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The Growing Phenomenon of Sex Trafficking; Legal, Socioeconomic and Cultural Remedies

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The Growing Phenomenon of Sex Trafficking; Legal, Socioeconomic and Cultural Remedies City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2013 The Growing Phenomenon of Sex Trafficking; Legal, Socioeconomic and Cultural Remedies Anny E. Rosario CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/173 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] The Growing Phenomenon of Sex Trafficking: Legal, Socioeconomic and Cultural Remedies Anny E. Rosario Diaz August 2013 Master’s Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of International Affairs at the City College of New York Adviser: Professor Jaqueline Braveboy-Wagner Table of Contents Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................. 4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1 – Introduction ..................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2 – Research Design ............................................................................................ 14 Globalization ................................................................................................................. 15 Liberalism/Neoliberalism .............................................................................................. 17 Regime Theory .............................................................................................................. 20 Migration and Sex Trafficking ...................................................................................... 21 Feminist Theory ............................................................................................................ 25 Future chapters .............................................................................................................. 26 Chapter 3 – Historical Background and Trafficking Sanctions ........................................ 27 Sex Trafficking and Slavery today ................................................................................ 27 Social-Economic and Cultural Factors .......................................................................... 33 Legal Instruments .......................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 4 – Sex Trafficking in Latin America ................................................................. 48 Sex Trafficking in Mexico ............................................................................................ 48 Background ................................................................................................................ 48 Socioeconomic factors contributing to Sex Trafficking ............................................ 49 Chart 4.1- Mexico Population Total ...................................................................... 50 Chart 4.2 - Mexico – Poverty, Employment & Unemployment ............................ 50 Cultural factors contributing to Sex Trafficking ....................................................... 54 Legal Response .......................................................................................................... 55 Summary .................................................................................................................... 59 Sex Trafficking in the Dominican Republic ................................................................. 60 Background ................................................................................................................ 60 Chart 4.3 - Dominican Republic Population Total ................................................ 61 Socioeconomic factors contributing to Sex Trafficking ............................................ 62 Chart 4.4 - Dominican Republic – Unemployment and Education ....................... 63 Chart 4.5 - Dominican Republic - Poverty ............................................................ 63 Cultural factors contributing to Sex Trafficking ....................................................... 65 Legal Response .......................................................................................................... 68 Summary .................................................................................................................... 74 Chart 4.6 - Dominican Repubic Tier Tracking by Year ........................................ 74 Chapter 5 – Sex trafficking in Europe .............................................................................. 76 Sex Trafficking in Estonia............................................................................................. 77 Background ................................................................................................................ 77 Socioeconomic factors contributing to Sex Trafficking ............................................ 78 2 Chart 5.1 - Estonia Population total ....................................................................... 79 Chart 5.2 - Employment and Unemployment rates ............................................... 80 Legal Response .......................................................................................................... 81 Summary .................................................................................................................... 83 Sex Trafficking in Poland ............................................................................................. 84 Background ................................................................................................................ 84 Chart 5.3 - Poland Population total ........................................................................ 85 Socioeconomic factors contributing to Sex Trafficking ............................................ 86 Chart 5.4 - Unemployment & Employment in Poland .......................................... 87 Legal Response .......................................................................................................... 87 Summary .................................................................................................................... 90 Chapter 6 – Sex trafficking in Asia................................................................................... 91 Sex trafficking in Thailand ............................................................................................ 91 Background ................................................................................................................ 91 Socioeconomic factors contributing to Sex Trafficking ............................................ 91 Chart 6.1 - Thailand - Population .......................................................................... 93 Chart 6.2 - Thailand - Employment ....................................................................... 94 Cultural factors contributing to Sex Trafficking ....................................................... 96 Legal Response .......................................................................................................... 98 Summary .................................................................................................................. 100 Sex trafficking in Cambodia ....................................................................................... 102 Background .............................................................................................................. 102 Chart 6.3 - Cambodia – Population...................................................................... 103 Socioeconomic factors contributing to Sex Trafficking .......................................... 104 Chart 6.4 - Cambodia/Thailand – HIV Rates ....................................................... 105 Chart 6.5 - Cambodia – Poverty & Education ..................................................... 106 Chart 6.6 - Cambodia - Employment ................................................................... 107 Cultural factors contributing to Sex Trafficking ..................................................... 107 Legal Response ........................................................................................................ 109 Summary .................................................................................................................. 112 Chapter 7 – Anti Sex Trafficking Methods & Conclusion ............................................. 113 Legal Methods ............................................................................................................. 113 Socioeconomic Measures ............................................................................................ 117 Cultural Measures ....................................................................................................... 118 Additional Measures ................................................................................................... 119 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 122 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 124 3 Acknowledgement I owe my deepest gratitude to God and those that helped
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