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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 051 620 EC 032 684 AUTHOR Grall DOCUMENT RESUME ED 051 620 EC 032 684 AUTHOR Grall, Terrand Bernard TITLE Designing for the Non-Ambulatory. INSTITUTION Wisconsin Univ., Madison. PUB DATE 71 NOTE 319p.; Author's Masters thesis submitted to the University of Wisconsin EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$13.16 DESCRIPTORS *Design Needs, Masters Theses, *Mobility Aids, *Physically Handicapped ABSTRACT Presented is a manner ot organizing and grouping performance information to support the design and development of physical movement aids for non-ambulatory persons which enable them to ambulate or at least change their position in a semiambulatory fashion. Hierarchical levels ot psychobiologic deficiency and corresponding condition variables are given for the various physically handicapping conditions which result in non-ambulation. Information on performance characteristics is intended to be used in design research for determining abilities and needs of specific non-ambulatory groups at all levels of non-ambulation and tor determining the characteristics which the proposed dynamic artificial aids must possess. A case study using the data provided is included to illustrate that a psychobiologic approach to design is possible and to indicate the type of reasoning which needs to be followed in developing design solutions. (KW) oz915003 E.CQ 1,2684 DESIGN RESEARCH STUDY r-4 trN o "DESIGNING FOR THE NON-AMBULATORY" C3 LLJ BY TERRAND BERNARD GRALL A thesis study in Environmental Design is submitted to the graduate faculty in the Department of Environmental Design, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Environmental Design, September 1970 to June 1971 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEMTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED 00 NOT NECES- SARILY REPRESENT OFFICIO L OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLI,:Y TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface and Acknowledgement 2 INTRODUCTION S Defining Non-Ambulatory (F.A.) and Unfunctional . , 6 Performance 6 Why Study Was Pursued 9 Selling the N.A. Idea 11 Premise 12 CRITIQUE 17 Social Forces and the T.J.R. 17 Past Assumption on Design 18 Information Use, Abuse and Gaps 21 Barriers and Conflicts Between Disciplines 23 Theory of Hierarchial Levels of Psychobiologic Deficiency 25 How To Use the Key To Hierarchial Levels of Biologic Deficiency 27 KEY TO HIERARCHIAt LEVELS OF BIOLOGIC DEFICIENCY AND CORRESPONDING CONDITION VARIABLES 30 Kinds of physically Handicaps and Their Common N.A. Onset Involvement Levels . 31 Hierarchy of N.A. Mobility Conditions 33 FORM OF PRESENTED INFORMATION 34 INFORMATION USAGE STRATEGY 36 N.A. PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED GROUP (a) MUSCULAR SKELETAL DEFICIENCIES AND/OR LOSS 45 N.A. PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED GROUP (b) MUSCULAR CONTROL LOSS OR DEFICIENCY 50 N.A. PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED GROUP (c) NEURAL CONTROL HIGHER BRAIN TRACT rYSFUNCTIONING 58 *Use given KEY and subsequent charts as index to: 63-161 USING THE INFORMATION SYSTEM 161 What Are Existing N.A. User Needs and Ability . 161 Determining Overall User Requirements 162 Advantageous Aids 164 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page RANDOM FACTORS CHECKLIST 165 Physiologically Advantageous 165 REQUIREMENT CHECKLISTS 170 Therapeutic Potentials of Artificial Aids 170 Therapeutic Aid Precautions and Constraints . 171 Designing for the N.A. Children and Aged . 171 What Is Psychosocially Advantageous to the N.A. 177 SUBJECTIVE REQUIREMENT CHECKLISTS 182 Psychosocially Advantageous 182 Psychobiologically Advantageous ..... 185 Beneficial Task Performance Potential . 186 Selecting the Task Performance Range or Level . 188 Hierarchy of Task Performance Ability, etc 190 (Chart) Hierarchy of N.A.'s Beneficial Task Performance Ability 193 Task Analysis and How it Can Be Used 194 Task Analyses of Gross Performance Abilities from Lying to Locomotion 196 Factors and Variables of Task Performance 211 Requirements of Task Performance 213 Constant and Variable Requirements of Task Performance 215 Constant Requirements of Static and Dynamic Performance 216 (Chart) Total Task Performance Requirements 223 Determining the N.A.'s Task Performance Requirements 225 (Chart) Hierarchy of N.A.'n5 Gross Performance Ability 227 Dynamic Basis of Gross Performance Ability 228 INTERFACING THE_N.A. WITH ARTIFICIAL DYNAMIC SYSTEMS 7 230 (Diagram) Elements of Interfacing 231 Successful? Interfacing 232 (Diagram) Interfacing 235 CONCLUSION 239 APPENDIX 244 Results of Case Study (CS1) With Design Requirements, Conflicts, Priorities and Alternatives 244 REFERENCES 270 2 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study proceeded as my past interests and basic backgrounds in Industrial and Environmental Design were put into action. Throughout the course of this study I tried to remain impersonal to the study's problems. I attempted to play the many roles of an interdisciplinary design team by studying the varying topical areas in literature and by discussing throughout the study with individuals having varying interests in the study's problems. Through this effort, the philosophy of most of the interests, literature concerned and applicable to the overall problems of the study were obtained. Sequentially, I collected, organized, interpreted and analyzed data in the study. I simultaneously developed a rationale to select and determine an order for the particular information required after showing how data and such an information system could be used. Once the problem was fully identified, an eight-month period of study time was broken down. It took approximately three months to collect, review and discuss literature. Another one to two months was spent organizing and identify- ing data as to how it applied to the problem goals. I simultaneously began abstracting data. I began to develop a case study strategy in which to develop design ideas for one kind of N.A. group, but before 3 completion realized that all N.A.'s couldn't use or require the same optimal device...so I stopped.Then I re- evaluated my time to redevelop a strategy in which all N.A.'s could be taken into account. Two months were then left and used to test the overall information system and to see what criteria and ideas could be developed while this presentation was prepared. This study could not have been started or accomplished without the aid of a great many friends and associates. In particular, I am deeply indebted to Dr. Darell Boyd Harmon for his personal informational guidance on the dynamic nature of the human organism and design; to Dr. Robert A. Sievert, irirector of Physical Rehabilitation rt Madison General Hospital for his informational inputs on the nature of the non-ambulatory handicapped; and Mr. Steve Kayes, a non-ambulatory student of zoology, for his insight on problems of the non- ambulatory and together for their great willingness to discuss, share their time, knowledge and advice throughout this study. I would personally like to thank Professor Byron C. Bloomfield, Professor Donald C. Hay, Professor Ali Seireg and Dr. P. Murray, Director of the Kinesiology Lab, Wood V.A. Hospital, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for their overall guidance, support and inspiration. In addition, I would like to publicly express my appreciation to Mrs. Petra Jones, Director of Occupational Therapy, Madison General Hospital; Miss Paula Amazeen, 4 physical therapist; Dr. Robert D. Eormon, a pod/atxist; Mr. Ronald Peterson; and several of the non-ambulatory patients at Wood V.A. Hospital for their helpful comments and suggestions. Finally, I must thank Professor Stephen Wasby of the Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; and my patient wife, Paula, for a great deal of aid in preparing and making this study a reality. INTRODUC2101.:1 Problem Statement The overall problem statement or goals of this study are as follows. To first find a manner of organizing and grouping in detailed, yet logical order, information to support the development and design of physical aids and surrounds for the N.A. To be primarily concerned with an ability which most of us assume and heavily rely upon. The ability to stand, manipulate at will, and readily move or walk when and -:??1.-Jra we want our legs to go, is rarely, if ever even th:.w77at about. However, this study will extensively procee:! tc examine, understand, and identify the needs, characterise and dilemma of those who do not regard walking as an expected and subconsciously common activity. To develop alternatives and suggest a means by which th'D previously N.A. will be able to ambulate or readily raoe and change their position in at least a semiambulatory fashion. All the variables, factors, conflicts, resc,?a:c71 gaps, and interrelationships involved in determining .u1:3 developing a system (subsystems) or means of supportn, powering and controlling artificially aided locomotion will be disclosed and discussed. To attempt to resolve the question as to when where, and how do you support the human organism, in order to make the proper interface for the varying locomotive demands. The intent is to answer the question of...how can you make an walk, climb stairs, etc., when he can't do so under his own power. Thus, the task of the problem is to find and define a valid and ideal manner in which to make self-ambulation possible for those who are physiologically not capable of walking. Around these overall problem statements, I have structured and developed a research strategy which provides the basic data needed to resolve the needs that the statements imply. O 5 Definig Yon-i"mbulatory Pe_fc7,tm31e All biologic deficiencies causing conditions of unfunctional ambulation, whether they are innate, abrupt in onset, er slow to develop, will be accounted for in this study. TWO characteristics which are common to all N.A. condit!.ons need to be defined. A N.A. human organism is unable to move functionally thr=1 the vertical plane of space in a free and controlled pattern of body motion. The individual is unable to ambulate functionally under his own power or with the aiel of existing physical aids.
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