International Organization for Migration

IOM SHELTER NEEDS ASSESSMENT IN RETURN AREAS:

October 2017 Shelter Needs Assessment Report

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

Table of Content

BACKGROUND ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2

OBJECTIVE ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2

COVERAGE ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 3

METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………….. 5

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

Demographic Profile …………………………………………………………………………. 6

Housing, Land and Property ………………………………………………………………… 13

Housing Condition ……………………………………………………………………………18

Damage Assessment …………………………………………………………………………22

Access to Other Services …………………………………………………………………….29

RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………………………………………………………. 35

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

BACKGROUND

In North-Eastern , attacks and counter attacks have resulted in prolonged insecurity and endemic violations of human rights, triggering waves of forced displacement. Almost two million people remain displaced in Nigeria, and displacement continues to be a significant factor in 2017.

Since late 2016, IOM and other humanitarian partners have been able to scale up on its activities. However, despite the will and hope of the humanitarian community and the Government of Nigeria and the dedication of teams and humanitarian partners in supporting them, humanitarian needs have drastically increased and the humanitarian response needs to keep scaling up to reach all the affected population in need. While the current humanitarian response covers all four states, the humanitarian access to large territories in Borno and Yobe States remains very limited. However, in Adamawa, many people have returned to their homes of origin in different LGAs which are accessible to the humanitarian community. While some people have started living in their damaged houses, some are renting or are sharing with relatives and neighbours, while some IDPs are being hosted by the host community. In order to support the voluntary return of the displaced population, as well as support non-displaced people who are affected, it is necessary to provide shelter assistance to the affected population to facilitate the self- help and more sustainable solutions. For this reason, it is of utmost importance to have a better understanding of the varying degrees of damages experienced by different segments of the affected population so that assistance can be targeted and tailored.

With this purpose in mind, IOM conducted a household assessment in the worst affected LGAs of Adamawa district in August 2017 to gather more in-depth data regarding the shelter situation in those areas. This report captures the process and the findings form the assessment in order to provide better guidance as to the nature of shelter needs and to come collectively to a better solution.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this assessment is to find out the following: - The nature of shelter needs in the areas of return - The types of accommodation / housing used traditionally in the targeted areas - The varying level of damage sustained by the houses of the affected population - The demographic profile of the affected population along with the socio-economic condition - The access to water and sanitation facilities - The condition of the markets and access to construction materials, skilled labor and financial agents - The capacity of the affected population for self-help and recovery Through analysis and evaluation of information obtained from the assessment, the report aims to provide programmatic insights for internal and external use. The findings from the assessment will be used to feed back into ongoing projects as to the selection of areas of intervention as well as contribute to the design and implementation of future shelter assistance targeted at the covered population.

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

COVERAGE

The assessment covered 7 of the worst affected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Adamawa State in North-East Nigeria, namely , Hong, , , , and .

For the 1,000 households assessed, the pie-chart on the right shows the distribution per LGA. The majority was assessed from Hong (210 HHs), followed by Michika (214 HHs), Mubi South GOMBI, 73 (161 HHs), Mubi North (144 HHs), Madagali (98 HHs), Maiha (96 HHs) and MAIHA, lastly Gombi (73 HHs). 96 MUBI MICHIKA, Within the LGAs, the different wards were NORTH, 144 selected according to their level of 214 damage, keeping in mind the level of MUBI accessibility. A total of 38 wards were SOUTH, 161 covered by the assessment, out of which 3 MADAGALI, are urban, 7 are peri-urban and the rest HONG, 210 98 are rural, as is demonstrated in the following table.

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

LGA WARD VILLAGE

GOMBI Gombi South Kwarwa Gombi North Labarge, Barkin Kasuwa Guyaku Dzangula, Guyaku, Sabon Kaura, Sabon Gari, Tela Bala, Kwakwara

MICHIKA Futudou Karaphka, Ghunci Garta / Ghunchi Garta Jigalambu Jiddel Madzi Kube Kuko, Kuburshosho Michika I Michika Town, Central Michika II Michika Town, Kwabapale, Sangare11, Fulbere, Muni, Lughu, Mutsi Minkisi/ Wuro Ngiki Jiddel, Futuless, Vi Bokka Moda / Dlaka/ Ghenjuwa Dlaka, Barki Munkaviciata Muni Tumbara/Ngabili Kwabapale Vi /Boka Vi Bokka

MADAGALI Duhu/ Shuwa Pedukwo, Yelwa, Duhu, Shuwa Gulak Gar, Kubu, Mararaba Jatau, Gulak, Lumore, Gwram, Bakin Duse Hyambula Sabon Gari, Shabana, Njillang Madagali Burha A, Humsi, Yelwa, Kaigamma, Vizik, Hurgo, Cheleke, Dissa

HONG Garaha Kwapre, Garaha Mojili, Dabna, Mojili, Anguran Gada Hong Kukurpu, Anguwan Hausawa B, Filin Idi, Angura Kwarhi Sabon Layi, Sabon Gari, Marraraban Mubi, Maraba, Lumba, Kwarhi, Kwapre, Jauro Mahmudu, Jauro Yuguda, Dabna, Barkin Kasuwa, Anguwan Kargama Mayo Lope Bakin Rigiya, Marraraban Mubi Thilbang Anguran Gada, Thabu, Garaha Mojili, Anguran Jauro Gudu Uba Uba, Dumde

MUBI NORTH Betso Betso, Husera Tumbal, Kaya, Muvur, Tumbal, Wamu / Wumu Lokuwa Lokuwa Mayo Bani Muva Muchalla Muvur, Daka Vimtim Making Taya, Muvur, Vimtim Yelwa Yelwa

MUBI SOUTH Gude Gidan Madara, Monduva, Chandal, Mujara, Wuro Pataje, Sabon Pegi, Gashiga, Bukula, Tudun Wada Kwaja Gima Lamorde Ashigashya, Garta, Nkpor, Damagun, Lumurde, Madagali, Kabang, Buhali, Wurodibir, Gima, Sabon Pegi, Arahaukunu, Tudun Wada, Shangak Nassarawo Gashiga, Sebore, Wale

MAIHA Humbutudi Humbutudi, Madeda, Lumore Manjekin Paiwawol, Malsmin, Hubare, Matumai Mayonguli Hulmare, Hamdalla Pakka Ngenge, Madeda

Urban Peri - urban Rural

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

METHODOLOGY

With the affected population dispersed over a wide geographic area and residing in a variety of accommodation types, it was vital to choose a methodology and sampling strategy that could provide a baseline of useful information at both an operational and a programmatic level. The sample to be representative of 116,440 households would have been too large to cover and collecting a useful and representative sample in each of these LGAs would have required an immense logistical and financial operation which raised practical concern. In response, the sample size of 1,000 households was determined based on the human resource available for conducting the assessment as well as the time available for the purpose. The 7 LGAs in Adamawa were selected based on the severity of damage that households have experienced to their houses and property.

The total population of the 7 LGAs were gathered from the most updated Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM Round XVI) of the time. The combined population of IDPs and Returnees was considered for calculating the sample size per LGA and the households numbers to be assessed were spread out proportionately, meaning the sample size was proportionate to the number of returnees and IDPs . The following table gives the breakdown:

No LGA RETURNEE IDP TOTAL Percentage No of HH assessed 1 Gombi 52,616 2,251 54,867 7.32 73 2 Hong 166,567 3,714 170,281 22.72 227 3 Madagali 59,957 18,355 78,312 10.45 105 4 Maiha 56,252 14,887 71,139 9.49 95 5 Michika 124,280 26,152 150,432 20.07 201 6 Mubi 97,080 10,889 107,969 14.41 144 (North) 7 Mubi 110,554 5,886 116,440 15.54 155 (South) TOTAL = 749,440 100.00 1,000

The assessment questionnaire was designed to collect quantitative data, with a few open-ended questions and observational questions to complement with qualitative information. The questionnaire was developed based on the draft questionnaire shared by the Shelter/CCCM/DMS Working Group and adding questions to collect more information as well as making some changes to contextualize the tool. A total of 14 IOM Staff took part in the data collection. The staff was deployed in 7 teams each consisting two members to cover the 7 LGAs. Their selection was done based on communication skills, familiarity with the locations, language compatibility and ensuring gender balance. The assessment was conducted through door-to-door visits and the respondents were selected randomly from the worst affected Wards. Strict adherence to IOM’s Data Protection Principles was applied. IDPs were informed about the purpose of the survey, its voluntary nature, confidentially and their willing consent was taken to participate.

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS : DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS

Out of the 1,000 HHs surveyed, only 19% were female-headed households, while male-headed households were 81%. 19% Male 21% of the assessed households were single- 81% headed. However, of the 206 households that were Female single-headed, an overwhelming majority of 191 HHs (92.7%) was female-headed. There was no child-headed household reported in the assessment, although one head of household was 18 years old.

YES 21%

191 NO 79% 15

Male Female

SEX AND AGE DISAGREGATED DATA (SADD)

1400 The table shows the composition of HHs 1200 disaggregated by gender and age. As can be seen, the male: female ratio is almost 50:50 1000 for both children under 1 year and children 800 between 1 to 5 years of age. The similar is true for children between 6 to 12 years and 600 Male those between 13 to 18 years old. A much 400 Female higher proportion of male members is noticed 200 in the age group between 19 to 39 years, while a significantly higher proportion of 0 female members seen for that between 40 to 60 years. For the elderly over the age of 60, the ratio is again around 50:50.

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

HOUSEHOLD SIZE The average HH size received from the assessment sample is 8.81. MARITAL STATUS 80% of the respondents were married, while a good 15% were widowed. Only 4% were single while 1% was divorced. The table illustrates the different marital status of the respondents by gender. Of the respondents who reported being single, 82% are male, while 86% of the married respondents were male as well. Of respondents who were divorced, an increase in female percentage is noticed (39%). However, an overwhelming majority of the widowed respondents were female, 82%.

Single Widowed Widowed 4% Divorced15% Divorced 1% Male Married Female

Single Married 80% 0% 50% 100%

REGISTRATION

36% Only 36% of all the assessed HHs was biometrically Yes registered by IOM, while the majority comprising 64% was not registered. 64% No

DISPLACEMENT PROFILE

IDP Returnee Not displaced In regards to the displacement profile of the assessed 1%5% population, the overwhelming majority of the assessed HHs, 94%, reported themselves to be returnees, while only 5% were IDPs. Only 1% of the assessed population was not displaced by the crisis. 94%

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

SPECIAL NEEDS

Various vulnerabilities have been reported by the sample population. It is 300 270 also important to note that one 250 household can report multiple vulnerabilities, therefore the total 200 reported in the graph below does not signify the total number of respondents, 150 107 102 rather the number of times the 100 vulnerabilities have been mentioned. 50 270 HHs indicated having lactating mothers while 107 HHs had pregnant 0 mothers. Families that reported having Pregnant women Lactating mother Person with mental/ members with mental or physical physical disability disabilities were 102 in number.

LENGTH OF STAY AT CURRENT LOCATION

The overwhelming majority of the assessed population had already been staying there for over a year (96%). Only 2 HHs in Mubi North were found to be living there for less than one month, 9 families for less than 3 months in Madagali, Hong and Mubi South, 8 families for less than 6 months in Madagali, Mubi South, Hong and Maiha while 22 families who stayed less than a year (Gombi, Madagali and Mubi South).

Less than 1 MAIHA month MUBI NORTH Between 1 to 3 months MUBI SOUTH Between 3 to 6 HONG months MADAGALI 6 months to 1 MICHIKA year GOMBI Over 1 year 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

INTENTION TO STAY AT CURRENT LOCATION Majority of the assessed households had not movement intentions for the long term. When asked about whether they wanted to move from their current locations or stay, 83% of the respondents reported that they were planning to stay over a year. Only1% reported that they wanted stay over 6 months but less than a year. A considerable percentage, 16%, were not sure about the intentions. Only 4 HHs (1 in Gombi, 1 in Madagali and 2 in Mubi North) wanted to move in less than a month, while only 1 HH in Madagali wanted to move within the next 3 months. 5 HHs (4 in Hong and 1 in Mubi South) had the intention of changing location within a year.

MAIHA

0%0%1% MUBI NORTH 16% Less than 1 month MUBI SOUTH Between 1 to 3 months

HONG Between 3 to 6 months 6 months to 1 year MADAGALI Over 1 year MICHIKA No answer 83% GOMBI

0% 50% 100%

LIVELIHOODS Farming is the source of livelihoods for almost 3 quarter of the population assessed. This is followed by people engaged in varying types of business and petty trades which is the other type of livelihoods that stands out.

18% of the households reported other kinds of livelihood activities as their source of income, which by itself do not make a significant percentage on its own. These include: - tailoring, - civil service, Farming Business/ Petty Trade Others - driving of vehicles including trucks, - teaching, - masonry and brick making, - carpentry, 18% - being a pastor, - humanitarian work, 8% - barber, - veterinary, - butchery, 74% - blacksmithing,

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

- living on pensions, etc. 250 Mubi North and Mubi South are the only two 200 LGAs that displayed a level of variety in the 150 different livelihoods options, while the rest are 100 dominated by farmers. 50 0 Only 1% of the HHs are involved with the construction trade, consisting of masons and carpenters, which might be an indication of the level of support required in terms of labor and technical guidance when it comes to Farming Business/ Petty Trade Others rehabilitation and rebuilding.

Both As to the earning member of the family, 60% 28% of the families have their male members as the bread winner while in the case of 12% of the families, the income earner is female. 28% of Male the assessed families reported having both 60% Female female and male members as the livelihood 12% earner.

MONTHLY INCOME 507 HHs from the sample population did not provide information on their monthly income. Among the rest, the vast majority of the households (45%) reported having a monthly income range between 20,000 – 40,000 NGN before the insurgency, closely followed by 44% whose monthly income range was below 20,000 NGN. 8% of the families used to have a monthly income of 40,000 – 75,000 NGN, while 2% had 75,000 – 100,000 NGN. An income above 100,000 NGN belonged to only 1% of the assessed HHs. From the given answers, respondents from Mubi North shows to have had a relatively good level of income, while pre-existing economic vulnerabilities are apparent in Gombi, Hong and Maiha.

250 0-20,000 NGN 200 MAIHA 20,000-40,000 150 MUBI NORTH NGN 100 MUBI SOUTH 40,000 - 75,000 NGN 50 HONG 75,000 -100,000 0 40,000 75,000 MADAGALI NGN 0-20,0 20,000 Above - -100,0 Above 100,000 00 -40,00 100,00 MICHIKA 75,000 00 NGN NGN 0 NGN 0 NGN NGN NGN GOMBI No answer Series1 213 220 39 11 6 0% 50% 100%

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

While making comparisons between the monthly income before and after Not affected Slightly affected Highly affected the insurgency and how it has affected their livelihoods, the majority (52%) 19 24 12 reported that it was highly affected 40 65 with a decrease of income of 50% 187 176 and over, while 47% reported that 142 116 84 their incomes were slightly affected. 31 33 1% of the assessed sample mentioned 27 32 that the crisis has not had any effect on their status of income.

It is clearly visible from the table above that Gombi, Michika, Madagali and Hong are the worst affected LGAs in terms of economic impact, while Mubi South, Mubi North and Maiha remain slightly affected.

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS : HOUSING, LAND AND PROPERTY

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

PROPERTY OWNERSHIP When asked about the status of ownership of the occupied houses, an overwhelming majority of 92% had private ownership of their houses, while only 2% reported having private co-ownership. 1% of the assessed HHs were staying as caretakers of the houses. 5% reported having other arrangements, which also include renting the houses. The trend is similar in all the LGAs, while only Mubi South having a higher percentage of different arrangements.

2%1% 5% MAIHA MUBI NORTH Private Ownership MUBI SOUTH HONG Private Co-ownership MADAGALI Caretaker MICHIKA Other 92% GOMBI 0 100 200 300

RENTAL AGREEMENTS

Only 42 HHs which is 4% of the assessed sample were paying rent. Out of these 42 HHs, 35 were from Mubi South, 3 from Madagali, 2 from Michika, and 1 each from Hong and Mubi North.

Renting Not renting MAIHA MUBI SOUTH 4% MADAGALI GOMBI 0 10 20 30 40

MAD MUBI MUBI 96% GOM MICHI HON MAIH AGAL SOUT NORT BI KA G A I H H Series1 0 2 3 1 35 1 0

As regards to the monthly rent paid by the HHs, the majority (48%) reported paying below 1,000 NGN per month, while the second majority of 26% paid between 1,000 to 2,000 NGN. Families paying within the range of 2,000 – 3,000 NGN and 3,000 – 5,000 NGN consisted 12% each. Only 1% paid more than 5,000 NGN as monthly rent.

When asked concerning the type of rental agreement held by the families, 81% reported that they had a formal rental agreement, while 12% reported having informal or verbal agreements. 7% did not comment on the rental agreements.

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

2% 7% Formal rental 12% 12% Below 1,000 agreement Over 1,00o to 2,000 12% Informal / 48% Over 2,000 to 3,000 Verbal agreement Over 3,000 to 5,000 81% No answer 26% Over 5,000

LAND OWNERSHIP During the assessment, families were asked about the documentations of their land ownership. 37% of the Other 4% respondents never had any documentation. High percentage of this is noted in Hong, Michika, Maiha Yes Not and Gombi. 30% availabe On the contrary, 30% said they had formal 29% documentation of the land ownership, majority of them coming from Mubi North and Mubi South, and No followed by Michika. 37% 29% of the families said they had formal documentation but the documents are not available at the moment.

Of the 284 HHs that provided answers as to why the documentation was not available, 49% said the documentations were burnt during the violence caused by the insurgencies. Another important reason raised by the families for not having documentation is that there are no existing formal methods of documenting land. 18% mentioned that they inherited the land from their ancestors and hence did not receive or feel the need for any documentation. Some reported having lost the documents that they had obtained (6%), while 1% built houses on their farm-lands and did not have documentation.

Burnt MAIHA 6%1% MUBI NORTH Inherited Yes MUBI SOUTH 26% No formal HONG No 49% method / verbal MADAGALI Not availabe Lost MICHIKA Other 18% GOMBI Farming land 0 100 200 300

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

SHARED LIVING SPACE

6% In reply to whether the families were sharing the houses with others or not, overall majority of Not sharing 78% reported not sharing with any other 16% families. 16% of the assessed HHs were sharing Shairng with their accommodation with relatives while 6% relatives were sharing with others. Sharing with 78% others

The trend is similar in all the LGAs.

CHANGE OF LIVING SPACE When asked whether people were living in the same house after the insurgency as before or not, it was found that 91% are living in the Not in the same house as they were before. same house Only 9% reported changing their type of accommodation. No 9% respondent from Mubi North and Mubi South changed their houses Living in because of the crisis, while the ones from the rest of the LGAs show a the low percentage of change with majority coming back to live in the same same house house. 91% When the 100 HHs who reported not staying in the same house were asked MAIHA Traditional House (Adobe / Mud brick) where they are currently living, 85 MUBI NORTH reported living in Traditional Houses MUBI SOUTH Masonry Building (made of mud brick / adobe), 13 were HONG (Blocks/ bricks) living in Masonry Buildings (bricks/ MADAGALI blocks). 1 HH was living in public places, Emergency/ MICHIKA while only 1 HH was living in an Transitional Shelter by Emergency / Transitional shelter built by GOMBI an agency humanitarian agency. 0% 50% 100% In open / public space

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

Traditional mud house in Michika Traditional adobe house in Madagali

Masonry house (bricks) in Mubi North Masonry house (blocks) in Gombi DISTANCE BETWEEN CURRENT AND ORIGINAL HOUSE Of the 100 families that reported not living in the same house, In a different State majority had their original house within walking distance. However, In a different LGA, but within the state 5 had their houses in another ward, but within walking distance. 10 In the same LGA, but different Ward families had their houses of origin In the same ward (but not walking in another ward in the same LGA. distance) 9 had houses in a different LGA, Nearby (within walking distance) while 7 had their houses in a different state. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS:

HOUSING CONDITION

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

The composition of the houses the assessed households were living in were observed in terms of the different components of the structure – 1) Floor, 2) Frame, 3) Wall and 4) Roof. This provides a good idea of the materials that are frequently used in different LGAs and whether the houses are of a temporary, semi-permanent or permanent nature. 1) FLOOR Overall, compact mud and concrete are the two most commonly observed floor types, each comprising 34% of the assessment sample. It is interesting to note that a good number of houses (31%) did not have any floors. Compact mud floors seems to be prominent in Maiha and Gombi, while concrete floors are more apparent in Hong, Mubi South and Mubi North. Michika proves to have an equal ratio of compact mud floors and concrete floors.

100% 90% 80% 1% 70% 60% 50% Other / No answer 31% 40% Concrete 34% 30% 20% Compact Mud 10% 0% No floor 34%

2) FRAME The majority of the HHs (74%) reported using timber as the main framing material, while 13% used poles for the frames. Only 8% of the houses had concrete pillars / columns, while 3% had brick columns. It can be safely derived form this that 11% of the houses are of a permanent nature. The use of timber is predominant in Maiha, Mubi North, Hong, Michika and Gombi. Madagali shows a high percentage of concrete columns. Mubi South has equal proportions of poles and timbers as frames.

3% 2% MAIHA 8% MUBI NORTH Pole 13% MUBI SOUTH Timber HONG Concrete Column MADAGALI Brick Column MICHIKA Other 74% GOMBI 0% 20% 40% 60% 80%100%

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

3) WALL When it comes to materials used for walls, the great majority (62%) used mud bricks or mud. Almost a quarter of the assessed population (24%) used cement blocks for walls, while 8% used burnt bricks. Grass and thatch were used as walling material by 3% of the population, followed by mats, traditionally known as Zana, were used by 2%. Only 1% used timber as filling materials for the walls. While more variety is noticed in Mubi North and Mubi South, Gombi, Michika, Madagali, Hong and Maiha has mud brick houses as the main typology.

MAIHA Grass /Thatch 3%2%1%0% MUBI NORTH Mat (Zana) 24% MUBI SOUTH Bamboo / reed HONG Timber MADAGALI 8% Mud brick / Mud MICHIKA 62% Burnt Brick GOMBI Cement block 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

4) ROOF Unsurprisingly, zinc sheets or corrugates iron sheets were observed to be the most commonly used Grass/Thatch roofing material, used by 86% of the families 2%6% 6% interviewed. Iron/Zinc sheets Aluminum sheets and grass or thatch were used by the same amount of households (6% each). No answer

The use of grass or thatch roofs are more prominent 86% Aluminium in parts of Gombi, Hong, Mubi South and Mubi roofing North.

MAIHA MUBI NORTH Grass/Thatch MUBI SOUTH HONG Iron/Zinc sheets MADAGALI No answer MICHIKA Aluminium roofing GOMBI 0 50 100 150 200 250

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

TOTAL NUMBER OF ROOMS When looking at the total number of rooms Over 10 2 to 3 present in the house or shared compound, it 15% was found that the majority (39%) had 21% between 6 to 10 rooms, with the second highest majority (25%) having 4-5 rooms. 6 to 10 4 to 5 21% of the families had 2-3 rooms, while 39% 25% surprisingly a good percentage (15%) had over 10 rooms.

TOTAL LAND AREA The total land area of the household compound of the assessed HHs was also recorded. For the majority (35%), the household premise is between 51 to 100 sq. meter, while 33% had a land area over 100 sq. meter. A significant 12% of the households had a compound less than 30 sq. meter, majority of whom are from Maiha, followed by Michika, Madagali and Gombi.

100% 90% 80% 70% 12% 60% 50% Over 100 33% 40% From 51 to 100 30% 20% 20% From 31 to 50 10% 0% 30 or less

35%

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS:

DAMAGE ASSESSMENT

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

It was found that 92% of all houses assessed went through various levels of damage due to the violence during the insurgencies. Only a few households from Hong, Gombi, Michika and Mubi South reported that their houses did not suffer any damage.

LEVEL OF DAMAGE

To assess the level of damage and the detailed nature of it, the different types were damages were put into the following 4 categories:

CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2

Light damage (Livable) Medium or light damage

(Needs minimum repair, but livable)

- Bullet holes on the external walls but not - Bullet holes penetrated walls penetrated inside - Doors and/or windows need to be replaced - Damage to glass or locks on windows and - Toilets and wash areas unusable doors - Damage to brick work or wall 10% - Light fire damage evident - Damage to flooring and plastering 10% - Hairline cracks in very few walls. Fall of small - Fire damage evident pieces of plaster only - Cracks in many walls - Fall of loose stones from upper wall in very few - Rafters exiting but roofing sheet partially cases uprooted CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4

Medium-heavy damages – Repair need before being Heavy/ completely damaged – To rebuild usable for living

- Damage to brick work or wall 25% - Partially or completely collapsed roof (no - Damage to flooring and plastering around rafters/ no sheet/ or collapsed concrete slab 25% roof) - Significant fire damage evident - Severe damage to flooring/ walls (50% or - Any structural damage more) - Large and extensive cracks in most walls - Rafters exiting but without roofing sheet

From the assessed households, the majority fell under Category 2 of Medium –light damage, which is 42%. The next high in number was Category 3 (20%), followed by Category 1 (19%). 17% were reported to have experienced highest level of damage that falls under Category 4. The highest occurrence of Category 4 damage is noted in Gombi, Michika, Madagali and Hong. Mubi North, Mubi South and Maiha has mostly experienced Category 1 and 2 types of damages. The below sections give a more detailed picture of the types of different damages reported. It needs to be kept in mind that one household can experience different types of damages.

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

MAIHA 2% MUBI NORTH Category 0 CategoryMUBI SOUTH 0 17% 19% Category 1 CategoryHONG 1 20% Category 2 CategoryMADAGALI 2 42% Category 3 CategoryMICHIKA 3 Category 4 CategoryGOMBI 4

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

CATEGORY 1

Bullet holes on the external walls but 4% 8% not penetrated inside 30% Damage to glass or 28% locks on windows and doors

Light fire damage 30% evident

Chart showing frequency of different type of Bullet holes on the external walls but not damage under category 1 penetrated inside and Hairline cracks in very few walls. Fall of small pieces of plaster only, Gombi

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

CATEGORY 2

Bullet holes penetrated walls

Doors and/or 3%3% 14% windows need to 23% be replaced Toilets and wash 17% areas unusable

14% 10% Damage to brick 16% work or wall 10%

Damage to flooring and plastering 10%

Chart showing frequency of different type of Doors and/or windows need to be replaced, damage under category 2 damage to brickwork 10%, Mubi South

CATEGORY 3

Damage to brick work or wall 25%

Damage to flooring 3% 15% 17% and plastering around 25% Significant fire 21% damage evident 25% Any structural 19% damage

Large and extensive cracks in most walls

Chart showing frequency of different type of Failure of structural elements, damage to walls damage under category 3 25%, Madagali

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

CATEGORY 4

3% Partially or completely collapsed roof Severe damage to 43% 54% flooring/ walls (50% or more ) Both

Chart showing frequency of different type of Completely damaged with bullet holes, serious damage under category 4 failure of walls; Partial structure failure of roof and floor, Hong The chart below shows how many times one particular type has been reported. The highest type of damage reported is that to doors and windows which need to be replaced. The second most is the partial or total collapse of roof. This is followed by severe damage to flooring (50% or more), other evident fire damages and 10% damage to brickwork or wall. Other significant damages are damage to glass/ locks/ windows / doors, visible hairline cracks, unusable toilets and showers, 10% damage to floor and plastering and structural damages.

GOMBI MICHIKA MADAGALI HONG MUBI SOUTH MUBI NORTH MAIHA

Partially or completely collapsed roof / Severe damage to flooring/ walls (50% or 05 8 Both partially damaged roof and walls 0 Severe damage to flooring/ walls (50% or more ) 44 49 78 4 85 3 Partially or completely collapsed roof 99 32 99 0 84 0 Rafters exiting but without roofing sheet 1304 02 3 Large and extensive cracks in most walls 50 45 1313 2 Any structural damage 49 26 114 93 2 Significant fire damage evident 49 29 1 57 7 Damage to flooring and plastering around 25% 50 013 2 93 0 Damage to brick work or wall 25% 49 314 3 39 16 Rafters exiting but roofing sheet partially uprooted 403 15 1 21 Cracks in many walls 14 30 7 132 6 15 Fire damage evident 74 26 25 17 94 1 Damage to flooring and plastering 10% 12010 80 37 13 Damage to brick work or wall 10% 144 11 87 109 21 Toilets and wash areas unusable 13 26 8 138 20 4 Doors and/or windows need to be replaced 13 44 16 124 112 35 Bullet holes penetrated walls 9 46 4 18 13 Fall of loose stones from upper wall in very few cases 12011 7 Hairline cracks in very few walls. Fall of small pieces of plaster only 1 56 1 131 018 Light fire damage evident 2 28 5 24 129 2 Damage to glass or locks on windows and doors 111 5 43 115 20 Bullet holes on the external walls but not penetrated inside 05 4 0 21 26

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

ROOF DAMAGE 80% of all interviewed families had their roof damaged to varying degrees. In Mubi South, almost 70% reported not having their roof damaged, while in Maiha around 50% of the families did not have their roof damaged. Among the affected houses, 57% had encountered a damage of over 50% of the total roof surface, 29% experiencing less than 50% damage and only 14% with less than 25% damage.

100% 90% < 25% >25% <50% >50% 80% 70% 60% 14% 50% 40% No roof damage 30% Roof damaged 20% 57% 29% 10% 0%

NO OF CURRENTLY HABITABLE ROOMS

When compared with now as to the number of currently habitable rooms, 5 habitable More than 5 habitable almost quarter of the families (24%) rooms 5% rooms reported having no habitable room, No 11% habitable while on the contrary 11% reported 4 habitable room rooms having more than 5 rooms that were 24% habitable. 10% 3 habitable 2 At least one rooms habitalbe habitalbe 16% room rooms 22% 12%

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

PRESENCE OF LATRINES Access to sanitation facilities was also an important consideration for the assessment. While majority had access to functioning private toilets, a significant percentage (40%) did not have a functioning latrine in the homestead. The situation is particularly worse in Mubi South, Hong, Madagali, Gombi and Michika.

MAIHA Yes No MUBI NORTH

MUBI SOUTH

HONG Yes 40% MADAGALI No

MICHIKA 60%

GOMBI

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

PRESENCE OF KITHCENS The presence of a proper functioning MAIHA kitchen was more of an issue than that of MUBI NORTH latrines. Almost half of the assessed HHs MUBI SOUTH did not have a functioning kitchen (49%). Yes HONG While almost all households in Maiha MADAGALI No and Mubi North had access to a kitchen, MICHIKA almost all HHs in Mubi South reported GOMBI not having a kitchen. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

AVAILABLE RECOURCES FOR REHABILITATION Apart from land (81%), the 0% 3% Land other important material families 4% have in possession for 2% Cement rehabilitation is bricks and 8% 1% blocks (8%) and roofing Tools materials (4%). 1% Timber Only 2% possessed tools, and

Joinery 1% each having joinery (nails) and 1% having cement. Wall materials (Bricks/ blocks) 81% 3% of the households reported Roofing materials (Zinc / AL having nothing. sheet)

Nothing

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS : ACCESS TO OTHER SERVICES

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

DRINKING WATER Over half of the population interviewed in this assessment (58%) get the water for drinking purposes from boreholes or hand pumps, while 20% use wells. However, 22% reported using river water for drinking which can be a concern if not treated properly.

MAIHA

20% Borehole / MUBI NORTH Handpump Damn MUBI SOUTH HONG River 22% 58% MADAGALI

Well MICHIKA 0% GOMBI

0 50 100 150 200

WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE When it comes to the source of water for domestic use, majority use boreholes / hand-pumps as well, followed closely by wells. 19% use river water for this purpose and 15% use water from the streams.

0% Borehole / MAIHA Handpump MUBI NORTH 19% Well MUBI SOUTH 36% Stream HONG 15% MADAGALI River MICHIKA 30% GOMBI Damn 0 50 100 150 200

DISTANCE FROM WATER SOURCE The distance from the source of water did not seem to be an issue from the survey results. The majority (29%) said they could access the water source in 6% 5 mins or less 23% between 11 to 20 minutes, followed by the second 16% majority of 26% who needed between 6 to 10 6 to 10 mins minutes to reach the water source. Only 6% reported 11 to 20 mins having to spend more than half an hour to access 21 to 30 mins water. 29% 26% Over 30 mins

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE When asked if they have received any assistance from humanitarian agencies so far, 41% reported having received some form of assistance. The percentages were highest in Mubi North and Maiha. A big percentage in Madagali, Michika Mubi South and Gombi have not received any support. The type of assistance received were reported to be NFI, Cash, FI, EI, etc. from NRC, Crudun, Red Cross, WFP and Unicef.

MAIHA MUBI NORTH MUBI SOUTH HONG 41% Yes MADAGALI 59% No MICHIKA GOMBI

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

MARKETS

An overall majority of 96% reported having a functional market nearby. The parts that did not have access to market belong mostly to Gombi, followed by Hong and Madagali.

MAIHA 4% MUBI NORTH MUBI SOUTH Yes HONG Yes NoMADAGALI No MICHIKA 96% GOMBI 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Majority of the families reported going to the market by foot. Kekes (three wheelers) and cars/ prick ups/ trucks are the second most used, while quite a few people also use bicycles and motorbikes. 86% of the families reported that they could access the market in less than hour, while for 9% it takes hours and for 5% it may even take up to days.

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

Less than an hour Hours Days By motorcycle 125 5% By bicycle 111 9% By boat 1

By trucks/ cars / pick-ups 156

By Keke 180 86% By foot 540

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

AVAILABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Of the 931 HHs that reported having access to markets, only 414 said that construction materials were available at the market, which is 41.2% of the sample size. The below table shows the type of construction materials reported to be available by LGAs, as well as the number of HHs having access to markets with construction materials.

GOMBI MICHIKA MADAGALI HONG MUBI SOUTH MUBI NORTH MAIHA 52 132 89 89 0 9 43 Timber Timber Timber Timber Nails Cement Cement Cement Cement Cement Tools Nails Nails Nails Nails Nails Zinc Sheets Zinc Zinc Sheets Zinc Sheets Zinc Sheets Sheets Poles Blcoks Blcoks Blcoks Paint Tools Sand Sand Sand Poles Poles Poles Tools Tools Tools Iron bars Paint

AVAILABILITY OF SKILLED/ SEMI-SKILLED LABOUR 83% of the respondents confirmed that there were masons and carpenters available in the community in various degrees. No The most commonly cited daily rate for masons were 2,000 NGN 17% per day, while the second most frequently cited was 3,000 NGN.

For carpenters, the most cited daily rate was 3,000 NGN, followed by the second most which was 2,000 NGN. Yes 83% The following tables gives an indication of the different daily rates reported in the LGAs.

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

The following tables show the different rates reported in different LGAs for both masons and carpenters.

MASON Daily Rate Times LGAs mentioned 1,000 4 Hong Mubi North 1,500 15 Hong Mubi North 2,000 228 Hong Mubi North Gombi Michika 2,500 151 Hong Gombi Michika Maiha Madagali 3,000 200 Hong Mubi North Gombi Michika Maiha 3,500 115 Hong Mubi North Gombi Michika 4,000 18 Hong Gombi Michika 4,500 10 Michika 6,000 3 Hong Michika

CARPENTER Daily Rate Times LGAs mentioned 1,000 3 Hong Mubi North 1,500 11 Hong Mubi North 2,000 236 Hong Mubi North Madagali Michika Maiha 2,500 47 Hong Mubi North Madagali Michika Maiha 3,000 240 Hong Mubi North Madagali Michika Maiha Gombi 3,500 19 Hong Michika 4,000 35 Hong Michika Gombi 4,500 4 Michika 5,000 58 Hong Michika Gombi 6,000 10 Hong Michika Gombi

AVAILABILITY OF FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS

In terms of the availability of Financial Service Providers, overall only 22% reported having any FSP, meaning 88% did not have any access. Michika was the LGA that reported highest accessibility to FSPs (55%), followed by Gombi (40%). Accessibility level was very low in Hong (27%), Maiha (11%) and Mubi North (6%). On the other hand, HHs from Madagali and Mubi South reported having no access to FSPs.

The FSPs present in thses LGAs are First Bank, Gudusia Microfinance Bank, Microfinance Bank, Biyama Microfinance Bank, Unity Bank, Sky Bank, UBA, Standard Microfinance Bank and the postal service.

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

GOMBI MICHIKA MADAGALI HONG MUBI MUBI MAIHA SOUTH NORTH Yes 29 118 0 57 0 9 11 No 44 96 98 153 161 135 85 Total 73 214 98 210 161 144 96 % 40% 55% 0% 27% 0% 6% 11% reporting FSP

Name of First Bank Microfinanc First Bank Microfinance Standard FSPs e Bank Bank Micro Finance Bank Gudusisa Biyama Sky Bank Microfinan Microfinan ce ce Bank Unity bank UBA Sky Bank Postal Service

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

RECOMMENDATIONS

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

Recommendations

The rehabilitation of a house, either entire or partial, represents a significant step in terms of assisting conflict-affected families overcome the trauma associated to a conflict. Perceived with a protection role, durable shelter solutions is a key element which influences an affected family’s choices for long term or permanent stay. Minimum adequate standards can enable families to focus on other areas of rebuilding their lives. Furthermore, taking one step towards achieving durable shelter solutions promote the involvement of the community and accelerate the process of recovery.

Although majority of the respondents from this assessment reported receiving some sort of humanitarian assistance, no shelter assistance was mentioned, highlighting the huge gap in shelter intervention in return areas. Since the overwhelming majority of the population intends to stay at their current houses for long term, more emphasis needs to be put on providing durable shelter solutions in the coming year.

TYPE OF INTERVENTION:

- For more durable solutions, the two methods that are being used by humanitarian agencies in other areas are: a) Rental Subsidy, and b) Transitional shelter kit with cash grant

- A very small portion of the total affected population is renting accommodation which is again confined to certain areas, mostly urban / peri-urban (in the scope of this assessment, only 4% and mostly in Mubi South). While support with rental subsidy is important, a much broader focus should be oriented towards the rehabilitation of the existing damaged houses.

- The transitional shelter kit of the Shelter Working Group (https://www.sheltercluster.org/nigeria/documents/nigeria-transitional-shelter-kit-contents) is considered a potential response to these kind of rehabilitation works to be carried out, containing CGI sheets, plain GI sheets, different sizes of timber and nails and an assortment of tools, to be supplemented by a cash grant. This can be a good start for basic repair.

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

THINGS TO CONSIDER FOR REHABILITATION: For the rehabilitation works, the following should be the priority: - 1) When going towards the path of more durable solutions, Roof Construction should be prioritized. The absence of a roof results in quicker decay and destruction of the remaining structure. Following the fulfilment of this primary condition, the building should then be retrofitted to the structure to ensure appropriate safety of inhabitants.

- 2) Care has to be taken so that at least One Core Room or Two Core Rooms of the living area is properly enclosed and covered. This might include partial retrofitting of the walls, partial masonry reconstruction, plastering parts of walls / floors, installing doors and windows, etc. These rooms should provide appropriate space according to the composition of the core family.

- The package does not allow for major rehabilitation but enables repairing partial elements of heavily damaged houses, especially considering the fact that majority of the families live in compounds that contain many rooms. However, the initial repairs enables families to live within the enclosed areas of the homes despite other damages to the structure. This allows families to carry out further repairs in the future of the remaining area, according to their socio-economic position and at the time most suited to their recovery process.

- Thorough and detailed market assessment and assessment of financial service providers need to be conducted before intervening with any Cash Based Intervention to the affected community. The presence of Financial Service Providers is extremely limited in the assessed wards of the target LGAs with only 22% reporting access to any FSP. The presence of markets is more

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IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: Adamawa State

prevalent (92% reporting access to market), however with varying degrees of construction material availability, which has a direct impact on the rehabilitation efforts.

- Only 1% of the population is involved in the construction industry (either as a carpenter or a mason), indicating that the huge majority of the affected families will need to employ skilled / semi-skilled labor for carrying out rehabilitation works. This implies a portion of the cash grant will be used for this purpose. In addition, there are families with different vulnerabilities, who might need additional support in terms of labor. This also indicates the level of technical support needed.

- The daily rate for skilled labor varies in the different LGAs and wards, which needs to be kept in consideration, along with the fact that the price of construction materials also vary widely (for example, the cost of a bag of 50 kg cement is 700 NGN in Maiduguri compared to 3,500 NGN in Pulka).

- HLP issues does not come across as a hindrance, at least from the findings of this assessment and in the assessed areas, as majority of the houses are inhabited by the owners. The houses are also mostly under private ownership. While more than a quarter possess documents related to ownership, majority do not due to the various reasons but mostly due to the fact that a formal documentation process is not in place and verbal acknowledgement / inheritance is the standard procedure for establishing ownership of properties. In case the resident cannot provide with a formal document, approval from the community leader and representatives of the community in a written form should suffice for proof of ownership in this context.

- Discussions need to be initiated based on further assessments carried out after piloting the transitional shelter kit as to the contents of the in-kind package as well as the amount for cash grant. For example, since majority of the houses in the assessed areas are either mud houses or mud-brick houses, brick making molds can be part of the in-kind package, with training as a complementary guide. Also, the cash grant can be customized according to LGAs depending on the price of construction materials. - - Since 22% reported using rivers as source of drinking water, WASH needs at the return areas need to be looked into.

- Efforts should be made to synergize shelter response with other sectors in order to ensure that the conditions for long-term stay are in place. Rehabilitating houses alone does not guarantee adequate standards for returning life to normal if other parameters are not in place for maintaining one’s livelihoods, health, education, etc.

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