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Species Status Assessment Report for the Eastern Black Rail (Laterallus Jamaicensis Jamaicensis)

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Species Status Assessment Report for the Eastern Black Rail (Laterallus Jamaicensis Jamaicensis) Species Status Assessment Report for the Eastern Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis jamaicensis) Version 1.3 Photo: W. Woodrow August 2019 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Atlanta, GA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was prepared by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Eastern Black Rail Species Status Assessment Team (Caitlin Snyder, Nicole Rankin, Whitney Beisler, Jennifer Wilson, Woody Woodrow, and Erin Rivenbark). We also received substantial assistance from Ryan Anthony (USFWS – Region 3 Illinois Iowa Ecological Services), Rachel Laubhan (USFWS – Region 6 Refuges), Amy Schwarzer (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission), and Christy Hand (South Carolina Department of Natural Resources), as well as Brian Paddock of USFWS – Region 4, Jennifer Koches, Melanie Olds, and Autumn Vaughn of USFWS – Region 4 South Carolina Ecological Services, and Rusty Griffin of USFWS – National Wetlands Inventory. Analyses were performed by Conor McGowan and Nicole Angeli of the Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. We would like to recognize and thank the following individuals who provided substantive information and/or insights for our SSA analyses. Thank you to Adam Smith (USFWS – Region 4 Inventory & Monitoring), Allisyn Gillet (Indiana Division of Fish and Wildlife), Amanda Chesnutt (USFWS – Region 2 Refuges), Angela Trahan (USFWS – Region 4 Louisiana Ecological Services), Amanda (Moore) Haverland (Texas State University – San Marcos), Bill Meredith (Delaware Mosquito Control Section), Bill Vermillion (Gulf Coast Joint Venture), Billy Brooks (The Baldwin Group), Brenda Smith-Patten (University of Oklahoma), Brent Ortego (retired Texas Parks and Wildlife Department), Bryan Watts (William & Mary - CCB), Carrie Tansy (USFWS – Region 3 Michigan Ecological Services), Chris Butler (University of Central Oklahoma), Chris Elphick (University of Connecticut), Chris Thornton (USFWS – Region 6 Kansas Ecological Services), Christina Davis (New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife), Chuck Hunter (USFWS – Region 4 Refuges), Clay Green (Texas State University – San Marcos), Cliff Shackelford (Texas Parks and Wildlife Department), Craig Watson (Atlantic Coast Joint Venture), David Brinker (Maryland Department of Natural Resources), David Klute (Colorado Parks & Wildlife), Donna Dittmann (Louisiana Bird Records Committee), David Whitehurst (Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries), Eric Leflore (USFWS – Region 5 Ecological Services), Eric Soehren (Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources), Erik Johnson (Audubon Louisiana), Fletcher Smith (William & Mary – CCB), Floyd “Butch” Weckerly (Texas State University – San Marcos), Helen Hands (retired Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks), James Tolliver (Texas State University – San Marcos), Jennifer Delisle (Kansas Biological Survey), Jennifer Wheeler (BirdsCaribbean), Joel Jorgensen (Nebraska Game and Parks Commission), John Stanton (USFWS – Region 4 Migratory Birds), Karen Rowe (Arkansas Game and Fish Commission), Kelli Stone (USFWS – Region 2 Migratory Birds), Kevin Kalasz (USFWS – Region 4 South Florida Ecological Services), Kimberly Horndeski (Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts), Kirk Roth (Indiana Bird Records Committee), Krishna Gifford (USFWS – Region 5 Ecological Services), Kyle Barrett (Clemson University), Laurie Hall (USGS), Larry Igl (USGS, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center), Liza Rossi (Colorado Parks & Wildlife), Mark Howery (Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation), Mark Robbins (University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute), Michael Patten (University of Oklahoma), Michael Seymour (Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries), Michael Sperling (South Shore Audubon Society), Mike Barandiaran (USFWS – Region 4 Refuges), Mike Legare (USFWS – Region 4 Refuges), Min Huang (Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection), Nancy Green (USFWS – HQ Ecological Services), SSA Report – Eastern Black Rail ii August 2019 Nellie Tispoura (New Jersey Audubon Society), Nicolette Roach (Clemson University), Orien Richmond (USFWS – Region 6 Inventory & Monitoring), Paul McKenzie (USFWS – Region 3 Missouri Ecological Services), Rich Baker (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources), Richard Schultheis (Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks & Tourism), Roberto Torres (The Nature Conservancy), Robyn Niver (USFWS – Region 5 New York Ecological Services), Roger Clay (Alabama Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries), Ruth Boettcher (Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries), Sanford Porter (USDA – Agricultural Research Service), Shaun Olson (USFWS – Region 4 North Carolina Ecological Services), Steve Beissinger (University of California, Berkeley), Steve Papa (USFWS – Region 5 Long Island Ecological Services), Suzanne Paton (USFWS – Region 5 Southern New England Coastal Program), Todd Schneider (Georgia Department of Natural Resources), Trey Daughtery (Marine Corps Air Station, Beaufort), Troy Wilson (USFWS – Region 5 Inventory & Monitoring), and William Busby (Kansas Biological Survey). Thank you to John Fisher at NCTC Library for his support obtaining literature sources. Additionally, valuable peer reviews of a draft of this document were provided by Auriel Fournier (Mississippi State University), Bryan Watts (William & Mary – CCB), Courtney Conway (USGS, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit), Greg Shriver (University of Delaware), and Steve Beissinger (University of California, Berkeley). We appreciate their input and comments, which resulted in a more robust status assessment and final report. Suggested reference: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2019. Species status assessment report for the eastern black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis jamaicensis), Version 1.3. August 2019. Atlanta, GA. SSA Report – Eastern Black Rail iii August 2019 Summary of Version Updates The changes from version 1.0 (January 2018) and 1.1 (February 2018) did not change the SSA Analysis for eastern black rail. The changes included: 1. Added Executive Summary. 2. Restructured Historical and Current Range Section from Chapter 4 to Chapter 2 and clarified content. 3. Changed the order of the Habitat Fragmentation and Conversion and Altered Plant Communities Sections in Chapter 3. 4. Revised Sections in all Chapters to include additional relevant references and added information to clarify content. 5. Added new Table 3-2. 6. Revised Figures 3-6, 4-1, 4-2. 7. Added new references from revised Sections to Literature Cited. The changes from version 1.1 (February 2018) and 1.2 (June 2018) did not change the overall outcome of the SSA report for eastern black rail. The changes included: 1. Added List of Tables and List of Figures. 2. Revised Sections in all Chapters to include additional relevant references and added information to clarify content. 3. Increased the number of simulations in the Future Condition analysis (projection model) from 100 replicates to 5,000 replicates. 4. Added new Tables 2-3, 4-4, 4-5, 5-1. 5. Added new Figure 2-7; revised Figures 2-6, 2-8, 4-1, 4-3, and Figures in Appendix B; removed Figures 3-6, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4. 6. Added new references from the revised Sections to Literature Cited. The changes from version 1.2 (June 2018) and 1.3 (August 2019) did not change the SSA Analysis for eastern black rail. The changes included: 1. Added Summary of Version Updates. 2. Revised Sections in Chapters 2 and 3 to include additional relevant references and added information to clarify content. 3. Added new Table 2-2. 4. Added new Figures 3-2, 3-3, 3-4; revised Figure 2-5. 5. Added new references from the revised Sections to Literature Cited. SSA Report – Eastern Black Rail iv August 2019 Species Status Assessment Report for the Eastern Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis jamaicensis) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report summarizes the results of a Species Status Assessment completed for the eastern black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis jamaicensis) to assess the subspecies’ overall viability. The eastern black rail is a subspecies of black rail, a small, cryptic marsh bird that occurs in salt, brackish, and freshwater wetlands in the eastern United States (east of the Rocky Mountains), Mexico, Brazil, Central America, and the Caribbean. To evaluate the viability of the eastern black rail, we assessed the distribution, characterized the needs and the current condition, and predicted the future condition of the subspecies’ in terms of resiliency, representation, and redundancy. In the United States, eastern black rails are found in both coastal and interior areas, but the majority of detections are from coastal sites. In a recent assessment of 23 states along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, approximately 90% of documented breeding-season occurrence records occurred at coastal locations and less than 10% were interior records, with over 60% of the interior records occurring before 1950 (Watts 2016, entire). In addition, the northeastern, southeastern, and interior United States differ in the quantity and quality of survey data available for the eastern black rail. When viewing historical occurrences on the state level compared to what is known of present distribution, the range contraction (from Massachusetts to New Jersey) and site abandonment (patchy coastal distribution) noted by Watts (2016, entire) appear to be occurring throughout the eastern United States. In relative terms, regional strongholds in the Southeast and Southwest still exist for this subspecies; however, the best available scientific data suggest that the
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