 644,682,687 502,508,548,588,590,627,63,644,671,672,678, Thale Cress, see Arabidopsis thaliana 688,689,696 Th/aspi a/pestre 402, 680 ssp. gracilis 588 arvense 627, 635, 644 ssp. subinermis 588 Three-nerved Sandwort, see Moehringia trinerva urens 24,31,40,358,590,627,636,644,672,678 Thyme-leaved Sandwort, see Arenaria serpyl/iflia Ustilago violacea 528 Thymus drucei, see praecox praecox ssp. arcticus 35, 37, 45, 150, )164, 268, 276, 298, Vaccinium 316,376,402,562,564,61,627,635,644,688 myrtillus 24, 37, 50, 51, 144, 172, 222, 240, 296, 350, 418, Tilia 592,594,627,636,645,696 cordata 42, 688, 689 vitis-idaea 40, 41, 43, 172, 222, 240, 260, 592 594, 617, 627, p/atyphyl/os 688 636,645,680,690 spp. 54,586 Valerian, see Valeriano officina/is Timothy, see Phleum pratense Valeriano Toad Rush, see ]uncus bufonius dioica 170 Tomato, see Lycopersicum escu/entum officina/is 128, 596, 627, 636, 645, 692 Tor Grass, see Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. col/ina 596 Tori/is ssp. officina/is 596 arvensis 566 ssp. sambucifolia 596 japonica 39,49, 208,566,627,636,644,671 Valerianel/a /ocusta 627, 636, 645 Tragopogonpratensis 41,627,636,644 Verbascum thapsus 627, 636, 645 Trifolium Vernal Sandwort, see Minuartia verna arvense 627, 636, 644, 672 Veronica campestre 568, 627, 636, 644 agrestis 606, 628, 636, 645 dubium 45,90, 94,208,302,412,514,566,568,598,627, anagallis-aquatica 627, 636, 645 636,644 arvensis 90,94,412,598, 627,636,645,671,682,683 hybridum 627, 636, 644 beccabunga 49,62,92, 252,414,420,600,627,636,645 medium 14, 49, 128, 134, 176, 218, 362, 570, 627, 636, 644, chamaedrysssp. chamaedrys 132,602,627,636,645 686 filiformis 627, 636, 645 micranthum 568 hederifolia 627, 636, 645 pratense 14, 136, 364, 572, 627, 636, 644 670, 686 montana 45, 194, 274,604, 619, 627, 636 645 var. pratense 572 officina/is 627, 636, 645 var. sativum 572 persica 37, 48, 49, 80, 90, 204, 272, 360, 410, 426, 454, repens 29, 37,40, 50, 51,124,182,210,378,424,466,472, 530,544,606,627,636,645 490,512,568,570,574,602,61,627,636,644,673, polita 606, 627, 636, 645 675,677,694 scutel/ata 627, 636, 645 subterraneum 680, 689 serpyllifolia 627, 636, 645 spp. 568, 570 spp. 602, 676, 680 Trig/ochin palustris 627, 636, 644 Viburnum opulus 628, 637, 645 Tripleurospermum Vicia inodorum 39, 106,200,358,390,452,502,54,538,576, angustifolium see sativa ssp. nigra 627,636,644,676,685 cracca 39, 49, 608, 627, 636, 645, 670, 674 maritimum 576, 683 hirsuta 627, 636, 645 Trisetumflavescens 14, 40, 122, 280, 352, 438, 578, 627, 636, sativa 644 ssp. nigra 208, 627, 636, 645, 670 Tufted Vetch, see Vicia cracca ssp. sativa 670 Tussi/ago farfara 24, 37, 46, 186, 196, 254, 324, 374 500, 536, sepium 29, 49, 98, 608, 610,627, 636, 645 580,627,636,644,671,687 tetrasperma 670 Twitch, see Elymus repens vil/osa 670 Typha Viola angustifolia 582, 677, 678 arvensis 627,636,645
INDEX 741 canina ssp. montana 614 Wild Marjoram, see Origanum vulgare hirta 14, 120, 164, 202, 546, 556, 612 627, 636, 645 Wild Mustard, see Sinapis arvensis lutea 362 Wild Strawberry, see Fragaria vesca odorata 612, 627, 636, 645 Wild Thyme, see Thymus praecox palustris 627, 636, 645 Wood Anemone, see Anemone nemorosa reichenbachiana 512, 612, 614 Wood Avens, see Geum urbanum riviniana 35, 51, 166, 462, 614,627, 636, 645, 694, 696 Wood Bitter-cress, see Cardamine f/exuosa tricolor 627, 636, 645 Wood Brome, see Bromus ramosus spp. 671, 675, 694 Wood Melick, see Melica unif/ora Vulpia spp. 280 Wood Millet, see Milium effusum bromoides 627, 636, 645 Wood Sage, see Teucrium scorodonia Wood Sorrel, see Oxalis acetose/la Wood Speedwell, see Veronica montana Wall Lettuce, see Mycelis muralis Woody Nightshade, see Solanum dulcamara Wall-pepper, see Sedum acre Wormwood, see Artemisia absinthium Wall-rue, see Asplenium ruta-muraria Wych Elm, see Ulmus glabra Wall Speedwell, see Veronica arvensis Water-cress, see Nasturtium officinale agg Water Forget-me-Not, see Myosotis scorpioides Yarrow, see Achillea mi//efolium Water Horsetail, see Equisetumf/uviati/e Yellow Archangel, see Lamiastrum galeobdolon Water Mint, see Mentha aquatica Yellow Bedstraw, see Galium verum Wavy Hair-grass, see Deschampsia f/exuosa Yellow Oat-grass, see Trisetum f/avescens Whin, see Ulex europaeus Yellow-rattle, see Rhinanthus minor White Oover, see Trifolium repens Yellow Toadflax, see Linaria vulgaris White Dead-nettle, see Lamium album Yorkshire Fog, see Holcus lanatus White-rot, see Hydrocotyle vulgaris Whortleberry, see Vaccinium myrti/lus Wild Angelica, see Angelica sylvestris Zea mays 143 Wild Carrot, see Daucus carota ssp. carota Zig-zag Oover, see Trifolium medium
742 INDEX