Les Crypto-Monnaies

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Les Crypto-Monnaies Mai 2018 Controverses Forum pour une Gauche Communiste Internationaliste 2018 : actualité de la crise du capitalisme Crise – Conflits – Lutte des classes – Populisme Les crypto-monnaies 1968 : cinquantenaire de Mai-Juin 68 La signification des luttes de 1966 à 1972 (Ire partie) Casques blancs et boucliers noirs Voyage en outre-gauche 1918 : centenaire de la révolution allemande Les Conseils ouvriers en Allemagne 1918-1923 L’hôtel Eden dans la nuit des temps Fiction théâtrale et réalité historique 1818 : bicentenaire de la naissance de Marx La société se complexifie-t-elle dans le temps ? L’émancipation des travailleurs sera l’œuvre des travailleurs eux-mêmes n°5 Deux numéros par an 5 € Controverses – Mai 2018 – n° 5 Page 1 Présentation du n°5 de Controverses 1818 – 1918 – 1968 – 2018 1818 : bicentenaire 1918 : centenaire de la naissance de Marx de la révolution allemande L’Allemagne était devenue la première puissance continentale au début du XXè siècle et disposait du prolétariat le plus concentré, organisé et éduqué d’Europe. Son soulèvement, dès l’année 1917, mis fin à la guerre et rendit espoir aux jeunes révolutions victorieuses de Russie et de Hongrie. Mais c’était sans compter le rôle contre-révolutionnaire joué par la social-démocratie et les syndicats chauvins qui Fils d’un avocat dans une famille libérale et démo- avaient déjà affaibli le prolétariat en l’entrainant crate de Trèves, rien ne prédestinait Marx à devenir dans la première boucherie impérialiste et qui le théoricien et le révolutionnaire communiste qu’il l’écrasa définitivement dans le sang lorsqu’il voulut fut. C’est au contact des conflits de classes de son s’y opposer par le renversement du régime capita- temps et des premiers écrits socialistes qu’il évolua liste. Ce sont ces basses œuvres qui ouvrirent la voie progressivement vers le communisme dont il en dé- au fascisme comme l’explique très bien Sebastian gagea les principaux fondements. Il dota ainsi la Haffner dans son ouvrage récemment republié chez classe ouvrière des outils théoriques et organisation- Agone (2018) – Allemagne 1918 : une révolution tra- nels pour son émancipation. Mais plus encore que hie : « Le meurtre du 15 janvier 1919 [de Rosa ses analyses, dont certaines sont forcément datées, Luxemburg et Karl Liebknecht] était le début – le c’est surtout une méthode qu’il nous a légué : « toute début des milliers de meurtres sous Noske dans les la conception de Marx n’est pas une doctrine mais mois qui suivirent, jusqu'aux millions de meurtres une méthode. Elle ne fournit pas de dogmes tout faits dans les décennies suivantes sous Hitler. C'était le mais des points de repère en vue d’une recherche al- signal de tout ce qui allait suivre ». Une synthèse de lant plus loin et la méthode pour cette recherche » tous ces évènements et de leurs enjeux politiques est (Engels, lettre à Sombart du 11 mars 1895). C’est ce proposée dans l’article sur Les Conseils ouvriers en patrimoine qui a été avili, puis souillé, par la social- Allemagne 1918-1923, tandis que l’épisode drama- démocratie, d’abord, et le stalinisme, ensuite, qu’il tique de l’assassinat de Rosa Luxemburg et Karl s’agit de faire revivre afin de renouer avec le néces- Liebknecht est développé dans ce qui deviendra saire approfondissement de la théorie marxiste dans bientôt une pièce de théâtre intitulée L’hôtel Eden tous les domaines. C’est le meilleur hommage qu’on dans la nuit des temps. Quant à l’article Fiction théâ- puisse lui rendre. C’est dans cet esprit que nous trale et réalité historique, il commente une prestation avons rédigé un article consacré à une implication artistique récente à propos de Rosa Luxemburg. peu abordée du matérialisme historique. Controverses – Mai 2018 – n° 5 Page 2 1968 : cinquantenaire 2018 : actualité des luttes de Mai-Juin 68 de la crise du capitalisme Les luttes de Mai-Juin 68 en France s’intègrent dans une vague générale de conflits du travail et de con- En deux siècles d’existence, le capitalisme a connu testations de diverses natures qui fleurirent de la vingt-quatre crises économiques d’ampleur 1, ce qui seconde moitié des années 1960 jusqu’aux années 70 nous donne un cycle moyen de huit années entre (revendications étudiantes, protestations contre les deux crises. Comme la dernière en date remonte à multiples guerres menées dans le monde, recherches 2008-2009, nous sommes dans la zone temporelle où d’autres valeurs et modes de vie…). Tous ces conflits l’éclatement d’une nouvelle récession économique est exprimaient les tensions accumulées dans la société hautement probable (cf. graphique ci-dessus). A après deux décennies de croissance très vigoureuse l’heure où il est de bon ton dans les médias domi- qui bousculèrent toutes les idées et structures en nants de railler l’héritage de Marx, il s’avère que place. Ils manifestèrent au plus haut point les con- c’est son corpus théorique qui nous permet de clai- tradictions entre le développement rapide des forces rement comprendre la trajectoire du capitalisme : ses productives et le caractère obsolète des superstruc- crises économiques, ses menées guerrières, la lutte tures qui les chapeautaient : superstructures écono- des classes qui sourde dans ses entrailles et la mon- miques, politiques, idéologiques, juridiques, fami- tée des populismes actuels qui résulte de la conjonc- liales, culturelles, morales, etc. Ce sont ces inadé- tion des trois dynamiques précédentes. C’est ce ta- quations criantes qui sont à la base de l’explosion et bleau que tente de dresser la série d’articles Crise – du caractère radical de tous ces mouvements, non Conflits – Lutte des classes – Populisme dont nous pas dans le sens d’une sortie du capitalisme – pers- publions la première partie. Il est accompagné d’une pective qui n’était partagée que par une très faible contribution qui propose une tentative d’explication minorité à cette époque – mais dans le sens d’une marxiste de l’apparition d’une nouvelle technologie remise en question de structures anciennes et ina- dans le domaine monétaire, à savoir les crypto- daptées aux nouvelles réalités d’après-guerre. C’est monnaies. Sujet peu traité au sein de la Gauche ce tableau que l’article La signification des luttes de communiste, à l’exception du Cercle de Paris avec 1966 à 1972 tente de dresser dans une première par- les contributions de Raoul Victor, le développement tie consacrée, d’une part, à la discussion critique des nouvelles technologies implique pourtant de d’explications couramment avancées pour com- nombreuses conséquences pour l’avènement possible prendre ces évènements et, d’autre part, à poser les (ou non) d’une révolution et d’une société commu- bases d’une explication alternative cohérente. Nous niste. En conséquence, cet article est le premier l’accompagnons de la recension de l’ouvrage de Lola d’une série d’autres qui se consacreront à ce thème et Miesseroff Voyage en outre-gauche qui campe le ver- ses diverses implications à différents niveaux : éco- sant de cette minorité qui, à l’époque et encore au- nomique, contribution ou non à l’émergence ou non jourd’hui, avait pour espoir et perspective de dépas- de nouveaux rapports sociaux, conséquences posi- ser le capitalisme. Ouvrage original, tant dans sa tives et/ou négatives pour les combats de classe et la forme que dans le fond, puisqu’il donne largement la conscience de classe, etc. parole aux acteurs de cette mouvance révolution- naire et qu’il prend pour fait acquis que le capita- 1 Si nous retenons 1825 comme étant la première crise générale du lisme n’est pas cet horizon indépassable si commu- capitalisme : « …ce n’est qu’avec la crise de 1825 que s’ouvre le nément martelé par l’idéologie dominante. Nous y cycle périodique de la vie moderne du capitalisme » (Marx), alors, avons aussi adjoint un poème que Mai 68 avait ins- les vingt-quatre crises sont les suivantes : 1825, 1836-39, 1847-48, piré à un ancien militant de la gauche italienne : 1857, 1864-66, 1873, 1882-84, 1890-93, 1900-03, 1907, 1911-13, Casques blancs et boucliers noirs. 1918-21 (23 en All), 1929-32, 1937-38, 1948-49, 1952-54, 1957-58, 1966-67, 1970-71, 1974-75, 1980-82, 1990-91, 2001, 2008-09. Controverses – Mai 2018 – n° 5 Page 3 Crise – Conflits – Luttes – Populisme Trump et Brexit : nouvelle orientation porte, et ce, malgré l’injection massive de liquidités et une explosion d’endettements pour essayer de économique et impérialiste ? soutenir l’activité. En d’autres mots, est-ce que les politiques prônées par Donald Trump et Theresa May sont en rupture avec les logiques économiques L’arrivée au pouvoir de Margareth Thatcher en et impérialistes de l’ordre productif néolibéral et Angleterre (1979) et de Ronald Reagan aux Etats- annoncent de nouvelles orientations ou est-ce que Unis (1981) étaient révélateurs d’un tournant à la tous ces phénomènes ne seraient que la fois économique et impérialiste au début des années manifestation d’un capitalisme agonisant devenu 1980 : économique avec la fin de la prospérité irrationnel, engendrant des appareils politiques keynésiano-fordiste d’après-guerre et l’instauration irresponsables qui agiraient même à l’encontre des de l’ordre productif néolibéral ; impérialiste avec la intérêts de la classe dominante au cœur des grandes fin de la coexistence pacifique et la relance de la puissances impériales ? guerre froide visant à faire plier le bloc soviétique (guerre des étoiles…). Conjugué à la crise interne de Cette question est d’autant plus légitime que le ce dernier et à sa perte de légitimité suite à la grève milieu politique, et en particulier les groupes de la de masse en Pologne 1980, cette offensive mena à Gauche Communiste – trop imbus de leurs certitudes son effondrement en 1989 (chute du mur de Berlin et politiques, sont passés à côté du tournant néolibéral basculement de nombreux pays du glacis soviétique et de ses implications au début des années 1980.
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