Overseas Development Institute

Annual Report 2002/03 ODI Annual Report 2002/2003

Overseas Development Institute Contents

ODI is Britain’s leading independent think-tank on • Statement by the Chair 1 international development and humanitarian issues. Our mission is to inspire and inform policy and practice which • Director’s Review 2 lead to the reduction of poverty, the alleviation of suffering and the achievement of sustainable livelihoods in developing • Research and Policy Programmes countries. We do this by locking together high-quality Humanitarian Policy 4 applied research, practical policy advice, and policy-focused Redefining the official humanitarian aid dissemination and debate. We work with partners in the agenda 6 public and private sectors, in both developing and developed countries. Poverty and Public Policy 8 Budgets not projects: a new way of doing business for aid donors 9 ODI’s work centres on its research and policy programmes: The business of poverty 12 the Poverty and Public Policy Group, the International Economic Development Group, the Humanitarian Policy International Economic Development 14 Group, the Rural Policy and Environment Group, the Forest Trade, investment and poverty 16 Policy and Environment Group, and the Research and Policy Rural Policy and Environment 18 in Development programme. ODI publishes two journals, the Protecting and promoting livelihoods in Development Policy Review and Disasters, and manages rural India: what role for pensions? 20 three international networks linking researchers, policy- makers and practitioners: the Agricultural Research and Forest Policy and Environment 22 Decentralising environmental management – Extension Network, the Rural Development Forestry beyond the crisis narrative 23 Network, and the Humanitarian Practice Network. In addition, it hosts the Secretariat of the Active Learning Research and Policy in Development 24 Network for Accountability and Performance in Research and policy: parallel universes? 25 Humanitarian Assistance. ODI also manages the ODI Fellowship Scheme, which places young economists on • Public Affairs and Communications 26 attachment to the governments of developing countries. • ODI Fellowship Scheme 28 As a registered charity, ODI is dependent on outside funds and is supported by grants and donations from public and • Finance 30 private sources. • Funders 31

ODI Council • Publications 32

Chair Baroness Jay • Meetings 36

Zeinab Badawi, Tony Baldry MP, Andrew Barnett, • Research Specialisations 37 Andrew Bennett, Hugh Bayley MP, Dominic Bruynseels, Earl Cairns, Robin Coope*, William Day, Lord Desai, Larry Elliott, Martin Griffiths, Lord Holme, Sir Richard Jolly, Tess Kingham, Sir Timothy Lankester, Prof Michael Lipton, Sir Michael McWilliam, Rupert Pennant-Rea, This Annual Report covers the period April 2002 to Avinash Persaud, Prof Amartya Sen*, Salil Shetty, March 2003 and was published in July 2003. Prof Frances Stewart, Lord Stone, Dr Diane Stone, Jonathan Taylor*, Anuradha Vittachi, Bowen Wells Overseas Development Institute, 111 Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7JD, UK * Stood down this year Telephone: +44 (0)20 7922 0300, Fax: +44 (0)20 7922 0399 Email:[email protected], Website: www.odi.org.uk

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© Overseas Development Institute 2003

Annual Report 2002/2003 Statement by the Chair

The year began with a sense of optimism about the strength of the international commitment to international development, but has ended on a more sombre note. The momentum imparted by Monterrey and by Rio, by the new round of trade talks, and by NEPAD, is threatened by dissension over Iraq and the possibility that large, rich countries will become more assertively self-interested. Those of us who are committed internationalists have work to do, on two fronts.

First, we need to make the case for a world which is more equal and more socially cohesive. Poverty reduction, human security and environmental sustainability are not philanthropic extras: they are central to the well-being of rich countries as well as poor ones. If the Doha Round fails, rich countries will be among the greatest losers. If poverty continues to worsen in Africa, and conflict to spread, rich countries will inevitably be affected. If disease spreads because health infrastructure is poor, then both the health of the rich and their economic infrastructure will be at risk. Working to reduce poverty is the right thing to do because poverty is a moral and social wrong. But it also benefits us.

Second, we need to do what we can to strengthen - rebuild - international institutions. Some of this needs to be global, in particular with respect to the political and economic work of the United Nations. Some of it is more local, especially in the context of the European Union. We are entering a period in which a series of decisions will be taken about the future of Europe’s relations with developing countries, and we need to get those right. For example, will the combined impact of enlargement, economic slow-down and new security concerns mean that Europe becomes increasingly inward-looking, or focused on its ‘ring of friends’ in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean? I hope not.

ODI’s work remains highly relevant to the evolving agenda. There are now close to fifty researchers at ODI, working with dozens of collaborators and Research Associates overseas. As this year’s report shows, our programme is wide-ranging, research-rich and policy-focused. Outreach is fundamental. I have been especially pleased this year by the reach and impact of our public affairs programme – for example, the series of meetings we helped to organise on NEPAD, and our various briefings at the time of the crisis in Iraq. We need to take on more projects like these.

We completed a strategic review of ODI’s work this year, with an unusual level of involvement by the Council of ODI. We reaffirmed our Mission Statement, as Britain’s leading independent think-tank on international development and humanitarian issues. A British base does not imply a solely British remit, of course, as Simon Maxwell emphasises in his contribution overleaf. ODI is, and needs to continue being, an institute with international ambitions. We drew the strong conclusion in our strategic review that ODI’s key task must be to work with partners around the world on the main policy issues facing the developing world. That means taking on the kind of global issue referred to earlier. It also means pooling our resources at ODI, and working much more in problem-focused and cross-cutting teams. There will be challenges, we think, to the traditional way of working – and we are confident that ODI can meet them.

I’m pleased to be associated with ODI, and grateful to its staff and Council for their support. The Council has been very helpful to me in my first year. I would like especially to thank Dominic Bruynseels, who chairs our Finance and General Purposes Committee and is now the Deputy Chair of the Institute. Avinash Persaud has also been especially helpful, as Chair of our new Council Working Group on funding. A number of Council members stood down this year, and we should express our thanks to them: Robin Coope, Professor Amartya Sen, and Jonathan Taylor. I would also like to welcome new members Tony Baldry MP, Hugh Bayley MP, Andrew Bennett, and Lord Stone.

Margaret Jay

Annual Report 2002/2003 1 Director’s Review

Agricultural Research and Extension At ODI, we often work on particular problems in particular places: but (AGREN), and Rural Development we also hope that our solutions will resonate more widely. Certainly, the Forestry (RDFN) have for many years urgent questions of our day, for example about how to rebuild provided a framework for international institutions, or create a successfully inclusive world, are communication between specialists transnational in character. within their communities – a guided, but essentially open conversation. They have Achieving change is more complex when also provided structure, putting together more than one country is involved. For mailings or newsletters concentrating on example, how can coalitions be particular themes. For example, the HPN constructed across borders, across newsletter, Humanitarian Exchange, cultures, and across the boundary contains a themed section: recent topics between developed and developing have included loud versus silent societies? How can genuine partnerships emergencies, the protection of people be fostered between those with greater affected by conflict, and the food crisis in resources and more access to power, and Southern Africa. HPN is very much those with less? And how can the focused on practitioners, so the legitimacy of dialogue be strengthened at conversations it fosters link quickly to international level? change in agencies and in the field. Our growing programme of work on A further step has been to encourage how to bridge research and policy, led by and moderate very focused discussions, John Young, emphasises the importance usually electronically. The Agricultural of policy networks and policy Research and Extension Network, communities – groups of people from AGREN, has set up electronic different domains who share ideas and discussions, on globalisation and on the privatisation of extension services. ‘’Policy code-sharing’: shared Participants from 30 countries agendas and cross-guarantees of contributed to the discussion on globalisation, which focused on access to quality.’ export markets and the threat to farmers of competition from imports. The food work together. My own work this year, on crisis in Southern Africa is currently the the future of European Development subject of an electronic discussion, Cooperation, has led me to the idea of moderated by Elizabeth Cromwell in the ‘policy code-sharing’, where groups of ODI Rural Policy and Environment institutions collaborate in much the same Group. way as airlines do, with shared agendas These activities are intended to be and cross-guarantees of quality. open and participatory, though they remain ODI-led. This provides a degree Fostering networks of quality assurance, though it also raises This kind of collaboration obviously questions about ownership and involves much more than dissemination governance. Some of our activities tackle or communication, important though those questions head on. For example, six those are to an Institute which places years ago we set up the Active Learning great importance on the transformative Network for Accountability and potential of ideas. Take some examples. Performance in Humanitarian Action First, all of us are involved in personal (ALNAP) as an ODI Project. ALNAP has networks of various kinds, formal and now developed into a mature network informal, academic and otherwise. I with 51 Full Member organisations, over myself am currently President of the 300 Observer members, and funding by Development Studies Association of the 22 donor agencies. The ALNAP Steering UK and Ireland, the main professional Committee is representative of the body for academics and practitioners membership, and acts as an Executive engaged in international development. Body. Until September, Sheila Page was Other opportunities for ODI are to President of the European counterpart of work with international networks which the DSA, the European Association of are themselves Southern-owned or part- Development Institutes (EADI). We all owned. For example, we have need these kinds of professional collaborated with the African Economics associations. They introduce us to new Research Consortium, and more recently ideas and new people. They help us with with the Global Development Network, dissemination. And they help to now established as an independent represent our sector to the outside world. foundation and soon to move to New Delhi. Our research-policy programme, ‘ODI networks: a guided, but RAPID, has been helping the GDN with essentially open conversation.’ its own programme on research and policy, involving a website and a collection of more than 50 case studies of Closer to home, the main ODI how researchers can work more networks, Humanitarian Practice (HPN), effectively with policy-makers.

2 Annual Report 2002/2003 Director’sODI Publications Review

Working with partners long-term commitment that full in North... partnership-building requires. It is possible to have partnerships Some of our best Southern without networks, and this is another way partnerships are with Governments, and ODI work crosses boundaries. For find expression in the ODI Fellowship example, the Humanitarian Policy Group Scheme. The FS is forty years old this has a joint programme with Tufts year, and is celebrating winning the DTI University in the US, and has outposted Award for Capacity-Building at the 2003 one of its Research Fellows, Kate Longley, Worldaware Awards for Business. As the to work on humanitarian issues in judges observed in their citation, ‘By Nairobi. Kate’s special area of expertise is helping to grow indigenous capacity in on livelihood and livelihood the form of well-trained and experienced rehabilitation in conflict areas, development economists, the ODI particularly from an agricultural Fellowship Scheme provides an essential perspective. It is appropriate that she ingredient to many developing country should be based in the Nairobi office of governments’. Quite so. There are ICRISAT, the International Crops currently 55 Fellows posted to 20 Research Institute for the Semi-Arid countries. Tropics. Many similar partnerships can be Influencing policy found. On European development policy, ODI is not and cannot be disengaged. We we collaborate very closely with the describe ourselves as Britain’s leading European Centre for Development Policy independent think-tank on international Research, based in Maastricht, in the development and humanitarian issues, Netherlands: we no longer have a joint and so we are. That should never mean, post with ECDPM, as we have had in the however, that our focus is entirely on UK past, but certainly regard it as our partner policy. If the problems are international, of choice in this important area. ECDPM, then so are the solutions, and so are the in turn, brings a strong set of partnerships and alliances needed to find partnerships with other institutions in and promulgate them. Our commitment Europe and in ACP countries. needs to be to knowledge networks and Partnerships can be at project level. communities of practice around the This year, for example, we have world. completed an important review of results-based management, as a key tool ‘Our commitment needs to be to of public expenditure reform. The work knowledge networks and was led by John Roberts, who until March communities of practice around led our Centre on Aid and Public the world.‘ Expenditure, and is now Head of an outposted DFID unit at ODI (another partnership!) called the Economics and I hope that is evident in our work, Statistics Analysis Unit. The review reported in more detail – and in a new involved research in seven countries on format – in the following pages. We are three continents (plus a further review of able to report an extraordinary range of OECD countries) and involved 19 work this year. The Institute owes a great researchers. deal – and so do I as Director – to the commitment and inspiration of all our ...and South staff. Thanks to them all. As usual, some Are some of our partners Southern- researchers left this year and some based? Of course. We have project or joined. We say goodbye as Research programme relationships with many Fellows to San Bilal, Roger Blench, Karim Southern institutions, often over a long Hussein, Peter Newborne, Andy Norton, period of time and over a series of and Gill Shepherd; and as Research projects. For example, the Chronic Officers to Craig Johnson, Felix Naschold, Poverty Research Centre, which ODI and Dan Start. We welcome new RFs – leads, jointly with the Institute of Ian Gillson, Paul Harvey, John Mitchell Development Policy Management in (as Coordinator of ALNAP), and Steve Manchester, builds on long-established Wiggins; and new ROs – Ed Andersen, collaborations with partner institutions Dirk Bezemer, Julius Court, Zaza Curran, in South Africa, Bangladesh, India, and Sonia Fagernas, Adele Harmer, Nambusi Uganda. Our work on capacity-building Kyegombe, Cokro Leksmono, Cecilia for trade, the African Trade and Poverty Luttrell, Dorothea Meyer, Rachel Slater, Programme, similarly builds on and Tim Williamson. partnerships with collaborators from the Finally, a special thank-you to the South, in this case in South Africa. Council, under its new Chair, Baroness We do need to recognise, however, that Margaret Jay. She has helped us complete institutional partnerships, beyond the a strategic review this year. project level, take time to build and cost money, for both partners. It is not easy to find donors who will underwrite the Simon Maxwell

Annual Report 2002/2003 3 Humanitarian Policy

performance might be monitored (see The Humanitarian Policy Group is one of the world’s largest teams of Policy Brief, page 6). HPG contributed to policy researchers and information professionals working on the UK’s National Audit Office’s humanitarian policy issues. It combines a capacity for independent and investigation into the UK responses to critical research with a valued ability to act as a neutral forum for international emergencies and to debate and information exchange around key issues of concern to evaluations of DFID’s Institutional humanitarian policy makers and practitioners. The work of the Strategy Papers. Humanitarian Policy Group centres around three key themes: • The evolving architecture of humanitarian action Monitoring Trends • Maximising the impact of humanitarian response in chronic crises • The interface between humanitarian • Laws, Principles and the Responsibility to Protect and political responses to complex political emergencies was examined in These themes are reflected in the Group’s research and commissioned HPG’s first report on key trends in work, and in the material published by the Humanitarian Practice humanitarian policy. Integrated Network. approaches to humanitarian response are now being widely adopted, and HPG has worked with the Centre for The evolving architecture of Humanitarian Dialogue to evaluate their humanitarian response significance.

Bilateralisation of humanitarian aid • The impact of changes in the geopoliti- • Official donors are becoming cal environment on Afghanistan have increasingly involved in humanitarian been analysed by HPG. The new political decision-making and operations. ODI context has seen a redefinition of the has been working with the governments architecture of international engage- of the Netherlands and Sweden to ment, but the extent to which this reflects convene an international working radical changes in either humanitarian meeting between donors and their key need or programmatic responses operational partners to agree and codify remains much less clear. the principles that should inform official donor policy and practice in the Maximising the impact of humanitarian arena, and to establish humanitarian response in chronic mechanisms by which donor crises

Understanding the political economy of war: a livelihoods approach • How have communities adapted their ways of life and means of securing an adequate income under the combined pressures of violence and structural changes in economic, social and political relations? In studies from Afghanistan, Senegal, Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, HPG researchers have adapted established development methodologies to provide insights into these complex environments, with implications for ways in which international actors might adapt their responses to enhance effectiveness.

• Review of the evidence of links between transnational corporations and conflict, and mechanisms for regulating their conduct (Philippe Le Billion, a Fifty-eight-year-old Namukolo Siyuni heads a household of 10 orphan children Research Associate). © Marko Kokic/International Federation of the Red Cross

Humanitarian Policy Group

Joanna Macrae Group Coordinator Charles-Antoine Hofmann Research Officer James Darcy Research Fellow Lin Cotterrell HPG Group Administrator Paul Harvey Research Fellow Matthew Foley HPG Publications Coordinator Catherine Longley Research Fellow Julie Bygraves HPG Project Administrator Frances Stevenson HPN Coordinator Alison Prescott Project Administrator, HPN and Disasters Adele Harmer Research Officer Siobhan Thomas* HPG Website Development Officer * Left during the year

4 Annual Report 2002/2003 Humanitarian Policy

Disasters: the journal of disaster studies, policy and management

Disasters continues to thrive. Its subscription base has increased, and web- based usage has also risen significantly. In addition to continuing to attract a wide range of manuscripts across discipli- nary divides, in December 2002, a special issue was published focusing on the role of seeds in livelihoods rehabilitation. This was co-edited by Catherine Longley and Louise Iraqi Kurdistan, April 1991: in a few days, 55,000 Kurds headed for Turkey Sperling. Professor David Alexander © Médecins sans Frontières joined the Editorial Team in 2002, bringing with him an outstanding international reputation in the field of Humanitarian Practice Network (HPN) natural disasters. HPN provides a unique platform for policy-makers, practitioners at headquarters, management and field Law, principles and the levels and others working in or on the humanitarian responsibility to protect sector to share and disseminate information, analy- sis and experience. HPN produces a range of specialist Defining and measuring information resources which include a newsletter, humanitarian needs longer papers and state of the art reviews, targeted • Impartiality is a key principle at relief practitioners and programme managers. It underpinning humanitarian action - also maintains a comprehensive website (with an assistance is provided on the basis of average of 45,000 hits per month) and hosts a semi- need alone, not according to religious, nar series. political, ethnic or other criteria. But in HPN has a membership of over 2,000 people, the absence of a rigorous and working for over 400 organisations and located in internationally-accepted definition of about 80 countries. Over the past year, the network humanitarian need, it is difficult to prove has continued to keep its members informed of the that this principle takes precedence over wide range of issues confronting the sector, ranging from civil-military relations, to political priorities or media visibility. supporting livelihoods in chronic emergencies, to issues of international humanitarian HPG has been contributing to the law and trends in official donor policy. It has also contributed to real-time discussions Humanitarian Financing Initiative, an with special features and meetings on the Southern Africa drought and humanitarian inter-agency effort to enhance the equity policy in Iraq. and impartiality of official humanitarian HPN’s range of products, and its ability to target practitioners and programme man- assistance. agers make it a unique and highly valued resource within the sector. In 2002/03, HPN received a special grant to review best practice in the field of post-conflict housing Rights-based humanitarianism reconstruction, which will be published in mid-2003. • Over the past decade there has been growing interest in applying rights-based approaches to humanitarian action, but there is little consensus between humanitarian organisations about what this means in theory and practice. ODI has critically reviewed the state of the art of ‘rights-based humanitarianism’, and set out an agenda for its further www.odihpn.org development.

Humanitarian Protection: a state of the art review • Differing concepts and approaches to humanitarian protection, have been examined, mapping the state of the art in both theory and practice in this crucial but under-researched field.

Annual Report 2002/2003 5 Humanitarian Policy

Redefining the official humanitarian Policy brief aid agenda

Joanna Macrae, Adele Harmer, James Darcy and Charles-Antoine Hofmann

Every year, approximately $6 billion is • Increased earmarking of Humanitarian principles spent by OECD countries on emergency contributions Humanity is the core principle of humani- relief (see graph below). This money is a • An increasing role for donors in the tarian action: people have a right to vital support to some of the poorest coordination of humanitarian action receive assistance and to offer it. This is a people in the world – but the way it is • Tougher contractual and managerial fundamental human principle which spent is changing and there are growing regimes to manage donor-agency should be enjoyed by all citizens of all concerns about politicisation of official partnerships 1 countries. humanitarian aid (OHG). ODI research • Increased donor presence at field Impartiality is a reflection of humanity. has tracked those changes. We propose a level. Humanitarian assistance is given regard- new ‘deal’ and a new set of principles to • Increased use of non-conventional less of the race, creed or nationality of protect the essential purpose of humanitarian organisations to deliver the recipients, and without adverse dis- humanitarian aid. assistance, including the military and tinction of any kind. Decisions regarding Humanitarian aid needs to be private contractors. the allocation of assistance should be impartial and neutral (see Box). These changes reflect donors’ legitimate made proportionate to need and not ac- Humanitarian donors need to be demands to enhance the performance cording to any other factor. accountable. But while there has been and accountability of their operational Neutrality means not taking sides in much talk of an ‘accountability partners. But these moves have also hostilities or engaging at any time in con- revolution’ in the sphere of international coincided with a period when many troversies of a religious, political, racial or humanitarian action over the last decade, donor governments have been ideological nature. It is through adherence the behaviour of official donors in the developing much more interventionist to this principle that agencies can gain humanitarian arena has attracted little approaches to the management of access to affected populations. scrutiny. conflict, and seeking ways of linking their Independence means that agencies As it happens, donors have become assistance programmes with a wider endeavour not to act as instruments of much more involved in humanitarian effort to enhance international peace and foreign policy. decision-making and operations. They security. Humanitarian principles may be have become much less willing to at risk. delegate full responsibility to UN, Red Some commentators have begun to distributed in proportion to need. Cross and NGOs actors for defining need question donor motives. Is this simply, as Current allocations of humanitarian aid and planning responses. This most donors argue, a means of enhancing tend not to be allocated impartially, but phenomenon of ‘bilateralisation’ of the effectiveness of humanitarian action? rather to be highly concentrated on the humanitarian response includes a Or does it mark a gradual encroachment visible emergencies in which Western number of elements: on the political independence of donors are playing a prominent military • An apparent shift away from humanitarian action, with operational and political role. So, for example, supporting multilateral institutions agencies becoming little more than the between 1996 and 1999, the top five executing wings of recipients of bilateral humanitarian aid donor governments? were all political hotspots: Bosnia, Serbia Official humanitarian aid (inc. spending on refugee Research by the and Montenegro, the former Yugoslavia aid in-country) 1990–2000 Humanitarian (unspecified), Iraq and Israel, which Policy Group at ODI together accounted for £2,725 million. 7000 concludes that while The next five, Rwanda, Sudan, donors have a Afghanistan, Angola and Indonesia – 6000 legitimate and received $1,388 million combined. These 5000 important role to allocations cannot be explained in terms 4000 play in managing of the relative need of the populations. international Second, the way in which 3000 humanitarian humanitarian aid spending is reported 2000 assistance, there are remains very opaque, and it is extremely important problems difficult to track where funds are being 1000 in the way that they disbursed, and the different channels for 0 are currently doing disbursement (UN, NGO etc). It is also so. very difficult to measure quickly and 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 First, the trend accurately the precise size of the towards bilateral emergency aid pot, since many donors ODA spent on refugees in DAC donor countries 1992–2000 in US$m decision-making continue to report spending on refugees Humanitarian assistance (1999 prices) 1990–2000 in US$m militates against living in their own countries as part of Source: OECD/DAC data ensuring that their official development assistance. humanitarian aid More generally, the mechanisms by resources are which donors are held to account

6 Annual Report 2002/2003 Humanitarian Policy

Active Learning Network There are important and real for Accountability and opportunities for realising this agenda. Performance (ALNAP) In particular, in parallel with its work ALNAP aims to improve the on ‘bilateralisation’, HPG has been quality and accountability of undertaking a study commissioned by humanitarian assistance programmes by an international group of donors and providing a forum for the identification agencies called the Humanitarian and dissemination of good practice, and Financing Work Programme.2 As part of the building of consensus on common this initiative, HPG has led an approaches. The Network is hosted by international team that has sought to ODI and currently consists of 51 Full investigate the process by which needs Member organisations in the are defined and measured, and the role humanitarian sector (who fund ALNAP) A displaced Roma family © Miroslav Petrovic/IFRC of needs assessment in informing and over 350 Observer Members. Policy donor decisions regarding resource is determined by an eight member through international mechanisms, such allocations. Steering Committee. as the Development Assistance The findings of the study coincide • ALNAP Annual Review 2002–03. Committee, and through other with that in the bilateralisation study, in Improving monitoring to enhance mechanisms such as parliamentary that both highlight the fact that donor accountability and learning: This review, evaluation and results-based behaviour cannot be understood in comprehensive and objective management systems remain very weak. isolation. Rather, what needs to be assessment of the performance of the Third, the new management understood are the relationships humanitarian sector is based on the frameworks that donors have introduced between donors and their operational evaluations of humanitarian action to manage their relationships with their partners. Specifically, the study finds carried out by the sector in the operational partners do not necessarily that agencies themselves often fail to preceding year. All reports are kept in a contribute to enhanced performance, but undertake robust assessment of needs, database which is growing steadily (up may serve to diminish the independence but tend instead to tailor their by 25% last year) and now contains of humanitarian action. In particular, as assessments to the process of raising 449 evaluative reports. The Annual donors take an increasing role in defining funds for their programmes. There Review has a high standing in the sector who needs what, how need should be need to be more consistent approaches and is widely used by teachers and met, and what outputs should be to the definition of need, in terms of key practitioners. measured, so it will be important to indicators of health, well-being and • ALNAP Website. Traffic to analyse the factors driving donors’ security, and these need to serve as www.alnap.org has doubled – the analysis and ensuring that space is more systematic triggers for response Annual Review Series and ALNAP preserved for independent analysis and by donors and operational agencies training modules have consistently been response. alike. More broadly, HPG’s work the most popular on the site. Overarching these concerns is the fact suggests that these agencies need to • Biannual Meetings. These give key that donors and agencies alike often lack develop a more critical and open players in the humanitarian sector the a clear statement of the purpose of their relationship with their donors, not chance to come together to share humanitarian aid programmes. The simply to comply passively with what experiences and input in the ALNAP objectives of humanitarian assistance they think donors want. In other words, work plan. The October 2002 meeting have continued to broaden over the past to build a relationship based on trust was hosted by the Disasters Mitigation decade. While saving lives remains at the and genuine partnership. Institute in New Delhi. core of the humanitarian agenda, in The agenda is both modest and • A Learning Support Office has now recent years there has been a steady significant. It is modest in that it is completed a six month trial in Malawi effort to incorporate developmental and concerned with a relatively tiny and the Global Study on Beneficiary conflict reduction objectives into proportion of global wealth, which is Consultation and Participation will humanitarian policy. While these seeking to counter the effects of much publish its findings from Sri Lanka, objectives can be complementary, they more powerful military, political and Columbia, Afghanistan and Eastern also often conflict. economic interests in disaster-affected DRC. A Practitioners Handbook and an Thus, as donors assert their role more countries. It is significant in that Overview Book will also be published. strongly, it will be important to ensure defining the purpose of such funds, the • ALNAP is currently working on two that the purpose of this engagement is way in which they are managed, and Guidance Booklets for Humanitarian clear; to understand its operational the basis on which they are allocated Personnel. The first is aimed at implications; and to identify how donors says much about the relationship evaluators and will give guidance on the and their operational partners can reach between the most powerful nations and evaluation of humanitarian action. The consensus on what constitutes good some of the most marginalised people second aims to give guidance to field practice in official humanitarian on the planet. workers on the practice of protection in donorship. HPG has therefore identified humanitarian action. ALNAP is also three principles which might govern 1. J. Macrae et al (2002) ‘Uncertain Power: currently updating its training modules. official humanitarian donorship: the changing role of official donors in humanitarian action’ HPG Report 12, ALNAP Staff • Active respect for international Overseas Development Institute, London. humanitarian law and principles 2. James Darcy, C Hofmann (2003) ‘According John Mitchell Coordinator • Commitment to needs-based to Need?: needs assessment and decision- Kate Robertson* Deputy Coordinator making in the humanitarian sector’, HPG approaches to resource allocation Report 14, Overseas Development Institute, Sera Orzel Network Officer • Ensure adequate, flexible and London. John Lakeman Database & Website Manager predictable funding Colin Hadkiss Administrative Support Officer * Left during the year

Annual Report 2002/2003 7 Poverty and Public Policy

The challenges of development and poverty reduction span ‘upstream’ intended to focus policy-making and budgets on the needs of the poor, and to issues (what are the factors that weaken states and reduce the impact of make governments primarily aid?) and ‘downstream’ issues of market failure and social exclusion – accountable to citizens for the effective those that strike directly at the lives and livelihoods of poor people. use of aid. But the explicitly political Increasingly, the work of PPPG spans both poles of this continuum. We aspect of this new aid modality has been continue to have a big investment in the politics of pro-poor change at largely hidden. An ODI team has been country level, PRSP processes, public management reforms and new researching how national political modalities of development assistance. But we are also concerned with systems and political cultures have problems of conflict, injustice and extreme or chronic poverty that are shaped poverty reduction strategy liable to be bypassed by too narrow a focus on improving national policy papers, and how devising and then processes and aid. A big challenge is to arrive at policy formulas and ways implementing a PRSP has in turn of working that are capable of reconciling these concerns under different influenced political change. Studies in country conditions. Bolivia, Georgia, Uganda and Vietnam suggest that the effects, while subtle and often precarious, may nonetheless be Pro-poor politics? significant (Alison Evans, Laure-Hélène Piron, Erin Coyle, David Booth and Tim • Donors increasingly recognise that Conway). pro-poor policy change is highly political. Yet understanding of the fundamental Supporting PRSP processes in values and interests of national policy- Africa and Asia makers is often limited. An ODI-led team of researchers has examined pro-poor PSIA reforms in Cambodia and Vietnam, • Policy reforms supported by IMF and concentrating upon policy change in the World Bank loans have frequently been land, forestry and health sectors, and criticised for neglecting social impacts. how donors might be able to apply these Changed thinking in Washington has led insights in practice (Tim Conway and to the routine adoption of Poverty and Cecilia Luttrell, FPEG). Social Impact Analysis (PSIA), and DFID has been funding ‘demonstration’ PSIAs • Under what conditions can states be in 7 countries. The Uganda exercise was made more responsive to the needs of the led by ODI (David Booth), and the PRSP poor? Studies in Uganda and Ghana Monitoring and Synthesis Project emphasise the significance of strategic organised a seminar series at DFID to political decisions at various stages; the draw together lessons. Using existing importance of sequencing in democratic data, the impact of specific policy decentralisation; and different ways of changes on the poor can rapidly be linking local and sector planning (Joy assessed and necessary compensatory Moncrieffe and David Booth). measures identified. Governments are seeing the relevance of PSIA, and • When donors recognise the role of engagement with other stakeholders politics in pro-poor change, questions yields extra insights (Alison Evans, Erin arise about whether and how positive Coyle, Karin Christiansen and Zaza changes can be supported. An evaluation Curran). of DFID’s Political Empowerment Programme in Kenya concluded that Monitoring implementation where donors set up a basket fund to • As Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers Theme issue: Are PRSPs Making a support civic education nation-wide, (PRSPs) become central to the poverty- Difference? The African Experience. major difficulties can be avoided (Laure- focused conditionality of the World Bank Edited by David Booth Hélène Piron). and IMF, there is an urgent need for national monitoring of their • Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers implementation and impact. PPPG staff (PRSPs) are inherently political – have worked on this in Pakistan, Ghana,

Poverty and Public Policy Group

David Booth Group Coordinator Michael Warner Research Fellow Felix Naschold* Research Officer Kate Bird Research Fellow Caroline Moser Senior Research Associate Tim Williamson Research Officer Tim Conway Research Fellow Edward Anderson Research Officer Alison Evans Research Associate Andy McKay Research Fellow Karin Christiansen Research Officer Jane Northey Group Administrator Andy Norton* Research Fellow Erin Coyle Research Officer Jon Fowler* Project Administrator Laure-Hélène Piron Research Fellow Zaza Curran Research Officer Chris Taylor Project Administrator John Roberts Research Fellow Nambusi Kyegombe Research Officer Andrew Shepherd Research Fellow Joy Moncrieffe Research Officer * Left during the year

8 Annual Report 2002/2003 Poverty and Public Policy

Kenya and Rwanda, and facilitated a • In Africa, ODI staff regional workshop for DFID social contributed to the development and statistics advisers. monitoring and evaluation sections of the Ghana • An ODI team worked with government Poverty Reduction Strategy, officials to draw up a monitoring and worked on a framework for evaluation framework for the Pakistan Kenya, and facilitated PRSP, integrating existing and proposed strategic poverty planning in information systems (Andy McKay, Felix Rwanda (Andrew Shepherd, Naschold and Tim Conway). Another Kate Bird, Nambusi group provided technical support to the Kyegombe, Andy McKay, final stages of Pakistan’s national David Booth , Karin Participatory Poverty Assessment (David Christiansen, Alison Evans Booth and Karin Christiansen). and Erin Coyle). Kisoro District, near the DRC border, SW Uganda (Kate Bird)

Policy brief Budgets not projects: a new way of doing business for aid donors David Booth

Development assistance is changing fast. other ways donor country programmes Around half of all aid to some countries can be aligned with PRSPs, supporters of GBS in Uganda now takes the form of un-earmarked GBS maintain that it is the best choice contributions to the national budget. whenever circumstances permit. •55% of aid takes this form, with some Both projects and sector programmes are A team from ODI and Oxford Policy residual earmarking. becoming less important in terms of Management has been examining GBS in GBS donors participate actively in sector funding flows, and the total number of Uganda, Mozambique and Andhra • working groups and other fora. projects is far less than in the past. The Pradesh, India. change reflects a strong trend in thinking At a first level of change, GBS is •Health planners claim big increases in about the costs and benefits of different supposed to empower government in efficiency and outputs as a result of the forms of aid. relation to donors, while reducing redirection of project funds into the As well as displacing projects and transaction costs and improving the budget. sector support, the current wave of predictability of funding flows. At a •Political issues are still interfering with general budget support (GBS) is different second level, GBS is believed to improve the reliability of funding. in purpose from previous forms of the capabilities of the state (by using and ‘programme aid’. In the forms of food aid, focusing remedial attention on national balance-of-payments support and direct systems) and to strengthen processes of A search for applicable analytical budgetary assistance, programme aid has democratic accountability (e.g. by models found these not in the theory of been important at various times in the enabling more effective parliamentary contracts (as in the cases of past. But it was generally used to bridge scrutiny). A further hypothesis is that conditionality and partnership) but in the specific financial gaps or to bolster these changes will lead in due course to theory of firms or clubs. In the governments’ commitments to policy improved government performance and terminology of Albert Hirschman, GBS reforms agreed with the IMF or World hence economic growth and better agreements should be conceptualised as Bank. Today, in contrast, GBS is meant to outcomes for poor people. a multi-stakeholder ‘club’, where rebuild countries’ capacities to decide Initial testing suggested that, while membership entails interconnected and implement policies for themselves. plausible, the critical linkages are not rights and obligations governing ‘exit’, This follows a long period in which this automatic but call for supporting changes ‘voice’ and ‘loyalty’. capacity has been weakened by a that are only likely to arise from national There are practical implications. There combination of bad political leadership, political processes. Greater predictability need to be arrangements for consultation intrusive yet ineffective conditionality, of donors emerged as important but that allow donors influence (voice) and the building of parallel structures by problematic under current conditions. commensurate with their commitment to project funders. The most important findings, however, a relatively open-ended policy agenda. In GBS is the aid counterpart of the were about the limited degree to which return for voice, some limitations on exit Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, the stakeholders have internalised the – on the speed or timing of any initiative of the World Bank and rationale of ‘new’ GBS. Among donors withdrawal of funding – must be in place. International Monetary Fund designed to other than DFID, there was a tendency to Not least important, participants should nudge borrowing countries into setting alternate between an old-fashioned faith make a good prior assessment of the their own development agendas. Its in conditionality and a rather rootless costs, benefits and risks of the purpose is to support countries in rhetoric about partnership. There is an arrangement, including all the relevant implementing their PRSPs, and to do so urgent need to clarify the ‘rules of the political factors. in the framework of a medium or long- game’ governing the new GBS term partnership. Although there are agreements.

Annual Report 2002/2003 9 Poverty and Public Policy

commissioned ODI to provide a succinct Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure (CAPE) summary of how the MDGs came into In the fourth and final year of the DFID-financed programme that has sustained it since existence, progress made to date, and the 1999, CAPE focused on the efficiency and effectiveness of public expenditure in poor potential strengths and weaknesses of countries in promoting poverty reduction. Public expenditure management is becoming a DFID’s use of the MDGs (Tim Conway centre-stage concern in development cooperation. and Karin Christiansen). • How efficient has public expenditure on education and health been in promoting advance • Understanding changes in donor towards the MDG targets? Over the past 30/40 years primary education enrolment rates policy helps national stakeholders and have significantly increased, and child mortality rates have dramatically fallen, but public other agencies to engage more effectively expenditure has often not contributed significantly to these gains. Sector-wide approaches in international debates. ODI has written to development in education and health have begun to tackle inefficiencies in expenditure an analytical account of how UK management and to focus attention on achieving priority, poverty-reducing, results, but development cooperation policy has there is still far to go (John Roberts). changed since 1997, addressing not only •The centrepiece of CAPE’s output in 2002–03 was case studies on the intellectual rationale but also the the practice of results-oriented expenditure management in seven political influences shaping it (Tim poor countries with PRSPs.* One of these, on Uganda, was carried Conway and Karin Christiansen). out by Tim Williamson in CAPE. The others were conducted by associate researchers. • Donors are increasingly recognising • Contrary to initial expectation, the ODI research found that poor the country level as crucial in the countries are attempting to bring a results focus to their public formation of partnership-based expenditure programmes, with success in some countries, some of it development policy. ODI contributed to stimulated by donors’ sector-wide approach to aid and local a review of Sida country strategy decentralisation. Standards of performance monitoring and evaluation development in Laos and Vietnam, remain low – though improving. concluding that medium-term steering documents have often exercised only • The PRSP process, focused on higher level targets for poverty reduction, is now proving limited influence on Swedish to be a valuable new stimulus to improve the results and impact of existing public development cooperation activities (Tim expenditure programmes. Conway). • In Uganda, we assisted in developing systems for improving local government delivery of key services by providing incentive frameworks whilst providing greater autonomy in • As donor agencies adopt a ‘rights- decision making (Tim Williamson). based approach to development’, there is * Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Ghana, Mali, Tanzania and Uganda still a lack of consensus about what the approach consists of. ODI work also suggests a gap between human rights and Public management reforms Towards a new architecture of development actors, and scepticism on aid? the part of Southern governments (Laure- • Medium Term Expenditure Hélène Piron). Frameworks (MTEFs) are critical parts of • Africa’s development crisis has been the new ‘comprehensive’ approach to high on the international development Conflict and injustice international development, to help agenda for at least twenty years. In 2002/ countries implement effective poverty 3, it was also high on the international • Countries in Africa affected by conflict reduction strategies. ODI studies in eight political agenda – thanks to the NEPAD can develop sound poverty strategies. But African countries and Albania have found initiative taken by African leaders, and they face major challenges – the lack of that while weaknesses in public the strong support for NEPAD from the credible political authority; a minimally expenditure management can still be an G8 at the Kananaskis Summit. The new functioning government, and a political obstacle to achieving poverty reduction, Africa ‘project’ has many constituent climate making public participation channelling aid through MTEF-based elements – trade, debt relief, conflict impossible. Donors should ensure that budgets does appear to have positive resolution, aid – bound together by a new strategies for peace and emergency relief results (Alison Evans). commitment to partnership. But there are coordinated with poverty reduction are risks. G8 countries need to stay strategies (Alison Evans and Erin Coyle). • Results-based management (RBM) engaged, even with the difficult underpins current conventional wisdom countries; and need to beware of ‘picking • The Rwandan government is trying on poverty reduction. But, if poorly winners’. Further, they need to strengthen genocide suspects through a implemented, RBM can cause serious the mechanisms which make them participatory process (‘gacacas’) while distortions, create perverse incentives, accountable to African partners, perhaps also planning to reform the and undermine trust. Effective RBM by means of jointly-owned peer review administration of justice to strengthen its draws on models of learning (Simon Maxwell and Karin Christiansen). professionalism and independence. organisations and ‘double-loop learning’, Donors could help the government to emphasises local adaptation and • The Millennium Development Goals prioritise, cost and sequence long-term ownership, incorporates a qualitative (MDGs) provide an internationally- reforms and improve key relationships by dimension, rewards genuine value- agreed set of long-term targets to focus moving towards a ‘sector-wide’ approach added, avoids rewarding success at the the policies of poor governments and (Laure-Hélène Piron). expense of genuine need, and institutes donors. Amongst bilaterals, DFID has new forms of accountability (Simon been notable in explicitly making the Exclusion and inclusion Maxwell). MDGs the basis of their strategic objectives and management systems. The • Global factors, including trade International Development Select liberalisation and foreign direct Committee, which provides investment, are seen as drivers of Parliamentary oversight of DFID’s work, increased inequality within countries.

10 Annual Report 2002/2003 Poverty and Public Policy

Ongoing work suggests that greater exposure to external influences does not necessarily increase inequality but often does, with important implications for policy (Ed Anderson and Andy McKay).

• Reducing rural poverty is no easy task – especially in Central America, where most of the poor still live in rural areas, and depend significantly on agriculture. As traditional commodity prices have fallen, not least for coffee, agriculture is no longer an engine of growth. Emigration has been one response – though remittances to the region have An orphan-headed household in Kamuli District, SW Uganda caused currencies to appreciate and put (Kate Bird) more pressure on productive sectors. While better-connected areas are recovering, poorly connected areas may need more social protection (Simon Maxwell and Michael Richards, research associate).

• In Cambodia, user fees have encouraged the poor to use inexpensive clinic services, rather than more expensive hospital services. Hospital staff need a system for identifying the poor for fee exemptions, which need to be financed. ODI reviewed findings from pilot schemes and made proposals for future developments in pro-poor health financing (Tim Conway). A young tribal girl, SW Madhya Pradesh, India (Kate Bird)

The chronically poor focuses of poverty reduction policies, and a consequence of chronic poverty in rural the existing opportunity-based post- Uganda, but fall outside development • There are between 389 and 727 million Washington consensus needs to be programming (Kate Bird). chronically poor people in 32 developing reappraised. Social protection measures countries. Many are structurally excluded are powerful instruments for interrupting • Village level government officials in from economic growth. Reasons for chronic poverty as well as preventing some parts of tribal Madhya Pradesh, exclusion can be socio-cultural, political transient poverty, but are generally India, divert the bulk of disability and or related to the nature of economic neglected (Andrew Shepherd). pension payments for their own use, growth and a country’s insertion into the using the balance to reinforce patron- global economy (Andrew Shepherd). • In Uganda HIV/AIDS has had a major client relationships with local impact on socio-economic mobility. communities. Despite ‘better’ gender • Both nationally and internationally, Through economic growth, a proportion equity than mainstream Hindu society in redistributive policies and effective social of households severely affected by HIV/ Northern India, domestic violence is protection are required to address AIDS in the late 1980s and early 1990s used against young wives in tribal chronic poverty. Very low asset have ‘progressed’. Household structure communities in SW Madhya Pradesh to ownership is as important an indicator as and intra-household relations, and the encourage hard(er) work and conformity low income. Measuring and capabilities and freedoms derived from (Kate Bird). redistributing key poverty-reducing these, have been more important in assets are becoming increasingly critical susceptibility to long term poverty than • Quantitative evidence from Uganda structural socio-economic during the 1990s shows that though total factors (Andrew Shepherd). poverty has fallen sharply, many have remained in persistent poverty and • In rural Uganda, access to others have fallen into poverty. health services by the Inadequate levels of assets are key factors chronically poor is behind this. Similar results are obtained constrained by distance and in urban Ethiopia which has experienced cost. Despite the country’s high levels of chronic poverty in recent good record in responding to years (Andy McKay). HIV/AIDS, AIDS-affected households in low-infection rate (rural) areas are given little or no counselling, palliative care or other support. Psycho-social An unmarried elderly woman – taunted by fellow villagers for being problems, including alcohol ‘different’. Tribal SW Madhya Pradesh, India (Kate Bird) abuse, are both a cause and

Annual Report 2002/2003 11 Poverty and Public Policy

Policy brief The business of poverty Michael Warner

How can the corporate sector play a more operations or source supplies. The new International standards are needed to effective part in tackling poverty? Can we approach (see Figure) recognises that: help businesses contribute to the assume that encouraging the corporate • business units with a local presence reduction of poverty and, more generally, sector to invest in low-income regions are a source of assets, resources, optimise the value added by the business results in greater access to employment capabilities and competencies that to society’s social and economic for the poor and greater tax revenues may be substantially underutilised; developmental objectives. directed towards social programmes? Is it and There is a further reason for companies practicable to position the corporate • though these core business to begin to think about their sector as an agent in the delivery of the competencies may sometimes be ‘development’ performance both in international Millennium Development effectively deployed alone, significant financial terms and in terms of core Goals and the poverty reduction leverage can be obtained by pooling business competencies. This is the strategies of national governments? these in partnership with the increasing evidence of the business Conversely, are we right to believe that competencies of other organisations opportunities associated with such progress towards poverty reduction (government authorities, behaviour. Examples include: 25% capital reinforces economic and political international development agencies expenditure savings by aligning stability, helps markets to grow, and and civil society organisations), and operational infrastructure with provides a platform for private sector in this way more closely align government sector plans;1 400% resource development? strategic business objectives (such as leverage from governments and NGOs in short-term reputation assurance and providing combined employee and The new business frontier long-term growth) with the strategic community health care;2 improvements In many of the poorest countries and development objectives of society in supplier reliability by providing regions of the world there remain (such as the Millennium working capital and management persistent challenges to realising the true Development Goals, national poverty support to local businesses; and long- value of corporate sector investment. The reduction strategies, regional term business growth based in part on main challenges are listed in the box development plans and community ensuring a positive economic and social ‘Partnerships for development’. There is livelihood priorities). legacy in the region of operations.3 One also a wide range of adverse reason that financial benefits such as environmental and social impacts that Development performance in the these are possible, is the cost saving and companies often fail fully to mitigate, absence of regulation leverage gains to be had from deploying such as the loss of renewable natural Business opportunities often lie in ‘existing’ company assets, resources and resources, livelihood insecurity following societies facing significant social staff, as against introducing new fixed resettlement, impacts on cultural problems, from mass poverty, disease costs such as those required to improve integrity, and the management of long- and corruption, to conflict and human safety and environmental performance in term environmental risks, such as rights violations. To manage these line with regulatory requirements. groundwater pollution. problems, companies have largely looked Avinash Persaud sums up... And yet the business units and to regulatory frameworks, corporate ‘The biggest mismatch between what activities of corporations operating in policies and principles, and international SRI (socially responsible investment) developing countries have substantial codes and standards. However, this trustees say they are concerned about, potential to do good across whole ‘compliance-centred’ approach is ill- and what they actually screen for in districts and regions. New approaches suited to the poorer parts of the world, their [ethical] investments, is in the need to be ‘smart’. They must avoid where the most critical corporate area of international development’.4 disincentivising further investment or responsibility issues are often social and undermining current business economic, not safety or the environment. performance. They must optimise the In the absence of regulatory 1. Business Partners for Development (2002) Sarshatali Coal Mine – Update, Full Case-Study, returns for both business and frameworks requiring companies to London: c/o CARE International (www.bpd- development. contribute to social needs and economic naturalresources.org). The building blocks are beginning to objectives, companies and institutional 2. Business Partners for Development (2001) be put in place, through a new action investors alike have turned to Las Cristinas Gold Mining Project, Venezuela, London: c/o CARE International (www.bpd- research programme at ODI – Optimising international frameworks and naturalresources.org). the Development Performance of instruments, such as the Global 3. Business Partners for Development (2003) BP Corporate Investment. The main focus is Reporting Initiative, Global Compact, Exploration Company, Long-term Regional on the way in which the business units of and Dow Jones Sustainability Index. But Development in Casanare, London: c/o CARE multi-national corporations discharge these are seriously lacking in International (forthcoming: www.bpd- naturalresources.org). their social responsibilities and consideration of development issues 4. Avinash Persaud (2003) Sixth Gresham contribute to economic development in beyond the usual ‘safeguard measures’ of Lecture, London: Commonwealth Business the poor societies in which they market labour standards, human rights, Council. products and services, manage field corruption and stakeholder dialogue.

12 Annual Report 2002/2003 Poverty and Public Policy

A core competencies approach to optimising the development performance of corporate investment

Company’s Core Partners’ Core Competences Competences Strategic Business Objectives • Cash Government • New business investment opportunities • Borrowing capacity • Strategic co- • New products and services • Physical assets, e.g. land, ordination • Access to risk finance production technology, office • Regulatory powers • Effective distribution of tax and royalty equipment, vehicles • Expenditure budgets revenues • Financial and accounting skills • Broker • Effective social and environmental risk • Project and contract management Civil Society management skills • Higher worker productivity and staff retention • Local knowledge • Training skills • Procurement reliability and lower supplier costs • Pro-poor focus • Procurement management • Efficient capital expenditure on operational • Independence • Quality control infrastructure • Longevity of local • Management of employee presence health facilities and other employee benefits International donors • Development and management • Budget support Strategic Development Objectives of operational infrastructure • Grants International • PPP expertise (power, water, sanitation, • Millennium Development Goals • Risk finance telecommunications, • International treaties and protocols transportation, waste) • Conflict prevention • Distribution networks National • Market research and marketing Investment stimulation expertise • Good governance and efficient fiscal • Administration and legal • management expertise • Enhanced environmental and social • Environmental management compliance standards • Product R&D Provincial • Decentralisation and institutional reform • Long-term regional economic planning • Enterprise development • Access to essential infrastructure Local • Enhanced local income earning opportunities • Access to health care and education • Food security and humanitarian assistance • Dispute prevention

Partnerships for development Partnerships for sustainable development between business, government and civil society are a relatively new phenomenon. Unlike out-sourcing arrangements, or public-private partnerships, these new social partnerships seek not to shift responsibility and risk from one party to another, but to share risks, pool resources and talents and deliver mutual benefits for each party. ODI is currently working on adapting the partnership model to social performance in Extractive, Construction and Telecommunications sectors. In recognition of the complexity of brokering such multi-sectoral partnerships, ODI and the International Business Leaders Forum have launched what is believed to be the first ever professional Partnership Brokers Accreditation Scheme (PBAS). A pilot year for the scheme will run from September to December 2003 (by invitation). Accreditation will be granted to those who successfully complete a 7-day intensive residential skills training course and three months of mentored professional practice.

Annual Report 2002/2003 13 International Economic Development

negotiated agreements with the EU. They IEDG’s activities extend beyond economic analysis to include policy advice are in a weaker bargaining position than to developing countries and to the UK Department for International South Africa, Mexico, and Chile because Development, the European Commission and Parliament, the World Trade they had more market or political Organization and the Development Banks. We work closely with other leverage, and less need for an EU economists in Europe and in developing countries. Our projects range agreement. And they cannot hope for the from multi-year multi-country comparative analysis to short studies to advantages of EU membership which answer immediate policy questions. compensate the weakness of Eastern European countries. The ACP countries are further weakened by their Trade negotiations and eligibility criteria; greater flexibility; dependence on the EU for both general a targeted approach to trade-related aid and assistance in trade negotiations • Zambia, like other southern and technical assistance; and, more (Sheila Page). eastern African countries, finds itself in a coherence of special and differential number of negotiations, more than one at treatment issues at the global and • Trade facilitation encompasses areas regional level, with the US and EU, and national levels (Ian Gillson). ranging from government regulations multilateral. And at the same time, it is and controls, business efficiency, rethinking its own trade advantages. This Trade with the European Union transportation, information and requires clear national priorities and an • The EU has asked its associated communication technologies and the awareness of the different negotiations African, Caribbean and Pacific countries financial sector. An ODI analysis for and their interaction in achieving these to negotiate with it ‘Economic UNECE examined its income distribution (Sheila Page). Partnership Agreements’, combining aid effects through its impact on with free trade. Helping ACP countries international trade, economic growth and • In helping to set the EU policy in the and regions with little negotiating government revenue, and found that Doha trade round, the UK government experience to identify priorities and to trade facilitation is an ally in the fight needs to consider how to promote both make necessary preparations can reduce against poverty. Trading more efficiently its own interests and development the imbalance in the negotiations. (San tends to increase average incomes, interests. Examination of the detail of Bilal and Sheila Page). providing more resources with which to what the negotiating countries want tackle poverty. While it may affect combined with understanding of the • The most successful alliances of income distribution, it may not do so in a poverty impact of different trade policies developing countries in multilateral systematically adverse way (Ian Gillson can assist this (Sheila Page). negotiations have been based on interest and Adrian Hewitt). groups (small islands, agricultural The impact of the WTO exporters, even sugar exporters), and Trade’s impact on poverty and • A study of the potential impacts of tariff broad regions (Africa, for example), inequality reductions under the WTO, in textiles rather than formal customs unions or • Trade and trade policy have various and clothing, pharmaceuticals and non- free trade areas. To succeed, regions may effects on the welfare and economic ferrous metals, reinforced the point that, need to concentrate on technical issues opportunities facing different groups in while trade liberalisation offers potential where they can coordinate interests society. These act both directly (e.g. if a benefits to developing countries as a (Sheila Page). trade change or policy affects the whole, some countries (and some groups employment of poor people, and within every country) will suffer • The EU and MERCOSUR (the customs therefore their income) and through adjustment costs. The research union of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and potential effects: if a trade policy changes identified, for each sector, the types of Uruguay) have strong politico-economic the type or extent of anti-poverty policies measures required to mitigate costs and interests in a bilateral agreement, to available to and implemented by to enhance potential benefits (Oliver balance each side’s other relationships, governments (or donors). Finding a Morrissey and Dirk Willem te Velde) but the negotiations are stalled. On framework within which these effects can agriculture, the approaches appear be classified and better understood • The WTO is intended to be a rules- irreconcilable. While MERCOSUR argues provides a basis for future assistance to based system, to provide the conditions that liberalisation will benefit both African countries trying to coordinate for efficient, non-distorted growth. It also exporters and importers, by increasing their domestic poverty reduction attempts to promote development, efficiency and income, the EU maintains priorities with their positions in trade through offering favourable conditions that agriculture is a sector where non- negotiations (Andrew Shepherd (PPPG) for developing countries. How these market objectives have priority (Sheila and Sheila Page). objectives are to be achieved is perhaps Page). one of the most fundamental challenges • An assessment of the Ghana Trade confronting the WTO. Recent reports • The ACP countries can learn from the Policy Project a trade policy capacity- suggest the need for objective graduation experience of other groups which have building project funded by DFID,

International Economic Development Group

Sheila Page Group Coordinator Edward Clay Senior Research Associate Ganeshan Wignaraja Research Associate Sanoussi Bilal* Research Fellow Tony Killick Senior Research Associate Jane Northey Group Administrator Ian Gillson Research Fellow Charlotte Benson Research Associate Roo Griffiths Project Administrator Adrian Hewitt Research Fellow John Healey Research Associate Tammie O’Neil Project Administrator

Oliver Morrissey Research Fellow Michael Richards Research Associate * Left in during the year Dirk Willem te Velde Research Fellow Benu Schneider Research Associate

14 Annual Report 2002/2003 International Economic Development reviewed the Quarterly Reports and made suggestions (Oliver Morrissey). Distribution of Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Protection – agricultural and agrifood products Investment

• We examined the implementation of Developed countries have low average tariffs, but high peaks in agriculture home country measures to promote foreign direct investment in the context of EU MFN (2000) the Cotonou agreement between the EU and ACP countries, and how such 360 average for HS Chapter 340 average for all agricultural products measures could have affected FDI in the 320 ACP (Dirk Willem te Velde and San Bilal). 300 280 Aid and conditionality 260 240 220 • We are examining how the provision of 200 public goods can overcome market 180 160 failures in industrial development (Dirk 140 MFN Tariff (%) MFN Tariff Willem te Velde and Oliver Morrissey). 120 100 A study of IMF approaches to the 80 • 60 ‘streamlining’ of its conditionality and 40 their implications for the policies of the 20 UK government led to preparation of case 0 studies on Kenya and Zambia (Tony 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 Killick). US MFN (2000) • An evaluation of Swiss programme aid for the Swiss State Secretariat for 360 Economic Affairs (Seco) made 340 average for HS Chapter recommendations for future programme 320 average for all agricultural products aid policies. Seco have since prepared a 300 280 new statement of policy on programme 260 based on our report, and plan a case 240 study on Tanzania (Tony Killick). 220 200 180 • An Independent Monitoring Group 160 examined relations between the 140

Government of Tanzania and the donor (%) MFN Tariff 120 100 community. This is being promoted as a 80 model that could be applied elsewhere 60 (Tony Killick). 40 20 Globalisation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 • A report to DFID on the feasibility of establishing an African Growth Resource Developing countries have fewer peaks Centre recommended a programme of support for research and policy advice on Malawi MFN (1999) growth policies to be undertaken by national African policy research institutes 360 340 (Tony Killick). 320 average for HS Chapter 300 average for all agricultural products Economic consequences of 280 disasters 260 240 220 • Major natural disasters commonly 200 have substantial short negative macro- 180

MFN Tariff (%) MFN Tariff 160 economic impacts and that the 140 reallocation of financial resources is the 120 typical response by both governments of 100 affected countries and aid agencies 80 60 (Edward Clay). 40 20 • A paper ‘Disasters, vulnerability and 0 the global economy’ was presented at the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ProVention/World Bank Conference on The Future of Disaster Risk: Building Safer Cities’ Washington, DC, December 4-6 2002 (Edward Clay).

Annual Report 2002/2003 15 International Economic Development

Policy brief Trade, investment and poverty Ian Gillson and Sheila Page

Trade and investment matter for in the new world economy. choices and trade-offs. Only one PRSP poverty reduction A study of the potential impacts of tariff (for Vietnam) makes reference to a Trade and investment are too important reductions under the WTO, in textiles Poverty and Social Impact Analysis to be left out of national development and clothing, pharmaceuticals and non- conducted on trade policy. strategies as they exert powerful effects, ferrous metals, reinforced the point that, direct and indirect on poor people and while trade liberalisation offers potential poor countries. Even if the overall effect is benefits to developing countries as a Most PRSPs tend to focus more on positive, some groups may be adversely whole, some countries (and some groups expenditure rather than economic affected, and analysis must take into within every country) will suffer growth. The trade content that does exist account the interaction between adjustment costs. The research is rarely underpinned by poverty analysis. economic flows and policy responses. identified, for each sector, the types of While some trade policy choices have The poor and the non-poor themselves measures required to mitigate costs and been considered within existing PRSPs , may adapt their behaviour to any to enhance potential benefits. ODI few developing countries go beyond a incentive or shock from trade – but as our research on trade and poverty and on the simple discussion of standard export work in Africa shows, there are real income distribution impact of investment promotion measures (Ian Gillson, Adrian differences in opportunities to participate has been designed to help national Hewitt). governments coordinate domestic Africa has experienced both the earlier poverty reduction strategies with trade non-economic globalisations (religious, and investment policies. Trade can be good for (some of) cultural) and the last two centuries’ the poor economic globalisation, with high trade Trade policy is absent in PRSPs There is evidence that openness to trade dependence and strong trade, capital, and Given the importance of trade policy, it is and investment contributes to growth, as political links to both north and east. The surprising that it has not been given well as increasing efficiency and income, links are less dense than for other regions prominence in the new development given conducive economic conditions because of the nature of its trade, and it framework of donors and national and government policies. But growth is less likely to see structural change from governments - Poverty Reduction itself does not guarantee poverty trade because its exports are still largely Strategy Papers (PRSPs). Where trade reduction. The impact on poverty in commodities. To be less globalised than policy is reflected in PRSPs , the policy depends on how the gains from trade the average puts it at a disadvantage in a line tends to mirror the simplistic liberalisation and investment are world where international regulation and language of wholesale and rapid distributed among sectors, workers, international institutions are adapting to liberalisation. Donors and governments households and government. Where more globalised countries (Sheila Page). have failed to encourage a national poverty is highly concentrated in rural debate on trade and investment policy areas , broad-based agricultural growth will have strong effects on poverty. The cases of coffee and fish in Uganda World trade by region, 2001 illustrate this point.

7000 Since the early 1990s, Uganda has grown rapidly, with a significant reduction in 6000 measured income poverty. Trade, notably coffee exports, made a major contribution 5000 to growth and poverty reduction in 1992– 97. In recent years, trade growth has been dominated by non-traditional exports 4000 (especially fish). Trade has expanded $ billions employment opportunities and contributed to increased incomes. 3000 The main benefits have accrued to households employed in agriculture in the 2000 Central and Western regions, and to urban households employed in trade and services. A significant proportion of the 1000 population, the chronic poor, have not benefited and some have become worse 0 off. The remote and insecure Northern region has not benefited (Oliver Goods imports Goods exports Services imports Services exports Morrissey).

16 Annual Report 2002/2003 International Economic Development

By opening up new production possibilities, trade contributes to the shift Exports of least-developed countries by destination, 2000 from traditional activities to modern (often from agriculture to manufacturing Manufactured exports Agricultural exports or services). Others 4% Others 16% So can investment Asia 8% Investment affects wages and employment through the types of labour which foreign firms demand. There is evidence that foreign-owned firms in Western Europe 39% developing countries tend to pay higher wages but skilled workers tend to benefit Western Europe 51% more than less-skilled workers. With the exception of investment in textiles, most Asia 38% investment in manufacturing is likely to employ labour that is relatively skilled (in terms of the local market), and would not North America 7% directly benefit the poor, although the North America 37% poor may move into existing jobs.

1990s, and then blocking an unwanted to benefit the poor will improve direct Research on Latin American countries settlement (Seattle, 1999), many are now effects. found that foreign direct investment tends promoting their own initiatives (Doha Finally, trade and investment policies to increase wage inequality there. FDI Round). To succeed they need to develop should be developed in a transparent and raised real wages of skilled workers more domestic capacity to identify and accountable manner, by national than wages of less skilled workers in Chile, coordinate objectives. But for them to be governments, with the support of donors. while it lowered real wages of skilled fully effective, the way in which the WTO National governments should be workers less than wages of less- skilled makes decisions also needs to be responsible for opening up debates on workers in Bolivia. Appropriate policies to changed: informal procedures are the trade-offs associated with different improve the distributional impact of FDI inadequate now that both its policies for different groups of people. include good quality and appropriate membership and its responsibilities have Northern governments could contribute education and training and linkage expanded. by removing the constraints to improved promotion between multinationals and trade and investment. This will include domestic firms (Dirk Willem te Velde). Both developed and developing aid investments to strengthen transport may need new policies infrastructure, health, education, and There are at least two ways to deal with regulation and also to meet adjustment Trade in services the possible negative impacts of trade costs. But it will also include removing ‘Trade policy’ and trade now go well liberalisation on the poor. The first, the market access restrictions harmful to beyond simple trade in goods. In approach assumed in analysis of trade producers in developing countries. particular, services trade is increasing that finds that it increases welfare, is to rapidly. A higher share of services than compensate those who are hurt by trade goods has always been regulated liberalisation with effective safety nets. nationally, while the reduction in barriers The second is to plan trade liberalisation to goods trade has brought more to favour sectors with a direct impact on previously regulated goods into trade. poverty, in the context of a National regulation is increasingly either comprehensive development agenda impinging upon trade or being required encompassing structural and to change to accommodate trade. New institutional change and improved conflicts have appeared between freer delivery of social services. trade and national rules. For investment, policies can increase the potential for workers and the Developing countries need to economy to benefit from investment. For participate more effectively in the workers, these include education, WTO training and industrial relations. Developing countries are increasingly Encouraging efficiency of domestic firms taking part in international negotiations. will enable them to benefit from linkages From successfully modifying the with foreign firms. Attracting investment outcomes of negotiations in the early into areas or sectors that are most likely

Annual Report 2002/2003 17 Rural Policy and Environment

Despite the rapid expansion of urbanisation, the majority of poverty is Water Policy Programme still found in rural areas. RPEG’s work spans a range of issues that affect Understanding poverty and the rural livelihoods and poverty reduction. RPEG is devoting increasing institutions of water governance… attention to the role of livelihood diversification; the results of a major • In southern Africa new institutions of research effort in South Asia are now being drawn together, and work is water management are seeking to make local-level resource development more expanding on policies for the rural non-farm economy. RPEG’s ‘pro-poor’. However, recent research programme on pro-poor tourism provides policy-relevant information for conducted with partners in Zimbabwe the development of an important rural-based enterprise. The underscores the ways in which to effect programme in water policy has expanded, encompassing new partners political and social complexities of local and new directions. RPEG also continues to devote attention to natural environments make the reality of policy resource issues in rural development. Current work includes an reform and user-driven catchment examination of the impact of decentralised watershed development management difficult (Alan Nicol). management in India, an assessment of polices for agricultural Similarly in Asia (India and Sri Lanka), biodiversity conservation in Eastern and Southern Africa, and several WPP research illustrates the complex studies related to agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa. local political and institutional environments challenging the notion of effective demand-responsive approaches Livelihood Diversification to water supply and sanitation delivery (Alan Nicol/Tom Slaymaker). At a • In rural India, agriculture-related work broader scale, incorporating effective makes much more of a contribution to pro-poor water and sanitation strategies livelihoods than recent overviews have in PRSP development and suggested, and migration has a positive implementation in sub-Saharan Africa impact. Perversely, participation in local involves a number of key stakeholders – public investment and service delivery and relationships between them – that decisions are higher in a State which has are at heart questions of pro-poor water played down formal strengthening of governance (Peter Newborne). Work in local government (Andhra Pradesh ) than both the West Bank and Gaza with the in one which has promoted it strongly Palestinian Water Authority and in the (Madhya Pradesh), raising questions Nile basin – through support to the DFID about the relevance of local government Nile Team – has addressed the linkage reform. Government poverty reduction between local level livelihoods and support could usefully be switched away broader policy development and from supply-focused approaches implementation (Alan Nicol). (including the provision of subsidised food) to demand-side measures, which …Getting the message across could include cash transfers to • Understanding the complexities of disadvantaged groups (old age rural and urban livelihoods, the links pensioners; the disabled; widows etc.) between poverty and resource who have a high propensity to spend on governance, and the way ‘demands’ are food, in a setting where government food articulated by different groups (and reserve policy has led to surpluses (John responded to by different institutions) is Farrington). beyond a single research programme. The WPP is therefore developing • The rural non-farm economy in informal partnerships with organisations developing countries contributes 40 - and groups based regionally in Asia, 60% of incomes and jobs in rural areas, Africa and Latin America and is mainly in trading and primary product increasing its focus on website Paddy preparation, Hambantota District, Sri Lanka processing while also providing goods development. Recently the WPP has (©Andy Johnstone) and services. Improved education and developed (with the British Geological infrastructure with effective microfinance Survey) a water and livelihoods website, are needed (Steve Wiggins). www.waterandlivelihoods.org, which seeks to weave together global experience and best practice on water and livelihoods sustainability. Our global

Rural Policy and Environment Group John Farrington** Group Coordinator Steve Wiggins Research Fellow Daniel Start* Research Officer Caroline Ashley Research Fellow Robert Chapman Research Officer Peter Newborne Research Associate Roger Blench* Research Fellow Sylvie Cordier Research Officer Alana Coyle Group Administrator / AgREN Elizabeth Cromwell Research Fellow Sophie Evitt Research Officer Fiona Drysdale Project Administrator John Howell Research Fellow Craig Johnson* Research Officer Leah Goldberg Project Administrator Karim Hussein* Research Fellow Dorothea Meyer Research Officer Marialivia Iotti Project Administrator Alan Nicol Research Fellow Rachel Slater Research Officer *left during the year Robert Tripp Research Fellow Tom Slaymaker Research Officer **Group Coordinator until 31 May 2003

18 Annual Report 2002/2003 Rural Policy and Environment

more aware of their political and The Agricultural Research and Extension Network ecological limitations, and more strategic (AgREN) in resolving them (John Farrington). ODI will continue to co-ordinate the Agricultural Research and Extension Network (AgREN). AgREN has approximately one thousand Supporting on-farm conservation members and publishes full-length papers and a newsletter twice a in Eastern and Southern Africa year. DFID will extend its support of the network for a further three years. In addition to its traditional concerns with the methods and • Strategies to conserve agricultural technologies of pro-poor agricultural development, AgREN will pay biodiversity by paying farmers to particular attention to the implications of three factors: globalisation, maintain at-risk animal breeds or crop the reform of public service delivery, and rural livelihood diversification. varieties have proved to be unsustainable. ODI, working with www.odi.org.uk/agren/ international and regional institutions, has evaluated alternative small-scale networking activities have included inertia, divisions between grass-roots projects in Eastern and participating in and sending teams to conservationists, economists and rural Southern Africa. See: www.sustainable- both the Johannesburg WSSD (2002) and development planners, and barriers to biodiversity.org (Elizabeth Cromwell, to the Kyoto World Water Forum (2003). entry to the tourism market. Yet since John Young). See box opposite for one of the WPP’s key tourism is one of the few growing recent dissemination events. industries in some areas, strategies for overcoming these obstacles are Tourism for pro-poor growth and important (Caroline Ashley). poverty reduction Local government reform and the • Working with leading South African management of NR in India tourism operators, this project aims to explore, facilitate and document the • In India, the decentralisation of implementation of pro-poor strategies at natural resource management has not six ‘pilot sites’. By focusing on six significantly increased access by the rural mainstream industry players – including poor. Programmes have been valued for Southern Sun’s InterContinental Hotel in generating wage labour for the rural poor, Sandton (Johannesburg) and Sun City, and the opportunity for rural élites to buy South Africa’s biggest resort – the aim is property and dispense patronage. On the to move pro-poor tourism out of its plus side, more strategic local political ‘niche’ status to demonstrate its mobilisation is now possible. Supporting on-farm conservation, Ethiopia (Tamiru relevance across the industry, and to Decentralised natural resource Mulualem, Ethio-Organic Seed Action) disseminate lessons to the wider tourism management programmes need to be industry in Southern Africa (Caroline Ashley and Mboza Tourism Projects). Secure Water Evaluating opportunities and obstacles • Building up to the Third World Water Forum in Kyoto, Japan, in early 2003, ODI’s Water in implementing pro poor tourism Policy Programme, working with photographer Andy Johnstone, mounted an exhibition strategies, looking at local economic at the Oxo Gallery on London’s South Bank attended by 2000 people. Illustrating the linkages, the livelihood impacts of water problems of communities in urban Kenya, rural Sri Lanka and India, the exhibition’s tourism and strategies for dispersing highlight was the film Secure Water, which depicts linkages between, and the challenges tourism to marginal, rural areas. Case of addressing, water, poverty and livelihoods through discussions with communities and Studies have examined the Narok district decision-makers. in Kenya where tourism is declining; the The film was then taken to the Kyoto World Water Forum and presented by Tom informal sector in The Gambia; and Slaymaker as part of the Asian Development Bank’s Water and Poverty Initiative. Developing tourism diversification attempts in poor appropriate media formats for presenting issues and arguments arising from our research, rural areas in Uganda and the Czech and ‘getting messages across’ to different target audiences is a key challenge for ODI and Republic (Caroline Ashley). many positive lessons can be drawn from this project. (Secure Water was produced in collaboration with Wild Dog Ltd: photographs ©Andy Johnstone) • New relations are evolving between poor communities and private companies in South Africa, Zimbabwe Water collection from private and Mozambique. This study explored vendor, Makuru Kwa Ruben, various partnership and commercial Nairobi Kenya (©Andy Johnstone) arrangements in the tourism and forestry sectors, highlighting that the more effective partnerships for the poor occur where land or resource rights are secure, and governments are committed to exerting state power to enhance benefits to the poor (Caroline Ashley).

• Can nascent tourism development in rural Tanzania become a motor of local economic growth? Research has highlighted many obstacles – political

Annual Report 2002/2003 19 Rural Policy and Environment

Policy brief Protecting and promoting livelihoods in rural India: what role for pensions?* John Farrington and N.C. Saxena

It is a major challenge to design and However, at least 20% of the funds below the poverty line, and they all might implement effective social protection disbursed through these channels fail to be included, while mother and child schemes to tackle rural poverty. Specific reach the poor and for some schemes allowances might become automatic via protection measures are essential for the ‘leakage’ is as high as 70%. Many the Post Office in much the same way. many who are unable to engage fully with government schemes have proved to be There are strong arguments to suggest the productive economy (because of old too complex and vulnerable to that the level and scope of schemes for age, disability, ill-health or large numbers misappropriation. For instance, pensions and allowances could be of dependents) since these can at best resources are diverted to political increased substantially with little benefit only very indirectly from supporters; local officials demand wastage. As a first step, the allocation livelihood promotion efforts, such as `special payments’ to provide signatures could be doubled by extending the those to stimulate agricultural growth. or even the application forms; payment is pensions scheme to all below the poverty In India, 70% of the 30% of the extended to non-eligible groups; and line. Then, the individual pension population currently in poverty, live in contractors help to distort scheme allocation could be raised fourfold for all rural areas, and nearly three quarters of provisions (e.g. using machinery instead over 65s below the poverty line, costing these depend primarily on agriculture. of labour) and then share the ‘surplus’ some US$800m per year in total. Malnutrition is widespread, with 207 with officials. However, according to a Reducing the age limit to 60, making million people unable to access enough recent ODI study (see: www. widows’ pensions universal, and food to meet basic nutritional needs, and livelihoodoptions.org), one method of providing an allowance to single-parent over half of children under 5 years resource-transfer which has been families would cost around an extra underweight. The Indian government effective and relatively free from US$2.0 bn per year. Additional mother spends US$5.5bn on poverty-reduction misappropriation is the transfer of cash, and child allowances might also be schemes, including around US$3bn on paid mainly through Post Offices as part provided for a further US$0.5- US$1.0 bn. schemes administered by the Rural of the Indian National Old Age Pension None of this would require “new” money: Development Department. These scheme (NOAPS). funds could be transferred out of weakly include: transfers to the poorest (the performing schemes with little loss of National Old Age Pension Scheme, the Old Age Pension Scheme impact. National Housing Scheme, and many At present around US$100m of central Using computer technology widely food distribution schemes); asset- government funds are earmarked each available in India, the efficiency of building schemes, (e.g. the Accelerated year for transfer to the poor above the age transfer processes can easily be Rural Water Supply Programme and the of 65 through the NOAPS. This amounts strengthened. And, ideally, over the next Drought Prone Areas Programme); to only US$1.60 per month, with the ten years, pensions and allowance employment creation; and promotion of States adding on roughly the same records would be linked to birth, death self-employment. Other government amount again, though payments are and marriage data, so that the personal departments have their own initiatives, irregular. Pensions are paid in various discretion of local level officials or the largest of which is the Public ways, the least misappropriated being politicians over beneficiary selection Distribution System, in which over small monthly payments either via the could be kept to a minimum and all 450,000 ‘fair price shops’ nationwide Post Office or a bank account. Once those adults be provided with a record of their serve some 160m families with eligible have been registered, payments personal identification details. subsidised food. Together with its storage can be made automatically in a tamper- and acquisition system, this costs around proof manner. In rural drought-prone Wider implications of protecting a further US $5.0bn. areas, practically all over 65 years are and promoting livelihoods There are a number of general lessons about the identification of target groups. For acute problems such as drought, they can be selected by location , so that food aid can be delivered as rapidly as possible to those who need it. For chronic poverty, to use a ‘poverty line’ as a criterion poses serious difficulty - it is difficult to identify who is above or below the line, individuals in any case drift above and below, and official lists (even if accurate) are generally out of date. There is therefore wide scope for discretionary decisions by local officials, facilitating corruption and resulting in many eligible people being excluded while the ineligible gain benefits. Other criteria such as age, caste or marital status (in the case of pensions) might be more robust, Farmer irrigation, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India (©Andy Johnstone) though repeated updating will be

20 Annual Report 2002/2003 Rural Policy and Environment

Agricultural development in mohair markets in Southern Africa Sub-Saharan Africa requires particular attention to inadequate market information (John • Improving the enabling environment Howell). for agricultural technology in sub- Saharan Africa will require a • The National African Farmers Union co-ordinated approach to regulatory (NAFU) in South Africa is responding to reform, enterprise development, and the new opportunities provided by needed. Ideally, criteria of these kinds public agricultural research (Robert government’s black economic would best be incorporated into a Tripp). empowerment policies. NAFU has computerised system of personal argued that grant-assisted land identity cards. Whilst technically • A proposal for a venture capital fund to acquisition is not enough to promote the feasible, and offering great scope to support small seed companies in Eastern restructuring of farming and that much reduce discretionary decisions by local and Southern Africa, has led to the investigation is required into a range of officials, to introduce and maintain such establishment of a limited partnership barriers to profitability among the black a system in India would pose challenges. (African Agricultural Capital, L.P.) to producers. ODI research initiatives have A novel advantage deriving from social invest in seed companies and related covered specific commodity markets as protection via cash payments is the businesses (Robert Tripp). well as access to services provided by positive interface with livelihood insurers and inspection and certification promotion initiatives. But looking just at • Improving the participation of black agencies (John Howell). ‘livelihood protected’ households will African small stock owners in wool and not necessarily reveal the ‘livelihood promotion’ synergy, since households which are productively active do not Forum for Food Security in Southern Africa necessarily need protection. With an The crisis affecting large parts of Southern Africa stems from a ‘perfect storm’ of factors income-elasticity of demand for food of – poor integration into input, output, finance and labour markets; the impact of HIV/ typically around 0.75, to allocate some AIDS; deteriorating institutional accountability; and the limitations in agricultural technology. 0.5% of GDP (i.e. US$2.0 - 2.5bn per Donor support for agriculture and rural development has also declined. year) to cash transfers to the poor in Conventional interpretations of drought and famine cannot explain the current crisis. India will, apart from reducing their The climatic events of the 2001 and 2002 agricultural seasons were less severe than those specific poverty, boost demand for in the 1991/1992 drought. Rates of mortality have not risen significantly, although foodgrains by something approaching underlying rates of child malnutrition and morbidity and mortality associated with HIV/ 5% (i.e. around 8–10 m tonnes per year) AIDS are high. This evidence points to root causes in the deep, widespread and persistent often in local markets which are weakly vulnerability of the human population in the region in the early twenty first century, which integrated into the wider economy and food aid will only alleviate in the short term. The need now is to understand how to break so may increasingly face problems of the stranglehold of poverty and vulnerability over the longer term. This is likely to involve surplus disposal as India reaches self- a long hard look at: aid modalities in high HIV/AIDS environments; the role of government sufficiency in some foods. Of course, in economic coordination; and governance and accountability in national, regional and there must be some capacity for international institutions working in the region. agriculture to increase supply in The Forum resulted from a meeting held at ODI in July 2002, and aims to support response, if such additional demand is strategic thinking on food security issues in Southern Africa. It links together specialists not to be merely inflationary, and and key policy stakeholders from the international and regional research community, improved technology will have an governments, donors, NGO, civil society and the private sector in analysis, e-conferencing, important role here. and high level policy seminars. For more information on the Forum and its findings. See What lessons for other countries? The www.odi.org.uk/food-security-forum India experience suggests two lessons – (Elizabeth Cromwell, Steve Wiggins, Rachel Slater, and PPPG staff: Laure-Hélène Piron, David Booth, first, that increasingly sophisticated Kate Bird and John Young). targeting of poverty reduction programmes is of little value when implementation constraints are severe, and second, that livelihood protection and promotion can be mutually reinforcing, but these synergies will not be captured unless the different government departments concerned with each of these (and departments within donor organisations) engage more with each other than they have done hitherto.

Farrington J, Saxena N C, Barton T & Nayak R (2003) ‘Post offices, pension and computers: new opportunities for combining growth and social protection in weakly-integrated rural areas?’, ODI Natural Resource Perspectives 87.

Farming family in Tsholotsho, Zimbabwe (Morag Ferguson/Elijah Rusike)

Annual Report 2002/2003 21 Forest Policy and Environment

Environmental governance • Support was provided to on-going forest The Forest Policy and Environment development programmes in Cameroon, Group aims to inform the • Policy makers are often unaware of the Ghana and Nigeria (Neil Bird) and processes of policy change in ways multiple dimensions of poverty, its root Cameroon (David Brown). that will raise vulnerable groups causes, and the role sustainably managed out of poverty. Currently, FPEG is forests might play in supporting livelihoods. Forests, markets and the poor pursuing research and Where, as in Indonesia, the timber industry dissemination activities around is powerful, livelihood interests tend to be • In the context of worldwide interest in two major themes: environmental forgotten. By working at the national level the commercialisation of non-timber forest governance, and forests, markets as well as in selected regions, an ODI-led products, ODI is working with the UNEP and the poor. Under the first, project is focussing on civil society advo- World Conservation Monitoring Centre FPEG is working to demonstrate cacy and policy impact, shared learning and partners in Bolivia and Mexico to develop an integrated socio-economic and how progress in the forest sector, between all actors, and the links between the forest sector, the PRSP process and pro- economic methodology to understand in areas such as public poor governance reforms. (Gill Shepherd and when and how the poor benefit. (Kate participation, accountability, the Adrian Wells.) Schreckenberg and Dirk Willem te Velde, rule of law, public sector delivery IEDG). and decentralisation, can leverage • Participatory forest management has been far wider gains in good widely promoted by donors. An ODI-led • How can the rapidly disappearing governance, environmental study showed that there is still no commonly Mesoamerican dry forest tree species be stewardship and pro-poor change. accepted definition of PFM or understanding conserved? A joint ODI and Oxford Under the second theme, FPEG of what different stakeholders wish to get out University project highlighted the value of aims to increase understanding of of it, nor a clear assessment of its impacts to- strong community organisation in Mexico, the livelihood values of forests date on either poverty or the forest resource. where dry forest occurs predominantly on ejido-owned land, whereas policies in the and to identify opportunities for Successful implementation of PFM is further constrained by a variety of institutional and agricultural landscape of southern the rural poor to obtain greater governance issues (Kate Schreckenberg and Honduras should build on existing benefits from the subsistence and Cecilia Luttrell). management of the on-farm tree resource commercial use of forest products. (Kate Schreckenberg). • Illegal logging and trading of timber in Central America are causing heavy • Hunting wild meat for human economic losses to the countries consumption is a key component of rural involved. They erode the formal and urban livelihoods. Yet ‘bushmeat’ is mechanisms of government and impact vilified in the international press and very negatively on the rural poor. A marginalised in national policy. While diagnostic analysis by ODI, REMBLAH there is evidence that the trade is often and Nicambiental of the governance, unsustain-able, the solution may not be to poverty and economic impacts of the suppress it but rather to improve its illegal timber trade in Honduras and management. An ODI study is examining Nicaragua has highlighted the legal, the human dimen-sions of bushmeat and policy and institutional ‘barriers to the bushmeat trade, focussing on social legality’ facing small forest producers. perspectives and management models. See: www.talailegal-centroamerica.org FPEG has also supported the development (Adrian Wells). of bushmeat policy for CITES member states. See: www.odi-bushmeat.org (David Brown). Floating illegal mahogany down the Rio Paulaya • The Convention on Biological Diversity to the Mosquito coast, Honduras (Adrian Wells) (CBD) requires that Parties to the Convention report on activities in relation • Despite South Africa’s considerable to the conservation and sustain-able use of woodland resource, benefits for the poor biological diversity. ODI provided support and forest livelihoods remain little to the European Union’s DG Environment understood. FPEG policy research support in the preparation of the Second Report is promoting a better understanding of the from the European Community to the underlying issues (Neil Bird and David Conference of the Parties, as well as in the Brown). preparation of three ‘Thematic Reports’ – on forests, alien species and benefit sharing • An ODI-led study in Cameroon and (Adrian Wells and Gill Shepherd). Nigeria illustrated how a participatory approach to domestication of indigenous • Support by DFID for the forestry sector in fruit trees could greatly improve their South Africa since 1996 was reviewed by contribution to farmers’ livelihoods (Kate ODI (Neil Bird). Schreckenberg).

Forest Policy and Environment Group

David Brown Group Coordinator Cecilia Luttrell Research Officer Cheryl Chesters* Project Administrator Neil Bird Research Fellow Adrian Wells Research Officer Dina Hashem Project Administrator Kate Schreckenberg Research Fellow Michael Richards Research Associate * left during the year Gill Shepherd Senior Research Associate Vicky Pett* Group Adminstrator

22 Annual Report 2002/2003 Forest Policy and Environment

• Many countries look to the Nepal model ological contributions made by British- it does not guarantee that management will when framing their own community funded research to understanding the respond to their concerns. A scoping study forestry policies. But experience comes impact of community forestry on of decentralisation in Ghana was critical of with reflection on detailed outcomes. A livelihoods, particularly of the poorest the quality of debate around environmental special joint issue of the Rural (Kate Schreckenberg). issues (see below). A follow-up research Development Forestry Network and the study is now developing a new method- Nepal-based Journal of Forest and • Democratic decentralisation offers a ological framework and approach to Livelihood will showcase the method- number of benefits to local people though environmental management (David Brown).

Policy brief Decentralising environmental management – beyond the crisis narrative* David Brown and Kojo Amanor

Democratic decentralisation is much in the history of fire in this transitional zone vogue in development policy. But what suggests that human causality is only one are the implications for environmental influence among many. The focus on the management? Collaborative research on overall loss of forest biomass obscures this theme is being carried out by ODI some important variations in experience, and the Institute of African Studies at the both positive and negative. Evidence University of Ghana. from areas where the landscape has been enriched in recent years may be just as Modernisation theory lives on? important, from the perspective of Environmental issues figure prominently policy-making, as that from areas where in the District Assemblies in Ghana’s it has been degraded. Brong-Ahafo Region. However, the Interestingly, the crisis narratives debate is preoccupied with narratives of make very little mention of the often- an impending environmental crisis catastrophic effects of previous Charcoal producers (David Brown) which arguably have more to do with modernising interventions, such as state promoting elitist models of change than and other large-scale mechanised farms. institutional innovations which: create representing local concerns. strong local platforms for negotiation by Such crisis narratives are simplifying Sustaining the doomsday the users of the key resources; promote stories which claim special explanatory narratives feedback on the environment and power to influence the future course of Why, if the narratives of cultural production systems to decision makers; events. They tend to conjure up images of modernisation are so dismissive of local and lead to the creation of information the catastrophes which will occur if capacities, are they not rejected outright systems that the public and policy major changes in policy and/or public by the rural dwellers? makers can use to learn about the behaviour are not urgently brought One explanation lies in the way in conditions which effect the farmers’ about. In the developing world, they which they are manipulated by local daily lives. often function to justify shifts in authority groups to support partisan interests. Better policy processes are unlikely to away from the rural resource users They thus develop an appearance of be achieved by increased public towards urban elites. ‘local ownership’. Paradoxically, the great awareness, but rather through the In the case of Ghana, as elsewhere in social heterogeneity typical of rural fostering of information flows which are Africa, the crisis narratives are marked by Ghana tends to sustain and dynamise the socially and occupationally inclusive and their simplicity and uniformity. Their narratives on behalf of factional interests, which bind policy-makers to downward common theme is the culpability of in support of their own claims and accountability. The institutional smallholder agriculture. They speak of against those with competing interests. mechanism must ultimately be the the burgeoning rural population; a democratic process. Whatever its system of traditional ‘slash and burn’ How can environmental limitations, the process of agriculture which is marked by management be more responsive decentralisation in Ghana offers the only destructiveness of the natural to local interests? avenue through which rural dwellers environment, loss of forest cover and Local government in Brong-Ahafo is not come into contact with development non-sustainability; recurrent bush fires responding well to the needs of the administration and can have any say in which devastate the natural farming population. New approaches are development planning. It is equally the environment; and an impending crisis in required to improve decision-making in only forum with the authority to arbitrate agriculture which can only be solved by natural resource management at all between competing interests in a modern technology and ideas. levels, from local producers up to manner which accords legitimacy. Thus, national administrators. Yet there is the ultimate aim of the research is to Assessing the narratives some hope for future democratic reform. strengthen elective local government, to Such negative perceptions can be On the positive side, the legal framework allow it to achieve its mandate of questioned on a number of grounds. for decentralisation provides ample environmental democracy. Farm practices in Brong-Ahafo vary so scope for greater public accountability, much as to make the concept of a and for communities to develop their * Amanor K & Brown D (2003) ‘Making environmental management more responsive ‘traditional farming system’ a very own development plans, aided by civil to local needs: Decentralisation and evidence- doubtful analytical tool to understand society. based environmental policy in Ghana’, ODI environmental change. A broader view of To achieve this will require Forestry Briefings No. 3.

Annual Report 2002/2003 23 Research and Policy in Development

ODI’s new Research and Policy in Development (RAPID) Programme is looking for answers to three key questions: how can policymakers best use research, and move towards evidence-based policy-making; how can Policy brief researchers best use their findings in order to influence policy; and how can the interaction between researchers and policymakers be improved? Sometimes it seems that researchers and policy makers live in parallel universes. Research-policy links • The development of an information Researchers cannot understand why and communication strategy for the there is resistance to policy change • A review of the literature on research- DFID Multi-Stakeholder Forestry despite clear and convincing evidence. policy links and publication of web and Project in Indonesia. See: Policy makers bemoan the inability of paper-based annotated bibliography www.odi.org.uk/rapid many researchers to make their findings (ODI Working Paper 174, 2002). accessible and digestible in time for • Support to the DFID Andhra policy decisions. Yet better utilization of • The development and publication of a Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Programme research and evidence in development new framework for understanding to influence policy and practice on policy and practice can clearly help save research-policy links (ODI Working rural service provision through the lives, reduce poverty and improve the Paper 173, 2002). implementation and promotion of quality of life. For example, the results of new livestock services. household disease surveys in rural • Collaboration with the Global Tanzania informed a process of health Development Network on the collection • Advising on information and service reform which contributed to a and analysis of 50 short case studies developing and running the website 28% reduction in infant mortality in two about research-policy links, and e-discussions for the Darwin- years. On the other hand, the HIV/AIDS development of the RAPNet Website. funded Options for Supporting crisis has deepened in some countries (www.gdnet.org/subpages/rapnet) and On-farm Conservation in Eastern and because of the reluctance of planning and coordination of Phase II Southern Africa Project. See: governments to implement effective research. www.sustainable-biodiversity.org control programmes, despite clear evidence of what causes the disease and • New research on three recent policy • Advice to DFID on the Livelihood how to prevent it spreading. Although changes: the adoption of PRSPs by the Connect website. See: evidence clearly matters, there is no World Bank in 1999; the adoption of the www.livelihoods.org systematic understanding of when, how humanitarian charter of the Sphere and why evidence informs policy. A project by humanitarian agencies since • Working with others in ODI to better understanding of how research 1997; and the legalisation of paravets in develop simple approaches and tools can contribute to pro-poor policies, and Kenya. to help researchers communicate systems to put it into practice, are better with policy makers – for urgently needed. • Collaboration with ITDG to evaluate example with Simon Maxwell to ODI has been working on these issues the role of research in the process develop and test a simple self- for several years. A literature review leading to the International Treaty on assessment tool to help researchers published in 1999 identified theoretical Plant Genetic Resources. identify their communication approaches in political science, strengths and weaknesses. sociology, anthropology, international Improving capacity to relations and management, and provides communicate research findings Improving knowledge a 21-point checklist of what makes and influence policy management and learning policies happen. In 2002, ODI developed systems a new Framework for understanding • Development of guidelines on how research-policy links, and used it to information can contribute to • Practical advice to ITDG on their analyse four policy events: the adoption Sustainable Livelihoods and Knowledge Management Strategy. of PRSPs by the World Bank in 1999; the presentation at FAO’s 2nd Consultation on development and adoption of an ethical Agriculture Information Management. • Development of a Knowledge charter by humanitarian agencies since See: www.fao.org/waicent/portal/ Management Strategy within ODI. 1997; animal health policies in Kenya outreach/livelihoods/index-en.html since 1985 and the incorporation of the • A seminar on knowledge Sustainable Livelihoods Approach within • A literature review to identify management for development the DFID White Paper in 1997. ODI also information about the demand for organisations with coordinated the collection and analysis information on rural and urban transport speakers from Accenture, DFID and of 50 short case studies based on existing for the WB/DFID Transport and Rural IDS. knowledge about research-policy links Infrastructure Services Project. See: for the Global Development Network www.transport-links.org/trsp-kda “Bridging Research and Policy Project”, and has undertaken a wide range of advisory and consultancy work on these Research and Policy in Development topics. John Young Programme Manager Traditionally, the link between research and policy has been viewed as a Julius Court Research Officer linear process, whereby a set of research Cokro Leksmono Research Officer findings is shifted from the ‘research Inge Hovland Research Assistant sphere’ over to the ‘policy sphere’, and Emma Crewe Research Assistant then has some impact on policymakers’

24 Annual Report 2002/2003 Research and Policy in Development

Research and policy: parallel universes? The political context – political and economic structures and John Young interests, systems of innovation, institutional pressures, cultural decisions. Opinion is now shifting away • the evidence is differences, preference for from this model towards a more dynamic credible and incremental vs radical change etc. and complex view that emphasises a two- convincing, provides way process between research and policy, practical solutions to shaped by multiple relations and current policy reservoirs of knowledge. problems, and is The links between policy and The traditional question ‘How can packaged to attract research communities – research be transported from the policymakers interest; networks, relationships, power, research to the policy sphere?’ has been • researchers and policy competing discourses, trust, replaced by a more complex set of makers share common knowledge use etc. The credibility of the evidence questions ‘Why are some of the ideas that networks, trust each – the degree it challenges circulate in the research/policy networks other, honestly and received wisdom, research picked up and acted on, while others are openly represent the approaches and methodology, ignored and disappear?’ interests of all credibility of researcher, simplicity of the The answer seems to lie in a stakeholders and communicate message, how it is communicated etc. combination of several determining effectively. influences, which can broadly be divided But these three conditions are rarely into three overlapping areas: the political met in practice, and although context; the credibility of the evidence; researchers can control the credibility of and the links between policy and their evidence and ensure they interact the political context, issue area research communities (see Figure). with and communicate well with policy (evidence) and key actors and networks Emerging results from ODI’s work so makers, they often have limited capacity (links). Second, there are some things far confirm this, indicating that research to influence the political context within researchers need to do in each of these is more likely to contribute to evidence- which they work, especially in less areas. Third, some clear evidence is based policy if: democratic countries. emerging about the most effective way to • it fits within the political and So what should researchers do if they go about things. institutional limits and pressures of want to achieve policy impact? Evidence ODI’s work so far has focused on policy makers, and resonates with their from ODI’s work so far provides practical, policy-relevant research, so it is ideological assumptions, or sufficient preliminary recommendations in three perhaps not surprising that our results pressure is exerted to challenge those areas (see Box). First, there are some indicate that policy-relevant think-tanks, limits; things researchers need to know about do-tanks and operational agencies have more policy impact than more academic research. It is clear from What researchers need to know What researchers need to do How to do it ODI’s four case studies that new ideas from academic research, and Political context: less policy-constrained thinking do • Who are the policymakers? • Get to know the policymakers, • Take time and resources. contribute enormously to the • Is there demand for new ideas? their agendas and their • Work with the policymakers. general discourse within which • Are there contested views? constraints. • Seek commissions policy decisions are made. We need • What is the policy process? • Identify potential supporters and • Line-up research outputs for high- to know more about this. • What are the opportunities for input opponents. profile policy events. We also need to know more into formal processes? • Prepare for opportunities in • Reserve resources to be able to about how different political regular policy processes. respond to policy windows. contexts influence research-policy • Look out for policy windows. links, especially in less democratic countries; about how different Evidence: types of networks and policy • What is the current theory? • Establish long-term credibility. • Build up respected programmes. communities influence • What are the prevailing narratives? • Provide practical solutions. • Use action-research and pilot policymakers, and about how • How divergent is the new evidence? • Establish legitimacy. projects to demonstrate benefits. international donor policies • What sort of evidence will convince • Present clear policy options. • Participatory approaches help with influence national policy policymakers? • Package new ideas in familiar legitimacy and implementation. imperatives. theory or narratives. • Clear strategy and resources for There is much more to be done. • Communicate effectively communication from start. Over the next two years the RAPID Programme will work with Links: policymakers, researchers and • Who are the key stakeholders in the • Get to know the other • Partnerships between researchers, practitioners to undertake further policy discourse? stakeholders. policymakers and communities. research, and to develop practical • What links and networks exist • Establish a presence in existing • Identify key networks and sales guidelines on how to improve the between them? networks. people. uptake of research in different • Who are the intermediaries and what • Build coalitions with like-minded • Use informal contacts. development policy contexts. influence do they have? stakeholders. • Who side are they on? • Build new policy networks.

Annual Report 2002/2003 25 Public Affairs and Communications

our publishing programme. Published in Our multi-dimensional communications and public affairs programme sets association with Blackwell Publishing, out to reach policy makers and influence wider public debate on both journals have had another development and humanitarian policy in the UK and internationally. successful year, with significant increases in circulation. Development Policy Review has moved up from five to six issues per ODI Website year. Both journals regularly publish The ODI website is now the most widely special thematic issues, with ‘Poverty, accessed part of ODI’s communications Risks and Rights: New Directions in and public affairs programme. Visitor Social Protection’, ‘Supermarkets and numbers have continued to grow, Agrifood Systems: Latin American doubling again during the year to exceed Challenges’ and ‘Are PRPS Making a 2,500 per day by April 2003, while total Difference? The African Experience’ in monthly hits now exceed 1.38million. Development Policy Review, and ‘Beyond The numbers are still rising every Seeds and Tools’ in Disasters. The month, forcing us to migrate to a new and publishers are promoting the journals more powerful dedicated web-server. In world-wide with a particular focus on part, this growth reflects the range of new electronic subscription access for material available from the site in full text libraries and development agencies, as free of charge. More than 27,000 copies of well as additional individual Working Papers, Briefing Papers , Natural subscriptions. Resource Perspectives and other documents are downloaded each month Meetings, seminars and other by visitors from across the world. events The home page is updated every few Discussion meetings remain a key days, featuring details of current component of ODI’s public affairs meetings and events, the latest programme. Over the past year there have publications, and other ODI news, with been four major series attended by a links across the site. Among recent constituency of more than 650 people innovations have been a ‘shopping encompassing civil servants, journalists, basket’ secure system for ordering researchers and NGO representatives. publications on-line, expanded Can Africa make it? Prospects for Africa’s information about ODI and its staff, and development, organised jointly with the video clips. An extensive redesign of the Royal African Society, The Royal Institute website last year improved navigation for International Affairs and the Africa and introduced a more consistent Centre attracted crowds at eight meetings appearance across the site, but further from April to June. This overlapped with changes are planned to make it easier for ‘Putting politics back into development’, a visitors to access the entire range of ODI’s joint venture with the LSE’s Development output, and to introduce a system for Research Centre, from May to July,

registering users. followed in the autumn by ‘B24b: In addition to the main website, ODI stimulating a step-change in the also hosts several sites in association with development performance of corporations’ other organisations, including: and then ‘Intellectual property rights in • www.keysheets.org developing countries: rights or wrongs?’. • www.prspsynthesis.org Topics addressed in other meetings • www.propoortourism.org (listed in full on p. 36) have included food insecurity, capacity-building, evaluation Publications of World Bank and IMF poverty and debt Printed publications remain another relief programmes, Southern African food major part of ODI’s output. Although we crises, livelihoods and chronic conflict, continue to publish full-length books in and international humanitarian law (in hardback and paperback editions (six response to the Iraq crisis). The reports this year), the greater part of the published on the ODI website after each publications programme is now meeting, now often enhanced by video published in shorter formats, also and audio ‘clips’ open up debates to a available on-line from our website. This much wider audience, not least to those year a record 38 new Working outside London. Papers were produced, A successful new departure for ODI was Public Affairs and Communications presenting research results in the photographic exhibition on Secure Peter Gee Head of Public Affairs and IT detail. Four new ODI Briefing Water, mounted at the Oxo Gallery on Papers were published, London’s South Bank, which also Anna Brown Publications Sales Administrator together with another twelve included the launch of a film (see page Rebecca Cranfield Receptionist Briefings from ODI research 19). Daniel Demie IT Officer groups, plus five Natural Diana Evans Meetings and Media Officer Resource Perspectives, and 14 Media network papers. Working with the print and broadcast Pippa Leask Publications and Website Officer ODI’s two journals – media is an essential element in ODI’s Derrick Madir IT Assistant Development Policy Review communication programme. Journalists and Disasters – are central to and media researchers regularly

26 Annual Report 2002/2003 Public Affairs and Communications approach us for advice, comments and interviews, and we work with them to put across important ‘stories’ generated by ODI research. This has led to coverage in the Financial Times, The Guardian, and The New Statesman, participation by Simon Maxwell in the BBC Radio 4 roundtable discussion programme, Four Corners, liaison with various units of the BBC and the World Service such as the BBC World Affairs, Go Digital, Hard Talk, Analysis, BBC Parliament and News Hour and requests from Newsnight and the LW T’s The Jonathan Dimbleby Show, Nature, Gemini News Service and Panos.

Parliament ODI, located just across Westminster Bridge, is well-placed to work closely with parliament. In particular, ODI The Secure Water exhibition (Feb-March 2003): Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India researchers provide advice to (©Andy Johnstone) parliamentary committees , and this year we held a joint press conference with the International Development Committee to International Development on ‘Debt Watkins, Oxfam and Martin Howarth, launch its Southern Africa Report. We Relief and the HIPC Initiative’ and on National Farmers Union on CAP Reform; also provide support for the All Party ‘Access to Medicines’. Anton Simanowitz, Institute of Parliamentary Group on Overseas Other speakers have included Chris Development Studies on ‘Microfinance Development (APGOOD). Meetings of Holt and Claire Melamed on the Trade and Microcredit; Lord Dubs, Lord the Group, organised by Adrian Hewitt, Justice Movement, Pascal Lamy on ‘EU Deedes, Marie Staunton and Amer Jabry, have been attended by politicians, Trade Policy and Development’; George on behalf of Plan International, on ‘The academics, business people and NGOs. Soros on ‘Globalisation and role of children in disaster mitigation’; From the government, the Chancellor, Rt. Development’; Ruud Lubbers, UN High and His Excellency Meles Zenawi, Prime Hon. Gordon Brown MP has spoken on Commissioner for Refugees; Stephen Minister of the Federal Democratic ‘Funding for Development – post Browne, UNDP, on ‘The World Summit on Republic of Ethiopia. Monterrey’ and ‘the International Sustainable Development’; Dante B. Finance Facility’; and Clare Short MP, Canlas, on ‘Economic Scenarios for the formerly Secretary of State for Philippines and the Region’; Kevin

Meetings reports on the website also featured audio and video clips

Annual Report 2002/2003 27 ODI Fellowship Scheme

2002/03 was an exceptional year for the ODI Fellowship Scheme – we placed a record number of Fellows, successfully completed a Review by Worldaware Business Award DFID, negotiated a three-year ongoing agreement with DFID confirming a The ODI Fellowship Scheme was awarded core budget of over £3million for the next three years, and won the DTI the DTI Award for Capacity-Building at the Award for Capacity Building in the Commonwealth at the January 2003 2003 Worldaware Awards for Business. The aim of the Worldaware Awards for WorldAware Business Awards. Business is to recognise the vital role which commercial activity plays in supporting In 2002, a record cohort of 32 Fellows economic and social progress in the were sent into the field (see box), to work developing countries of the world. It is as economists for governments in 16 often claimed that most technical countries in Africa, the Caribbean and assistance does not work and is not the Pacific, 40% more Fellows than in wanted, so it is refreshing to receive an 2001. By nationality, 17 are British, 2 award for one which is a success and Australian, 1 American, 3 Italian, 1 whose success has been reaffirmed every Belgian, I Dutch, 1 Dane, 1 Indian, 1 year over the last 40 by the constant French, 1 Spanish, 1 Angolan/ demand for fellows by developing country Portuguese, 1 Chilean and 1 Jamaican/ governments. USA. The gender breakdown was 12 women and 20 men. This year, we are working with several new countries including Ghana and Botswana, and have made new placements with existing Scheme countries. These include: Intergovernmental Affairs in South Africa, the Ministry of Trade and Industry in Tanzania, the Ministry of Local Government Affairs in Rwanda, the Privatisation Unit in Rwanda, The National Directorate of Tax and Audit in Mozambique, the Department of Trade Fellowship Scheme and Industry in Papua New Guinea, the Ministry of Commerce, Business Adrian Hewitt Head of Scheme Development and Investment in Fiji, the Susan Barron Programme Officer Trade Policy Unit, Ministry of Labour, Adrian Hewitt accepting the Award from Baroness Symons, the UK Trade Minister, Angela O’Callaghan Administrator Commerce and Industries in Tonga and January 2003 (©Mikami Photography) the Department of Trade, Industry and Investment in Vanuatu. As at June 2003, there are 55 Fellows in the field. Health and Education Sector Budgets (Malawi and Rwanda) Activities # Preparation of the Interim National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Fellows play a significant role in policy (PRSP) and monitoring of existing development, formulation and PRSP (Rwanda and Uganda) implementation. In the last year, there # Preparation of MTEF 2003 has been an increased focus on trade (Mozambique) issues, both on a regional and a global # Income Tax modelling (Malawi) level, and the # Preparation of a report on the Fellowship has been monitoring and commitments of ODI Fellow Placements 2002 very active in African Heads of State and supporting and Governments on HIV/AIDS, Finance & leading in this area. Tuberculosis and Malaria (Economic Planning 46% Other 16% Fellows are also Commission for Africa) increasingly involved # Participation in the CARIFORUM- in responding to HIV/ European Rice Project – aimed at AIDS – our move back improving the competitiveness of Environmental 2% into Botswana was a ACP Rice Exporters as part of the direct response to a Cotonou Agreement (Guyana) # Regional request from the Forecasting the impact of the Organisation 9% President for a health implementation of the SADC economist to look at Regional Trade Protocol the long term impact (Mozambique) Health 7% of HIV/AIDS on the # Elaboration of stronger regional trade country’s economy. agreements (PICTA in the Pacific and Agriculture 5% The following CARICOM SME in the Caribbean) examples indicate areas in which Fellows Commonwealth Scheme are currently, or have Central Bank 2% recently been working: ODI was able to broaden the funding Trade 13% # Preparation of the base for the Scheme with the inclusion of

28 Annual Report 2002/2003 ODI Fellowship Scheme

Commonwealth Secretariat funding and new economic partnership agreements. the establishment of a pilot programme The new scheme is being piloted in the to place economists in international Pacific, in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Tonga trade posts, initially in the Pacific. and Vanuatu, with the placement of an Particular attention was paid to countries initial four Fellows, who were sent to the in the process of accession to the WTO, WTO in Geneva for training before taking by providing technical capacity to help up their posts. formulate policy and enhance negotiating capacity in trade talks with 2003–05 Recruitment the WTO, and also with the EU under the We have recently completed the interviews for the 2003–05 round of 40th Anniversary of the Scheme recruitment. This year we had a record 2003 marks the Fellowship Scheme's number of applications, totalling 321, fortieth anniversary, and to celebrate this and interviewed 68. Formal offers were a reception was held in the House of made in June 2003. The calibre of ODI Samantha Newton, Trade Policy Unit, Ministry of Commons in July. A newsletter has been Fellowship applicants remains extremely Labour, Commerce and Industries, Tonga sent out to all previous Fellows, and it is high and demand for Fellows from (Susan Barron) planned to set up an alumni association. developing countries continues to outstrip both supply and funding.

Fellows in post (June 2003) Swaziland Africa Gemma Wilson-Clark, Public Policy Coordination Unit, Prime Minister’s Office Botswana Geoff Handley, Budgets and Economic Affairs Section, Ministry of Finance Rachel Smyth, National AIDS Coordination Agency (NACA), Tanzania Ghana Elaine Baker, Policy Analysis Department, Ministry of Finance Kobi Bentley, Programme Budgeting, Monitoring and Evaluation Department, Kripali Manek, Policy Analysis Department, Ministry of Finance Ministry of Education Liz Turner, Ministry of Industry and Trade Carolina Monsalve, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning Uganda Ethiopia Giulio Federico, Budget Policy and Evaluation Department, Ministry of Finance, Maria Teresa Irurzun-López, Economic and Social Policy Division, United Nations Planning and Economic Development Economic Commission for Africa Samantha Smith, Health Sector, Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Niall Kishtainy, Economic and Social Policy Division, United Nations Economic Development Commission for Africa Diego Angemi, Poverty Monitoring and Analysis Unit (PMAU), Ministry of Lesotho Finance, Planning and Economic Development Gaimin Kamaray, Research Department, Central Bank of Lesotho David Brown, Lands and Environment, Ministry of Finance, Planning and Adrian Nembhard, Privatisation Unit, Ministry of Finance, Lesotho Economic Development Malawi Zambia Sutapa Choudhury, Planning Division, Ministry of Education, Science and Jon Pycroft, Zambia Revenue Authority Technology Zanzibar Hannah Galvin, Macroeconomic Unit, Ministry of Finance and Economic Daniel Wilde Department of External Finance, Ministry of Finance and Planning Economic Affairs Seema Bhatia, Aid Management Division, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning The Caribbean Kasper Dalsten, Budget Division, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning Caribbean Development Bank James Jarrett, Planning Department, Ministry of Health and Population Jason Jackson, Research Department, Caribbean Development Bank, Mozambique Bridgetown, Barbados Elena Arjona Perez, Sector Policy & Research Division Ministry of Planning and Guyana Finance Moortaza Jiwanji, Environmental Protection Agency Bruce Byiers, Macroeconomic Programming Division, Ministry of Planning and Gayathri Radhakrishnan, Ministry of Foreign Trade and International Finance Cooperation Leonardo Iacovone, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Magnus Saxegaard, Debt Management Division, Office of the Budget, Ministry Enrique Blanco de Armas, Technical Unit for Multilateral and Regional Trade of Finance Negotiations (UTCOM), Ministry of Trade and Industry Tim Green, Commerce Division, Ministry of Tourism, Industry and Commerce Stijn Broecke, Technical Planning Unit, Ministry of Health Michael Weatherhead, Agricultural Project Cycle Unit (APCU), Ministry of Eleanor Cannell, National Directorate of Tax and Audit, Ministry of Planning and Agriculture Finance Joao Van Dunem Directorate of Customs Policy and Procedures, Mozambique The Pacific Customs Service Fiji Namibia Virginia Horscroft, Ministry of Commerce, Business Development and Chris Isaac, Ministry of Finance, Treasury Investment Richard Miller, Department of Water Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Papua New Guinea Rural Development Andrew Masters, Department of National Planning and Rural Development Rwanda Mark Slade, Structural Policy and Investment Division, Department of Treasury Bethan Emmett, Budget Preparation Division, Ministry of Finance and Economic Alessandro Martinatto, Internal Revenue Commission Planning Francesco Rampa, Trade Division, Department of Trade and Industry Möez Cherif, Privatisation Unit, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning Tonga Tim Powell-Jackson, Directorate of Planning, Ministry of Health Samantha Newton, Trade Policy Unit, Ministry of Labour, Commerce and Afua Sarkodie, Department of Planning and Development Coordination Industries Ministry of Local Government, Information and Social Affairs Vanuatu Bruno Versailles, Poverty Reduction Programme, Ministry of Finance and Daniel Gay, Department of Trade, Industry and Investment Economic Planning South Pacific Applied Geo-science Commission South Africa Owen White, SOPAC, Suva, Fiji Ana Bellver, Department of Public Enterprises Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat Aditi Maheshwari, Budget Division, National Treasury Lindsey Block, Trade and Investment Division, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Aarti Shah, Intergovernmental Affairs, National treasury Suva, Fiji

Annual Report 2002/2003 29 Finance

Balance sheet summary 31 March 2003 31 March 2002 Statement by the Council The members of the ODI Council ££confirm that the summarised accounts Fixed Assets on this page are a summary of the Tangible assets 40,484 51,385 information extracted from the full Investments (Market Value) 1,080,811 1,160,817 annual accounts which were approved 1,121,295 1,212,202 on 28 July 2003. Current Assets The summarised accounts may not Stocks 12,566 12,135 contain sufficient information to allow Debtors and cash 2,497,969 1,408,307 for a full understanding of the financial affairs of the Institute. 2,510,535 1,420,442 For further information the full annual Current Liabilities accounts and the auditors’ report and Creditors and accruals (1,866,829) (1,241,079) the Report of the members of the Net Current Assets 643,706 179,363 Council on those accounts should be consulted. Copies of the full annual Net Assets 1,765,001 1,391,565 accounts may be obtained free of Unrestricted reserves 1,765,001 1,391,565 charge from the Institute. The summarised accounts do not con- stitute full accounts within the meaning Income and expenditure account summary of the Companies Act 1985 and the 2002/2003 2001/2002 Charities Act 1993. A copy of the ££statutory accounts of the Institute, upon which the auditors have reported Income without qualification, will be delivered Grants and project finance 8,490,204 6,386,733 to both Companies House and the Investments income 7 1,623 Charity Commission. Donations 5,472 47 Other operating income 111,929 118,634 Approved by the members of the Total income 8,607,612 6,507,037 Council and signed on their behalf by the Chair, Baroness Jay, 28 July 2003. Expenditure Staff costs and related Statement by the Auditors expenses 2,935,908 2,647,528 We have examined the summarised Depreciation 39,726 42,113 financial statements of the Overseas Research Expenditure Development Institute. The members of and other direct costs 3,335,876 2,279,885 the Council are responsible for Other operating expenses 732,759 567,253 preparing the summarised financial Meetings, conferences statements in accordance with the and publications 45,813 82,701 recommendations of the charities SORP. Professional and audit fees 21,074 11,154 Our responsibility is to report to you Fellowship supplements 1,043,014 880,874 our opinion on the consistency of the summarised financial statements with Total expenditure 8,154,170 6,511,508 the full financial statements and Council Designated fund transfer (203,519) 27,619 Report. We also read the other Surplus on general fund 249,923 23,148 information contained in the summarised annual report and consider the implications for our report if we ODI Turnover 1990/91 – 2002/03 (2002/03 prices) become aware of any apparent mis- statements or material inconsistencies income £ 000’s with the summarised financial statements. 9,000 We conducted our work in accordance with Bulletin 1999/6 ‘The Auditors’ 8,000 statement on the summary financial statement’ issued by the Auditing 7,000 Practices Board for use in the United Kingdom. In our opinion the 6,000 summarised financial statements are consistent with the full financial 5,000 statements and the Council Report of the Overseas Development Institute for 4,000 the year ended 31 March 2003.

3,000 Buzzacott, London, 28 July 2003.

2,000

1,000

0

1990/1 1991/2 1992/3 1993/4 1994/5 1995/6 1996/7 1997/8 1998/9 1999/00 2000/1 2001/2 2002/3

30 Annual Report 2002/2003 Finance

Funders ActionAid Engineers Against Poverty National Audit Office AEA Technology Environment Enterprise LSE Limited Netherlands Ministry of Foreign African Development Bank Environment Canada Affairs African Economic Research European Commission Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance Consortium European Commission Humanitarian (USAID) Agence Intergouvernementale de la Aid Office (ECHO) Oxfam International Francophonie European Tropical Forest Research Oxford Policy Management Limited Agripolis, Università degli Studi di Network Parc Consultants Padova Food and Agricultural Organization of Planistat Europe AusAID the United Nations (FAO) PMTC International Limited Belgian Department for Development Ford Foundation Queen Elizabeth House, University of Cooperation German Development Institute Oxford Bradford Centre for International Harvest Help UK Regional Community Forestry Training Development, University of Bradford Henry Dunant Centre for Center for Asia and the Pacific British Academy Humanitarian Dialogue (RECOFTC) British Red Cross Society Hobley Shields Associates Rockefeller Foundation Cambridge Economic Policy Associates HTS Development Ltd Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign CARE International IAK Agrar Consulting GMBH (IAK) Affairs (DANIDA) CARE International UK Imperial College, London SPM Consultants Catholic Agency for Overseas Institute of Development Studies, Swedish International Development Development (CAFOD) University of Sussex Cooperation Agency (Sida) Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Institute for Development Policy and Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Natural Environment Research Management Agriculture Council (NERC). Intermediate Technology Technopolis Limited Center for International Forestry Development Group The John D. and Catherine T. Research (CIFOR) International Crops Research Institute MacArthur Foundation Centre for International Studies, for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) UN Office for the Coordination of University of Toronto International Development Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Chaire Mercosur, Institut d’Etudes Committee United Nations Conference on Trade Politiques de Paris International Development and Development (UNCTAD) Christian Aid Department, School of Public Policy, United Nations Development Common Market for Eastern and University of Birmingham Programme (UNDP) Southern Africa (COMESA) International Fund for Agricultural United Nations Economic Commission Commonwealth Secretariat Development (IFAD) for Europe Conrad Hilton Foundation International Labour Organization United Nations Environment Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (ILO) Programme (UNEP) – World Department for Environment Food International Monetary Fund (IMF) Conservation Monitoring Centre and Rural Affairs, Darwin Initiative International Save the Children United Nations Industrial (DEFRA) Alliance Development Organization (UNIDO) Department for International International Training Centre of the Valid International Development (DFID) ILO World Bank Department of Foreign Affairs, Ireland Japan Bank for International World Food Programme (IrelandAid) Cooperation (JBIC) World Health Organization Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Maxwell Stamp PLC WS Atkins plc Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Médecins Sans Frontières WWF-International Ebony Consulting International (Pty) International Ltd National African Farmers’ Union

Central services staff

Allen Brown* Company Secretary Karen Glennon* Finance Officer Stuart Henderson* Assistant Finance Officer Adrienne Watson Personnel Officer Richard Kongwa Finance Officer Helen Lewis* Assistant Finance Officer Patsy de Souza Personnel Assistant Paul Crow Assistant Finance Officer Cara O’Connor Assistant Finance Officer David Sunderland PA to the Director * left during the year

Annual Report 2002/2003 31 Publications

Books 2002 Jeremy Shoham, 2002 ALNAP (2002) ‘Humanitarian Action: 175: Reaching the Poor: The Influence of 192: ICTs and Rural Development: Improving performance through Policy and Administrative Processes on Review of the Literature, Current improved learning’. ALNAP Annual the Implementation of Government Interventions and Opportunities for Review 2002. London: ODI Poverty Schemes in India, Radhika Action, Robert Chapman and Tom ALNAP Global Study on Beneficiary Nayak, N.C. Saxena and John Slaymaker, 2002 Consultation and Participation Farrington, 2002 193: Conducive Conditions: Livelihood Monograph Series: Sri Lanka: August 176: Moving Mud, Shifting Soil: Change Interventions in Southern Somalia, 2002 and Development in Wage Labour Abigail Montani and Nisar Majid, 2002 ALNAP Global Study on Beneficiary Livelihoods in Uttar Pradesh, India, 194: Measuring Capital Flight: Estimates Consultation and Participation Orlanda Ruthven and Sushil Kumar, and Interpretations, Benu Schneider, Monograph Series: 2002 2003 Angola: February 177: Peoples’ Social Movements: An 195: Resident Capital Outflows: Capital 2002 Alternative Perspective on Forest Flight or Normal Flows? A Statistical Brown, D., Hussein, K., Management in India, Amitabh Behar, Interpretation, Benu Schneider, 2003 Longley, C., Howes, 2002 196: Rural Non-Farm Employment: An M. and Swindell, K. 178: Diversification and Livelihood Analysis of Rural Urban (2002) Participation Options: A Study of Two Villages in Interdependencies, Amitabh Kundu, in Practice: Case Andhra Pradesh, India 1975–2001, Niranjan Sarangi and Bal Paritosh Studies from The Uttam Kumar Deb, G.D. Nageswara Dash, 2003 Gambia Rao, Y. Mohan Rao and Rachel Slater, 197: Devolution as a Threat to Norton, A. and Elson, 2002 Democratic Decision-making in D. (2002) What's Behind the Budget? 179: Caste, Class and Social Articulation Forestry? Findings from Three States in Politics, Rights and Accountability in in Andhra Pradesh, India: Mapping India, Madhu Sarin with Neera M. the Budget Process Differential Regional Trajectories, K. Singh, Nandini Sundar and Ranu K. Richards, M., Davies, Srinivasulu, 2002 Bhogal, 2003 J. and Yaron, G. 180: Democratic Process and Electoral 199: Decentralisation in India: Poverty, (2002) Stakeholder Politics in Andhra Pradesh, India, K. C. Politics and Panchayati Raj, Craig Incentives in Suri, 2002 Johnson, 2003 Participatory Forest 181: Welfare Policies and Politics: A 201: Results-oriented Public Expenditure Management: A Study of Three Government Management in Cambodia, Catherine Manual for Interventions in Andhra Pradesh, India, Dom, Tim Ensor, Leon Bernard Suy, Economic Analysis. Jos Mooij, 2002 2003 ITDG Publications 183: Supporting Livelihoods in Situations 202: Results-based Public Management of Chronic Conflict and Political in Bolivia, Carlos Montes, 2003 Working Papers Instability: Overview of Conceptual 203: Public Expenditure for Development 167: How, When and Why does Poverty Issues, Jessica Schafer, 2002 Results and Poverty Reduction, John get Budget Priority? Poverty Reduction 185: The Consequences of Conflict: Roberts, 2003 Strategy and Public Expenditure in Livelihoods and 204: Results-oriented Expenditure Mozambique, Adrian Fozzard, 2002 Development in Management: Country Study – 168: How, When and Why does Poverty Nepal, David Tanzania, Frans Rønsholt with Richard get Budget Priority? Poverty Reduction Seddon and Karim Mushi, Bedason Shallanda, Paschal Strategy and Public Expenditure in Five Hussein, 2002 Assey, 2003 African Countries, Mick Foster, Adrian 186: Rural Livelihoods 205: Targets and Fozzard, Felix Naschold and Tim in Kambia District, Results in Public Conway, 2002 Sierra Leone: The Sector 169: Indian Public Expenditures on Impacts of Conflict, Management: Social Sector and Poverty Alleviation Catherine Longley, Uganda Case Study, Programmes during the 1990s, Victor Kalie Kamara Tim Williamson, Abusaleh Shariff, Prabir K. Ghosh, and Richard Fanthorpe, 2002, 2003, £8.00 Samir K. Mondal, 2002 187: Understanding and Monitoring 206: Results-oriented 170: Decentralisation in Madhya Livelihoods under Conditions of Public Expenditure Pradesh: from Panchayati Raj to Gram Chronic Conflict: Lessons from Management: Case Swaraj (1995 to 2001), Amitabh Behar Afghanistan, Adam Pain, 2002 Study of Mali, Marc Raffinot, Jean and Yogesh Kumar, 2002 188: Food Economy in Situations of Muguet, Alhousseynou Touré, 2003 171: Violence in the Central American Chronic Political Instability, Tanya 207: Results-oriented Expenditure Region: Towards an Integrated Boudreau and Philippa Coutts, 2002 Management: the Case of Burkina Framework for Violence Reduction, 189: Assessment of Needs of Internally Faso, Sandrine Mesplé-Somps, Marie- Caroline Moser and Ailsa Winton, Displaced Persons in Colombia, Eurgénie Malgoubri, Jean Muguet, and 2002 Deborah Hines and Raoul Balleto, Blaise Zongo, 2003 172: Good Practice in the Development 2002 209: Results-oriented Budget Practice in of PRSP Indicators and Monitoring 190: The Use of Participatory Methods OECD Countries, Aidan Rose, 2003 Systems, David Booth and Henry for Livelihood Assessment in Situations Lucas, 2002 of Political Instability: A Case Study Briefing Papers 173: Bridging Research and Policy: from Kosovo, Karen Westley and Options for Rural Poverty Reduction in Context, Evidence and Links, Emma Vladimir Mikhalev, 2002 Central America, January 2003 Crewe and John Young, 2002 191: A Critical Review of Approaches to The 'Water Crisis': Faultlines in Global 174: Bridging Research and Policy: An Assessing and Monitoring Livelihoods Debates, August 2002 Annotated Bibliography, Maja de Vibe, in Situations of Chronic Conflict and Foreign Direct Investment: Who Gains?, Ingeborg Hovland and John Young, Political Instability, Susanne Jaspars and May 2002

32 Annual Report 2002/2003 Publications

International Humanitarian Action: A Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG) Forestry Briefings Review of Policy Trends, April 2002 Reports 1. Forestry as an Entry Point for 12 Uncertain Power: The Changing Role Governance Reform, David Brown, Natural Resource Perspectives of Official Donors in Humanitarian Kate Schreckenberg, Gill SHpeherd 78. Rights and livelihood approaches: Action. Joanna Macrae, Sarah and Adrian Wells. (2002) exploring policy dimensions, May Collinson, Margie Buchanan-Smith, 2. Negotiating Partnerships for 2002, Tim Conway, Caroline Moser, Nicola Reindorp, Anna Schmidt, Governance Reform: the Draft Code Andy Norton and John Farrington Tasneem Mowjee and Adele Harmer of Conduct for Forest Sector 79. Combining growth and social Development Cooperation, Adrian protection in weakly integrated rural HPG Briefings Wells, Kate Schreckenberg, areas, May 2002, John Farrington and 4 Financing International Humanitarian T.Tuomasjukka, B-M Liss, and T. Gerard J. Gill Action: a Review of Key Trends. Oksanen.(2002) 80. Creating a policy environment for Margie Buchanan-Smith and Judith 3. Making pro-poor agricultural extension: the Randel Environmental who? what? and how? May 2002, 5 The Changing Role of Official Donors Management John Farrington, Ian Christoplos, in Humanitarian Action: A Review of more Andrew Kidd and Malin Beckman with Trends and Issues. Joanna Macrae Responsive to Elizabeth Cromwell 6 International Humanitarian Action and Local Needs: 81. Supermarkets and Farming in Latin the Accountability of Official Donors. Decentralisation America: Pointing Directions for Sarah Collinson and Evidence- Elsewhere? December 2002, Thomas and Margie based Policy in Reardon, Julio A. Berdegué and John Buchanan-Smith Ghana, Kojo Farrington 7 Coordinating Amanor and 82. Do Area Development Projects have Humanitarian David Brown. a Future? December 2002, John Action: The (2003) Farrington, Roger Blench, Ian Changing Role of 4. ‘Economic Stakeholder Analysis’ for Christoplos, Karin Ralsgård and Anders Official Donors. Participatory Forest Management, Rudqvist Nicola Reindorp Michael Richards (2003) and Anna Schmidt ODI Journals Keysheets for Sustainable Development Policy Review Agricultural Research and Livelihoods Editor: David Booth Extension Network (AgREN) Papers Policy Planning and Implemenation Co-editors: John Farrington, Adrian P. 113: Farmers’ access to natural pest 10 Rural-Urban Linkages Hewitt, Oliver Morrissey, Caroline O. N. control products: experience from an 11 Decentralisation and Governance Moser and Tony Killick IPM project in India, Robert Tripp and 12 Decentralisation and Political Associate Editor: Margaret Cornell Arif Ali Accountability 114: Partnership in agricultural 13 Sovereignty and Global Governance Disasters: The Journal of Disaster extension: Lessons from Chitwan 14 Non-Farm Income in Rural Areas Studies, Policy and Management (Nepal), Gana Pati Ojha and Stephen 15 Environmental Assessment Editors: Joanna R. Morin 17 National Forest Programmes Macrae, Helen 115: Supporting local seed systems in Young and David southern Somalia: A developmental Water Policy Briefs Alexander approach to agricultural rehabilitation 1: The 'Water Crisis': Faultlines in global Assistant Editor: in emergency situations, Catherine debates, July 2002 Corwen Longley, Richard Jones, Mohamed 2: Financing Transboundary Water McCutcheon Hussein Ahmed and Patrick Audi Management, July 2002 116: Dilemmas of agricultural rxtension 3: Poverty Reduction and Water: Humanitarian in Pakistan: Food for thought, Dr. 'Watsan and PRSPs' in sub-Saharan Practice Network Andrew P. Davidson, Dr. Munir Ahmad Africa, July 2002 (HPN) Papers and Dr. Tanvir Ali 4: Secure Water? Poverty, Livelihoods 38: HIV/AIDS and Emergencies: Analysis 117: The role of forages in reducing and Demand-Responsive Approaches, and Recommendations for Practice. poverty and degradation natural Jan 2003 Ann Smith resources in tropical production 39: Reconsidering the tools of war: small systems, M. Peters et al Water Policy Programme (WPP) arms and humanitarian action. Robert 118: Smallholders and niche markets: Research Report Muggah with Martin Griffiths Lessons from the Andes, Jon Hellin 1: Returning Thirsty: Water, Livelihoods 40: Drought, livestock and livelihoods: and Sophie Higman and Returnees in the Gash-Barka lessons from the 1999–2001 119: Agriculture and micro enterprise in Region, Eritrea. G. Kibreab, and A. emergency response in the pastoral Malawi’s rural south, Alastair Orr and Nicol,. with S. Berhe, and Y. sector in Kenya. Yacob Aklilu and Mike Sheena Orr Zekarias., 2002 Wekesa 120: Improving the access of small 41: Politically informed humanitarian farmers in eastern and southern Africa ODI Policy Papers programming: using a political to global pigeonpea markets, Richard Developing Countries: Victims or economy approach. Sarah Collinson Jones, H. Ade Freeman and Gabriele Participants – Their Changing Role in with Michael Bhatia, Martin Evans, Lo Monaco International Negotiations, Sheila Richard Fanthorpe, Jonathan 121: Agriculture and rural livelihoods: Page, 2003 Goodhand and Stephen Jackson Is globalisation opening or blocking Poverty Reduction, Equity and Climate 42: The role of education in protecting paths out of rural poverty?, Jonathan Change: Global Governance Synergies children in conflict. Susan Nicolai and Kydd or Contradictions?, Michael Carl Triplehorn Richards,2003

Annual Report 2002/2003 33 Publications

A selection of other significant 533–540. points for publications by ODI authors Court, J. and Hyden, G. (2003) Kananaskis’ in Benson, C. and Edward J. Clay (2002a) ‘Assessing Governance and The Networker, ‘Bangladesh: disasters and public Corruption: Survey Evidence from 16 British Overseas finance.’ Disaster Risk Management Transition Societies’ in Global NGOs for Working Paper Series No.5. Corruption Report 2003, Transparency Development Washington, D.C.: World Bank. http:// International, January 2003. (BOND), 17, July. www.proventionconsortium.org/files/ Evans, A. and Coyle, E. (2002) Costing Maxwell, S. (2002) Bangladesh.pdf Poverty Reduction Strategies – Early ‘Rethinking Rural Bird, A. and Shepherd, A. (2003) Experience, PRSP Synthesis Monitoring Development’ in ‘Chronic poverty in semi-arid Project Briefing Note, No. 4, May. Forests, Trees and Zimbabwe’, Chronic Poverty Research Evans, A., Coyle, E. (2003) Experience Livelihoods, 12: Centre, Working Paper 18. with PRSs in Latin America and the 155–161. Bird, K, and Shepherd, A. (2003) Caribbean, PRSP Synthesis Monitoring Maxwell, S. (2002) ‘Livelihoods and Chronic Poverty in Project Synthesis Note, No. 5, February. ‘Can debates Semi-Arid Zimbabwe’, World Evans, A., Coyle, E., and Curran, Z. about poverty in Development 31 (3). (2003) National Poverty Reduction developing Blake, A., O. Morrissey and A. McKay Strategies (PRSPs) in Conflict-Affected countries enrich (2002) ‘The Impact on Uganda of Countries in Africa, PRSP Synthesis debates about Agricultural Trade Liberalisation’, Monitoring Project Briefing Note, No. health in Journal of Agricultural Economics, 6, March. developed 53:2, 365–381. Goran, H. and Court, J. (2003) countries?’, in Booth D. (ed) (2003) ‘Are PRSPs Making ‘Comparing Oliver, A (ed), International a Difference? The African Experience’, Governance Across Perspectives on Equity and Health: As Development Policy Review, Vol. 21, Countries and Over seen from the UK, The Nuffield Trust, No. 2, March. Time: Conceptual London. Booth, D. (2002) ‘Poverty reduction and Challenges’ in Maxwell, S. (2003) ‘Capturing All Our the national policy process’ in Colin Olowu, D. and Sako, Histories: The Biography of Sir Hans Kirkpatrick, Ron Clarke and Charles S. (eds) Better Singer’: Book Review Article of Sir Polidano (eds) Handbook on Governance and Hans Singer: The Life and Work of a Development Policy and Management, Public Policy: Development Economist (D. John Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Capacity Building Shaw, 2002) in Development Policy Booth, D. (2002) ‘Towards a better and Democratic Review, 21 (1). combination of the quantitative and Renewal in Africa, Bloomfield, CT: Maxwell, S. and Conway, T. (2002) the qualitative: some design issues Kumarian Press. ‘Comprehensive approaches: lessons from Pakistan’s Participatory Poverty Gordon, J., Schreckenberg, K. and from the past’, pp. 19–40 in Nagy Assessment’ in Ravi Kanbur (ed.) Q- Barrance, A. (2003). Are rare species Hanna and Robert Picciotto (eds) Squared: Combining Qualitative and useful species? Obstacles to the Making development work: Quantitative Methods in Poverty conservation of tree diversity in the dry development learning in a world of Appraisal, Delhi: Permanent Black. forest zone agro-ecosystems of poverty and wealth. World Bank Series Clay, Edward J., Louise Bohn, Enrique Mesoamerica. Global Ecology & on Evaluation and Development Vol. 4: Blanco de Armas, Singand Kabambe Biogeography 12(1): 13–19. New Brunswick and London: and Hardwick Tchale. 2003. ‘Climatic Killick, T. (2002) ‘Responding to Transaction Publishers. variability, economic performance and inequality’ ERC Briefing Paper No. 3, Maxwell, S. and Conway, T. (2002) the uses of climatic forecasting in London: DFID. April. ‘Perspectives on partnership’, pp. 237– Malawi and Southern Africa’. Disaster Luttrell, C. (2003) 258 in Nagy Hanna and Robert Risk Management Working Paper Institutional Picciotto (eds.) Making development Series 7. Washington, D.C.: World change and work: development learning in a world Bank. natural resource of poverty and wealth. World Bank Conway T. and Turk C. use in coastal Series on Evaluation and Development (2002) ‘Localizing Vietnam. Vol. 4: New Brunswick and London: MDGs for Poverty Geojournal Transaction Publishers Reduction in Viet 55:529–540. Maxwell, S., and Christiansen, K., (2002) Nam: Reducing Macrae, J. (2002) ‘Negotiation as Vulnerability and ‘The Political Simultaneous Providing Dimension’, War equation’: Protection’. Poverty and building a new Task Force: World Accountability, Forum, Geneva: partnership with Bank Viet Nam. International Committee of the Red Africa, in Conway T. and Norton Cross. International A. (2002) ‘Nets, Macrae, J. (2003) ‘Defining the Affairs 78 (3): ropes, ladders and boundaries: international security and 477–491. trampolines: the humanitarian engagement in the post- Maxwell, Simon place of social Cold War world’, in OCHA Tenth (2003) ‘Heaven or protection within Anniversary Publication, New York: Hubris: Reflections current debates on OCHA. on the New ‘New Poverty Agenda’ in poverty reduction.’ Maxwell, S. (2001) ‘Development Development Policy Review 21 (1). Editors’ introduction Research in Europe: towards an (All) Mehta, L. and Nicol, A. (2003) ‘Politics in Development Star Alliance?’ in EADI Newsletter, 3. and Provision On-the-Ground Realities Policy Review 20 (5): Maxwell, S. (2002) ‘G8 & Africa – 10 of Water and Sanitation Development’,

34 Annual Report 2002/2003 Publications

Urban Poverty Special – Insights Barzallo, J. (2003) ‘Case Study of Water edited by T McShane, T. and M Wells, Development Research, March 2003 Services in Mexico’ in OECD, Social M., Columbia University Press. Issue 45. Issues in the Provision and Pricing of Slater, R. (2002) ‘Between a rock and a Morrissey, O. (2002) ‘British Aid Policy Water Services, Paris: OECD. hard place: contested livelihoods in Since 1997: Is DFID the Standard Nicol, A. (2002) ‘Water Theme Paper’, Qwaqwa National Park, South Africa’ Bearer for Donors?’, CREDIT Research SLSA Working Paper 4, Brighton: Geographical Paper 02/23. Institute of Development Studies. Journal 168 (2): Morrissey, O. and D. Nelson (2003) ‘The Nicol, A. (2003) ‘The Politics of Water 116–129. WTO and Transfer of Policy Knowledge Policy: A Southern Africa Example’, Slater, R. (2002) on Trade and Competition’ in H. Bloch SLSA Research Paper 20, Brighton: ‘Differentiation (ed), Growth and Development in the Institute of Development Studies. and Global Economy, Cheltenham: Edward Nicol, A. (2003) ‘Water, Politics and the diversification: Elgar, pp 235–251. Poor: Kyoto and Beyond’, Connections, Changing Morrissey, O. and D. W. te Velde (2002) Spring 2003, Supplement on Water livelihoods in ‘Spatial Inequality for Manufacturing and Sustainable Development, UNED, Qwaqwa, South Wages in Five African Countries’ London. Africa, 1970– CREDIT Research Paper 02/18. Norton, A., Conway T. and Foster, M. 2000’ Journal of Morrissey, O. and D. W. te Velde (2003) (2002) ‘Social protection: defining the Southern African ‘Trade and Investment Policy and field of action and policy’, in Studies, Special Issue on Changing Equity in South Korea’ in K. Sharma Development Policy Review 20 (5): Livelihoods, 28 (3): 599–614. (ed), Trade Policy, Growth and Poverty 541–568. Tripp, R. (2002) ‘Can the Public Sector in Asian Developing Countries, Page, S. (2002) ‘From Uruguay Round to Meet the Challenge of Private London: Routledge, pp. 95–109. Doha: Developing Countries’ Research?’, Food Policy 27: 239–246. Morrissey, O. and M. Shibata (2002) Experiences with Trade Negotiations’, Tripp, R. (2002) ‘Seed Regulatory Reform: ‘Private Capital Inflows and CUTS-ARC Policy Brief, No. 4. An Overview’ in Louwaars, N. (ed.) Macroeconomic Stability in sub- Page, S. (2002) ‘Trade and Foreign Policy Seed Policy, Legislation and Law pp. Saharan Countries?’ CREDIT Research in the EU’, in Paolo Giordano (ed), An 103–115. New York: Haworth Press. Paper 02/21. Integrated Approach to the European Velde, D.W. te (2002), ‘Foreign Morrissey, O. and R. Lensink (2002) ‘The Union-Mercosur Association, Paris: Ownership and Wages in British Volatility of FDI not the Level Affects Chaire MERCOSUR de Sciences Po. Establishments’, Economic and Social Growth in Developing Countries’, Page, S. (2003) Review, 33, pp. 101–108. University of Groningen: CDS Research ‘International Trade Velde, D.W. te (2002), ‘Government Report No. 1. Policies’ in Ganeshan Policies for Inward Foreign Direct Morrissey, O., J. Kweka and A. Blake Wignaraja (ed), Investment in Developing Countries: (2003) ‘The Economic Potential of Competitiveness Implications for Human Capital Tourism in Tanzania’, Journal of Strategy in Formation and Income Inequality’, International Development, 15:3, 335– Developing OECD Development Centre Technical 352. Countries, London: Paper No. 193 Morrissey, O., J. Mbabazi and C. Milner Routledge. Velde, D.W. te (2003), ‘Policies towards (2002) ‘Inequality, Trade Liberalisation Pal, S. and Tripp, R. Foreign Direct Investment’, in and Growth’, Warwick: CSGR Working (2002) ‘India’s Seed Wignaraja, G (ed.), Competitiveness Paper Series 102/02. Industry Reforms: Prospects and Strategy and Industrial Performance: A Morrissey, O., R. Osei and R. Lensink Issues’, Indian Journal of Agricultural Manual for Policy Analysis, London: (2002) ‘The Volatility of Capital Economics 57(3):443–458. Routledge. Inflows: Measures and Trends for Piron, LH. (2003) ‘Are ‘development Wiggins, S. (2003) ‘Trade reform, Developing Countries’ CREDIT compacts’ required to realise the right agriculture and poverty in developing Research Paper 02/20 . to development?’ in The Right to countries: a review of the empirical Mtisi, S. and Nicol, A. (2003) ‘Caught in Development: Reflections on the First evidence’, in OECD, 2003, Agricultural the Act: New Stakeholders, Four Reports of the Independent Expert trade and poverty. Making policy Decentralisation and Water on the Right to Development, analysis count, Paris: OECD. Management Processes in Zimbabwe’, Franciscans International, Geneva, Williamson, T., Kragh, O. and SLSA Research Paper 14, Brighton: January. Byanebenoha, W. (2002) Fiscal Institute of Development Studies. Shepherd, A., and Hulme, D. (2003) Decentralisation Strategy Pilot – Draft Mtisi, S. and Nicol, A. (2003) ‘Water ‘Conceptualising Budget Guidelines, Ministry of Local Points and Water Policies: chronic poverty’, Government, Uganda, November. Decentralisation and Community World Management in Sangwe Communal Development 31 Area, Zimbabwe’, SLSA Research Paper (3). 15, Brighton: Institute of Development Shepherd, G. Studies. (2003) ‘Poverty Nayyar, D. and Court, J. (2002) and Forests: ‘Governing Globalization: Issues and Sustaining Institutions’, UNU/WIDER Policy Brief Livelihoods in No. 4, June 2002. Integrated Newborne, P. (2003) ‘Managing the Conservation Transition to Improved Water Services’ and in OECD, Social Issues in the Provision Development’. Chapter 15 of and Pricing of Water Services, Paris: Integrated Conservation and OECD. Development Practice: Its Current Newborne, P., Saade-Hazin, L. and State, and Directions for the Future

Annual Report 2002/2003 35 Meetings

Can Africa make it? Prospects for Africa’s • Return to core business: are we Commonwealth Office development (April–June 2002) neglecting business competencies in the • Group behaviour and development – is • Democracy and governance: pursuit of poverty reduction? Michael the market destroying cooperation? (23 participation, transparency and Warner, ODI; Eibhlis Hood, Social Investment September) – OUP launch of Frances Stewart’s accountability Michael Chege, University of Manager, BP plc; David Logan, London book, Simon Maxwell, ODI; Kevin Watkins, Florida; Professor Jack Spence, Royal Institute Benchmarking Group (23 October) Head of Research, Oxfam; Tony Addison, of International Affairs (30 April) • Social vs environmental management Deputy Director, WIDER • Ending war in Africa Dr Kayode Fayemi, instruments: convergence or divergence? • Grain markets, food security and the Executive Secretary for Democracy and David Harvey, National Contact Point, OECD WTO: what future for developing Development; Professor Robin Luckham (7 Multinational Enterprise Guidelines; Simon countries? (3 October) Sophia Murphy, May) Zadek, Chief Executive, AccountAbility; Chris Program Director, Trade and Agriculture • Debt relief, aid and poverty reduction Marsden, Chairman, Business Group, Amnesty Program, Institute for Agriculture and Trade Ann Pettifor, Director, Jubilee Research/New International (30 October) Policy (IATP), Minneapolis, US; C Stuart Clark, Economics Foundation; Dinesh Dodhia, • National poverty reduction strategies: Senior Policy Advisor, Canadian Foodgrains Consultant Advisor, Economic Affairs Division where are corporations in the PRSP Bank (16 May) process? Edward Bickham, Vice President, The State of Food Insecurity in the World • Economic strategies for Africa Paul Anglo American; Simon Maxwell, Director, 2002 (16 October) – UN Food and Agriculture Collier, World Bank; Michael Holman, FT; ODI (6 November) Organization’s annual publication launched at Hugh Bayley, MP (22 May) • Corporate social responsibility and the an ODI-hosted news conference Hartwig de • Africa in the world economy Barry role of the state: where do we draw the Haen, Assistant Director-General, UNFAO; Coates, Director, World Development line? Halina Ward, International Institute for Simon Maxwell, Director, ODI Movement (UK) (29 May) Environment and Development; Roger Cowe, • Developing Capacity through Technical • Unlocking Africa’s human potential Dr journalist; Simon Maxwell, Director, ODI (13 Cooperation: Country Experiences (28 Henry Kaluba, Chief Programme Officer, November) October) – UN Development Programme book Education Dept, Commonwealth Secretariat • The new London Principles: will there launch Stephen Browne, Principal Advisor on (5 June) be a poverty dividend? Rob Lake, Capacity Development, UNDP; Simon • Where next? The Right Hon Clare Short Henderson Global Investors; Brian Pearce, Maxwell, Director, ODI; Prof Arsene Balihuta, MP, Secretary of State for International Forum for the Future; Avinash Persaud, State Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Dr Development (12 June) Street Bank and Trust Company (20 Debapriya Bhattacharya, Director, Centre for November) Policy Dialogue, Dhaka, Bangladesh Putting politics back into development • Social partnerships between • Prolonged Use of IMF Resources – (May–July 2002) corporations, government and civil International workshop on an evaluation of • Poverty reduction prospects in India: society: pleasure or pain? Will Day, CARE the IMF by the Independent Evaluation Office what difference does state politics make? International; Murray Jones, Social (IEO) of the IMF (25 November) David John Farrington, ODI; Anne Marie Goetz, IDS; Performance Unit, Shell International; Toby Goldsbrough, Deputy Director, IEO; Isabelle Rob Jenkins, Birkbeck College (1 May) Webb, Editor, Ethical Corporation Magazine Mateos y Lago, IEO; Montek Ahluwalia, • Understanding the politics of (27 November) Director of Independent Evaluation Office; development statistics Michael Ward, UN • Promoting business linkages: will the Tony Killick, Senior Research Associate, ODI; Intellectual History Project; Robert Wade, LSE WTO Doha round stimulate access to Simon Maxwell, Director, ODI DESTIN (8 May) multinational enterprises for local SMEs? • Uncertain Power: The changing role of • Domestic politics and the WTO Rob Dirk Willem te Velde, ODI; Jack Newnham, donors in humanitarian action, HPG (15 Jenkins, Birkbeck College; Barbara Evers, Deloitte & Touche (4 December) January) Manchester University; Lyla Mehta, IDS (15 • Iraq: war, law and humanitarian May) Intellectual property rights in developing protection, HPG (22 January) • Can PRSPs influence the national countries: rights or wrongs? (February • The Livelihoods and Chronic Conflict politics of poverty reduction? Sandra 2003) Working Paper Series (30 January) London Pepera, DFID Governance Department; Chris • Intellectual property in developing launch seminar Kate Longley, ODI Scott, LSE (22 May) countries: rights or wrongs? Julian Morris, • Global Development Network • Social capital and development: part of Director, International Policy Network; Sandy workshop (17 February) Bob Picciotto (ex- the problem, or part of the solution? Ben Thomas, Director, Council on Bio-Ethics, World Bank); Keith Bezanson, Director, IDS; Fine, SOAS; Michael Woolcock, World Bank/ Nuffield University; Simon Maxwell, ODI (5 Charles Clift, CIPR Cambridge University (29 May) February) • Secure Water – making water work for • ‘Crisis states’, humanitarian aid and the • Do patents help stimulate research on communities, exhibition – Oxo Tower reconstruction of civilian governance medicines developing countries need? Are Gallery (25 February–10 March) Joanna Macrae, ODI; James Putzel, LSE DRC (5 June) they a barrier to accessing medicines? • Foreign Direct Investment, Income • Promoting good governance: some Nathan Ford, Access to Medicines Advisor, Inequality and Poverty: Experiences and lessons from history and recent Médecins sans Frontières; Chris Strutt, Vice Policy Implications (28 February) with Sheila experience Richard Higgott, University of President, External Relations, Worldwide and Page, Dirk Willem te Velde, Michael Warwick; Roger Wilson, DFID Governance International, GloxoSmithKline; Charles Clift, Mortimore (United Nations Economic Department (12 June) DFID (12 February) Commission for Latin America and the • Taxation and accountability: how does • Can IPRs help promote agriculture and Caribbean) , Carolyn Jenkins (Centre for the revenue influence political change? Mick food security in developing countries? Studies of African Economies, University of Moore, IDS Centre for the Future of the State; Dwijen Rangnekar, Senior Research Fellow, Oxford.)Watipaso Mkandawire (Regional Jonathan DiJohn, LSE DRC (19 June) University College, London; Tim Roberts, Investment Agency Unit, COMESA, Lusaka) • “Civil society”: universal concept or Intellectual property consultant; Linda Brown, Prof Rhys Jenkins (University of East Anglia), donor fad? John Harris, LSE DESTIN; Jan Aart Senior Natural Resources Adviser, DFID (19 Eddy Lee, (ILO, Geneva). Scholte, University of Warwick (26 June) February) • Southern Africa Report, International • Local governance and poverty Development Committee (11 March) IDC reduction: does decentralisation help? Joy Other meetings, workshops, seminars, • Coherence in Crisis, HPG (12 March) Moncrieffe, ODI; Jean-Paul Faguet, LSE launches, press conferences • Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Debt DESTIN; James Putzel, LSE (12 June) Initiative (19 March) – workshop on the • New Humanitarians: A review of global evaluation of the HIPC debt relief initiative –

B24b: stimulating a step-change in the trends in international humanitarian Operations Evaluation Department of the development performance of corporations response (14 May) Humanitarian Policy World Bank, Simon Maxwell, Director, ODI; (October–December 2002) Group Victoria Elliott, Manager, Corporate Evaluation • Project finance and poverty reduction: • What Use Is International Humanitarian and Methods Group, OED; Madhur Gautam, “You can’t expect something to be Law? (30 May) Humanitarian Practice Task Manager of HIPC evaluation; Vikram poverty focused and make a profit for Network debate, Francoise Bouchet Saulnier, Nehru, Manager of World Bank unit dealing shareholders” Allan Gillespie, Chief legal counsel, MSF Foundation, Paris; Philip with HIPC; Ann Pettifor, Jubilee 2000+; Executive, CDC Capital Partners; Michael Spoerri, Coordinator of Legal Advisers to Alistair Milne, City University Business School McWilliam, author; Simon Maxwell, Director, Operations, ICRC; Stephen Pattison, Head of ODI (16 October) the UN Department, Foreign and

36 Annual Report 2002/2003 Research Specialisations

Research Fellows Research Officers Caroline Ashley: pro-poor tourism Simon Maxwell: development theory and Edward Anderson: inequality, poverty and strategies; rural livelihoods; community- policy; poverty; food security; economic, growth; the effects of globalisation on based natural resource management; social and cultural rights; aid; policy inequality between and within countries. community-private partnerships; Southern processes. Dirk Bezemer: economics of transition; and Eastern Africa. Alan Nicol: social, institutional and political agricultural economics; design of market Kate Bird: poverty and chronic poverty; dimensions of water resources institutions; credit; rural development; policy reform; rural livelihoods, management and water supply develop- poverty. diversification and coping strategies; ment at all levels. Robert Chapman: natural resource project, programme and policy evaluation. Sheila Page: international and regional management; agricultural knowledge and Neil Bird: national forest programmes; sus- trade; the WTO; comparative trade and communication processes; information tainable forest management; forest development performance; capital flows; and communication technologies (ICTs). resource assessment; forest governance. foreign investment; tourism; Southern Karin Christiansen: PRSPs and linkages to David Booth: poverty-focused aid and the Africa and Latin America. public expenditure management; national policy process; process-oriented Laure-Hélène Piron: governance: political participatory and decentralised approaches monitoring, evaluation and impact- analysis; civil society and political to public expenditure and implementation. assessment; sub-Saharan Africa and Latin empowerment; conflict and the state; Sylvie Cordier: water and livelihoods; rural America. access to justice; human rights and planning; dissemination of research David Brown: governance and social devel- development. findings. opment; institutional aspects of John Roberts: public finance; aid Julius Court: bridging research and policy; environmental management; forests, management and effects; results-oriented governance and development; strength- poverty and development policy. public expenditure management and PRS; ening southern research capacity; surveys. Tim Conway: poverty analysis and reduction determinants of social sector outcomes. Zaza Curran: poverty reduction strategies; strategies; vulnerability and social protect- Kathrin Schreckenberg: on-farm tree governance; civil society political ion; donor policy and management; resources; non-timber forest products; empowerment; human rights and country strategy evaluation; south-east participatory forestry; information development. Asia. management. Sophie Evitt: wetland hydrology and Elizabeth Cromwell: agricultural bio- Andrew Shepherd: poverty reduction management; integrated water resource diversity economics and policy; agricultural policies and poverty analysis; Africa; South management; wetlands and livelihoods. sustainability; livelihood options for rural Asia; policy and programme evaluation; Adele Harmer: complex political emer- households. rural development; aid management. gencies; political economy of conflict; James Darcy: humanitarian principles; Frances Stevenson: complex political bilateral and multilateral donor co- protection of civilians and refugees; emergencies; humanitarian programming ordination. international human rights and and operations; protection; advocacy. Charles-Antoine Hofmann: humanitarian humanitarian law; needs assessment. Robert Tripp: seed systems; agricultural aid programming and operations in conflict John Farrington: livelihood protection and research and extension; natural resource situations; evaluations; emergency health. promotion, diversification, policy management. Nambussi Kyegombe: health; poverty; processes. Dirk Willem te Velde: foreign direct chronic poverty; intra-household dynamics; Ian Gillson: trade in services with and among investment and development; income gender and social identity and developing countries; GATS; tariff inequality; financing international public differentiation. preferences (especially GSP); political goods, private sector development. Cokro Leksmono: rural development; economy; trade facilitation. Michael Warner: corporate citizenship; opt- governance; decentralisation; privatisation Paul Harvey: humanitarian programming imising the poverty reduction impact of of rural services; and Asia. and operations; AIDS and humanitarian corporate investment. Cecilia Luttrell: policy change in the natural action; complex political emergencies; food Steve Wiggins: rural livelihoods and the resource sector and impacts on access and livelihood security in emergencies. non-farm economy; rural-urban linkages; rights and equity, livelihood vulnerability; Adrian Hewitt: European development governance, environment; Latin America common property resource management. policy; foreign aid; international trade; and Africa; food security. Dorothea Meyer: Pro-Poor Tourism commodities; the WTO; global public John Young: rural services; information and strategies; tourism development; goods; development strategy; Africa and IT; knowledge management and learning; community-private sector partnerships. the Caribbean. research-policy interface; capacity Joy Moncrieffe: politics, inequalities and John Howell: agricultural commodity building;partnerships; Asia and Africa. exclusion; poverty reduction and markets; land reform in southern Africa; institutional reform; democratic account- SADC trade facilitation. Senior Research Associates ability; health; Africa and the Caribbean. Catherine Longley: seed security and Edward Clay: economic and financial Rachel Slater: rural and urban livelihoods, agricultural rehabilitation; rural livelihoods aspects of natural disasters; food and food security and food policy, Africa and in chronic conflict and political instability; nutrition policy, especially food aid and South Asia. farmers’ management of crop diversity. food security. Tom Slaymaker: natural resource manage- Joanna Macrae: aid policy in unstable Tony Killick: international economic policy; ment; water-poverty-livelihood linkages; situations; the relationship between World Bank and International Monetary water policy; information and com- humanitarian and political responses to Fund; debt, PRSPs and conditionality; munication for rural development. conflict; official humanitarian policy. African economic problems; aid; poverty. Adrian Wells: environmental governance; Andy McKay: poverty and inequality Caroline Moser: conflict and violence; forests, poverty and decentralisation; analysis; poverty and PRSP monitoring; gender; livelihoods; human rights multilateral environmental agreements; chronic poverty; impact of policy, especially perspectives; security; empowerment; biodiversity law and planning. trade policy, on poverty. participation; poverty reduction. Tim Williamson: pro-poor public expen- Oliver Morrissey: aid and government Gill Shepherd: international forest and diture management and fiscal behaviour; aid and policy; trade policy environment policy; national forest decentralisation. reform and poverty; the WTO; FDI and dev- programmes; forests, poverty and the eloping countries; public goods. ecosystem approach; Asia and Africa.

Annual Report 2002/2003 Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD Telephone: +44 (0)20 7922 0300 Fax: +44 (0)20 7922 0399 Email: [email protected] Website: www.odi.org.uk