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An Analysis of Urban Sprawl in Pakistan Int. J. Agric. Ext. 08 (03) 2020. 257-278 DOI: 10.33687/ijae.008.03.3438 Available Online at EScience Press Journals International Journal of Agricultural Extension ISSN: 2311-6110 (Online), 2311-8547 (Print) https://journals.esciencepress.net/IJAE AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN SPRAWL IN PAKISTAN: CONSEQUENCES, CHALLENGES, AND THE WAY FORWARD a,cShabbir Ahmad, aWu Huifang, bSaira Akhtar, cShakeel Imran, dGulfam Hassan, aChunyu Wang a College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing P. R. China. b Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. c University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Sub Campus Burewala, Punjab, Pakistan. d Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history Pakistan is urbanizing at a tremendous tempo in South Asia and is the world’s 6th Received: August 18, 2020 most populous country. The key objectives of this review paper were to evaluate the Revised: October 12, 2020 general situation of urban sprawl in Pakistan, investigate the methodological tactics Accepted: December 27, 2020 used in the previously published literature, and identify the major geographical areas yet not been surveyed. This literature review was conducted to collect and Keywords synthesize pertinent data from the previously published research papers accessed Urban sprawl, through the utilization of different databases and search engines. The most recently Consequences and published research papers (2010-2019) were incorporated in this review article. challenges Those research papers were retrieved which contain data related to urban sprawl in Agricultural land Pakistan. Roundabout 26 research articles were comprehensively reviewed. It was conversion, scrutinized that in all these accessed research articles, almost similar methodologies Rural to urban migration, (Case Studies) were utilized. Most of the researchers carried out cross-sectional Pakistan qualitative and descriptive studies, through secondary data analysis to identify the causes, impact, influence, and consequences of urbanization on agricultural land conversion, migration, changing land ownership patterns, settlement issues, water scarcity, pollution, extinction of botanical species, etc. Migration, development of peri-urban areas around the outer rim of the cities, installation of industrial units, improved infrastructure, and population growth have been concluded as the prime reasons of the rapid urban sprawl in Pakistan. There is a dire need for quantitative and mixed method research to understand and have an insight into the underlying factors of Urbanization in Pakistan. Corresponding Author: Wu Huifang Email: [email protected] © The Author(s) 2020. INTRODUCTION urbanization was witnessed in the 21st century around The expansion in the proportion of a populace living in the globe. The global proportion of urban population the metropolitan area, and the further physical soared from 13.0% in 1900 to 29.0% in 1950. Between enlargement of already existing urban centers can be 1950 to 2003, the world’s urban population has termed as urbanization (Grannis, 1998; Alaci, 2010; increased quadrupled times and the world’s rural Buhaug and Urdal, 2013). The tremendous pace of population, on the other hand, increased more than 257 Int. J. Agric. Ext. 08 (03) 2020. 257-278 DOI: 10.33687/ijae.008.03.3438 double from 1.8 billion to 3.2 billion between 1950 to urbanized (United Nations Development Programme, 2000 (Cohen, 2006). It has reached to 49.0% in 2005. By 2014). As far as Pakistan is concerned, it is urbanizing at the mid-21th century, it was expected that, every 3rd the rate of 3.0 % annually which is the fastest pace of human being would be residing in the urban areas urban sprawl in the South Asian wing (Kim, 2012; (Artuso, 2010; Buhaug and Urdal, 2013; He, et al., 2016). Shuaib et al., 2018). This figure, however, will rise to It has also been estimated that 60.0% of the global nearly 50.0% by 2050 (Kim, 2012). The recent estimates population is expected to live in cities by 2030. reveal that 36.4% people in Pakistan are inhabiting in Moreover, 4.9 billion people are expected to be urban the urban areas. According to the estimates, the Punjab dwellers in 2030 as has been projected by United province is the most populated (36.7 million urban and Nations Population Projections (United Nations / 63.3 million rural) and Baluchistan is the least populated Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2009). By (3.5 million urban and 8.94 million rural) provinces of the end of 2008, it has been estimated by the United Pakistan. Underneath the percentage distribution of Nations that half of the population of the world would be population from 1951-2017 (estimates are based on the residing in the urban areas. census conducted from 1951-2017) is given below to By 2050, it is predicted that 64.1% and 85.9% of the have a clear idea about the successive pace of developing and developed world, respectively will be urbanization. Table 1. Population and its Percentage Distribution by Urban and Rural Areas, Provinces and Pakistan: 1951-2017. 1951 1961 1972 1981 1998 2017 Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Million Million Million Million Million Million Punjab Urban 3.57 17.4 5.48 21.5 9.18 24.4 13.05 27.6 23.02 31.3 40.39 36.7 Rural 16.97 82.6 19.99 78.5 28.42 75.6 34.24 72.4 50.60 68.7 69.63 63.3 Sindh Urban 1.77 29.2 3.17 37.9 5.73 40.4 8.24 43.3 14.84 48.8 24.91 52.0 Rural 4.28 70.8 5.20 62.1 8.43 59.6 10.79 56.7 15.60 51.2 22.98 48.0 KPK Urban 0.50 11.1 0.76 13.2 1.20 14.3 1.67 15.1 2.99 16.9 5.73 18.8 Rural 4.05 88.9 4.97 86.8 7.19 85.7 9.40 84.9 14.75 83.1 24.79 81.2 Baluchistan Urban 0.14 12.4 0.23 16.9 0.40 16.5 0.68 15.6 1.57 23.9 3.40 27.5 Rural 1.02 87.6 1.13 83.1 2.03 83.5 3.66 84.4 5.00 76.1 8.94 72.5 Pakistan* Urban 5.99 17.7 9.65 23.1 16.59 25.4 23.84 28.3 43.04 32.5 75.58 36.4 Rural 27.75 82.3 32.23 76.9 48.72 74.6 60.41 71.7 89.32 67.5 132.19 63.6 * Population of Fata and Islamabad Source: Pakistan Burau of Statistics The major contributing factors of urbanization in (Hasan, 2010; -Uz-Zaman and Baloch, 2011; Khan, et al., Pakistan are internal migration (-Uz-Zaman and Baloch, 2014; Mohsin and Jamal, 2014; Shuaib et al., 2018; 2011; Farah, et al., 2012; He, et al., 2016; Ali Siyal, et al., Peerzado, et al., 2018), political, economic, and social 2018) real estate business without any approval from factors (Kugelman, 2013), infrastructure development the concerned urban development authorities, (Hu, et al., 2013; Sören, 2015; Sören, 2015), socio- conversion of fertile agricultural land to build housing economic problems (Xiao et al., 2006; Farah, et al., colonies, motorways, and commercial enterprises 2016), population growth (Opportunities, 2017), (UK 258 Int. J. Agric. Ext. 08 (03) 2020. 257-278 DOI: 10.33687/ijae.008.03.3438 Department For International Development, 2001)], urbanization in Pakistan has triggered the researcher to floods (which are very frequent in Pakistan during search and review the existing relevant literature. Monsoon) (He et al., 2016), and wars and relocation of The main objectives of this review are given below: people (IDPs) are some of the major factors which are • To highlight the incipient themes emerging from contributing to the urban sprawl in Pakistan. The rapid literature on urbanization in Pakistan. urbanization has affected the agricultural sector of • To explore the variety of methodologies and Pakistan to a great extent. The fertile agricultural land methods to access urbanization in Pakistan. conversion has startled the agriculture sector because • To identify the key geographical areas which have the arable land is declining rapidly, and the country may been neglected by the researchers. face the problems of food security soon (Yousaf et al., • To stipulate commendations for future work. 2018). The swift urban sprawl is also a challenge for the urban development authorities and the agricultural MATERIALS AND METHODS extension department to convince the real estate Urbanization is a critical issue for the economy of developers about the implications of urbanization for Pakistan (if Pakistan is to depend on agriculture for its agricultural sustainability and food security of the economy) from the governance perspectives (Jabeen, et country. As we know that Pakistan is an agriculturally al., 2017). Due to the fertile agricultural land conversion, based country and the economy depend on the the people from the rural areas (losing their land as well agriculture sector to a great extent that is why the as jobs) are migrating to the urban areas owning to conservation of fertile agricultural land is of vital manifold reasons. These marginalized rural poor are importance for the safety of the diminishing agriculture settling down in the peri-urban areas in the outer-rim of sector which has assumed the status of the backbone of the urban areas immersing themselves down into the economy of the country. The present study will manifold problems such as unemployment, poor living, review the research published from 2010-2019 related health issues, deviant behaviors etc. In this review entirely about the ongoing process of urbanization in article, an attempt has been made to grasp the Pakistan to highlight the main issues which are emerging widespread issue of urbanization in Pakistan from due to rapid urban sprawl such as the major themes, different angles which has been explored by the methodologies, and neglected geographical regions to different scholars.
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