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Vendedores De Estrelas UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENSINO, FILOSOFIA E HISTÓRIA DAS CIÊNCIAS Vendedores de estrelas A existência de outras galáxias pela mídia de massa norte-americana na década de 20. Victória Flório Pires de Andrade Orientação: Olival Freire Júnior Salvador 2017 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENSINO, FILOSOFIA E HISTÓRIA DAS CIÊNCIAS Vendedores de estrelas A existência de outras galáxias pela mídia de massa norte-americana na década de 20. Victória Flório Pires de Andrade Orientação: Olival Freire Júnior Salvador 2017 A função do historiador é lembrar à sociedade aquilo que ela quer esquecer. — Peter Burke. Ilustração – “Os vendedores de estrelas”, Victória Flório Pires de Andrade. Agradecimentos “O Brasil é feito por nós. Basta saber desatá-los”. — Barão de Itararé Quanto mais avança o tempo na direção do futuro, mais sentimos o peso da história sobre o presente. Neste ano de 2017, experimentamos de maneira fugaz o passar e o pesar do tempo. Há cem anos, no fatídico 1917, os russos fariam estourar a agora centenária revolução. Os norte-americanos deixaram a neutralidade e entraram na primeira guerra contra os alemães. Há 100 anos da Greve Geral de 1917, aqui no Brasil, e que acaba de acontecer novamente, e, em dose dupla, no 28 de abril e no 30 de junho. Há quase cem anos, as mulheres norte-americanas ganhavam direito ao voto, depois de 40 anos na luta. Na mitologia grega, o titã Atlas é quem o mundo carrega, mas como se sente o Ano de 2017 com o peso desses centenários e quase-centenários nas costas? Senti a necessidade de deixar registrado, para o futuro, e, nesta tese, pelo menos um sopro sobre o frustrante momento atual que vivemos. Arriscaria dizer que, dos anos que ficaram para trás se esqueceu 2017. O peso dos anos parece que não está sendo sentido. Nós brasileiros, que já tivemos a história marcada por duros golpes, acabamos por sofrer mais alguns. Compartilho meus sinceros agradecimentos aos que me acompanharam nestes últimos 3 anos. A Olival Freire Júnior, eu agradeço por ter me dado apoio, por ter sido amigo, compreensivo, generoso, por ser íntegro, solidário, mestre e inspiração. A agilidade de sua imaginação para contar histórias e a sabedoria de sua análise para encaixar as coisas dentro do grande panorama me inspiram. Sua generosidade e solidariedade para com as pessoas são exemplares. Espero que Olival continue a compartilhar suas virtudes e exemplos e inspirar mais pessoas nos bons caminhos. Agradeço a Thiago Hartz por ter me incentivado a vir para a Bahia e por ter me colocado em contato com Olival. Agradeço calorosamente aos queridos que me receberam em Salvador – mesmo sem me conhecer: Breno Pascal, Ilma Lacerda e Mayane Nóbrega e Olival. Estendo esse caloroso agradecimento aos generosos amigos que têm me recebido sempre, ao longo destes últimos três anos: Olmar, Teo, Laura, Jean Baptiste, Caroline e Muriel (Salvador); Margy e Amparo (Colômbia); família de dona Maria Santana (Lagarto); família de Eliana (Recife); Pinóquio e Danilo (Unaí); Júlia, Lúcio e Ana Terra (Lavras); Sherrill e Robert (Washington D.C); dona Dilma e Meire (Caetité); Candelária (Morro de São Paulo). Agradeço a todos os amigos que faço pelos caminhos e estradas da vida por tanto compartilharem comigo. Aos colegas do Lacic e professores que enriqueceram minha estada na UFBa (Universidade Federal da Bahia), Carlo, Climério, Letícia, Luana, Rebecca, Saulo, Indianara, Fábio e professor José Fernando. Aos companheiros cofundadores da Olimpíada Brasileira de Linguística, Robson, Bruno e Felipe; aos amigos do IFSC – USP, Alexandre, Ângelo, Paulo e Caio, e do IFGW Unicamp, Bruno e Luís. Ao pessoal das equipes das revistas Pré-Univesp e Ciência & Cultura, Patrícia Mariuzzo, Ana Paula Morales e Germana Barata; à banca de qualificação, que me deu relevantes contribuições. Aos repositórios de artigos e livros Sci-Hub, LibGen, Google Books, NASA ADS, Internet Archive e ao pessoal da Niels Bohr Library – AIP, sem os quais eu não teria tido acesso às referências consultadas nesta tese. Ao pessoal das secretarias do PPGEFHC e do Instituto de Física, Priscila, seu Nelson e Conceição, e ao pessoal que trabalha diariamente no IF da UFBa, Andreia e dona Dalva. Agradeço às instituições UFBa e UEFS, que fazem parte do PPGEFHC. Esta pesquisa foi financiada pela CAPES e recebeu apoio do AIP (American Institute of Physics). Agradeço também à FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), de quem recebi financiamento durante a graduação, mestrado e doutorado (no IFGW). Agradeço aos membros do AIP, Gregory Good e Teasel Muir-Harmony, pela assistência, gentileza e simpatia com que me trataram quando estive em Washington D.C.; ao professor Owen Gingerich que me recebeu para uma conversa na Universidade Harvard. Agradeço, especialmente, aos “fantasmas” dos seguintes autores: Jane Austen, Ernst Hemingway, Reinhart Koselleck, Ariano Suassuna, e Umberto Eco. Agradeço ao pôr do sol e às ventanias, no Farol da Barra, em Salvador, fontes de inspiração. Agradeço a meus pais, Vera e Maurício; minhas irmãs, Laura e Júlia; meus avós Angelina e Antônio, Mário e Ruth; meus tios e tias, especialmente, Cida, Marcos, Silvana e Valéria; e minha sobrinha Ana Terra pelo amor. Deixo para os familiares o último agradecimento porque, tenho certeza, de que estes goianos de Catalão, como eu, e paulistas de Jaboticabal, estarão sempre presentes em minha vida, seja em presença, memória ou laços de sangue. Resumo Nesta tese damos uma contribuição original sobre como a controvérsia a respeito do tamanho do Universo e existência de outras galáxias além da Via Láctea – entre os astrônomos norte- americanos Harlow Shapley e Heber Doust Curtis – foi apropriada por revistas de jornalismo científico e pela literatura de ficção científica de revista ao longo da década de 1920, nos Estados Unidos. Avaliamos como a recepção desses assuntos reverberou em meio à comunidade de astrônomos que se dedicaram a divulgação da astronomia, naquela época. A repercussão na imprensa e na literatura de ficção científica representava uma lacuna sobre o episódio bem conhecido dos historiadores da astronomia – o Grande Debate – em que Shapley e Curtis discutiram o tamanho do Universo, durante o encontro da Academia Nacional de Ciências, realizado em abril de 1920, Washington D.C.. A década de 1920, nos Estados Unidos, no âmbito de transformações da imprensa, foi marcada pela cultura de vendas, por transformações no discurso do jornalismo científico, por uma tensão entre as imagens públicas de ciência e de literatura e pelo surgimento da literatura de ficção científica de revista. Nossas fontes são revistas de jornalismo, dentre elas a Popular Science Magazine, e de ficção científica, Amazing Stories editada por Hugo Gernsback, a partir de 1926. Nas matérias de jornalismo e nas histórias de ficção, o discurso científico reapareceu transformado pelas metáforas e pela imaginação. A questão da existência de outras galáxias foi abordada em meio a viagens espaciais e vida em outros mundos. As imagens e expectativas sobre o futuro, as limitações dos telescópios para o desenvolvimento da astronomia, e a educação em ciência para a democracia são temas que as revistas de jornalismo científico e de literatura de ficção científica discutiram, compartilharam e venderam. Os interesses do novo mercado editorial em educar o público sobre temas científicos; o ímpeto de transformar notícias sobre ciência em produto; o sucesso das histórias com o público e referências da cultura de vendas reverberaram sobre o discurso e a postura de “personalidades” da divulgação de astronomia, como Harlow Shapley. Palavras-chave: Grande Debate; Astronomia; História das Ciências; História do jornalismo científico; Literatura de ficção científica. Abstract The episode once called “The Great Debate” is well-known among historians, but its reception on popular science and science fiction literature remained unstudied. In this work we explore this neglected aspect of the debate held by the National Academy of Sciences, in Washington, DC., April, 1920, among American astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, giving an original contribution to the understanding of the influence of astronomy in the formation of a science culture, in the 1920’s America. Later developments of the controversy on the size of the Milky Way and existence of other galaxies was redefined our understanding on the structure of the Milky Way and the Universe. During the early 20th century, America’s editorial market flourished. New science magazines and the new literary genre of pulp science fiction led both journalists and authors to specialization. Metaphors were used with the purpose of making science a more palatable subject to the general public. We explore the reception of the debate in science journalism magazines, such as Popular Science, and in pulp science fiction magazines, such as Amazing Stories (1926). Both science journalism and science fiction magazines discussed prognostics of society, science and democracy, telescopes, and discussed the limits of the Universe through interstellar travel and extraterrestrial life debate, which influenced future personalities in popular science like Harlow Shapley. Keywords: Great Debate; Astronomy; History of science; History of popular science; Science fiction literature. SIGLAS AAAS – American Association for the Advancement of Science A&A – Astronomy and Astrophysics AAS
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