DOCSLIB.ORG

Iraq's News Media After Saddam

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Iraq's News Media After Saddam Iraq’s News Media After Saddam: Liberation, Repression, and Future Prospects A Report to the Center for International Media Assistance By Sherry Ricchiardi March 10, 2011 The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA), a project of the National Endowment for Democracy, aims to strengthen the support, raise the visibility, and improve the effectiveness of media assistance programs by providing information, building networks, conducting research, and highlighting the indispensable role independent media play in the creation and development of sustainable democracies around the world. An im- portant aspect of CIMA’s work is to research ways to attract additional U.S. private sector interest in and support for international media development. CIMA convenes working groups, discussions, and panels on a variety of topics in the field of media development and assistance. The center also issues reports and recommendations based on working group discussions and other investigations. These reports aim to provide policymakers, as well as donors and practitioners, with ideas for bolstering the effectiveness of media assistance. Marguerite H. Sullivan Senior Director Center for International Media Assistance National Endowment for Democracy 1025 F Street, N.W., 8th Floor Washington, D.C. 20004 Phone: (202) 378-9700 Fax: (202) 378-9407 Email: [email protected] URL: http://cima.ned.org About the Author Sherry Ricchiardi Sherry Ricchiardi, Ph.D., is a contributing writer for American Journalism Review (AJR), specializing in international issues, and a professor at the Indiana University School of Journalism. Since 2001, she has reported for AJR on media coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, interviewing dozens of correspondents on the ground there. Ricchiardi has trained journalists in developing countries throughout the world, including CIMA Research Report: Iraq’s News MediaSaddam After News Report: Research CIMA Iraq’s Pakistan, Yemen, and former Soviet territories. Most recently, she worked with Turkish journalists in Istanbul to develop an ethics code for the country’s media in a program sponsored by the International Center for Journalists. She is on the advisory committee of the Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma at Columbia University and North Carolina University’s Irina Project, a Web-based resource on human trafficking. In 2003 and 2009, she won the National Press Club’s top award for press criticism. Ricchiardi has been a Fulbright scholar at Zagreb University in Croatia and serves on the peer review committee for the Fulbright Specialist Program. Before going into media development, she spent 14 years at the Des Moines Register as an investigative reporter and Sunday magazine writer. She later became city editor for the Columbia Missourian, a newspaper produced at the University of Missouri School of Journalism, her alma mater. During the war in the Balkans, Ricchiardi’s stories from the front lines appeared in several American publications, including the Miami Herald, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, USA Today, and AJR. Center for International Media Assistance 1 Table of Contents Preface 3 Executive Summary 4 Iraq’s Media Landscape 8 America’s Approach 16 Voices of Iraqi Journalists 21 The Impact of International Media Development: Key Players 30 Conclusion 37 Endnotes 40 CIMA Research Report: Iraq’s News MediaSaddam After News Report: Research CIMA Iraq’s 2 Center for International Media Assistance Preface The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) at the National Endowment for Democracy commissioned this study of the state of news media in Iraq as the United States draws down its military presence in that country. The report traces the initial blossoming of independent media in Iraq following the fall of Saddam Hussein and the current challenges that exist. CIMA is grateful to Sherry Ricchiardi, a veteran journalist, journalism professor, and media consultant for her research and insights on this topic. CIMA Research Report: Iraq’s News MediaSaddam After News Report: Research CIMA Iraq’s We hope that this report will become an important reference for international media assistance. Marguerite H. Sullivan Senior Director Center for International Media Assistance Center for International Media Assistance 3 Executive Summary After the ouster of Saddam Hussein in April 2003, Iraq’s tightly controlled state-run media underwent a transformation on two fronts: one driven by the Americans who made establishing a free press a priority; the other by an Iraqi citizenry that for three decades had been cut off from the free marketplace of ideas under a tyrannical regime. Overnight, Iraq’s media landscape blossomed into one of the most diverse and unfettered press environments in the Middle East. Privately owned news outlets grew from zero to more than 200 in a rush to meet demands for uncensored information. And despite formidable chaos over press freedom, Iraqi citizens suddenly had access to a varied menu of information unimaginable under Saddam Hussein. Satellite dishes, banned under the Baathists, flew off the shelves. Iraqis, once limited to government- Overnight, Iraq’s media run broadcasting and five newspapers, suddenly had landscape blossomed access to a smorgasbord of news from CNN and into one of the most Qatar-based al-Jazeera to dozens of publications and television channels springing up in their hometowns. diverse and unfettered press environments Iraqi journalists who defected during the Baathist in the Middle East. era returned. Saad al-Bazzaz, former head of state television and editor of a leading newspaper under the old regime, fled in 1992 and ran a publishing business in Great Britain catering to exiled Iraqis. Soon after the invasion, he moved his operation to Baghdad. Al-Bazzaz told London’s Independent, “We can’t train staff fast enough … People are desperate here for a neutral free press after 30 years of a totalitarian state.” 1 This euphoria over a “neutral free press” was short-lived. The reality on the ground today is a far cry from what Pentagon planners envisioned for Iraq’s CIMA Research Report: Iraq’s News MediaSaddam After News Report: Research CIMA Iraq’s reconstituted press system. Despite massive infusions of cash from the U.S. government for media development–more than a half billion dollars by most estimates–the future of the country’s media does not look promising on several fronts. Many of Iraq’s media outlets have become mouthpieces for ethno-political factions with the potential to inflame sectarian divisions that have led the country to the brink of civil war. In his groundbreaking study on Iraq’s press system, Middle East scholar Ibrahim al-Marashi warned that “ethno-sectarian ‘media empires’” were providing the psychological groundwork for bitter divisiveness and conflict and needed to be addressed for the sake of the country’s stability. 2 Any escalation of violence would be bad news for journalists who already work in a climate of terror and impunity. A record number of media professionals, the majority of them Iraqis, were killed in Iraq between 2003 and 2008, making it then the world’s deadliest spot for the press. 4 Center for International Media Assistance Those who target journalists have little reason to worry. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, none of the 93 murders of journalists that have occurred In Iraq over the last 10 years has been solved. Iraq’s press corps has faced setbacks on other fronts. The Iraqi government has employed laws from Saddam Hussein’s era to muzzle media as well as some put on the books by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) during the occupation. The Iraqi Media Network (IMN) and Communications Media Commission (CMC), part of the CPA’s makeover of Iraq’s press system, were turned over to the government years ago. Both were designed to foster free expression and provide a multiplicity of views. It has not always turned out that way. The CMC has used its regulatory powers to shutter media operations and restrict news coverage. CIMA Research Report: Iraq’s News MediaSaddam After News Report: Research CIMA Iraq’s National Public Radio’s Deborah Amos, who covered Iraq for NPR, reported in June 2010 that Iraq’s state television, part of IMN, reflected the views of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki’s government and had become known in Iraq as “Maliki TV.”3 Amos pointed out in a research paper she wrote while a fellow at the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University that “Iraq’s state-run system failed to offer a neutral media space to all of the candidates and parties running in the election, despite a $500 million U.S. effort to make the Iraqiya a national public service system.”4 “It was the highest amount ever spent on media development anywhere,” she said in an interview. The judiciary also has been used to silence media. Iraqi news organizations continue to be plagued by lawsuits brought by the highest powers in government to intimidate and, in some cases, close them down. Journalists have been arrested, their equipment confiscated, and exorbitant fines leveled against them. All this has been occurring in a country ranked the fourth most corrupt in the world by Berlin-based Transparency International’s 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index.5 February 2011 was a terrible month for Iraq’s journalists. As protests swept the country, Iraq’s security forces turned on them with a vengeance. Nalia, Kurdistan’s first independent TV station, had been filming unrest in Sulaymaniyah when 50 masked gunmen raided the studio, destroying equipment and setting the building ablaze. Three days later, men in uniforms, some wearing a skull-and-crossbones insignia on their helmets, stormed the Baghdad headquarters of the Journalistic Freedoms Observatory, a prominent Iraqi press freedom group. Among materials stolen: archives that documented abuses against the media. A CPJ report released on February 25 told of military and security forces preventing cameras from entering Baghdad’s Tahrir Square where thousands of protesters had gathered and of dozens of journalists being assaulted, arrested and their film confiscated.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Eagle 2007 the Eagle 2007
    The Eagle 2007 The Eagle 2007 ST JOHN’S COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE The Eagle 2007 The Eagle is published annually by St John’s College, Cambridge, and sent free of charge to members of St John’s College and other interested parties. Articles to be considered for publication should be addressed to: The Editor, The Eagle, Development Office, St John’s College, Cambridge, CB2 1TP. St John’s College Cambridge CB2 1TP http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/ General telephone enquiries: 01223 338600 General fax enquiries: 01223 337720 General email enquiries: [email protected] Printed by Cambridge University Press Published by St John’s College, Cambridge, 2007 CONTENTS Message from the Master . 5 Message from the Development Office . 11 Commemoration of Benefactors . 14 Remembering Hugh Sykes Davies . 20 After-dinner Speech by Clifford Evans . 29 A Legal Eagle . 34 Spirit of the Brits . 36 Going Down 1949 . 44 Twenty-five Years of Women at St John’s . 46 Bicentenary of the Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade . 49 Hidden in Plain Sight: Slavery and Justice in Rhode Island . 52 St John’s Most Historical Moment? . 63 Book Reviews . 80 Obituaries . 96 College Societies . .125 Photography Competition . 164 College Sports . 172 College Notes . 211 Fellows’ Appointments and Distinctions . 219 Members’ News . 221 Donations to the Library . 283 Errata . 296 MESSAGE FROM THE MASTER There is much to take cheer from in the events of the past year, and it is my privilege to select here a few items for closer scrutiny. I also take the opportunity to make a few valedictory remarks about the College and its future.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing the 9/11 Decade
    1 Writing the 9/11 Decade Charlie Lee-Potter A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of PhD ROYAL HOLLOWAY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 2 Declaration of Authorship I Charlie Lee-Potter hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: ______________________ Date: ________________________ 3 Charlie Lee-Potter, Writing the 9/11 Decade Novelists have struggled to find forms of expression that would allow them to register the post-9/11 landscape. This thesis examines their tentative and sometimes faltering attempts to establish a critical distance from and create a convincing narrative and metaphorical lexicon for the historical, political and psychological realities of the terrorist attacks. I suggest that they have, at times, been distracted by the populist rhetoric of journalistic expression, by a retreat to American exceptionalism and by the demand for an immediate response. The Bush administration’s statement that the state and politicians ‘create our own reality’ served to reinforce the difficulties that novelists faced in creating their own. Against the background of public commentary post-9/11, and the politics of the subsequent ‘War on Terror’, the thesis considers the work of Richard Ford, Paul Auster, Kamila Shamsie, Nadeem Aslam, Don DeLillo, Mohsin Hamid and Amy Waldman. Using my own extended interviews with Ford, Waldman and Shamsie, the artist Eric Fischl, the journalist Kevin Marsh, and with the former Archbishop of Canterbury Dr. Rowan Williams (who is also a 9/11 survivor), I consider the aims and praxis of novelists working within a variety of traditions, from Ford’s realism and Auster’s metafiction to the post- colonial perspectives of Hamid and Aslam, and, finally, the end-of-decade reflections of Waldman.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq, August 2006
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Iraq, August 2006 COUNTRY PROFILE: IRAQ August 2006 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Iraq (Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah). Short Form: Iraq. Term for Citizen(s): Iraqi(s). Click to Enlarge Image Capital: Baghdad. Major Cities (in order of population size): Baghdad, Mosul (Al Mawsil), Basra (Al Basrah), Arbil (Irbil), Kirkuk, and Sulaymaniyah (As Sulaymaniyah). Independence: October 3, 1932, from the British administration established under a 1920 League of Nations mandate. Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1) and the overthrow of Saddam Hussein (April 9) are celebrated on fixed dates, although the latter has lacked public support since its declaration by the interim government in 2003. The following Muslim religious holidays occur on variable dates according to the Islamic lunar calendar, which is 11 days shorter than the Gregorian calendar: Eid al Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice), Islamic New Year, Ashoura (the Shia observance of the martyrdom of Hussein), Mouloud (the birth of Muhammad), Leilat al Meiraj (the ascension of Muhammad), and Eid al Fitr (the end of Ramadan). Flag: The flag of Iraq consists of three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green, five-pointed stars centered in the white band. The phrase “Allahu Akbar” (“God Is Great”) also appears in Arabic script in the white band with the word Allahu to the left of the center star and the word Akbar to the right of that star. Click to Enlarge Image HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early History: Contemporary Iraq occupies territory that historians regard as the site of the earliest civilizations of the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • Podcasting for Community Organisations
    Podcasting for Community Organisations An introduction to podcast and community radio production for charities and community organisations Podcasting for Community Organisations by Davy Sims 3 手 Firsthand Guides First published September 2016 by David Sims Media as “Podcasting for Communities” davidsimsmedia.com Firsthand Guide to Podcasting for Community Organisations July 2017 Firsthand Guides Cultra Terrace Holywood BT18 0BA Firsthandguides.com Copyright © 2017 by Firsthand Guides, Ltd. ISBN: 9781521531112 The right of Davy Sims to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved For more information about Firsthand Guide books visit www.firsthandguides.com 5 Dedication To my wife, Dawn and sons Adam and Owen To hear podcasts mentioned in this book visit http://www.davysims.com/category/podcastingfor-project/ or short link http://bit.ly/DS-podcasting 7 Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................... 15 Part 1 - The production plan ................................................................................ 18 Chapter 1: Purpose .......................................................................................... 20 Here are some purposes ................................................................................ 25 “To get the word out”.................................................................................. 25 Developing professional
    [Show full text]
  • Voices in Real Time Interactive and Transmedia Testimonies of the Arab Spring, Instant Archive and New Social Movements Discourses
    International PHD Programme in Audiovisual Studies University of Udine, DAMS Gorizia a.a.20 !"20 # Voices in real time Interactive and transmedia testimonies of the Arab Spring, instant archive and new social movements discourses $andidate% &udovica Fales Su)ervisors% *oy Menarini, University of Bologna Ian C,ristie, Bir-.e'- College London 1 /The wor- of our time is to clarify to itself t,e meaning of its o1n desires' 2. Mar3, 'For a Rut,less Criticism of Everyt,ing E3isting' (16!!7 1 2. Mar3, /(or a *ut,less $riticism of 4veryt,ing 43isting,/ in Te Marx- ngles !eader, ed *obert $. 8u'-er, 2nd edition, Ne1 Yor-, W.;. Norton, p. <=6, 12> # 2 I9D4? Introduction "e#ning the research field : transmedia or interactive documentaries% &owards a de#nition of interactive documentaries as '(living( entities )h* is this useful in relation to Tahrir S+uare? xploring the research field. What actions and whose voices% Than-s $,a)ter I – "ocumenting events in the ma-ing toda* 1.1. Documenting collective events in their actuality. A Pre-,istory .,.,., Te formation of the modern public sphere$ actualit* and participation -Te philosophical concept of actualit* - nlightenment as re/ective consciousness on the present -0lashes and fragments of the present time -Actualit* as gathering the present .,.,2 "Te whole world is watching3, Witnessing and showing d*namic in narrating dissent -A new consciousness of news media in the Chicago.567 revolt -"ocumenting and producing media protests (.59:-2::.; - September 1., 2::.. “Te death of detachment( in the news 1.2 Glo.al imagination, actuality, present>tense, real>time .,2,., =lobal imagination, >ocal imagining, A 4ultural Studies &oolbox for Media !epresentation in the =lobal World -=lobal Imagination, Local Imagining -?e*ond '@rientalism'% - Self-narratives, testimonies, micro narratives .,2,2, Te Space of Tahrir S+uare- Within and Without -A Space-in-process -A Space Extended to Tose Watching It -Aerformativit* of Tahrir S+uare - Social Media, Social Change and CitiBen Witnessing – A Faceboo- revolution% .,2,D, Can Tahrir S+uare 2:.
    [Show full text]
  • The Military's Role in Counterterrorism
    The Military’s Role in Counterterrorism: Examples and Implications for Liberal Democracies Geraint Hug etortThe LPapers The Military’s Role in Counterterrorism: Examples and Implications for Liberal Democracies Geraint Hughes Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. hes Strategic Studies Institute U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA The Letort Papers In the early 18th century, James Letort, an explorer and fur trader, was instrumental in opening up the Cumberland Valley to settlement. By 1752, there was a garrison on Letort Creek at what is today Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. In those days, Carlisle Barracks lay at the western edge of the American colonies. It was a bastion for the protection of settlers and a departure point for further exploration. Today, as was the case over two centuries ago, Carlisle Barracks, as the home of the U.S. Army War College, is a place of transition and transformation. In the same spirit of bold curiosity that compelled the men and women who, like Letort, settled the American West, the Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) presents The Letort Papers. This series allows SSI to publish papers, retrospectives, speeches, or essays of interest to the defense academic community which may not correspond with our mainstream policy-oriented publications. If you think you may have a subject amenable to publication in our Letort Paper series, or if you wish to comment on a particular paper, please contact Dr. Antulio J. Echevarria II, Director of Research, U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 632 Wright Ave, Carlisle, PA 17013-5046.
    [Show full text]
  • BBC Annual Report 2020/11 Part
    PART 2 THE BBC EXECUTIVE’S REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT Overview Delivering our strategy Managing the business Governance Managing our finances Part 2 BBC Executive Overview Managing the business 2-1 Director-General’s introduction 2-38 Chief Operating Officer’s review 2-2 Understanding the BBC’s finances 2-39 Increasing value 2-4 Performance by service 2-50 Looking forward 2-8 Television Governance 2-9 Radio 2-52 Executive Board 2-10 News 2-54 Risks and opportunities 2-11 Future Media 2-56 Governance report 2-12 Nations and Regions Managing our finances Delivering our strategy 2-68 Chief Financial Officer’s review 2-14 Meeting the BBC’s Purposes 2-69 Summary financial performance 2-16 The best journalism in the world 2-70 Financial overview 2-20 Inspiring knowledge, culture and music 2-79 Looking forward 2-24 Ambitious UK drama and comedy 2-80 Beyond broadcasting 2-28 Outstanding children’s content 2-82 Glossary 2-32 Bringing the nation together 2-83 Contact us/More information 2-36 Delivering Quality First objectives Subject index Part 1 Part 2 Appreciation index by service 2-4 to 2-7 Audience approval – KPI 1-6 2-23 Board remuneration from 2011/12 2-61 Board remuneration 2010/11 1-20 2-60 Commercial companies 1-19 2-46/2-69 Content spend by service 1-19 2-4 to 2-7 Delivering Quality First 1-7 2-36 Digital switchover 1-9 2-40 Distinctiveness – KPI 1-6/1-25 2-31 Efficiencies 1-7 2-69/2-71 Innovation 2-45 Licence fee 1-24 2-3 Licence fee spend 1-17 2-69/2-73 News audiences 1-8/1-13 2-19 Public purposes 1-8 2-14 Quality – KPI 1-6 2-27 Radio from
    [Show full text]
  • Channel List
    Channel List Method Name Name2 getLiveList DRAMA MBC getLiveList DRAMA MBC 2 getLiveList DRAMA MBC 3 getLiveList DRAMA MBC 4 getLiveList DRAMA MBC MAX getLiveList DRAMA MBC Action getLiveList DRAMA MBC Drama getLiveList DRAMA MBC Bollywood getLiveList DRAMA MBC Masr 1 getLiveList DRAMA MBC Masr 2 getLiveList DRAMA Movies 1 getLiveList DRAMA Movies 2 getLiveList DRAMA HBO HD getLiveList DRAMA Zee Alwan getLiveList DRAMA Zee Aflam getLiveList DRAMA B4U Aflam getLiveList DRAMA B4U Plus getLiveList DRAMA Nile News getLiveList DRAMA Nile Comedy getLiveList DRAMA Nile Cinema getLiveList DRAMA Nile Family getLiveList DRAMA Nile Life getLiveList DRAMA Nile Drama getLiveList DRAMA Rotana Music getLiveList DRAMA Rotana Cinema getLiveList DRAMA Rotana Masriya getLiveList DRAMA Rotana Classic getLiveList DRAMA Rotana Clip getLiveList DRAMA Rotana Khalijia getLiveList DRAMA Sada Al Balad +2 getLiveList DRAMA Sada Al Balad Drama getLiveList DRAMA Al Nahar Drama getLiveList DRAMA Al Nahar getLiveList DRAMA Al Nahar+2 getLiveList DRAMA 2M Morocco getLiveList DRAMA cbc getLiveList DRAMA cbc extra getLiveList DRAMA cbc Drama getLiveList DRAMA cbc Sofra getLiveList DRAMA Abu Dhabi getLiveList DRAMA Abu Dhabi Drama getLiveList DRAMA Abu Dhabi Emarat getLiveList DRAMA Melody classic getLiveList DRAMA Al kahera Walnas 2 getLiveList DRAMA Dubai One getLiveList DRAMA Dubai getLiveList DRAMA Sama Dubai getLiveList DRAMA Noor Dubai getLiveList DRAMA iFilm getLiveList DRAMA Albait Baitak Cinema getLiveList DRAMA Nat Geo AD getLiveList DRAMA Quest arabiya getLiveList
    [Show full text]
  • The 2018 Iraqi Federal Elections a Population in Transition?
    Middle East Centre THE 2018 IRAQI FEDERAL ELECTIONS A POPULATION IN TRANSITION? Renad Mansour Christine van den Toorn LSE Middle East Centre Report | July 2018 About the Middle East Centre The Middle East Centre builds on LSE’s long engagement with the Middle East and provides a central hub for the wide range of research on the region carried out at LSE. The Middle East Centre aims to enhance understanding and develop rigorous research on the societies, economies, polities and international relations of the region. The Centre promotes both special- ised knowledge and public understanding of this crucial area, and has outstanding strengths in interdisciplinary research and in regional expertise. As one of the world’s leading social science institutions, LSE comprises departments covering all branches of the social sciences. The Middle East Centre harnesses this expertise to promote innova- tive research and training on the region. About the Institute of Regional and International Studies The Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS) is an independent policy research centre based at the American Uni- versity of Iraq, Sulaimani (AUIS). Through multidisciplinary research, strategic part- nerships, a fellowship programme and open dialogue events among experts and influen- tial public leaders, IRIS examines the most complex issues facing the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Iraq and the Middle East across four key areas: peace and security; economic reform and development; governance and democ- racy; and social relations and civil society. Middle East Centre The 2018 Iraqi Federal Elections: A Population in Transition? Renad Mansour and Christine van den Toorn LSE Middle East Centre Report July 2018 About the Authors Renad Mansour is Research Fellow in the Middle East and North Africa Pro- gramme at Chatham House, and at IRIS.
    [Show full text]
  • IRAQ COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service
    IRAQ COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service 25 March 2011 IRAQ 25 MARCH 2011 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN IRAQ FROM 2 FEBRUARY 2011 TO 24 MARCH 2011 Useful news sources for further information REPORTS ON IRAQ PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 2 FEBRUARY 2011 AND 24 MARCH 2011 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Size and population.............................................................................................. 1.01 Ethnicity and religion........................................................................................... 1.04 Language .............................................................................................................. 1.06 Measurements ...................................................................................................... 1.07 Public holidays ..................................................................................................... 1.08 Maps ...................................................................................................................... 1.09 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 2.01 Currency................................................................................................................ 2.05 Employment.........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews 2000S
    BOOK REVIEWS 51 BOOK REVIEWS neighbouring Clan, the Macdonnels, brings the story to a violent conclusion. Michael Brander, The Clan Gleneil. Pp. vii + 99. The Gleneil Press, 1996; Anyone interested in history of any kind will find these books a ISBN 0-9525330-2-2. The Mark ofGleneil. Pp. viii + 162. The Gleneil Press, fulfilling read, and both offer the reader a first hand account of life at the 1998. ISBN 0 952533081 time in the Scottish Highlands. The Mark ofGleneil also gives a revealing account of Richard the Lionheart, or Richard 'Yea or Nay', during the The Clan of the Gleneil describes the history of the Gleneil Clan from its Third Crusade, and what chivalry really meant to those at the time. beginnings in 1173 around the time of the Crusades to the last Chief of There is also an audio cassette that accompanies these books, containing Gleneil who died in 1949. As well as a look at the rousing activities of popular music from the Clan's past, including the lament 'Gleneil is the Clan in the past 800 years, Michael Brander (honorary 23rd Gleneil over the water', written at the death of the last Gleneil. of Gleneil) also looks at the Clan's characteristics, their background, the land they lived on, their economic and natural history, and a more Alistair Boyd general look at Scottish dress and the way of life in the Highlands. Although not an immediately recognisable name, the Gleneils were a prominent force in Scottish history and, partly because of the small glen Ulinka Rub lack, The Crimes of Women in Early Modern Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • EXPERIMENT: a Manifesto of Young England, 1928-1931 Two Volumes
    EXPERIMENT: A Manifesto of Young England, 1928-1931 Two Volumes Vol. 1 of 2 Kirstin L. Donaldson PhD University of York History of Art September 2014 Abstract This thesis examines the little magazine Experiment, published in Cambridge between 1928 and 1931. It represents the first book-length study of Experiment; and therefore offers a deeper level of engagement with the magazine’s social and historical context, its influences, and crucially, its contents. The appearance of Experiment coincided with the tenth anniversary celebrations of Armistice Day; an event which I argue was a catalyst for the formation of a new generation of artists and writers. The First World War created a rupture in society: the myth of the “lost generation” weighed heavily on those who were left behind. The Experiment group had lived through the War; however, their childhood experiences were far-removed from those of frontline soldiers. The Experimenters’ self-identification with the term “postwar” recognised the importance of the War to their sense of identity while simultaneously acknowledging their temporal separation from that moment. This thesis demonstrates how the Experiment group’s conception of themselves as a generation was constructed around their relationship to the First World War. It will be shown that they embraced their temporal distinctiveness while nonetheless attempting to situate themselves within established historical narratives. This is evidenced in the group’s appropriation and subversion of traditional avant-garde methods, for example the
    [Show full text]