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Micromelum Minutum Wight & Arn Borneo Journal of Pharmacy http://journal.umpalangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/898 Vol 2 Issue 2 November 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v2i2.898 Page 55 – 62 e-ISSN: 2621-4814 Simplicia and Extracts Standardization from Jualing Leaves (Micromelum minutum Wight & Arn.) from South Kalimantan Sutomo* 1,2 Abstract Herwina Dita Lestari 1 Jualing (Micromelum minutum Wight & Arn.) is a plant from South Arnida 1 Kalimantan that has the potential to be developed as natural medicine. This study aims to establish standardization which includes specific Agung Sriyono 3 and non-specific parameters of M. minutum leaf simplicia and extracts from three growing locations, namely Banua Botanical Garden, Sultan Adam Forest Park, and Forest Areas with Specific Objects of Rantau, 1 Department of Pharmacy, Universitas South Kalimantan. The method of setting standardization parameters Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarbaru, refers to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia and General Standard South Kalimantan, Indonesia Extracts Parameters. Organoleptic standardization of simplicia is brownish-green, has a distinctive odor, has a bitter and slightly spicy 2 Center for Study of Natural Medicine, taste. Microscopic observations showed the presence of stomata, cell Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, walls, cytoplasm, calcium oxalate crystals, upper epidermis, palisade Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, tissue, spongy tissue, cortex, xylem, phloem, lower epidermis, and Indonesia trichomes. Water content test showed the results of 21.9-22.07%; ethanol extract content of 12.87-13.17%; drying losses 4.64-4.84%; total 3 The Research and Development ash content of 6.04-6.14%; acid insoluble ash content 1.13-1.19%; Pb Agency of the Banua Botanical Gardens, levels of 0.022-0.025 mg/kg; Cd levels of 0.017-0.020 mg/kg; and Hg South Kalimantan, Banjarbaru, South levels <0.0004 mg/kg. Extract standardization shows thick green- Kalimantan, Indonesia black, thick-smelling extract and bitter taste. Micromelum minutum leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, anthraquinones, phenols, and glycosides. Thin-layer chromatography * email: [email protected] profiles show the similarity of chemical compounds in each growth location. Other parameters are extract yield of 8.08-8.32%; moisture Keywords: content of 6.07-6.27%; total ash content of 4.22-4.27%; and acid Micromelum minutum insoluble ash content 1.11-1.12%. All standardization parameters meet Non-specific parameter the requirements in the Media Materia Indonesia and the Republic of Simplicia Indonesia Drug and Food Control Center. Specific parameter Standardization Received: August 8th 2019 Accepted: October 12th 2019 Published: November 14th 2019 © 2019 Sutomo, Herwina Dita Lestari, Arnida, Agung Sriyono. Published by Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya. This is an Open Access article under the CC-BY- SA License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v2i2.898. INTRODUCTION compounds, and some terpenoid derivatives were found in M. minutum. Mahanine compounds have the potential Medicinal plants are parts or all parts of the plant that are to be anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and have anti- believed to cure or reduce pain. Jualing (Micromelum inflammatory effects (Roy et al., 2017; Nooron et al., 2017). minutum Wight & Arn.) is one of the medicinal plants The compound was isolated from the simplicia extract of with characteristics of oval-shaped compound leaves, the leaves of M. minutum. wavy edges and spots on the upper surface (Suryanto & Simplicia is a dry material that has not undergone any Syaifuddin, 2017; Uji, 2005). The people of South processing intended for treatment (National Agency for Kalimantan empirically use Micromelum minutum as Drug and Food Control Republic of Indonesia, 2014). traditional medicine for influenza, hypertension and Extracts are concentrated preparations which all or stomachache. Carbazole alkaloids, coumarin, Mahanine Borneo Journal of Pharmacy, Vol 2 Issue 2, November 2019, Page 55 – 62 e-ISSN: 2621-4814 almost all solvents have evaporated from active nm, maceration vessels, microscopes (Olympus®), glass substances that are attracted during the extraction objects, ovens, capillaries, distillation devices, analytical process (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, 2014). scales (Pioneers®), and water bath (Memmert®). The method that is often used in attracting chemical The materials used in this study were fresh leaves of M. components in plants is the maceration method, which is minutum, acetic acid, aquadest, Cd(NO3)2, ethanol, ethyl the immersion of simplicia powder in a solvent at room acetate, FeCl3, 1% gelatin, HCl, HgCl2, HNO3, H2SO4, temperature for several days (Sutomo et al., 2017). The use KOH, filter paper, chloroform, methanol, n-hexane, of the maceration method can avoid damage to NH4OH, Pb(NO3)2, Dragendorff reagents, Liebermann- thermolabile compounds (not resistant to heating). Burchard reagents, Mayer reagents, Mg powders, Thin- Utilization of plants both in the form of simplicia and layer chromatography (TLC) with GF254 silica gel, and extracts requires standardization in order to guarantee toluene. the quality, efficacy and safety of medicinal raw materials Sample preparation following the requirements stipulated in the Indonesian Simplicia M. minutum in powder form as much 500 g was Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Materia Medika Indonesia and macerated with 96% ethanol solvent for 3 x 24 hours with Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of stirring every eight hours and every 24 hours a change of Indonesia. Standardization consists of specific solvent of the same type and volume was carried out. The parameters and non-specific parameters. Specific macerate is then filtered using filter paper and thickened parameters are a series of benchmarks that focus on on a water bath at 50°C. Evaporation is carried out to compounds responsible for pharmacological effects obtain extracts of M. minutum leaf with a fixed weight including organoleptic, microscopic, soluble compounds (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, 2008). in certain solvents, and others (Ministry of Health Simplicia standardization Republic of Indonesia, 2000), while non-specific Specific parameters tests parameters are parameters that focus on material stability a. Organoleptic test and safety (Saefudin et al., 2011). Non-specific parameters Organoleptic tests include examining the color, include water content, ash content, drying losses, heavy shape, aroma, and taste using the five senses without metal contamination, and others (Ministry of Health the aid of tools after simplicia in contact with air for 15 Republic of Indonesia, 2008). Based on this, this study minutes (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, aims to provide information on specific and non-specific 2008). parameters of M. minutum simplicia and leaf extracts. b. Microscopic test Microscopic testing involves observing the MATERIALS AND METHODS constituent fragments obtained from the cross and Tools and materials longitudinal section from simplicia of M. minutum The tools used in this study are glassware, sprayers, leaves. Observations were carried out under an vaporizer cups, chambers, separating funnels, glass electric microscope with magnifications of 100x and covers, desiccators, furnaces (Ney-Vulcan® D-550), hot 400x (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, 2008). plates, heater mantles, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Observation at magnifications of 10x and 40x is (Shimadzu® ASC -7000), UV light sources 254 and 366 generally rarely done 56 Sutomo, Lestari HD, Arnida, Sriyono A. 2019. Simplicia and Extracts Standardization from Jualing Leaves from South Kalimantan c. Ethanol soluble extract and water-soluble extract measured using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy at A total of 5 g of M. minutum simplicia powder was wavelength 217 nm, Cd content at wavelength 288.8 macerated using 100 ml 96% ethanol solvent and nm, and Hg was measured at a wavelength of 253.7 chloroform saturated water. The extract is shaken in nm (Najib et al., 2017). the first six hours and allowed to stand for the next 18 Extract standardization hours. A total of 20 ml of filtrate was filtered and Specific parameters tests evaporated on a water bath at 105°C until a constant a. Organoleptic extract weight was obtained. Levels are calculated in percent Organoleptic extracts include an examination of of compounds dissolved by the weight of the initial color, shape, aroma, and taste using the five senses ingredients of simplicia (Ministry of Health Republic without the aid of tools after the extract has been in of Indonesia, 2008). contact with air for 15 minutes (Ministry of Health Non-specific parameters tests Republic of Indonesia, 2008). a. Dry shrinkage b. Percentage of Yield A total of 1 g of M. minutum simplicia leaves were Extract yield was obtained from the ratio of extract evenly inserted into the crucible which has been weight obtained to the weight of M. minutum leaf equalized. The crucible containing simplicia is put simplicia (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, into an oven at 105°C for one hour in an open 2008). position. Crucible then weighed and reheated until a c. Phytochemical screening constant weight is obtained (Ministry of Health Phytochemical screening is carried out on Republic of Indonesia, 2008). compounds of alkaloids, terpenoids/steroids, b. Total ash and insoluble acid ash flavonoids,
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