DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation in Southeast Asia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation in Southeast Asia University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2013 Human Traffickingor F Sexual Exploitation In Southeast Asia Nodwarang Niamvanichkul University of Central Florida Part of the International Relations Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Niamvanichkul, Nodwarang, "Human Traffickingor F Sexual Exploitation In Southeast Asia" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 2670. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2670 HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR SEXUAL EXPLOITATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA by NODWARANG NIAMVANICHKUL B.A. Thammasat University, 2006 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2013 © 2013 Nodwarang Niamvanichkul ii ABSTRACT This study centers on the political aspects of human trafficking and sexual exploitation in Southeast Asia. Specifically, the human trafficking is a security studies concern because it is not only a social issue, but also a security threat. Just as with drug trafficking, human trafficking has security consequences. The study analyzed human trafficking issues in the following three countries in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Myanmar, and Cambodia. These three countries were chosen due to the high levels of human trafficking. In each of the chosen cases, there is an examination of human trafficking issues in terms of political structures, political policies, economy, and international aid. Findings showed that individual economic status was the most important factor in human trafficking. Regime type, although important, did not show as significant results when compared to individual economic status. However, there was a positive relationship found between international organizations and human trafficking. Recommendations were made concerning the formulation and implementation of political policies. If international organizations take action in each of the three countries, then the problem of human trafficking can decrease. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................... 4 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................... 6 The Three Case Studies .............................................................................................................. 7 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................... 9 Prostitution Debate................................................................................................................ 10 Bales Theory of Slavery........................................................................................................ 11 Modern Day Slavery ............................................................................................................. 12 The Institutional Theory of Migration .................................................................................. 13 Literature Review...................................................................................................................... 14 Historical and International Context ..................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER TWO – HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND PROSTITUTION IN THAILAND ......... 24 Historical factors and of human trafficking issues in Thailand ................................................ 26 Thailand as a source country..................................................................................................... 31 Thailand as a transit country ..................................................................................................... 34 Thailand as a destination country of human trafficking problems ........................................... 37 Thai Policies and the Emergence of International Organizations in Combating Human Trafficking and Prostitution ...................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER THREE – HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND PROSTITUTION IN MYANMAR ..... 46 Historical factors and human trafficking issues in Myanmar ................................................... 46 Major Government Initiatives ................................................................................................... 62 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER FOUR – HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND PROSTITUTION IN CAMBODIA ....... 68 Historical factors and human trafficking issues in Cambodia .................................................. 68 Government’s responses to the sex trafficking issues in Cambodia ......................................... 69 International Organizations involvement on human trafficking issues in Cambodia ............... 72 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER FIVE – CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 90 iv Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 90 Scope of the Topic .................................................................................................................... 91 Research Philosophy ................................................................................................................. 94 Countries of Interaction ............................................................................................................ 95 Thailand ................................................................................................................................ 96 Myanmar ............................................................................................................................... 97 Cambodia .............................................................................................................................. 98 Final Thoughts .......................................................................................................................... 99 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 101 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Trafficking routes in Southeast Asia (Source: RTP CWP Center 2012, 26) ................ 34 Figure 2: Trafficking Routes in Myanmar - Strategic Information Response Network (SIREN, 2009) ............................................................................................................................................. 58 Figure 3: Trafficking Routes in Cambodia - Perspectives on Global Issues (POGI, 2008) ......... 76 Figure 4: Human Trafficking Statistics - Classified by Outcome (Source: RTP CWP Center 2012, 24) ................................................................................................................................................. 97 Figure 5: Human Trafficking Victims of 2012 - Classified by Nationality (Source: RTP CWP Center 2012, 28)............................................................................................................................ 99 vi CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION Background Some scholars and practitioners frame human trafficking as a human rights issue because of the inhumane conduct against trafficking victims, especially in terms labor and sexual exploitation. Thus, over the last two decades, human trafficking has become a critical human rights concern. The UN Palermo Protocol of 2000 stands out as the first widespread instrument used as an international law. The preamble of the protocol starts with the following paragraph to emphasize the necessity of a universal instrument to address all the aspects of human trafficking: 148 countries signed and 95 countries ratified or acceded to the Palermo Protocol so far (United Nations, 2002, p. 28). This issue of human trafficking tends to be rendered as a major threat within Southeast Asia. The specific countries that will be studied are identified as Thailand, Myanmar and Cambodia. Human trafficking rates in these countries are among highest in the world. In the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it is clearly stated in Article 4 that "no one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms." Traffickers use fraud promises, deception, and/or coercion about alleviating their economic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sex-Trafficking in Cambodia 1
    Running head: SEX-TRAFFICKING IN CAMBODIA 1 Sex-Trafficking in Cambodia Assessing the Role of NGOs in Rebuilding Cambodia Katherine Wood A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Spring 2014 SEX-TRAFFICKING 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ Steven Samson, Ph.D. Thesis Chair ______________________________ Thomas Metallo, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Robert F. Ritchie, M.A. Committee Member ______________________________ Brenda Ayres, Ph.D. Honors Director ______________________________ Date SEX-TRAFFICKING 3 Abstract The anti-slavery and other freedom fighting movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries did not abolish all forms of slavery. Many forms of modern slavery thrive in countries all across the globe. The sex trafficking trade has intensified despite the advocacy of many human rights-based groups. Southeast Asia ranks very high in terms of the source, transit, and destination of sex trafficking. In particular, human trafficking of women and girls for the purpose of forced prostitution remains an increasing problem in Cambodia. Cambodia’s cultural traditions and the breakdown of law under the Khmer Rouge and Democratic Kampuchea have contributed to the current governing policies which maintain democracy only at the surface level of administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Cambodia
    COMMERCIAL A venue-based SEXUAL application of time-space sampling to measure prevalence in Phnom EXPLOITATION OF Penh, Siem Reap and CHILDREN IN Sihanoukville CAMBODIA - 1 - | P a g e Study methodology developed with consultation from Dr. Lisa Grace Bersales, Vice President of Planning and Finance, University of the Philippines Research conducted by IJM staff and trained volunteers Written by Dave Shaw, Program Manager, Southeast Asia International Justice Mission © Copyright 2013 by International Justice Mission All rights reserved International Justice Mission PO Box 58147 Washington, DC 20037 USA www.ijm.org - 2 - | P a g e Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................... - 5 - LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................................ - 5 - LIST OF EQUATIONS .............................................................................................................................................. - 5 - ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ - 6 - DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................................................. - 7 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Growing Phenomenon of Sex Trafficking; Legal, Socioeconomic and Cultural Remedies
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2013 The Growing Phenomenon of Sex Trafficking; Legal, Socioeconomic and Cultural Remedies Anny E. Rosario CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/173 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] The Growing Phenomenon of Sex Trafficking: Legal, Socioeconomic and Cultural Remedies Anny E. Rosario Diaz August 2013 Master’s Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of International Affairs at the City College of New York Adviser: Professor Jaqueline Braveboy-Wagner Table of Contents Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................. 4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1 – Introduction ..................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2 – Research Design ............................................................................................ 14 Globalization ................................................................................................................. 15 Liberalism/Neoliberalism .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • In Phnom Penh
    TTHHEE NNEEWW PPRRAACCTTIICCEE OOFF PPRROOSSTTIITTUUTTIIOONN Study of the new practices of Prostitution after actions conducted by the royal government of Cambodia for elimination of the prostitution In Phnom Penh So Sokbunthet June 2005 CONTENTS HHHHIIII 1- INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1-Goal.......................................................................................................................1 1.2-Main Strategy.........................................................................................................1 2- FINDINGS ................................................................................................................ 1 2.1-Beer Garden ..........................................................................................................1 2.2-Nightclub...............................................................................................................2 2.3-Snooker Club ........................................................................................................2 2.4-Massages Salon ......................................................................................................3 2.5-Karaoke Parlor.......................................................................................................3 2.6-Barbershop ............................................................................................................4 2.7-Hidden Brothel .....................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Action Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
    onitoring status of action against commercial sexual exploitation of children CAMBODIA 2nd EDITION This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the Swedish Cooperation Agency (SIDA), The Body Shop International, The Oak Foundation and Irish Aid. The views expressed herein are solely those of ECPAT International. The support from these donors does not constitute endorsement of the opinions expressed. This publication was compiled by Veyoma Hevamange with the assistance of Francois-Xavier Souchet, Patchareeboon Sakulpitakphon, Kritsana Pimonsaengsuriya, Junita Upadhyay, Alessia Altamura, Reshmi Mitra, Anjan Bose, Jake Lucchi, Terra Nevitt and Mark Capaldi. This report was also developed in collaboration with ECPAT Cambodia. Extracts from this publication may be reproduced only with permission from ECPAT International and acknowledgment of the source and ECPAT International. A copy of the relevant publication using extracted material must be provided to ECPAT. Copyright © 2011, ECPAT International (2nd Edition) Design by: Manida Naebklang ECPAT International (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) 328/1 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand www.ecpat.net [email protected] Cambodia|2 Cambodia|3 CONTENTS Glossary 4 Foreword 5 Methodology 6 Cambodia: Introduction 8 National Plan of Action 15 Coordination and Cooperation 16 Prevention 21 Protection 23 Child and Youth Participation 32 Priority Actions Required 34 Annex 36 Endnotes 46 Cambodia|2 Cambodia|3 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Worker's Dilemma: Keeping Cambodia's Sex Trafficking Law from Negating the Successes of the 100% Condom Use Program, the Amanda Dumey
    Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law Volume 16 | Issue 2 Article 3 3-1-2009 Sex Worker's Dilemma: Keeping Cambodia's Sex Trafficking Law from Negating the Successes of the 100% Condom Use Program, The Amanda Dumey Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tjcil Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Amanda Dumey, Sex Worker's Dilemma: Keeping Cambodia's Sex Trafficking Law from Negating the Successes of the 100% Condom Use Program, The, 16 Tulsa J. Comp. & Int'l L. 215 (2008). Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tjcil/vol16/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law by an authorized administrator of TU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SEX WORKER'S DILEMMA: KEEPING CAMBODIA'S SEX TRAFFICKING LAW FROM NEGATING THE SUCCESSES OF THE 100% CONDOM USE PROGRAM Amanda Dumey* "[TIhere is always an easy solution to every human problem-neat,plausible, and ,,1 wrong. - Henry Louis Mencken I. INTRODUCTION The atmosphere is lively-people milling around amongst food stands selling colorful produce, children laughing and playing in the streets. 2 But something is not quite right.3 It is the notorious sex district in Phnom Penh, known as the White Building.4 A closer look reveals a young woman lounging * J.D. Candidate, May 2010. 1 would first like to thank my parents, John and Pam, for all their love and support.
    [Show full text]
  • Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation in Tourism
    Protection of children against sexual exploitation in tourism Capacity building and awareness raising activities in Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines, Gambia and Dominican Republic A project funded by CHILD PROSTITUTION CHILD PORNOGRAPHY & TRAFFICKING OF CHILDREN END FOR SEXUAL PURPOSES Protection of children against sexual exploitation in tourism CHILD PROSTITUTION CHILD PORNOGRAPHY & TRAFFICKING OF CHILDREN END FOR SEXUAL PURPOSES Capacity building and awareness raising activities in Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines, Gambia and Dominican Republic In the Netherlands Defence for Children and ECPAT are one organization that promotes children’s rights. 2013 A project funded by: TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Material and Methods ........................................................................................................................... 9 3. Best practices and challenges .............................................................................................................. 10 4. Thailand ............................................................................................................................................... 13 5. Cambodia ............................................................................................................................................. 19 6. Philippines ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • International Violence Against Women: U.S
    Order Code RL34438 International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues March 31, 2008 Luisa Blanchfield, Coordinator, Rhoda Margesson, Clare Ribando Seelke, Tiaji Salaam-Blyther, and Nina M. Serafino Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues Summary In recent years, the international community has increasingly recognized international violence against women (VAW) as a significant human rights and global health issue. VAW, which can include both random acts of violence as well as sustained abuse over time, can be physical, psychological, or sexual in nature. Studies have found that VAW occurs in all geographic regions, countries, cultures, and economic classes, with some surveys showing that women in developing countries experience higher rates of violence than those in developed countries. Many experts view VAW as a symptom of the historically unequal power relationship between men and women, and argue that over time this imbalance has led to pervasive cultural stereotypes and attitudes that perpetuate a cycle of violence. U.S. policymakers have generally focused on specific types or circumstances of violence rather than VAW as a stand-alone issue. Congress has authorized and appropriated funds for international programs that address VAW, including human trafficking and female genital cutting. Past and current Administrations have also supported efforts to reduce international levels of VAW — though many of these activities are implemented as components of broader international development initiatives. There is no U.S. government-wide coordination of anti-VAW efforts. Most agencies and departments do not track the cost or number of programs with VAW components.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 28 February 2011
    United Nations A/HRC/16/44/Add.1 General Assembly Distr.: General 28 February 2011 English/French/Spanish only Human Rights Council Sixteenth session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya Addendum Summary of cases transmitted to Governments and replies received* * The present document is being circulated in the languages of submission only, as it greatly exceeds the word limitations currently imposed by the relevant General Assembly resolutions. GE.11-11427 A/HRC/16/44/Add.1 Contents Paragraphs Page Introduction............................................................................................................. 1–3 5 Algeria ................................................................................................................ 4–33 5 Angola ................................................................................................................ 34–41 9 Argentina ................................................................................................................ 42–74 10 Austria ................................................................................................................ 75–89 15 Bahrain ................................................................................................................ 90–210 16 Bangladesh.............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Government Complicity in Human Trafficking: a Review of the State Department's "2002 Trafficking Inersons P Report"
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Interdisciplinary Conference on Human Human Trafficking: Data and Documents Trafficking at the University of Nebraska 2002 Foreign Government Complicity in Human Trafficking: A Review of the State Department's "2002 Trafficking inersons P Report" U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/humtraffdata Part of the Inequality and Stratification Commons U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations, "Foreign Government Complicity in Human Trafficking: A Review of the State Department's "2002 Trafficking in Persons Report"" (2002). Human Trafficking: Data and Documents. 28. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/humtraffdata/28 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Interdisciplinary Conference on Human Trafficking at the University of Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Human Trafficking: Data and Documents by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FOREIGN GOVERNMENT COMPLICITY IN HUMAN TRAFFICKING: A REVIEW OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT’S ‘‘2002 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT’’ HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION JUNE 19, 2002 Serial No. 107–105 Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international—relations U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 80–288PDF WASHINGTON : 2002 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate May 01 2002 12:14 Sep 17, 2002 Jkt 080288 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 F:\WORK\FULL\061902\80288 HINTREL1 PsN: SHIRL COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HENRY J.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Women and the Cyberspace Publications Series Chinese Editedwomen Volumes 2 Chinese Women And
    Chinese Women and the Cyberspace Chinese Women Publications Series Chinese WomenEdited Volumes 2 Chinese Women and In a rapidly changing time-space compressed global environment, women in general and Chinese women in particular are in tune with digital innovations and Chinese Women the use of various forms of mass communication and and the Cyberspaceinformation technology including the web, internet the Cyberspace and mobile phone has become embodied as a way of Khun Eng Kuah-Pearce (ed.) and the Cyberspace life. Chinese women in Mainland China and the Chinese Diaspora too widely use the advancement of information technology to empower themselves with information and knowledge for their personal and social uses. Yet this technology also oppresses them. Chinese Women and the Cyberspace argues that the cyberspace could thus be viewed as four significant platforms namely Edited by as an alternative channel and an agency for foraging Khun Eng Kuah-Pearce of information, as a platform for self-expression, as a repressive platform that continues to exploit women, and as a social capital that facilitates cyber- communication and the formation of social networks. Khun Eng Kuah-Pearce is Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Sociology and Honorary Academic Director of the Centre for Anthropological Research at the University of Hong Kong. www.aup.nl ISBN 978 90 5356 751 7 Chinese Women and the Cyberspace Publications Series General Editor Paul van der Velde Editorial Board Jennifer Holdaway (Social Science Research Council) Christopher A. Reed (Ohio State Faculty) Anand A. Yang (Director of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies and Chair of International Studies at the University of Washington) Guobin Yang (Barnard College, Columbia University) Wim Boot (Leiden University) The ICAS Publications Series consists of Monographs, Edited Volumes and Pro- ceedings of ICAS.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter- V Overview of the Study Areas and Profile of the Sample Studied
    CONTENTS Acknowledgements 4 . List of Tables 5 . List of Figures 5 List of Abbreviations 6 . Chapter I- Introduction 7- 19 1.1. Child Marriage Scenario in India 1.2. Situation at Study States: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh 1.3. What Sustains the Practice of Child Marriage 1.4. Effects of Child Marriage 1.5. Laws and Policies dealing with Child Marriage Chapter II- Overview of Child Marriage in India 20 -43 2.1 A Review of Literature 2.1.1 Child Marriage: A Legal Perspective 2.1.2 Child Marriage: Statistical Overview 2.1.3 Determinants of Child Marriage 2.1.4 Consequences of Child Marriage 2.1.5 Government Policies and Programmes Chapter III The Study 44 - 52 3.1 Need of the study 3.2 Objectives 3.3 Study Areas 3.4 Consultation Meetings 3.5 The Research Process 3.5.1 Source of Data 3.5.2 Selection of Sample 3.5.3 Research Design Chapter IV Situation of Child Marriage in the Study Areas 53 - 64 4.1 Causes of Child Marriage (Social, Cultural, Historical) 4.2 Prevalence and Trend of Child Marriage in the Study Areas 4.3 State Initiatives 4.3.1 Uttar Pradesh 4.3.2 Madhya Pradesh Chapter V Overview of the Study Areas and Profile of the Sample Studied 65 - 76 5.1 Rajasthan 5.2 Uttar Pradesh 5.3 Madhya Pradesh 5.4 Socio-Economic Profile 5.4.1 Profile of Heads of the Household (Family Member) 5.4.2 Profile of Those couples married below 18 years 5.4.3 Profile of Panchayat Members 5.4.4 Profile of NGOs A Study on” Child Marriage in India: Situational Analysis in Three States 1 Chapter VI Analysis and Outcome of the Study 77- 99 6.1
    [Show full text]