Róber Iturriet Ávila ■ Castor Bartolomé Ruiz ■ Bruno Lima Rocha EDITORIAL

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Róber Iturriet Ávila ■ Castor Bartolomé Ruiz ■ Bruno Lima Rocha EDITORIAL Nº 521 | Ano XVIII | 7/5/2018 1968 – um ano múltiplo Meio século de um tempo que desafiou diversas formas de poder Patrick Viveret Glaudionor Barbosa Enéas de Souza Larissa Jacheta Riberti Erick Corrêa Joana Salém Maria Paula Araújo Olgária Matos Alana Moraes de Souza Leia também ■ Róber Iturriet Ávila ■ Castor Bartolomé Ruiz ■ Bruno Lima Rocha EDITORIAL 1968 – um ano múltiplo Meio século de um tempo que desafiou diversas formas de poder uando se fala em 1968, parece que se porque explodiram revoltas de jovens, de artis- trata de algo uno, um acontecimento tas e do operariado em vários lugares do mundo. coeso. No entanto, o mais correto seria Para a antropóloga Alana Moraes de Sou- Qaludir aos vários 1968, ocorridos em geografias za, Maio de 68 – marcante para a história das e contextos tão distintos como a França, a Tche- contestações ao capitalismo e às estruturas au- coslováquia, os Estados Unidos, o México, o toritárias – não foi superado, nem derrotado. Brasil e outros países latino-americanos. Ela diz que as lutas vão sedimentando substra- O ano de 1968 é múltiplo de sentidos, signi- tos, e toda vez que a sociedade se movimenta, de ficados e alcances. Na base da efervescência, algum modo os substratos emergem. estão as rebeliões estudantis e de trabalhadores O cientista político Glaudionor Barbosa que inflamaram ruas e desafiaram diversas for- vislumbra que é preciso consolidar uma narra- mas de poder. Chefes de Estado, ditadores, em- tiva de 1968 que aponte para um futuro melhor presários, reitores, professores e as tradicionais do que o presente. estruturas familiares, sindicais e partidárias – todos foram questionados e tensionados. A historiadora Larissa Jacheta Riberti, ao dis- cutir a realidade mexicana, projeta que a próxima Meio século depois, com a força que as efemé- eleição presidencial vai coincidir com os 50 anos do rides transferem para a memória, é importante Massacre de Tlatelolco, considerado “a expressão ampliar o entendimento que se faz de um ano tão máxima de um Estado autoritário, da prática re- mítico e incensado, a ponto de se cogitar que, para pressiva”. Ao tratar do Chile, a historiadora Joana alguns, ele não terminou – ou, pelo menos, segue Salém Vasconcelos lembra que Salvador Allen- 2 ecoando. Havia ideias revolucionárias que impac- de foi eleito em 1970 no rastro de 1968. taram os anos 1970, principalmente no campo cultural. No entanto, existem outras que mobiliza- A filósofa Olgária Matos, instigada a refletir ram fortemente na época e não surtiram os efeitos sobre Maio de 68, escreveu que uma revolução pretendidos, como o questionamento acerca das não se reconhece pela tomada do poder, mas expressões de poder, das hierarquias e das insti- por sua potência de sonho. tuições. Na França, cuja capital é associada instan- Nesta edição, há ainda entrevistas com o eco- taneamente aos acontecimentos de 1968, a pulsão nomista Róber Iturriet Avila; com o professor libertária estimulava os jovens, que estampavam de Filosofia Castor Bartolomé Ruiz; e com o seus desejos e anseios em cartazes e muros. professor de Direito Guilherme de Azevedo. Para discutir algumas perspectivas dos vários Leia também o artigo do professor Bruno Lima 1968, a revista IHU On-Line desta semana re- Rocha sobre a Guatemala, que, para os Estados úne uma série de pesquisadores e pesquisadoras. Unidos, é o “escoadouro das deportações de imi- Patrick Viveret, filósofo e escritor francês, fala grantes ilegais centro-americanos”. da ebulição dos meses, desde 1967, que antecede- A todas e a todos uma boa leitura e uma exce- ram a tomadas das ruas, universidades e fábricas lente semana! por estudantes e trabalhadores franceses. Para o economista, psicanalista e crítico de cine- ma Enéas de Souza, é indispensável recuperar o sentido dos gestos de renovação da década de 1960, pois a grande herança daqueles anos vem da ideia lacaniana de não ceder do seu desejo, e isso atravessa a subjetividade e as ações sociais. O cientista social Erick Corrêa afirma que 68 foi a maior greve geral selvagem da história da França, mas saiu vencida. A historiadora Maria Paula Araújo destaca que o legado mais evidente de 68 no Brasil foi Divulgação exposição o deslocamento da liderança estudantil para a No coração de maio de 1968 luta armada. Para ela, trata-se de um ano mítico 7 DE MAIO | 2018 REVISTA IHU ON-LINE Sumário 4 ■ Temas em destaque 6 ■ Agenda 8 ■ Róber Iturriet Avila: Austeridade: a máquina estatal de produzir desigualdades 13 ■ Guilherme de Azevedo: Quando a comunicação é negada, o outro é reduzido e a violência eclode 20 ■ Tema de capa | Patrick Viveret: O interminável Maio de 1968 24 ■ Tema de capa | Enéas de Souza: É indispensável recuperar o sentido dos gestos de renovação dos anos 60 30 ■ Tema de capa | Erick Corrêa: 68 foi a maior greve geral selvagem da história da França, mas saiu vencida 39 ■ Tema de capa | Maria Paula Araújo: Legado mais evidente de 68 foi o deslocamento da liderança estudantil para a luta armada no Brasil 43 ■ Tema de capa | Alana Moraes de Souza: Maio de 68 não foi superado, nem derrotado 47 ■ Tema de capa | Glaudionor Barbosa: É preciso consolidar uma narrativa de 1968 que aponte para um futuro melhor do que o presente 52 ■ Tema de capa | Larissa Jacheta Riberti: A tarefa de não esquecer os herdeiros perpetradores da repressão no México 58 ■ Tema de capa | Joana Salém: 1968 e o Chile: um olhar para além da fetichização do Maio francês 66 ■ Tema de capa | Olgária Matos: Uma revolução não se reconhece pela tomada do poder, mas por sua potência de sonho 3 68 ■ Castor Bartolomé Ruiz: A produção de violência e morte em larga escala: da biopolítica à tanatopolítica 75 ■ Publicações | Joel Decothé Junior: Deslocamentos genealógicos da economia teológica segundo Agamben 76 ■ Publicações | Viviane Zarembski Braga: O campo de concentração: um marco para a (bio) política moderna 77 ■ Crítica internacional | Bruno Lima Rocha: Guatemala: incerteza no coração maia 79 ■ Outras edições Diretor de Redação Fachin, Cristina Guerini, Evlyn Zilch, Inácio Neutzling Anielle Silva, Victor Thiesen, William ([email protected]) Gonçalves, Stefany de Jesus Rocha, Wagner Fernandes de Azevedo e Éric Coordenador de Comunicação - IHU Machado. Ricardo Machado – MTB 15.598/RS ([email protected]) Jornalistas João Vitor Santos – MTB 13.051/RS ([email protected]) ISSN 1981-8769 (impresso) Patricia Fachin – MTB 13.062/RS ISSN 1981-8793 (on-line) ([email protected]) Vitor Necchi – MTB 7.466/RS ([email protected]) A IHU On-Line é a revista do Institu- to Humanitas Unisinos - IHU. Esta Revisão Instituto Humanitas Unisinos - IHU publicação pode ser acessada às segun- Carla Bigliardi das-feiras no sítio www.ihu.unisinos.br e Av. Unisinos, 950 | São Leopoldo / RS no endereço www.ihuonline.unisinos.br. Projeto Gráfico CEP: 93022-000 Ricardo Machado Telefone: 51 3591 1122 | Ramal 4128 e-mail: [email protected] Editoração A versão impressa circula às terças-fei- Gustavo Guedes Weber ras, a partir das 8 horas, na Unisinos. O Diretor: Inácio Neutzling conteúdo da IHU On-Line é copyleft. Atualização diária do sítio Gerente Administrativo: Jacinto Schneider Inácio Neutzling, César Sanson, Patrícia ([email protected]) EDIÇÃO 521 TEMAS EM DESTAQUE Entrevistas completas em www.ihu.unisinos.br/maisnoticias/noticias Confira algumas entrevistas publicadas no sítio do Instituto Humanitas Unisinos – IHU na última semana. Fim do acesso à gratuidade judiciária e a perversidade da reforma trabalhista “A gratuidade da justiça constitui elemento de cidadania, que inclusive justifica a existência da Justiça do Trabalho. Trata-se de permitir acesso à justiça a quem não tem condições financeiras para isso.” Valdete Souto Severo, doutora em Direito do Trabalho pela Universidade de São Paulo - USP, juíza do trabalho no Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da Quarta Região. Reforma trabalhista: Menor autonomia do trabalhador sobre o tempo social “A liberdade do contratante de demitir e recontratar imediatamente, por meio de terceirização ou do trabalho intermitente, é devastador para a classe traba- lhadora brasileira, quer seja do ponto de vista da garantia da massa salarial da renda, quer seja do ponto de vista das jornadas e condições de trabalho.” Ruy Gomes Braga Neto, especialista em Sociologia do Trabalho e professor no Departamento de Sociologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo – USP. 4 A democracia brasileira está ‘balançando’. O crime organizado é uma das principais ameaças “O caos urbano e a violência indiscriminada são incompatíveis com um regime de liberdades democráticas. O assassinato de Marielle Franco é uma trágica evidência neste sentido, suscitando a convicção de que o crime organizado faz o que quer, quando, como e onde quer.” Daniel Aarão Reis, graduado e mestre em História pela Université de Paris VII e doutor em História Social pela USP, professor da UFF. A regulação de dados pessoais e a perda de controle sobre alguns aspectos da vida “A legislação serve para criar instrumentos para que o cidadão possa saber o que acontece com seus dados e para que ele possa negar o forneci- mento de dados quando eles forem injustificados. De uma forma geral, o regulamento faz com que o processo seja mais transparente.” Danilo Doneda, advogado, mestre e doutor em Direito Civil pela UERJ especialista em temas de proteção de dados e privacidade. Retirada do símbolo de transgênico é afronta aos direitos constitucionais “[a retirada] facilitará alocação de recursos públicos para as lavouras transgênicas, bem como
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