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Insect Egg Size and Shape Evolve with Ecology but Not Developmental Rate Samuel H
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1302-4 Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology but not developmental rate Samuel H. Church1,4*, Seth Donoughe1,3,4, Bruno A. S. de Medeiros1 & Cassandra G. Extavour1,2* Over the course of evolution, organism size has diversified markedly. Changes in size are thought to have occurred because of developmental, morphological and/or ecological pressures. To perform phylogenetic tests of the potential effects of these pressures, here we generated a dataset of more than ten thousand descriptions of insect eggs, and combined these with genetic and life-history datasets. We show that, across eight orders of magnitude of variation in egg volume, the relationship between size and shape itself evolves, such that previously predicted global patterns of scaling do not adequately explain the diversity in egg shapes. We show that egg size is not correlated with developmental rate and that, for many insects, egg size is not correlated with adult body size. Instead, we find that the evolution of parasitoidism and aquatic oviposition help to explain the diversification in the size and shape of insect eggs. Our study suggests that where eggs are laid, rather than universal allometric constants, underlies the evolution of insect egg size and shape. Size is a fundamental factor in many biological processes. The size of an 526 families and every currently described extant hexapod order24 organism may affect interactions both with other organisms and with (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 1). We combined this dataset with the environment1,2, it scales with features of morphology and physi- backbone hexapod phylogenies25,26 that we enriched to include taxa ology3, and larger animals often have higher fitness4. -
SCARABS “Hvisdet Lugter, Vil De Komme”
SCARABS “Hvisdet Lugter, Vil De Komme” Occasional Issue Number 15 November, 2004 Scarabs is Back!!! WITHIN THIS ISSUE As If Life Wasnʼt Bad Enough....Now This! Bad News ........................... 1 Okay, so we haven’t published a and coming face to face with the Bug-Proof Clothes ............ 2 Scarabs newsletter since Occasional drivel and forced humor within Issue 14, dated October, 1998. these pages. By posting Scarabs on Glorious Art ...................... 2 We apologize, but we have been the web, distribution is much more Revised Classifification busy. Editor Rich has been busy efficient. Only those foolish enough of the Scarabaeoidea ........ 3 chasing Phobetus panamintensis to tempt fate would dare to click and planning construction of his on our file. The PDF file containing Scatalogical Ramblings . 11 basement bug room. His stint each issue can be printed at will, if Notable Publications ..... 15 at a pro wrestling (“El Mierdo”) desired. proved to be short-lived when A Collecting Tip for “The Next Big Thing” threw Rich Thanks go to Scarab Central at Bradycinetulus .................16 into the crowd, wrenching Rich’s University of Nebraska for hosting back. Editor Barney was tied up for Scarabs on their web page. Pin Labels, Macs and Mi- crosoft Word ................... 17 awhile in a house-building project, and is building up a huge supply of Another change is that Scarabs About Scarabs ..................17 his “special bait” while praying that is now in color. To celebrate our airport security does not decide to first color issue, we are including Insect Pins ....................... 17 open all containers. Editor Bill has artwork of arguably one of the most Plea for Phanaeus ...........18 been busy on the scarab speaking beautiful scarab beetles on the circuit. -
Behavior and Food Habits of the Red-Tailed Hawk
THE CONDOR VOLUME 48 SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER, 1946 NUMBER 5 BEHAVIOR AND FOOD HABITS OF THE RED-TAILED HAWK By HENRY S. FITCH, FREEMAN SWENSON and DANIEL F. TILLOTSON Intensive study of certain phases of the habits of the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) was made by the writers at the San Joaquin Experimental Range in the foothills of Madera County, California, during 1939, 1940, and the early part of 1941. This wide-ranging, common, and important raptor is well known through such detailed studies as those of McAtee (1935), Bent (1937), and Sumner (1929). The present study was intended to reveal economic importance of the Red-tailed Hawk as reflected by its feeding habits in one particular region. The rather stereotyped behavior observed by us in such habits as choice of nest sites, choice of prey, territorial perches, and size of territory, should afford significant contrast with observations of this species under other environmental conditions elsewhere. Individual adaptability enables these hawks to take advantage of varying environmental conditions. Because of their ability to cover great distances, there must be continual interchange of individuals between popu lations of the narrow foothill belt where our study was made and nearby regions such as the San Joaquin Valley, the Coast Ranges, the timber belt of the Sierra Nevada and the arid Great Basin. Banding records show that individuals may travel hundreds of miles (Bond 1939: 56; Lincoln 1939: 360). Observations on general behavior were made incidentally as opportunities arose, but it was the primary purpose of our study to determine the effect of predation of the Red-tailed Hawk on rodent populations by gathering feeding records and data regarding the population density of the hawks. -
Coastal Sage Scrub at University of California, Los Angeles
BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT: COASTAL SAGE SCRUB AT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES Prepared by: Geography 123: Bioresource Management UCLA Department of Geography, Winter 1996 Dr. Rudi Mattoni Robert Hill Alberto Angulo Karl Hillway Josh Burnam Amanda Post John Chalekian Kris Pun Jean Chen Julien Scholnick Nathan Cortez David Sway Eric Duvernay Alyssa Varvel Christine Farris Greg Wilson Danny Fry Crystal Yancey Edited by: Travis Longcore with Dr. Rudi Mattoni, Invertebrates Jesus Maldonado, Mammals Dr. Fritz Hertel, Birds Jan Scow, Plants December 1, 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................2 GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK.....................................................................................................................................2 LANDFORMS AND SOILS ..........................................................................................................................................2 The West Terrace ...............................................................................................................................................3 Soil Tests.............................................................................................................................................................4 SLOPE, EROSION, AND RUNOFF ..............................................................................................................................4 -
SCI Insectsurveys Report.Fm
Terrestrial Invertebrate Survey Report for San Clemente Island, California Final June 2011 Prepared for: Naval Base Coronado 3 Wright Avenue, Bldg. 3 San Diego, California 92135 Point of Contact: Ms. Melissa Booker, Wildlife Biologist Under Contract with: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Southwest Coastal IPT 2739 McKean Street, Bldg. 291 San Diego, California 92101 Point of Contact: Ms. Michelle Cox, Natural Resource Specialist Under Contract No. N62473-06-D-2402/D.O. 0026 Prepared by: Tierra Data, Inc. 10110 W. Lilac Road Escondido, CA 92026 Points of Contact: Elizabeth M. Kellogg, President; Scott Snover, Biologist; James Lockman, Biologist COVER PHOTO: Halictid bee (Family Halictidae), photo by S. Snover. Naval Auxiliary Landing Field San Clemente Island June 2011 Final Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction . .1 1.1 Regional Setting ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project Background .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2.1 Entomology of the Channel Islands .................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Feeding Behavior of Key Vertebrate Predators on San Clemente Island ............. 4 1.2.3 Climate ................................................................................................................. 4 1.2.4 Island Vegetation.................................................................................................. 5 -
Biology and Larval Morphology of the Genus Ceramida Baraud (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Pachydeminae)
© Entomologica Fennica. 6 June 2007 Biology and larval morphology of the genus Ceramida Baraud (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Pachydeminae) Isabel Sanmartín Sanmartin, I. 2007: Biology and larval morphology of the genus Ceramida Ba- raud (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Pachydeminae). — Entomol. Fennica 18: 117–125. The biology and larval morphology of Ceramida, a pest of olive trees in southern Spain, are described. The life-cycle is multivoltine, spanning three years in the field. Females lay eggs in the early spring, with the highest larval densities in June. Larvae feed on the root system of plants. Pupation takes place in the late summer. Adults emerge with the first autumnal rainfalls, with mating extending from September to January. Larval characters such as type of head pubescence, shape of antennal sensory areas, chaetotaxy of raster, and degree of reduction of metathoracic claws are of taxonomic value within Pachydeminae. I. Sanmartín, Department of Systematic Zoology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden; Email: isabel.sanmartin @ebc.uu.se Received 9 May 2006, accepted 23 August 2006 1. Introduction viewed the systematics of the Palearctic Pachy- deminae and proposed the first phylogenetic clas- Larvae of the family Melolonthidae (Coleoptera, sification for these genera. Scarabaeoidea) or “white grubs” are well-known Unlike economically important Melolon- pests of crops and underground stems of plants thidae such as Phyllophaga (Aragón-García et al. (Ritcher 1966). The subfamily Melololonthinae 2005), little is known on the biology and larval includes such important agricultural pests as morphology of Pachydeminae species. Sporadic Melolontha Fabricius, 1775, in Europe or Phyllo- biological observations indicate that larvae are phaga (Harris, 1827) in North America. -
Coleoptera) with Corrections to Nomenclature and a Current Classification
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Crossref University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Entomology Museum, University of Nebraska State November 2006 A REVIEW OF THE FAMILY-GROUP NAMES FOR THE SUPERFAMILY SCARABAEOIDEA (COLEOPTERA) WITH CORRECTIONS TO NOMENCLATURE AND A CURRENT CLASSIFICATION Andrew B. T. Smith University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologypapers Part of the Entomology Commons Smith, Andrew B. T., "A REVIEW OF THE FAMILY-GROUP NAMES FOR THE SUPERFAMILY SCARABAEOIDEA (COLEOPTERA) WITH CORRECTIONS TO NOMENCLATURE AND A CURRENT CLASSIFICATION" (2006). Papers in Entomology. 122. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologypapers/122 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Museum, University of Nebraska State at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Coleopterists Society Monograph Number 5:144–204. 2006. AREVIEW OF THE FAMILY-GROUP NAMES FOR THE SUPERFAMILY SCARABAEOIDEA (COLEOPTERA) WITH CORRECTIONS TO NOMENCLATURE AND A CURRENT CLASSIFICATION ANDREW B. T. SMITH Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, CANADA [email protected] Abstract For the first time, all family-group names in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) are evaluated using the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to determine their availability and validity. A total of 383 family-group names were found to be available, and all are reviewed to scrutinize the correct spelling, author, date, nomenclatural availability and validity, and current classification status. -
Scarabs Sp Sd Cdsxuc, Droi Gsvv Mywo
SCARABS SP SD CDSXUC, DROI GSVV MYWO. Occasional Issue Number 57 Print ISSN 1937-8343 Online ISSN 1937-8351 November, 2010 Beetle Parties WITHIN THIS ISSUE by Margarethe Brummermann Beetle Parties .................... 1 [email protected] Coprophanaeus Review .. 5 Every year Fred and Carol Skillman host their famous annual ‘Beetle Old Bug Books IV ............ 6 Bash’ at Cochise Stronghold when the monsoon hits (or should hit) Co- chise County, Arizona, USA. The party was delicious, interesting, inspir- In Past Years XXXIX ..... 12 ing, educational, and lots of fun. Thank you so much, Fred and Carol! Eider .................................. 22 Bug People XIV .............. 24 BACK ISSUES Available At These Sites: Coleopterists Society The following day, July 11, Eric Eaton and I headed for the Chiricahua www.coleopsoc.org/de- Mountains. There was some indication that it had been raining there fault.asp?Action=Show_ but the ground was rather dry. Resources&ID=Scarabs University of Nebraska www-museum.unl.edu/ research/entomology/ Scarabs-Newsletter.htm EDITORS Rich Cunningham Euphoria fulgida [email protected] holochloris Fall. Olivier Décobert [email protected] Barney Streit barneystreit@hotmail. com Still, at at a lush creek crossing among ash and oak trees beauti- ful metallic green-blue Euphoria fulgida holochloris Fall were buzz- ing around, looking very much like low-flying carpenter bees. We set up black lights at Onion Saddle, elevation 7,600 feet, in an area with tall alligator junipers, sil- verleaf oaks and ponderosa pines. Bill Warner and Aaron Smith Onion Saddle in the Chiricahua Mountains. stopped by and made us very envi- ous with a beautiful specimen of the rare Carabus forreri Bates. -
PROCEEDINGS San Diego Society of Natural History
The Scarabaeoid Beetles of San Diego County, California PROCEEDINGS of the San Diego Society of Natural History Founded 874 Number 40 February 2008 The Scarabaeoid Beetles of San Diego County, California Part I. Introduction and Diagnosis of Families Glaresidae, Trogidae, Pleocomidae, Geotrupidae, Ochodaeidae, Hybosoridae, and Glaphyridae Ron H. McPeak P.O. Box 2136, Battle Ground, WA 98604, U.S.A.; [email protected] Thomas A. Oberbauer County of San Diego Department of Planning and Land Use, 5201 Ruffin Road, Suite B, San Diego, CA 92123, U.S.A.; [email protected] ABSTRACT.—Scarabaeoid beetles are diverse in San Diego County, California, with 8 families, 53 genera, and approximately 50 species repre- sented. Vegetation communities in the county are likewise diverse and directly responsible for supporting the diversity of scarab beetles. Part I of the Scarabaeoid Beetles of San Diego County, California presents data on 8 species in the following 7 families: Glaresidae (), Trogidae (4), Pleocomidae (2), Geotrupidae (5), Ochodaeidae (3), Hybosoridae (), and Glaphyridae (2). This group of diverse beetles is adapted to a wide variety of terrestrial habitats where they feed upon hair, feathers, carrion, other decomposing organic matter, and plants. INTRODUCTION COLLECTING IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY The superfamily Scarabaeoidea is one of the largest groups of Several preeminent beetle taxonomists spent time collecting beetles, containing approximately 2200 genera and 3,000 species in San Diego County during the 9th century (Essig 93). John worldwide (Jameson and Ratcliffe 2002). According to Smith (2003) L. LeConte was in California during 850 while employed as a there are 2 families, approximately 70 genera, and 2000 species in surgeon in the U. -
First Phylogenetic Analysis of the Subfamily Pachydeminae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Melolonthidae): the Palearctic Pachydeminae*
J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Research 41 (2003) 2–46 Received on 24 October 2000 Ó 2003 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin ISSN 0947–5745 1Department of Systematic Zoology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Present address); 2Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologı´a Evolutiva (Entomologı´a), Museo Nacional Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, C.S.I.C., Spain First phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Pachydeminae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Melolonthidae): the Palearctic Pachydeminae* 1,2 2 I. SANMARTI´ N and F. MARTI´ N-PIERA Abstract This paper presents the first phylogeneticanalysis of Pachydeminae Reitter, 1902; one of the least known subfamilies of Melolonthidae, ‘leaf- chafers’ (Scarabaeoidea, Coleoptera). Some species of Pachydeminae have recently become agricultural pests in southern Spain. We analysed the phylogenetic relationships among 49 species belonging to 16 genera in the Palearctic region, based on a set of 63 morphological characters from the adult external morphology, wing anatomy, mouthparts and male and female genitalia. The last three sets of characters are described here for the first time. The phylogeny shows that the Palearctic Pachydeminae are monophyletic within the subfamily. Mouthparts and male and female genitalia provide the best synapomorphies for intergeneric relationships. In contrast, most of the external morphological characters used in the taxonomy of Pachydeminae are highly homoplastic. The phylogeny shows a basal split between the genera Hemictenius Reitter, 1897; Pachydema Castelnau, 1832, and the monospecific Peritryssus Reitter, 1918; and a second clade including the rest of genera. The remarkable Peritryssus is confirmed as a Pachydeminae, being the sister group to the monophyletic Hemictenius. Except for the position of P. rubripennis (Lucas, 1848) and P. -
Zootaxa, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae
Zootaxa 1032: 29–60 (2005) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA 1032 Copyright © 2005 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A supplement to the checklist of the New World chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) with notes on their tribal classification ANDREW B. T. SMITH1 & ARTHUR V. EVANS2 1 Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, ON, K1P 6P4, CANADA. [email protected] 2 Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC and Department of Recent Invertebrates, Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, VA, c/o1600 Nottoway Ave., Richmond, VA 23227, USA. [email protected] Abstract The checklist of the New World Melolonthinae published in 2003 by Evans is updated to 30 June 2005. Corrections and omissions to the previous checklist are also noted and necessary taxonomic changes are made. Melolontha elongata Fabricius, 1792 is designated as the type species of Philochloenia Dejean, 1833, syn. nov. thereby placing this genus as a junior synonym of Dichelo- nyx Harris, 1827. Phyllophaga guatemalica (Moser, 1918), syn. nov. and Phyllophaga longiclava (Moser, 1918), syn. nov. are placed in synonymy with Phyllophaga ravida (Blanchard, 1851). The Australian genus Deuterocaulobius Dalla Torre, 1912, stat. nov. is brought out of synonymy and considered the valid name for “Phyllochlaenia Blanchard, 1846.” Warwickia, nom. nov. is pro- posed as a replacement name for the junior homonym Benedictia Sanderson, 1939 (non Dybowski, 1875) and consequently, Warwickia pilosa (Sanderson, 1939), comb. nov. is a new combination for the single species in this genus. A brief overview of the tribal classification of Melolonthinae is presented. -
ARCA11 2017 Update for Postingv2.Xlsx
I. SPECIES Artemisia californica Less. [Updated 2017] NRCS CODE: Subtribe: Artemisiinae ARCA11 Tribe: Anthemideae (FEIS CODE: Family: Asteraceae ARCAL) Order: Asterales Subclass: Asteridae Class: Magnoliopsida flowering heads spring growth seedling, March 2009 juvenile plant photos A. Montalvo flowering plant, November 2005 mature plant with flower buds August 2010 A. Subspecific taxa None. Artemisia californica Less. var. insularis (Rydb.) Munz is now recognized as Artemisia nesiotica P.H. Raven (Jepson eFlora 2017). B. Synonyms Artemisia abrotanoides Nuttall; A. fischeriana Besser; A. foliosa Nuttall; Crossostephium californicum (Lessing) Rydberg (FNA 2017). C. Common name California sagebrush. The common name refers to its strong, sage-like aroma and endemism to California and Baja California. Other names include: coastal sage, coast sage, coast sagebrush (Painter 2016). D. Taxonomic relationships The FNA (2017) places this species in subgenus Artemisia . The molecular phylogeny of the genus has improved the understanding of relationships among the many species of Artemisia and has, at times, placed the species in subgenus Tridentadae ; morphology of the inflorescences and flowers alone does not place this species with its closest relatives (Watson et al. 2002). The detailed phylogeny is not completely resolved (Hayat et al. 2009). E. Related taxa in region There are 18 species and a total of 31 taxa (including infrataxa) of Artemisia in southern California, all of which differ clearly from A. californica in habitat affinity, structure, or both (Munz 1974, Jepson eFlora 2017). Within subgenus Artemisia (as per FNA 2017), A. nesiotica from the Channel Islands is the most similar and was once considered part of A. californica ; it can be distinguished by its wider leaves with flat leaf margins (not rolled under).