Department of the Environment

State of Jersey Report 2005-2010 Executive Summary

Further Information

To receive a hard copy of the full report or to request any other information on any aspect of the report, please contact:

States of Jersey Department of the Environment Howard Davis Farm La Route de la Trinite Trinity JE3 5JP Jersey C.I.

Tel: (01534) 441600

Email [email protected]

Or visit www.gov.je/Environment

Publication date: December 2011

2 Executive Summary

Foreword from the Minister

The Chief Minister, in his recent policy statement, asserted that: “The Environment Department must become the environmental conscience of our government and our community”.

As Minister responsible for the Department of the Environment, I am very willing to take up this role and am pleased to publish this comprehensive report on the progress made across a wide range of environmental areas over the last six years.

Since 2005, major strategies have been debated and agreed in respect of waste management, water resources legislation, transport, the rural economy and a new Island Plan and the Eco-Active campaign and brand is now well recognised.

Whilst good progress has been made, there is still much to do, and each section of this report includes details of policies that need to be developed and extended over the next five year period.

Environmental policies centre on the wise use of resources. Jersey has made an international commitment to the Kyoto protocol in respect of reducing “greenhouse gas” emissions. Achieving the target set by Kyoto will require substantial changes to the way that we use energy into the future and the policies developed within the forthcoming Energy Strategy must address this fundamental issue.

Our consumer society encourages us to discard items that are still useful in order to purchase the latest version. These “waste” items are not waste, but recoverable resources. The government must lead the way in encouraging the minimisation of waste wherever possible. Facilities and activities need to be expanded to ensure that individuals and businesses can easily play their part in recycling “waste” materials.

The recent dry spell has underlined the importance of careful water management. In addition to water metering, techniques such as rain water harvesting, grey water systems and Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) will need to be incorporated into future water use strategies.

The challenges over the next five years are substantial. We will continue to monitor our progress and will set increasingly stringent targets during this time.

Robert Duhamel

Minister for Planning and the Environment Department of the Environment December 2011

3 Executive Summary

4 Executive Summary

CONTENTS

How this report is structured...... 7 The indicators at a glance ...... 8 Summary of Environmental Performance 2005 -2010...... 11 Environmental Challenges identified for 2011 - 2015...... 15

1 Energy and Climate ...... 20 1.1 The Indicators...... 21 1.1.1 Energy use ...... 21 1.1.2 Greenhouse gas emissions...... 23 1.1.3 Trends in the weather...... 25 1.2 Update on 2005 environmental priority and key actions ...... 33 1.2.1 Introducing energy efficiency measures ...... 34 1.2.2 Exploring the potential for renewable energy ...... 35 1.2.3 Preparing for the effects of climate change ...... 35 1.3 The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011-2015 ...... 37 1.3.1 An Energy Policy ...... 37 1.3.2 Developing workstreams that support carbon and energy reductions ...... 38 1.3.3 Expanding the Energy Efficiency Service...... 38 1.3.4 Renewable energy...... 38 1.3.5 Creating a low carbon economy ...... 39 1.3.6 Planning and building bye-laws ...... 40 1.3.7 Future Proofing...... 40

2 Marine and Fresh Waters ...... 44 2.1 The Indicators...... 45 2.1.1 Drinking Water supply ...... 45 2.1.2 Fresh water management...... 49 2.1.3 Fresh water quality ...... 51 2.1.4 Marine Water Quality...... 60 2.1.5 Ramsar sites ...... 71 2.2 Update on 2005 environmental priority and key actions ...... 74 2.2.1 Water Resources Law ...... 74 2.2.2 Pollution prevention...... 75 2.2.3 Marine Waters ...... 76 2.3 The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011-2015 ...... 77 2.3.1 Fresh Water...... 77 2.3.2 Marine Waters ...... 78

3 Waste ...... 79 3.1 The Indicators...... 80 3.1.1 Waste Management ...... 80 3.1.2 Total solid waste arisings per capita...... 81 3.1.3 Recycling...... 84 3.1.4 Pollution from waste ...... 90 3.2 Update on 2005 environmental priority and key actions ...... 94 3.2.1 Replacement of disposal facility at Bellozanne...... 94

5 Executive Summary

3.2.2 Waste management standards...... 94 3.2.3 Improvements in recycling rates...... 96 3.3 The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011-2015 ...... 97 3.3.1 Develop a new Liquid Waste strategy to include renewal of Bellozanne liquid waste treatment plant ...... 97 3.3.2 Review and revise Solid Waste Strategy...... 98 3.3.3 Continue to abide by internationally agreed standards in future waste management planning...... 98 3.3.4 Continued improvement in recycling rates...... 98 3.3.5 Waste minimisation targets will be considered in the Solid Waste Strategy Review...... 98

4 Transport...... 100 4.1 The Indicators...... 101 4.1.1 Transport Choices ...... 101 4.1.2 Atmospheric pollution from transport...... 106 4.2 Update on 2005 environmental priority and key actions ...... 108 4.2.1 Sustainable Travel and Transport Policy...... 108 4.2.2 Introduction of Vehicle Emissions Duty ...... 108 4.3 The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011 to 2015...... 109 4.3.1 Implementation of Sustainable Transport Policy ...... 110 4.3.2 Implementation of Island Plan Policies...... 111 4.3.3 Monitoring of atmospheric pollution...... 112

5 Natural Environment ...... 116 5.1 Overall land cover...... 116 5.2 Protecting the Island’s natural and built heritage ...... 117 5.3 The indicators...... 120 5.3.1 Improving the biodiversity of the working countryside ...... 120 5.3.2 The Working countryside...... 124 5.3.3 Access to the Countryside...... 125 5.3.4 Species protection...... 126 5.3.5 Populations of key species ...... 128 5.3.6 Non-indigenous invasive pests and diseases...... 136 5.4 Update on the 2005 environmental priorities and key actions ...... 139 5.5 The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011 to 2015...... 142 5.5.1 Species Protection- Legislation and Policy...... 142 5.5.2 Habitat Protection – Legislation and Policy ...... 143 5.5.3 Changes in the Working Countryside ...... 144 5.5.4 Long term monitoring of species and habitats ...... 145

6 ECO-ACTIVE...... 149

6 Executive Summary

How this report is structured

Welcome to the second edition of We have used a traffic lights the State of Jersey Report 2011 system; red, amber or green which provides an update on the (RAG), to give a quick view of how first State of Jersey Environment each indicator is performing; red Report which was published in meaning static or a declining trend; January 2005. This report covers amber meaning static or slight the 6 year period from 2005 to the change; green representing end of 2010. increasing trends or good performance. The RAG table on This report is published under the the following pages gives a Eco-Active banner, as part of the snapshot of the indicators divided Department of the Environment’s into the different theme areas. commitment to providing environmental information to the The report is divided into five community. This report will be chapters. Each chapter is available as a download on the structured in the same way. www.gov.je website and a limited number of copies will be made x Introduction; available in libraries. Further x Update on indicators; information about the Eco-Active x Report back on the progress campaign can be found in the final made between 2005 - 2010; chapter of the report and on x Priority actions for the next www.gov.je . period 2011-2015.

The 2005 Report was Jersey’s first The next State of Jersey report will environmental benchmark report. It present the progress made in the examined the state of Jersey’s five environmental priority areas environment and identified which will continue to be monitored environmental priority areas that using the indicators in this report. would be monitored using a set of The report will cover the period environmental indicators. The 2011 to 2015 and will be published priority areas identified were: in 2016. x Energy and Climate; x Fresh and Marine Waters; x Waste; x Transport; x Natural Environment.

The indicators have been refined over the reporting period and this report presents an update on the environmental performance in each of the areas listed above.

7 Executive Summary

The indicators at a glance

This table provides an overview of the trend for each of the indicators over the period, 2005 – 2010. The table reports progress using a traffic light; red, amber, green to give an overview of progress for each indicator. The symbols alongside the indicator show the trend that has been reported.

Full details of each indicator are included in the relevant chapter of the report and they provide much more information on the way the data has been collected and interpreted.

Ref: Indicator description RAG

Energy & Climate Change

E1 The energy consumption of hydrocarbons by end final user  E2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions  E3a Weather indexes - Length of growing season and average air temperature N/A E3b Weather indexes - Heavy Rainfall N/A E3c Weather indexes - Cold and Warm Spell Durations N/A

E3d Weather indexes - Seasonal Rainfall Patterns N/A

E3e Weather indexes - Sea Temperature N/A

Fresh Waters

FW1a The volume of drinking water supplied by Jersey Water per annum & FW1b Depth of the water table at measured sites & FW2a Frequency of burst water mains & FW2b Percentage of water connections metered & FW3a Chemical quality of groundwater à FW3b Chemical quality of surface water à FW3c Biological water quality of surface waters à FW3d Number and type of reported pollution incidents Ä Number of prosecutions and outcomes under the Water Pollution Law. FW3e Levels of compliance with conditions set on discharge permits/certificates & FW3f Fertilizer application rates &

8 Executive Summary

Marine waters

MW1a Levels of compliance with EC Bathing Water Directive à MW1b Radioactivity in the Marine Environment Ä MW1c Toxic algal testing Ä MW1d Heavy metal concentration in shellfish and algae & MW2a Dolphin species diversity, distribution and abundance  MW2b Status of indicator species - Whelks Ä MW2b Status of indicator species - Ormers  MW2b Status of indicator species - Lobsters à MW3a Number and status of RAMSAR sites & MW3b Biotope quality of the inter-tidal zone including Ramsar site N/A

Waste

WR1a Total non-inert waste reused/recycled and composted per annum & WR1b Tonnes of solid waste arisings (non-inert) per capita per annum & WR2a Recycling – total percentage of recyclables collected per annum & WR2b Number of States of Jersey recycling facilities available to the public à WR3 Total liquid waste (sewage) processed per annum N/A WR4a Annual CRS spend on waste reduction & WR4b Chemical quality of key polluted sites Ã

Transport

T1a Annual traffic flow at 5 major sites Ä T1b Volume of road traffic by type of vehicle Ä Annual atmospheric pollutant monitoring: e.g. nitrous oxides, volatile  T2 organic compounds, ground level ozone, particulates, radioactive substances

9 Executive Summary

Natural Environment

NE1a Area of new habitat created under Countryside Renewal Scheme à NE1b Area of farmed land under environmental stewardship schemes  NE1c Status of butterfly indicator species across key habitat types N/A NE2 Total area farmed N/A NE3 Length of new footpaths created under the Countryside Renewal Scheme à NE4a The Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) Law 2000 ' NE4b The development of Biodiversity Action Plans for protected species  NE5a Birds - Status of 12 species of garden birds Ä NE5b Birds - Numbers of wading birds Ä NE5c Birds - Numbers of breeding birds Ä Birds - Number of site protections of selected nesting birds through NE5d planning process (as measured by inclusion of recommendations on permit) ' NE5e Bats - Number of roosts protected through the development control process ' N/A NE5f Bats - Bat species diversity and abundance at key foraging sites NE6 Incidence of crop pests and diseases &

 - indicator static or stable à - improving trend Ä - worsening trend & - performance good/ as expected ' - performance poor/ not compliant

10 Executive Summary

Summary of Environmental Performance 2005 - 2010

The information from the indicators Jersey is preparing an Energy provides a valuable resource for White Paper which will propose identifying trends and challenges internationally acceptable for the environment in Jersey. The emissions reduction targets. The indicators will continue to be EU members have set a reduction monitored over the coming 5 years target for 2050 of 80% lower than to provide information on trends 1990 levels. and an update on environmental performance. Current local emissions trends on their own will not lead to sufficient 1. Energy and Climate reductions in GHGs to achieve the EU targets and far more radical The consumption of energy has a steps need to be taken if the Island profound effect on quality of life, is to achieve the substantial the economy and social equity. emissions reductions that other Jersey’s population, like most of jurisdictions are signed up to. the developed world, is dependent These are likely to include on hydrocarbon fossil fuels to switching to utility-scale renewably support industrialised economies generated energy alongside and food production. Greenhouse technological advances for gases (GHGs) are produced when example increased numbers of energy is extracted from electric vehicles so reducing the hydrocarbon sources and the amount of emissions arising from overwhelming evidence is that road fuel. these GHGs are causing the climate to change in a way that will Analysis of meteorological data has most likely have significant and shown that the Island’s weather detrimental effects on global appears to be displaying patterns ecosystems and human habitation consistent with global patterns of of the planet. climate change, particularly the Jersey is a signatory to the Kyoto marked warming trend over the last Protocol signalling to the 30 years. international community that it wishes to take action and reduce 2. Waste - High Levels of Waste the Island’s emissions of GHGs. Production. Critically the local consumption of hydrocarbon energy must be Excessive waste generation reduced alongside other longer represents a misuse of resources. term options like switching to It causes pollution and carries a renewably generated energy. The financial cost for its treatment. benefits of a reduction in imported Locally total non-inert waste hydrocarbon energy are threefold generated increased year on year and centre on security of supply, until 2008 when changes to the affordability and sustainability. global economy affected this growth trend. As the economy

11 Executive Summary recovers and the number of local The Water Pollution (Jersey) Law households increases, there is 2000 has successfully been used predicted to be a rise in solid to tackle the reduction of point waste, which will need to be source pollution. The total number addressed of reported pollution incidents peaked at around 160 incidents per In 2010 108,158 tonnes of inert year during the three years after material was received and used in the Law was introduced. Thereafter the filling of the La Collette the number gradually reduced to reclamation site and 60,229 tonnes around 100 incidents per year of material was separated and (2004-2010). reused as secondary aggregates. This figure is fairly typical of However, data shows that Jersey previous years but varies still has elevated levels of nitrate in depending on the activity in the streams and groundwater construction and earth moving compared to many other places, market. and certainly higher than most places in Europe. Although not the Initial efforts to encourage recycling sole source, agricultural sources in have been implemented and have the Island are significant, because shown that the people of Jersey do agriculture accounts for over 50% support the ‘reduce, reuse and of the land coverage. A large scale recycle’ programme. The Solid project with the Department of the Waste Strategy set a recycling Environment and the agricultural target of 32% by 2009 which was industry is underway to tackle this achieved in that year. However, a issue. recycling rate of 31% was recorded in 2010. Recycling rates in Jersey Jersey’s 800 square miles of are comparatively low in territorial waters support not only comparison with other jurisdictions unique and varied ecosystems and Jersey must continue to such as those attracting increase the range of facilities international recognition e.g. available for domestic and designation as Ramsar sites, but commercial recycling. that also support a vibrant fisheries and aquaculture industry.

3. Fresh and marine waters Continued and significant steps are being taken to balance The average annual quantity of environmental and economic water available per person success with the adoption of the (approximately 440 m3 water) Coastal Zone Management makes Jersey one of the driest Strategy in 2009 alongside the places in the UK. On average, 97% Granville Bay Treaty. This Treaty of the Island’s public water supply acts as a mechanism to conserve is from surface water sources and enhance the local fishing which are largely derived, and thus industry on a regional scale reliant, upon a high groundwater involving negotiation with the level. neighbouring French administrations.

12 Executive Summary

low emission vehicles. The STP Despite considerable progress in sets an overall target of reducing the last few years there are some peak hour traffic levels to and from major issues that need to be St Helier by 15% by 2015. The addressed in the short and medium electric car market is moving term. These are; towards the commercial production x protecting over-exploited fish of all-electric vehicles and it is likely stocks and marine that these innovations will reduce biodiversity, the impact of personal car use x mitigating any potential where it is unavoidable. effects of maritime renewable energy projects, Vehicle Emissions Duty (VED) was x climate change and introduced in September 2010 to maintaining existing encourage the purchase of low fisheries, and emission new vehicles. European x treaties, Memoranda of legislation also requires new Understanding and models of vehicles to be extremely international agreements. fuel efficient. The States of Jersey car fleet has moved substantially to 4. Transport low emission / high efficiency small petrol or diesel cars in the last 2 In recognition of the challenges years reducing emissions as well associated with transport, the as making efficiency savings. This Sustainable Transport Policy (STP) is an example of environmental was formally adopted by the States practice making good business in 2010. Road transport accounts sense. for over one third of final energy consumption in Jersey and is the 5. Natural Environment key contributor to air pollution. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Jersey protects its natural particulates (PM10 and PM2.5) from environment in various ways, but road transport emissions present the Island Plan 2011 is the main the greatest challenge to Jersey in document which addresses the terms of improving air quality. tension between the protection of biodiversity, habitats and the The draft Air Quality Action Plan character of the coast and developed by the Environment countryside and the pressure for Department in 2010 -2011 new development. identifies the need, as a minimum, for the protection of human health, The Island Plan, approved by the to monitor both Nitrogen Dioxide States in June 2011, is based on a and particulates (PM10 and PM2.5) set of strategic principles which pollutants. promote a more sustainable pattern of development in the Island that Implementation of the ensures the optimal use of already recommendations within the STP developed land whilst meeting the will improve air quality both by Island’s development needs and reducing the amount of road traffic reducing the need to travel. and by increasing the number of

13 Executive Summary

This should help to ensure that the Coastal National Park and the development pressure on the Marine Zone, which are both Island’s most sensitive coast and subject to the strongest countryside locations is reduced presumption against new and and that there is a strong policy inappropriate development. The regime to ensure the protection of Plan also includes new policies to these environments and their protect and enhance biodiversity inherent biodiversity. and habitats throughout the Island, together with proposals for the It also responds to the strong public designation of wildlife corridors to concern expressed in recent years complement the eleven ecological about the loss of greenfield land to sites of special interest (SSI) meet, for example, the Island’s already designated. housing needs, which was a feature of the 2002 Island Plan The planning process provides a resulting in the development of transparent process for evaluating agricultural land on the edge of the potential harm to the natural Built-up Area to deliver new homes. environment and biodiversity, and Increasing concern has also been the requirement for environmental expressed about the erosion of the impact assessment, now enshrined quality of the Island’s most in the Planning and Building sensitive landscapes and, in (Jersey) Law 2002, further helps to particular, those around our ensure that adverse impacts of headlands and bays, through the development are recognised and approval of new development where possible mitigation schemes to replace existing measures are provided to address buildings and complexes, manifest potential damage. in public events such as the ‘Line in the Sand’ campaign, organised by Over 500 hectares of the Island are the National Trust for Jersey. managed for nature conservation by the Department of the The new Island Plan 2011 contains Environment, of which 360 a raft of new and enhanced policies hectares have been designated as to protect the natural environment, ecological SSIs. including the designation of a new

14 Executive Summary

Environmental Challenges identified for 2011 - 2015

This section provides a summary of planning policy and building the environmental challenges for bye-laws; and 2011-2015 that are identified in the x Moving to a low carbon report. Further details for each of economy where green skills these challenge areas are included contribute to economic in the full report. diversity.

Energy and climate iii) Future proofing - developing strategies to ensure climate Jersey must indicate to the resilience is incorporated international community that it is into policy and decision- committed to playing its part in making. global actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Water – fresh and marine In order to address this we must: Fresh water i) Agree targets for the reduction x Ensuring security of potable in energy use and in supply - Working with Jersey greenhouse gas emissions Water to enable them to deliver within the framework of an wholesome water in a Energy Policy whose aim is to sustainable way, deliver secure, affordable and x Managing water resources- sustainable energy; Continue to manage and develop our understanding of ii) Continue and expand key Jersey's water resources to existing workstreams that enable us to protect that support the carbon and energy resource, particularly during reduction targets i.e. periods of drought, for the benefit of the Island as a whole, x Considering ways in which x Applying a more holistic way of The Energy Efficiency working - Ensure that we are Service can be applied to delivering an integrated and the able to pay sector; holistic approach to the x Delivering the legislative and protection of our aquatic commercial framework for environment by more thematic the long-term exploitation of working, for example applying renewable energy e.g. tidal the principles of the Water and off-shore wind power; Framework Directive, x Continuing to deliver more x Responding to identified key energy efficient buildings pressures - Continue to develop and a reduction in energy and deliver strategies to use through the application mitigate identified pressures and enhancement of

15 Executive Summary

within the fresh (and marine) water environment, The challenges ahead are; x Encouraging stakeholder involvement and responsibility - x To implement the STP, Investigate ways to x Implementation of the Island communicate with stakeholders Plan to ensure that spatial and promote public planning supports the objective engagement in water quality of reducing the need for car and water resources issues. dependency, x Ensure that the target revenue Marine Waters from VED is achieved (by x Continue to ensure compliance reviewing the rate of VED) and with legislation and conventions to continue to reinvest a (e.g. OSPAR, ASCOBANS) proportion of that money in x Implementation of management transport programmes plans for all Ramsar sites, x Development of Marine Spatial The key actions are: Plan, x Establish network of Marine i. Implementation of Sustainable Protected Areas (MPAs). Transport Policy target areas: x Bus service improvements, Waste and recycling x Walking and cycling infrastructure improvements, x Develop a new Liquid Waste x Workplace and school travel strategy to include replacement plans, or renewal of the Bellozanne x public awareness campaigns liquid waste treatment plant x Reviewing car parking x Review and revise the Solid provision. Waste Strategy x Continue to abide by ii. Implementation of Island plan internationally agreed standards policies; in future waste management x To ensure that development is planning. located where it reduces the x Continued improvement in need to travel and/or provides recycling rates a greater choice of more x Set waste minimisation targets sustainable travel options; x as part of the Solid Waste To deliver sustainable Strategy Review. transport infrastructure to support and encourage Transport walking, cycling and bus use through direct provision as part of development Progress in this area over the last 5 proposals, travel planning years has been focused on the and/ or planning obligations; development and adoption of the x Including a proposal to revise sustainable transport policy (STP) supplementary planning and the introduction of vehicles guidance which sets out emissions duty (VED) to fund parking standards expected in sustainable transport initiatives.

16 Executive Summary

new development, to bring to address the challenges that have about less car use., been highlighted in the State of iii. Implement air quality monitoring Jersey report include the following:- programme to continue to monitor emissions from vehicles; x Energy Policy, including a x Review current air quality renewable energy component; monitoring programme, x A low-carbon economy x Continue to make air quality including inward investment and information publicly available. Cleantech opportunities and a ‘green workforce, Natural Environment x Improved energy efficiency for all sectors, The island’s terrestrial biodiversity x Compliance with Multi-lateral continues to suffer from Environmental Agreements to encroaching development and raise Jersey’s international inadequate statutory protection. reputation as an environmentally responsible In order to address this we must:- jurisdictions, x Increased diversification and x Strengthen and enforce growth in the rural sector legislation for the protection of alongside the protection of our species and their habitats by natural spaces for example, the reviewing the Conservation of Coastal National Park, Wildlife Law, x Developing and maintaining a x Continue to support and regulatory regime in line with promote agri-environmental best practice and global initiatives, commitments to ensure a x Ensure that new Island Plan healthy local population and policies for the protection and environmental quality, enhancement of the natural x Climate Resilience to ensure environment and biodiversity resilience is incorporated into are given appropriate weight in policy and decision making in decision-making, recognition of a changing x Continue with long term climate, monitoring (implement a long x Implementation of the new term monitoring Island Plan to deliver a more strategy/framework). sustainable pattern of development in the Island that ensures the optimal use of Strategies for Sustainability already developed land whilst meeting the Island’s development needs and Strategies for environmental reducing the need to travel. sustainability cannot be looked at in isolation. They must recognise and create a synergy between the environment, economy and social needs. The strategies that will be developed over the coming 5 years

17 Executive Summary

18 Energy and Climate

Energy and Climate

19 Energy and Climate

1 Energy and Climate This first chapter examines the supply, affordability and interlinked areas of energy use and sustainability: climate. x There will be an increase in The consumption of energy has a energy security since nearly all profound effect on quality of life, of Jersey’s energy is imported the economy and social equity. making the Island susceptible to Jersey’s population, like most of interruptions in global energy the developed world, is dependent supplies and the international on hydrocarbon fossil fuels to price volatility associated most support industrialised economies strongly with hydrocarbon fuels; and food production. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are produced when x For individuals, and in particular energy is extracted from socio-economically vulnerable hydrocarbon sources and the individuals, it is important that overwhelming evidence is that energy use can be managed these GHGs are causing the and reduced to ensure that their climate to change in a way that will energy demand remains most likely have significant and affordable especially against a detrimental effects on global backdrop of rising global energy ecosystems and human habitation prices; of the planet. x Using less energy reduces the Jersey is a signatory to the Kyoto environmental impacts of that Protocol signalling to the energy source; international community that it wishes to take action and reduce Thus broadly we would aim to see the Island’s emissions of GHGs. a reduction in overall energy One important way to achieve this demand over time with an is to reduce the local consumption accompanying reduction in GHGs. of hydrocarbon energy alongside In this chapter alongside energy other longer term options like and GHG trends, we look at locally switching to renewably generated recorded weather patterns which energy. act as indicators for global climatic trends. The benefits of a reduction in imported hydrocarbon energy are threefold and centre on security of

20 Energy and Climate

1.1 The Indicators

1.1.1 Energy use

Nearly two-thirds of all energy used via subsea connections from in Jersey is a kind of hydrocarbon France where it is generated from petroleum product with petrol and nuclear and hydro sources, a small diesel accounting for a quarter of amount of on-island generation final energy demand. The occurs at the la Collette plant from remainder is electricity, the vast heavy fuel oil but this is below 10% majority of which is also imported of total use.

Indicator E1 – Energy Consumption

RAG Indicator RAG Comment Status

E1 The energy Green – A clear and consistent consumption of decline in the consumption of hydrocarbon products hydrocarbons by end AMBER users  Amber – static or slight declines in energy consumption

Red – A clear and consistent increase in the consumption of hydrocarbon products

Graph 1.1 shows a long term trend liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and of final energy consumption of kerosene (heating oil) have petroleum products. A very clear remained fairly static in the last decline can be seen in the amount decade whilst road fuel of oil imported for electricity consumption has declined slightly generation which has occurred due to the production of more because on-island generation has efficient vehicles. Patterns in been largely displaced by imported aviation fuel consumption and electricity from France; the use of frequency of flights are less clear to electricity is discussed further in the interpret since planes refuel both next indicator. The consumption of on and off-island. .

21 Energy and Climate

92,000

82,000 Road fuel

72,000 Aviation

62,000 Kerosene (Heating oil) 52,000 Gas oil Tonnes 42,000 Fuel oil

Liquefied petroleum 32,000 Gas Oil for electricity 22,000 generation

12,000

2,000 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year Source: Source Jersey Energy Trends (SoJ - Statistics Unit )

Graph 1.1: Final energy consumption of petroleum products (NB Validated data is not yet available for 2009 onwards but the current trend is expected to be maintained).

The above indicator tells us about affordability and security of supply consumption of petroleum products associated with this imported and consequent effects on Jersey’s energy still apply. However security GHG emissions. However it does and resilience issues will be further not account for non-hydrocarbon mitigated with the connection of the energy use i.e. imported electricity. 3rd interconnector between Jersey and France and the overall stability The most dramatic change within of this method of importation. the electricity sector has been the Jersey Electricity PLC (JE) signed growth in imported supply. a new 10 year with Electricite de Throughout most of the 1990’s France (EDF) which, according to imports accounted for between JE, will be significant in maintaining 40% and 60% of public electricity reliable and affordable supplies to supply, by 2008 imported electricity 2023. accounted for 96% of the total. Following international carbon Imported electricity is ‘low carbon’ accounting practice, the (albeit a because it is sourced from nuclear small) amount of carbon associated and hydro generation rather than with electricity produced in France from the combustion of is accounted for by the French hydrocarbons. Although the national GHG inventory not environmental impacts of imported Jersey’s since inventories are electricity are arguably far less than production not consumption based. hydrocarbons, the issues of .

22 Energy and Climate

800,000

700,000

600,000

500,000 Total Electricity Supply 400,000 MWh 300,000 Imported electrcity 200,000

100,000

0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Source Jersey in Figures

Graph 1.2: Jersey’s total electricity supply and imports. (NB Validated data is not yet available for 2009 onwards although the current trend is expected to be maintained)

Graph 1.2 shows how overall the period 1991 to 2008. Total electricity demand has grown consumption in 2008, at 652,000 steadily over the last two decades. MWh, was some 44% higher than The increase is equivalent to an in 1991. average of about 2% per year over 1.1.2 Greenhouse gas emissions

Jersey reports its carbon emission (including hydrofluorocarbons to AEA which is the agency that (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons collates the UK’s carbon emission (PFCs)) information. Previously the data. AEA then categorize it into States of Jersey Statistics Unit ‘source’ and ‘sink’ categories made provisional carbon estimates according to the International Panel based on the carbon emitted from on Climate Changes Guidelines for imported energy and published National Greenhouse Gas these annually in the Jersey Inventories data. In 2009 this data Energy Trends Report. Now the was disaggregated from total data is categorized into the emissions and made available to different sources and converted Jersey providing the most accurate into carbon equivalents for more and detailed information to date easy comparison.

23 Energy and Climate Indicator E2 – Trends in greenhouse gasses

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

E2 - Greenhouse Green – A clear and consistent Gas Emissions decline in GHG emissions AMBER Amber – static or slight declines in  GHG emissions Red – A clear and consistent increase in GHG emissions

Between the Kyoto baseline year of target for 2050 of 80% lower than 1990 and 2009, the Island 1990 levels. For Jersey to achieve achieved a 28% fall in overall this target will require a reduction in emissions (from 612,056 to emissions to approximately 438,751 t/CO2 eq see Graph 1.3). 122,000 tonnes CO2 equivalents This appears to be good progress per annum. since many countries have set targets of a 20% reduction by 2020 Given that total emissions in 2009 and the Island has already were approximately 438,000 t/CO2 exceeded this. the Island will have to reduce its annual emissions by some 316,000 But this impressive reduction in t/CO2 over the next 40 years. carbon dioxide emissions is mostly Current emissions trends on their attributable to the one-off switch own will not be sufficient to lead to from the production of electricity this outcome and far more radical on-island to imported electricity via steps need to be taken if the Island two sub-sea cables to the French is to achieve the substantial mainland in the 1990s and early emissions reductions that other 2000s (See Graph 1.2). However, jurisdictions are signed up to. the savings arising from this switch have already been ‘banked’ and These are likely to include any further savings will need to be switching to utility-scale renewably made as a result of our reduced generated energy alongside energy use and more sustainable technological advances for fuel choices. Thus the reduction in example large proportions of the GHG emissions to date is a less road vehicle fleet becoming sustainable way to reduce electrically powered so reducing emissions since they cannot be the amount of emissions arising repeated. For this reason the from road fuel. In addition, the next indicator is only awarded an amber replacement of the EfW at the end status. of its design life will need to be with a technology of a lower carbon An Energy White Paper is currently footprint. in preparation which will propose emissions reduction targets. The EU members have set a reduction

24 Energy and Climate

Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tonnes of CO2 equivalents

800,000 Waste water treatment

700,000 Agriculture

600,000 Land use, land use change & forestry

500,000 Domestic

400,000 Commercial

300,000 Road transport Tonnes of CO2 equivalents CO2 of Tonnes

200,000 Aviation

100,000 Industrial Combustion

0 Power Stations

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Source: AEA on behalf of the Department of the Environment

Graph 1.3: Jersey’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions (NB verified data for 2010 is not yet available but current trends are expected to be maintained)

1.1.3 Trends in the weather

Weather is a description of the In 2004 the World Meteorological state of the atmosphere at any one Organisation (WMO) established a moment in time, be it wet or dry, set of 27 climate indices based on clear or cloudy, hot or cold, calm or the measurements of the daily stormy. Climate on the other hand extremes of air temperature and is the statistics of these daily precipitation amount. The atmospheric states to give what is datasets are analysed in a number called the periodic norm against of ways to establish if there are any which we can compare the present. trends or relationships between For instance, is it warmer, colder, them. For example; wetter or drier etc? To establish x whether the average diurnal the climatic norm a long record is variation between the needed, generally from a number maximum and minimum air of weather stations across the temperature is changing, region of interest. In the case of x How the 95th percentile of Jersey we are fortunate to have precipitation total changes, records representative of the x How many nights in a year Island's climate stretching back to the minimum temperature is 1894 from the Maison St Louis above a certain value and so Observatory situated near on. Highlands College. For the purposes of this report, four indicators have been chosen that reflect climate

25 Energy and Climate

change impacts of direct x The number of very heavy relevance to the Island; rainfall days - the number of days in the year when the These weather indexes are: precipitation total is greater than or equal to 25 mm. x The length of the growing season and average mean x Warm spell duration - the temperature - the number of number of days, with at least 6 days between the first period of consecutive days, when the 6 consecutive days over which maximum air temperature is the mean temperature is greater greater than the 90th percentile. than 5 °C and the first period (21.5 °C) after the 1st July of 6 consecutive days over which x Cold spell duration - the number the mean temperature is less of days, with at least 6 than 5 °C. consecutive days, when the minimum air temperature is less than the 10th percentile. (2.9 °C). Indicator E3 – Weather Indexes

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

E3a Length of growing season See text for further N/A and average air temperature comment

370 45%

360 40%

350 35%

340 30% 330 25% 320 20%

Number of Days Number 310 15% 300

10% 290 Frequency of complete years in a 30 year period in a 30 years Frequency of complete 280 5%

270 0% 1894 1904 1914 1924 1934 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004

Source States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.4: Growing Season Length with the red trend line showing the increasing frequency of the growing season extending over the complete year.

26 Energy and Climate With any of these indices we will anomalies is shown in Graph 1.5. see a large year to year variation, There is a large degree of year to but it is the trend taken over a year variation with, for example, a number of years that is more large variance, minus 1.3 °C, in the important and tells us something anomaly in 1917 and 1963. To about how the climate is changing. gain an overall impression of the For example Graph 1.4 shows that trend a 10 year running mean has Jersey's generally mild climate been plotted smoothing out the allows for, on average, a long year to year variation. The resulting growing season, around 350 days. line does indeed show a rising There doesn't appear on first trend though not consistent over inspection to be much of a trend the whole period. A slow increasing due to average length being close trend is noted from 1903 to 1980 to the maximum of 365 days. during which six years show an anomaly equal to or greater than If we look closely and examine the 0.5 °C above the 1961 - 1990 number of years in any 30 year period average. From 1980 period in which the growing season onwards, a dramatic increase is has lasted the whole year, we see seen with nineteen years between a different picture with longer 1981 and 2010, significantly (+0.5 growing seasons becoming more °C) above the 1961 - 1990 period frequent. An indication of the average. The graph clearly general warming trend can be seen identifies an average rise in mean in the annual mean temperature temperature.

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 Mean Temperature / ºC / Temperature Mean

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5 1894 1904 1914 1924 1934 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004

Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.5: Jersey Air temperature anomalies compared to the 1961 - 1990 30 year period average of 11.5 °C and a red trend line showing the rolling 10 year average.

27 Energy and Climate

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

E3b Heavy Rainfall N/A See text for further comment

7

6

5

4

3 Number of Days of Number

2

1

0 1894 1904 1914 1924 1934 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004 Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.6: Number of very heavy rainfall (greater than or equal to 25 mm) days per year with a red linear trendline.

Climate Change scientists predict stormy day as one in which the an increase in storminess as the rainfall is 25 mm or more. The global mean surface temperature resulting plot, shown in Graph 1.6 and hence energy input to the again shows significant variability atmosphere increases. What from year to year, but this time the though defines storminess? Is it the trend line does show a small strength of the wind or the amount increasing trend with evidence we or intensity of rainfall? For this are starting to see an increasing exercise we have taken the number of days with higher rainfall intensity of rainfall and defined a totals.

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

E3c Cold and Warm Spell N/A See text for further Durations comment

28 Energy and Climate

36

32

28

24

20

16 Number of Days of Number

12

8

4

0 1894 1904 1914 1924 1934 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004

Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.7: Cold Spell Duration – Annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days or more with air temperatures less than 2.9 °C

If we take all the daily minimum air the cold weather is prolonged - a temperatures recorded and rank cold spell. In this instance we have them we can find the value for defined 6 days as the minimum which 10% of the data lie below - duration for a cold spell and have the 10th percentile. For Jersey at plotted the duration of cold spells in the Maison St. Louis Observatory each year. 1895 was a particularly this is 2.9°C. It is reasonable then cold year with 33 days accredited to assume temperatures below to two cold spells in January and 2.9°C could be termed cold. Using February the second of which percentiles in this way we can persisted for 26 consecutive days compare cold spells to other with minimum temperatures below localities, as we are looking at the freezing. Graph 1.7 shows a lowest 10% of cold days in both distinct decline in the duration of cases. Energy usage, particularly cold spells with no cold spells for heating, increases in cold recorded in the years between weather and becomes significant if 1996 and 2010. .

29 Energy and Climate

48

44

40

36

32

28

24

Number of Days of Number 20

16

12

8

4

0 1894 1904 1914 1924 1934 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004 Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.8: Warm Spell Duration - 6 days or more with air temperatures greater than 21.5 °C with a red linear trend line

Similarly if we rank all the spells with other localities. Fig 1.8 maximum air temperatures we can clearly shows an increase in the find the value above which the duration of warm spells with every highest 10 % of the data fall - this year since 2001 recording at least time the 90th percentile, in Jersey's one warm spell. case 21.5 °C. Again by choosing percentiles we can compare warm

Indicator 3 – Weather Indexes

RAG Indicator RAG Comment Status

See text for further E3d Seasonal Rainfall Patterns N/A comment

Local rainfall shows an increase in that winter precipitation (Graph 1.9) winter rainfall through the 20th has increased more than summer century, while summer rainfall has precipitation has decreased (Graph decreased. The variability of the 1.10). running mean (red line) since 1894 compared with the linear trend However, as water is in greatest (straight orange line) is relatively demand in the summer this does small, without the large variation not necessarily mean there is more since the 1970s we noted in the ‘useful’ water on the Island temperature record. Of interest, is

30 Energy and Climate although winter rainfall can charge the water table for the summer.

600

500

400

300

Rainfall totalmm/ 200

100

0 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.9: Jersey winter rainfall totals with a red 10 year running mean and a linear trend line in orange

450

400

350

300

250

200

Rainfall total / mm 150

100

50

0 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.10: Jersey summer rainfall totals with a red 10 year running mean and a linear trend line in orange line

Indicator 3 – Weather Indexes

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

E3e Sea Temperature N/A See text for further comment

31 Energy and Climate Sea temperature has been much the mean sea temperature recorded at St Helier Harbour since has increased over the observation 1933, with a gap during the period. Considering the short time Occupation. The red trend line in series available, it appears graph 1.11shows a clear warming reasonable to take a twenty year of sea temperature. It is noticeable average, which shows the St Helier that the 20 year running mean mean sea temperature has (orange line) shows relatively little increased from an average of change in sea temperature until 12.2°C between 1946 and 1965 to 1989. Indeed, the 1970’s and early an average of 13°C between 1988 1980’s appear to be slightly cooler and 2007. than the 1950’s. If the last 10 to 15 years are considered alone, there There has been a clear increase in is a clear warming trend with 8 of the long term sea temperature the 10 warmest years on record measured at St Helier. occurring since 1989. Taking two Temperatures appear to have risen respective averages highlights how sharply since the late 1980s. .

14.0

13.5

13.0

12.5

12.0

11.5

Temperature Degrees Celcius Degrees Temperature 11.0

10.5

10.0

1933 1936 1939 1942 1945 1948 1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 Year Source: States of Jersey Meteorological Department

Graph 1.11: Jersey Annual mean Sea Temperatures with a red 10 year running mean

From the analysis of this set of term change which may have indicators, the evidence shows that important consequences for the the Jersey climate has been environment, planning and society changing over the period of the in general. The long-term changes Maison St. Louis record, with an are highlighted in the trends that increase in warmth and winter are shown on the graphs. Which rainfall. Variability is considerable are in line with the global pattern of from year to year, but it is the long climate change, particularly the

32 Energy and Climate marked warming trend over the last concerns what proportion is due to 30 years. Scientific consensus is human activity and what should be that much of this warming is the done about it. result of human activity - the main debate has moved on and now 1.2 Update on 2005 environmental priority and key actions

Energy and Climate (State of Jersey Report 2005)

Jersey has a hig h reliance on pr ivate cars for local transport and a dependence on foss il fuels for industrial and domestic uses which contributes to local emissions of greenhouse gases.

In order to address this we must:-

i. Reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and the use of the private car for short journeys and introduce energy efficiency measures which will decrease the Island’s contribution to climate change and its effects.

ii. Further consider the potential for renewable energy.

iii. Prepare for the l ocal effects of global climate change: different rainfall regimes, rising sea levels, increased stormy weather and the impacts of this on our sea defences and flood prevention systems

The indicators have shown that the proposed fall into the following Island’s weather appears to be categories: displaying patterns consistent with global patterns of climate change. x Doing more with less – reducing Furthermore Jersey’s energy energy use; consumption of hydrocarbons has x Adopting sustainable energy not significantly declined in the last solutions; five years and consequently the x Ensuring a secure and resilient only large reduction in GHG energy supply; emissions since 1990 is as a result x Preparing for the future and of a one-off decision to import global climate change. electricity rather than generate it on Island from hydrocarbons. To help prioritise actions a bespoke energy use hierarchy was During 2007 to 2008 an Energy proposed, the first step of which Policy Green Paper was developed was to reduce energy demand. and consulted upon. It Whilst work on a White Paper is recommended a number of options still ongoing, a number of key that described the fiscal, legislative workstreams have been and policy measures to achieve a progressed in the areas of energy goal of secure, affordable and efficiency and renewable energy sustainable energy. The measures

33 Energy and Climate corresponding with the first two key will be formalised with a Climate areas of action identified in the Change Adaptation Strategy that 2005 report. Preparations for will follow on from the Energy climate change are integrated into White Paper. many infrastructure projects and

1.2.1 Introducing energy efficiency measures

The Energy Efficiency Service The lifetime of the different (EES) was officially launched by interventions fitted in the scheme’s the Minister for Planning and first 2 years is of the order of 20 Environment in April 2009. It was years depending on what was funded by an annual budget of £1 carried out. Over this period, 60 million from the States of Jersey, million kilowatt hours (kWh) of as well as a generous seed energy will be saved and 13,500 donation of £500,000 from the tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions Jersey Electricity Company. The will be avoided (this is equivalent to scheme has initially provided grant nearly 14% of all domestic funded energy efficiency emissions in 2009). There will also improvement measures to be a saving of £4 million in energy socioeconomically vulnerable bills. This means that for every Islanders in their homes (the Home pound paid out by the programme Energy Scheme) and in their there is a saving of £5.40 for the places of care (The Community consumer. Buildings Programme for charities and not-for-profit organisations). In 2011 the building bye-law requirements relating to the energy The first 2 years of the Home performance of buildings were Energy Scheme has been strengthened by the introduction of successful.. A 100% grant funded mandatory energy targets for all turnkey service is delivered to newly constructed buildings. Those eligible applicants and offers the targets seek to achieve a 23.5% following services: improvement in the energy performance of non-domestic x loft insulation; building and 20% improvement for x cavity wall insulation; dwellings. x hot water tank and pipe insulation; Changes have also been made to x heating controls; the bye-laws making it a x draft proofing; requirement for all newly x low energy lamps; constructed dwellings to have a x energy advice and information copy of the calculated energy rating and heating system reviews and displayed in the dwelling at upgrades. completion of the work, to increase awareness of energy use. The programme is now endorsed by the leading UK organisation in this area, the Energy Saving Trust

34 Energy and Climate

1.2.2 Exploring the potential for renewable energy

The Energy Policy Green Paper are some early key actions that are identified the potential for the being undertaken. exploitation of renewable energy on a large enough scale to displace In 2011 the Commission was re- fossil fuel imports in the long-term. mandated into a Renewable This led to the Minister for Planning Energy Commission with a wider and Environment appointing a Tidal remit and key areas of work Power Commission in 2008 to include: advise him on the potential for offshore tidal energy. x Formalising cross jurisdictional working both across the The Commission, chaired by the Channel Islands and the British- Constable of Grouville, identified Irish regions, that there is substantial potential for x Exploring financial mechanisms the generation of renewable to fund future projects, energy. However, at present the x Putting in place the legislative available technology to harness frameworks to regulate the wind, wave or tidal power produces environmental aspects of energy is more expensive than energy extraction and the conventionally generated consenting and leasing regime. electricity. Many of these x Progress has been made in the technologies, particularly tidal Island Plan 2011, which stream technologies, are at an provides a spatial planning early stage of development and so framework in respect of offshore may be some years away from renewable energy projects; being commercially viable. x Formalising the ownership of the sea bed with the Crown, Nevertheless it was recommended x Examining the potential for that the island should be in a offshore wind energy which is a position to deploy renewable far more mature technology energy installations at the than tidal stream which initial appropriate time in the future when investigations have focussed the economics and technologies on. are right. Given the long lead in times for such large projects there 1.2.3 Preparing for the effects of climate change

There is an inevitable degree of already released, there will be a climate change that will affect continued degree of climate Jersey and we will need to be change. The importance of prepared for this. Regardless of the accurate records of the past and success of global measures to present weather cannot be over mitigate emissions and because of emphasised if we are to continue to atmospheric inertia and the volume monitor and better understand of greenhouse gas emissions atmospheric processes and our

35 Energy and Climate climate. The Jersey Meteorological Department is committed to the collecting of high quality meteorological information and in partnership with the United Kingdom Meteorological Office contributing these to larger data sets for use in climate modelling.

Much work has already been done to ensure that the Island is prepared for the impacts that a changing climate may bring. For instance there has been a major review of the Island’s coastal defences taking into account the predicted sea level rise over this century. Some of Jersey's coastal defences will need to be improved to provide adequate protection from coastal flooding. The States of Jersey Transport and Technical Services Department has a long term programme of coastal defence improvements to ensure that adequate protection is maintained in vulnerable areas.

Whilst there are examples of how the impacts of a changing climates are being considered, such as Jersey Water’s 25 year Plan and the Island Plan 2011, the lack of a co-ordinated response and Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Jersey will need addressing over the next five years.

36 Energy and Climate

1.3 The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011- 2015

Energy and Climate – The next 5 years

Jersey must indicate to the international community that it is committed to playing its part in global actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:

In order to address this we must:

i) Agree targets for the reduction in energy use and in greenhouse gas emissions within the framework of an Energy Policy whose aim is to deliver secure, affordable and sustainable energy;

ii) Continue and expand key existing workstreams that support the carbon and energy reduction targets i.e.

x Considering ways in which the Energy Efficiency Service can be applied to the able to pay sector

x Delivering the legislative and commercial framework for the long- term exploitation of renewab le energy e.g. tidal and off-shore wind power; x Continuing to deliver more energy efficient buildings and a reduction in energy use through the application and enhancement of planning policy and building bye-laws; x Moving to a low carbon economy where green skills contribute to economic diversity.

iii) Future proofing - developing strategies to ensure that climate resilience is incorporated into policy and decision making.

1.3.1 An Energy Policy

Much work has been done on an reduction targets to guide policy energy policy over the last 5 years decisions and fulfil Jersey’s and a draft White Paper will be obligations under the Kyoto available for consultation in early Protocol which the island became a 2012. The aim of the policy will be signatory to in 2005. This means to achieve secure, affordable and adopting a carbon reduction target sustainable energy supplies in line with the rest of the EU of an against a backdrop of global rising 80% reduction on 1990 levels by prices and increasing global energy 2050. insecurity. The policy will Although this is an ambitious recommend long term carbon target, this can be achieved if

37 Energy and Climate Jersey makes good progress in investigating the need for energy efficiency in existing and proportional regulation of the new buildings as well as the micro- energy industry. There is a need to generation of renewables at the explore energy affordability issues, domestic scale alongside a long- both at the current time and looking term aim of generating utility scale to the future. An examination will renewable energy from our natural be required on who should pay for resources. ‘affordable’ energy whilst also There are also proposals to move ensuring that secure supplies are the onus to the energy industry to available to underpin economic ensure sufficient resilience growth management alongside

1.3.2 Developing workstreams that support carbon and energy reductions

As we have discussed key a journey towards a low carbon workstreams are already underway economy: that underpin an energy policy and

1.3.3 Expanding the Energy Efficiency Service

The work of the EES to date has grants are key to encouraging the focussed on assisting the socio- uptake of measures that improve economically vulnerable. Whilst the energy efficiency of the majority they will remain the core group, if of the building stock. the whole Island is to reach a target of reduced energy use and Furthermore, if the move towards emissions an extension of the work micro generation of renewables at of the service into the able-to-pay the domestic scale is to be realised sector is required. This is because this could be enabled by support the adoption of energy efficiency from an expanded EES. Measures measures are a well documented are likely to include low-interest ‘market failure’ that often require loans for the capital costs of incentives to encourage take-up. installation. As the renewable energy industry continues to Incentives for the able-to-pay mature and the cost of sector need not be 100% grants technologies fall, the journey and a turnkey service in the same towards the domestic, way that is critical for the socio- decentralised generation of economically vulnerable. renewable power will become Awareness and advice easier. programmes, partial incentives and

1.3.4 Renewable energy

The work of the Renewable Energy natural energy resources (e.g. tidal, Commission has established that wind, solar, biomass) is great. The the potential for Jersey to use its current ongoing workstreams are

38 Energy and Climate researching preparations that installations and help guide should be made to increase the developers towards potential security of local energy supplies, projects. bring about economic opportunities and reduce carbon emissions. It is important that the Channel Islands work together where The Island Plan 2011 has set a possible for matters of mutual spatial planning framework for interest in respect of the utility scale installations. When the deployment of renewables and the ongoing discussions about the export of energy to the UK or leasing arrangements with the European Grid. Considerable work Crown in respect of the seabed are is being carried out by Jersey and concluded, the production of a the Bailiwick of Guernsey through Marine Spatial Plan (see Chapter the British Irish Council to ensure 2) will assist with identifying the that the interests of the Channel most favourable sites for offshore Islands are being addressed.

1.3.5 Creating a low carbon economy

Jersey has the opportunity to design and development of new transform itself into a low carbon low carbon industries economy with the potential for economic growth and on-island technology trials/projects as a result. This might include positioning Jersey as a leading jurisdiction for investment in low carbon technology or ‘Cleantech’ leading to perhaps for example the development of infrastructure and regulatory and legislative framework to develop an electric vehicles sector. A low carbon Jersey presents attractive conditions for wider economic and environmental diversification. In partnership with the private sector, a bespoke green economy could underpin a workforce with the skills and knowledge to support and maximise the opportunity for development of environmentally beneficial goods and services. These might include the retro and refit of energy efficiency measures in the built environment e.g. smart metering, the installation of renewable energy devices, eco-

39 Energy and Climate

1.3.6 Planning and building bye-laws

The regulation of development, Sustainable Homes specific to the through the system of planning and Island. building control, can influence the location and form of new buildings In 2011 the building bye-law and land use, and help to deliver a requirements relating to reduction in energy use and an Conservation of Fuel and Power enhancement of environmental were strengthened to include performance. Requirements mandatory requirements calling for relating to conservation of fuel and the annual energy performance of power in building have existed in all new buildings to be calculated, the building bye-laws for many and for that performance not to years and these have been shown exceed prescribed targets. Those to be a major driver in terms of targets need to be kept under improving building standards review and reduced gradually with The spatial strategy of the new the aim of moving towards zero Island Plan seeks to ensure that carbon buildings. most of the Island’s development needs are met from within the In addition, to the initiative of existing Built-up Area which should introducing energy performance reduce the need to travel and targets for buildings the scope of provide greater opportunity for controlled building work was people to make many of their extended in 2011 to ensure that journeys, which might otherwise whenever improvements to existing have been made by private car, on buildings are proposed, or where foot, by bike or bus. the use of a building materially changes, that measures to improve The planning system can also the energy performance of that encourage the incorporation of building are incorporated. It is resource efficient design solutions anticipated this will have a into the fabric and appearance of significant impact on improving the new buildings and work is ongoing energy performance of the existing to explore the potential for the building stock in future years and introduction of a Code for as such is something that should be continued and improved upon.

1.3.7 Future Proofing population inhabiting a very The impacts of climate change are different physical environment than likely to be widespread and that which we see today. complex. The physical effects, for example on the rural economy, are Accepting and understanding what relatively straightforward to a very different long term future understand. However, the biggest looks like is difficult. Nevertheless, challenge will be in preparing for a there is a requirement for changed global economy and world economic, social and

40 Energy and Climate environmental decision making in terms of both mitigating the impacts of climate change and adapting current practices in preparation for a changing climate.

It is anticipated that much of the ongoing work described in 1.1.3 needs to be rationalised, extended and further understood which is best dealt with under a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy which will follow on from an agreed Energy Policy.

41 Energy and Climate

42 Marine and Fresh Waters

Marine and Fresh Waters

43 Marine and Fresh Waters

2 Marine and Fresh Waters This chapter provides information x Diffuse source pollution: on the quality and the monitoring of pollution that derives from a Jersey’s freshwater (including wider area (for example; surface streams and groundwater) slurry/animal waste spread to and marine water resource. It land, fertilizer spread onto a provides information about the field). quantity and management of the important fresh water resource in All potential sources of pollution Jersey. can be minimised by people being responsible and adopting good Jersey prides itself as being a practice e.g., a simple weekly healthy place to live. Clean streams inspection of domestic oil tanks or and coastal waters play a vital role. spreading slurry correctly in dry As well as for our health, clean weather and away from sloping waters are vital for the myriad of fields near a stream. plants and animals that live along streams and the coast and our In a small, busy island where minor enjoyment of the unique pollution events can have severe countryside, beaches and impacts, prevention is definitely foreshore environment in Jersey. better than cure. Pollution prevention advice and education The water resources in Jersey are therefore forms a key work area in all interconnected. Rainfall the Department of the replenishes a shallow groundwater Environment. resource that in turn forms springs and streams. These are either diverted into reservoirs for drinking water or flow onto our beaches and into the sea.

All stages in the ‘on-island’ water cycle must therefore be protected.

Pollution can be split into two sources: x Point source pollution: pollution emitted from a single and identifiable source (for example, a leaking heating oil tank in the garden, a leaking septic tank, a drum containing chemicals dumped in the stream).

44 Marine and Fresh Waters

2.1 The Indicators

2.1.1 Drinking Water supply

Almost all of the island’s drinking In 2010 Jersey Water published a water supply comes from rainfall 25 year Water Resources that flows into streams that are Management Plan. This plan diverted into reservoirs. The high projected the water needs in Jersey demand for water, and the erratic for the next 25 years, identified nature of seasonal rainfall, has pressures and recommended required Jersey Water to capture safeguard actions to achieve water and utilise most of the island security. streams and maximise the available reservoir storage (buffer) The plan recognised two main capacity. This includes pumping areas of intervention: water between reservoirs to ensure that all are ‘topped up’ during times x Managing demand (water of water scarcity. metering, leakage reduction etc), Jersey Water also operates a x Maximising supply (repair and desalination plant to maintain possible extension of Val de la supply during particularly dry Mare Reservoir etc.) periods. The Department helps ensure that A key challenge for Jersey Water is the water supply to reservoirs is how to ensure an adequate water maximised by reducing potential supply for the future needs of an polluting events and ensuring increasing population given the proper management of the uncertainties of climate change. groundwater/stream resource. The Department of the Environment works closely with Jersey Water.

Indicator FW1a The volume of treated drinking water supplied by Jersey Water per annum

Red Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red - the supply of water is insufficient for the needs of FW1a The volume of the island. drinking water supplied by GREEN Amber – N/A Jersey Water per annum & Green – the supply of water is sufficient for the needs of the island.

45 Marine and Fresh Waters

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Quantity of drinking water supplied (million 7,301 7,305 7,291 7,484 7,182 7,402 7,252 7,219 litres) Jersey Water commenced a The table above provides data universal metering programme in which shows that the annual May 2010 and data to-date volume of drinking water supplied indicates a significant reduction in by Jersey Water to its customers demand due to a change in has remained stable during the customer water usage behaviour. past five years. The variation in annual demand is dependant on The quality of drinking water the levels of summer rainfall and its supplied by Jersey Water continues effect on water demand during this to be of a high standard. The period (for example dry summers quality parameters are set out in cause increased demand from the Water (Jersey) Law 1972. garden watering). These are identical to the drinking water quality regulations in England The annual volume of water & Wales. As shown in Graph 2.1, abstracted from water resources is the overall water quality proportional to the volumes of compliance level is typically greater treated water supplied each year. than 99.8%, which is comparable The abstraction rates are within with performance levels reported those permitted under licensing by water supply companies in arrangements under the Water England & Wales. Resources (Jersey) Law 2007, which came into force in 2009. The As a consequence of high levels of majority (97%) of water abstracted nitrate in streams and groundwater is from surface water resources, Jersey Water currently has a the remaining volumes being derogation under the Water derived from five boreholes located (Jersey) Law, 1972 which allows in the sand aquifer in St Ouen’s 33% of samples in any one year to Bay. exceed the 50 mg/l limit in the mains drinking water supply (but be The stable position of the water no greater than 70 mg/l). However, demand has been due to demand there are currently measures being management measures, including; implemented through the Diffuse Pollution Project to tackle x pressure management, catchment losses of nitrogen. This x water main renewal project aims to ensure that the programme, and the Island's water supply achieves x rapid increase in the number of compliance with the 50mg/l limit for water meters. nitrate in the future.

46 Marine and Fresh Waters

7,550 100

7,500 99.95 7,450 Quantity of 99.9 drinking water 7,400 supplied (million 99.85 7,350 Litres) 7,300 99.8 % 7,250 99.75 7,200 % of regulatory Lites (Millions) 99.7 analyses 7,150 compliant with 99.65 max allowable 7,100 concentrations 99.6 (Jersey Water 7,050 Law 1972) 7,000 99.55 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: Jersey Water (Note: axis do not start at zero)

Graph 2.1 Drinking Water Supply and Quality (percentage compliance with legal standards as defined under the Water Jersey Law (1972))

Indicator FW1b The water table depth at measured sites

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – Water table across the island not stable FW1b Depth of the Amber – N/A water table at measured GREEN sites & Green - Water table across the island remains stable.

The Water Resources (Jersey) Law from groundwater to be registered. 2007 came into force in 2009 and This enables the Department of the provides for the protection, Environment to record the location management and regulation of the and quantity of water abstractions. Island’s water resources. The Law The information is used to initially also promotes the conservation of estimate the annual water balance animals and plants and their for the Island. The water balance habitats that rely on that resource. takes into account annual recharge (the recovery of groundwater levels The Law requires that all large through rainfall) and abstraction abstractions (more than 15 cubic rates. This provides an assessment metres per 24 hour period) from of the stresses upon the Island’s surface water and groundwater be water resources. Thus a more licensed and smaller abstractions informed allocation of the Island’s

47 Marine and Fresh Waters water resources for the benefit of Furthermore, the Law and the whole community and the information derived from data environment is possible. This collected under the Law, will allow ensures that sufficient water will be for a long-term integrated and available for drinking, as well as for sustainable approach to be industry, agriculture and recreation; adopted for the management of the of particular importance during Island’s water resources in line with periods of drought. the approach adopted in the European Union and many other countries world-wide.

0

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

Depth to water(metres) -12

-14

-16

-18 Jul-97 Jul-98 Jul-99 Jul-00 Jul-01 Jul-02 Jul-03 Jul-04 Jul-05 Jul-06 Jul-07 Jul-08 Jul-09 Apr-97 Oct-97 Apr-98 Oct-98 Apr-99 Oct-99 Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Oct-01 Apr-02 Oct-02 Apr-03 Oct-03 Apr-04 Oct-04 Apr-05 Oct-05 Apr-06 Oct-06 Apr-07 Oct-07 Apr-08 Oct-08 Apr-09 Oct-09 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Date

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.2: Groundwater level hydrographs from three boreholes between 1997 and 2010 (royal blue- west (St Ouen’s Bay, dark blue- centre (St John), light blue- east (La Hougue Bie).

Graph 2.2, above,shows that the island aquifer is recharged from rainfall during the winter months. This results in peak water table levels between January-March. The level then declines in the spring and summer, reaching a minimum level in the autumn.

48 Marine and Fresh Waters

2.1.2 Fresh water management

This section provides information of water metering for households, on how the water supply network in replacement of existing pipes and Jersey is maintained and how importance given to the demand for water is managed; identification of leaks. principally through the introduction

Indicator FW2a Frequency of burst water mains

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – frequency above UK average

Amber – frequency same as UK FW2a Frequency of GREEN burst water mains average & Green – frequency below UK average

Jersey has the lowest burst water This rate of pipe bursts can be main frequency in the British Isles. attributed to many factors, such as The industry average in England & the age and nature of the water Wales during the last five years main, but a major factor is the varied between 181 and 161, ground condition. In Jersey, ground compared to 53 and 26 in Jersey. conditions are generally of very The rate of burst water mains is stable hard rock and shale measured as number per 1,000 km formations. This is in contrast to length of water mains. As Jersey many of parts of the UK, where the Water does not have 1,000 km of predominance of clay strata and water mains graph 2.3 has been associated temperature related adjusted up to represent 1,000 km ground movement means that burst to enable direct comparisons to be water mains are more likely to made. occur.

49 Marine and Fresh Waters

200

180

160

140 No of bursts 120

100 Industry average 80

60 Number of Bursts

40

20

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Source: Jersey Water

Graph 2.3: Annual number of burst water mains in Jersey compared to the industry average for England and Wales Indicator FW2b Percentage of water connections metered

A major objective for reducing 2005 and 2010. Since 2004, all water demand detailed in the Water new water connections were Resource Management Plan for the metered. Since 2009, all existing next 25 years is to install meters on connections were fitted with a all water connections within a 5 meter when a change of account year period. In May 2010, a holder took place. The number of universal metering programme connections having a metered commenced, that together with the connection in Jersey is shown in other previously mentioned graph 2.4 metering initiatives, has resulted in a significant increase in metered As well as changes to water usage connections. behaviour, metering also facilitates the identification of leakage on The number of existing water privately owned pipe work. Without connections having a meter a meter such leaks would continue installed increased rapidly between unnoticed.

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

FW2b Percentage of Red – Meter programme delayed water connections GREEN Amber – meter programme below metered & target Green – meter programme on target

50 Marine and Fresh Waters

18,000 50 45 16,000 40 35 14,000 No of 30 connections % metered 12,000 25 20 % of total 10,000 connections 15 metered Number of connections of Number 10 8,000 5 6,000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: Jersey Water

Graph 2.4: Number and percentage households having a metered connection in Jersey

2.1.3 Fresh water quality

Indicator FW3a Chemical quality of groundwater

Since 1990, the Department of the caused by contamination or Environment has monitored pollution incidents. approximately 50 groundwater sites across Jersey on a six monthly The analysis of pH and conductivity basis. are carried out in the field, whilst other parameters such as nitrate The purpose of the monitoring levels are analysed by the States of programme is to collect baseline Jersey Official Analyst. Water data of the quality of Jersey samples for pesticide and groundwater to determine the microbiological analysis are background levels. This enables collected at selected sites. Twenty- the detection of long and short-term four of the original sites are still trends and helps identify the impact monitored providing a data set spanning 20 years.

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red - Declining chemical quality FW3a Chemical quality of GREEN Amber - Chemical quality unchanged groundwater à Green - Improving chemical quality

51 Marine and Fresh Waters

Many of our daily activities have to land or the incorrect use of the potential to cause pollution e.g. pesticides or fertilisers. leakage of oil from vehicles or The chemical quality of Jersey’s domestic heating oil tanks, leaking groundwater is improving, as can private sewerage systems or leaks be seen from graph 2.5 below. By and spills from the main sewerage 2010, over half (61%) of network. Groundwater can also be groundwater sites have a nitrate contaminated by careless level below the EU standard of spreading of slurry or green waste 50 mg/l, compared to some 42% ten years ago.

100%

90%

80%

70% % over 150 mg/l 60% % 101-150 mg/l 50% % 51-100 40% mg/l % =/< 50

Percentage of samples 30% mg/l

20%

10%

0% Nov-90 Nov-91 Nov-92 Nov-93 Nov-94 Nov-95 Nov-96 Nov-97 Nov-98 Nov-99 Nov-00 Nov-01 Nov-02 Nov-03 Nov-04 Nov-05 Nov-06 Nov-07 Nov-08 Nov-09 Nov-10 May-90 May-91 May-92 May-93 May-94 May-95 May-96 May-97 May-98 May-99 May-00 May-01 May-02 May-03 May-04 May-05 May-06 May-07 May-08 May-09 May-10 T ime Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.5: Nitrate levels groundwater between 1990 and 2010.

Graph 2.6 shows that the number from 2005 to 2009, which indicates of pesticide detections within a slight improvement in groundwater has decreased by 4% groundwater quality.

52 Marine and Fresh Waters

14.0 12.0

10.0 8.0

water 6.0

4.0 2.0 0.0 % Pesticide detections in ground in detections Pesticide % 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.6: Percentage of pesticide detections in groundwater between 2005 and 2010 (black line indicates a declining trend)

The Department of the water resource at catchment Environment monitors 12 surface scale, water (stream) sites each quarter in x assess long-term trends and Jersey. Field data including pH, impacts from diffuse pollution conductivity, dissolved oxygen and and pollution incidents, temperature are measured using x assess the background water field meters and test kits. Chemical quality entering the marine analysis for parameters such as environment through outfalls, nitrate, phosphate, potassium and x assess surface water microbiology are undertaken by the suitability as a habitat for States Official Analyst laboratory. aquatic life and the formulation of water quality The surface water monitoring objectives, and to programme aims to: x determine whether water quality objectives are met x provide baseline quality data under the Water Framework in order to characterise the Directive (WFD) in order to status of the Islands surface achieve a good surface water chemical status.

53 Marine and Fresh Waters Indicator FW3b Chemical quality of surface water

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red - Declining chemical quality FW3b Chemical GREEN quality of surface Amber -Chemical quality unchanged water à Green - Improving chemical quality

Over the past 10 years, the from 65.4 mg/l to 56.2 mg/l (2000 – chemical quality of Jersey’s surface 2010) as shown in graph 2.8, water streams has improved with below. the mean nitrate levels reducing

80

70

60

50

40

30

20 Nitrate concentration (mg/l) 10

0

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Year

Source: Jersey Water

Graph 2.8: Annual mean nitrate concentration in surface water (graph includes the trend using a five year rolling average)

The number of pesticide breaches breaches in 2007 and has since recorded by Jersey Water in reduced to 23 in 2010 as shown in surface waters varied during the graph 2.9. past ten years. It peaked at 53

54 Marine and Fresh Waters

60 53

46

40 39 40 33 34 28 29 26 23 21 20 Number of Breaches of Number

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.9: Number of pesticide breaches in surface water between 2000 and 2010

Indicator FW3c Biological Water quality of surface waters

As well as monitoring chemical and because some macro-invertebrates bacteriological determinants, the are more tolerant of pollution than Department of the Environment others. A wide range of families of further monitor biological water high scoring animals indicates quality. Biological water quality is good or high water quality, whilst measured by assessing the types lower scoring animals indicate poor and abundance of the insects that quality. The Demoiselle (damselfly) have part of their life cycle in water. is an example of a high scoring insect and used as a biodiversity Biological monitoring is a good action plan species in Jersey (See indicator of long-term water quality Chapter 5).

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red -Declining biological quality FW3c Biological Amber - Biological quality quality of surface GREEN unchanged waters à Green - Improving biological quality

The biological quality of Jersey’s streams now having good or high streams is improving, with just biological water quality, compared under half (47%) of the Island’s to 22% ten years ago.

55 Marine and Fresh Waters

45

40

35

30

25 % Bad Quality 20 Poor Quality 15 Good Quality High Quality 10

5

0 1997-8 1999 2002-4 2007-9 Year(s) Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.10: The proportion of streams achieving bad/poor quality compared to good/high quality as classified by macro-invertebrates

Indicator FW3d Number and type of reported pollution incidents

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red - Increasing number of incidences FW3d Number and Amber - No change in number of type of reported GREEN incidents pollution incidents Ä Green - Decreasing number of incidences

The Water Pollution (Jersey) Law 2000 has successfully been used Graph 2.12 shows that between to tackle point source pollution 2005 and 2010, oil incidents within Jersey. (pollution mainly resulting from leaks in domestic oil tanks and pipe Graph 2.11 shows that since 2005, work) accounted for around half of the number of reported pollution the total number of incidents. As a incidents has gradually reduced result of this high proportion, an oil from an average of 160 incidents in care group was established. This 2000-2002 to around 100 incidents was a partnership between per year (2004-2010). Environmental Protection and oil

56 Marine and Fresh Waters distribution companies and heating pollution prevention work. engineers to coordinate relevant The number of oil incidents that this may be due to the work of the were classed as ‘preventable’ has campaign that was run through the recently reduced. It is thought that oil care group.

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40

No. of pollution incidents 20 0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.11: Total number of pollution incidents (2000-2010)

140

120 Oil

Unsubstantiated / other 100 Pesticide

Natural 80 Construction

60 Chemical/Industrial

Agricultural 40 Sewage/Domestic

20

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.12: Number of pollution incidents by type (2005-2010)

57 Marine and Fresh Waters Indicator FW3e Water Pollution Law - compliance

The Department of the x Ensuring that preventative or Environment recognises that remedial action is taken securing compliance with the expeditiously to protect the various laws and using natural environment. enforcement powers including x Securing compliance within the prosecution is an important part of regulatory regime. protecting the Island’s environment. x Providing, through the Courts, appropriate sanctions for Enforcement refers to the use of criminal offences. appropriate statutory powers to safeguard the Island’s natural The Department of the environment and resources. Environment works closely with external stakeholders such as the The Department of the States of Jersey Fire and Rescue Environment achieves this by: Service, Transport and Technical Services, Jersey Water, Jersey Harbours etc.

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

FW3e Number of Red – No systems in place prosecutions and outcomes under the Water Pollution Amber – Regulatory Law. GREEN systems under development Levels of compliance with & conditions set on discharge Green – Regulatory permits/ certificates Systems in place

Since the enforcement provisions oil, with associated fines ranging of the Water Pollution (Jersey) Law from £250-£2500. Two of these 2000 came into force in November prosecutions involved the pollution 2000, there have been twelve of surface waters or groundwater successful prosecution cases. by sewage, with associated fines Three of these cases involved the ranging from £1,500-£5,000. The prosecution of States Departments. remaining two prosecutions involved the pollution of surface Of the twelve prosecution cases, waters or groundwater by slurry, eight involved the pollution of with associated fines of £200. surface waters or groundwater by

58 Marine and Fresh Waters

60

50

Strong advice letter 40

Site advisory notice 30 No. Prosecution

20 General advice letter

Formal warning letter 10

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.13: Enforcement action in response to pollution incidents, 2005-2010

Indicator FW3f Fertilizer application rates

Diffuse pollution of fresh waters guidelines. The correct application from nitrates can occur when of fertilizers may lead to an fertilizers are applied to land in increased area of land being excess of crop requirements or treated per tonne of fertilizer without adhering to best practice applied.

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – Decreased area treated by tonne of fertilizer

FW3f Fertilizer GREEN Amber – Stable area treated by tonne application rates of fertilizer & Green – Increase in area (by vergee) treated per tonne of fertilizer

Graph 2.14 provides a three-year This is a positive sign showing that rolling average taken between fertilizer application is being well 2003 and 2010 which shows that targeted and over time this will since 2005 there has been a hopefully lead to reduced inputs to pronounced increase in the area of land and reduced levels of diffuse land treated per tonne of fertiliser. pollution.

59 Marine and Fresh Waters These improvements can be scheme requirements and costs, related to a number of factors has led to a careful examination of including the investment in slurry farm inputs. The ongoing work storage facilities through the between the industry and the Countryside Renewal Scheme. Department through the Diffuse This has allowed better use of the Pollution Project should result in fertiliser content of organic more efficient use of resources and manures in the crop rotation. In minimise pollution risks. This will addition, increasing efficiency hopefully result in further within the agricultural industry, improvements as assessed by this driven by customer assurance indicator.

25

20

15

10

5 Vergee treated per tonne of fertilizer

0 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.14 Application rates of fertilizer on agricultural land

2.1.4 Marine Water Quality Jersey prides itself on its clean and recognised Ramsar sites around unpolluted coastal waters. The the coast are a testament to this. designation of the internationally

Indicator MW1a EC Bathing Water Directive Compliance

The Department of the sampled weekly between mid-May Environment monitors 16 of the to the end of September. most popular bathing water Monitoring and analysis of samples beaches around Jersey. At each conforms to a strict protocol that is beach, the bathing water quality is replicated throughout Europe.

60 Marine and Fresh Waters

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – imperative failure

Amber – less than 75% of waters MW1a Levels of above guide standard and all pass compliance with EC GREEN imperative standard Bathing Water Directive à Green – 75% of waters above Guide standard and all pass imperative standard

The water quality at Jersey’s local Water Directive guide standard beaches is generally high.Since (twenty times more stringent than 2006, 100% of Jersey’s bathing the imperative standard) has waters have passed the 1976 varied. The wetter summers of European Bathing Water Directive 2007 and 2008 showed lower imperative standard. levels of guide compliance compared with the drier summers Compliance of Jersey’s bathing of 2009 and 2010, see graph 2.15 waters with European Bathing below.

Bathing water compliance 2005-2010

100 400 90 350 80 300 70 60 250 50 200

40 150 30

100 (mm) season water

Percentage of bathing ofPercentage 20 waters passing standardswaters 10 50 bathing for totals Rainfall 0 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Percentage passing imperative standard Percentage passing guide standard Average rainfall during season

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.15: Bathing water compliance between 2005 and 2010

61 Marine and Fresh Waters

Indicator MW1b Radioactivity in the marine environment

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red - Increasing trend in radionuclides. MW1b Amber - static trend in radionuclides, Radioactivity in the Marine GREEN Green - Decreasing trend in Environment Ä radionuclides, In reference to the CEFAS draft report.

18

16

14

12

10 Ru-106 In Sediment

Bq/kg 8 Cs 137 in sediment 6 Pu-239 in sediment 4 Am-241in 2 sediment

0 Sep-90 Sep-91 Sep-92 Sep-93 Sep-94 Sep-95 Sep-96 Sep-97 Sep-98 Sep-99 Sep-00 Sep-01 Sep-02 Sep-03 Sep-04 Sep-05 Sep-06 Sep-07 Sep-08 Date Source: Marine Radioactivity in the Channel islands 1990-2009 (Hughes et al 2006).

Graph 2.16: Trends in 4 radionuclides in Jersey’s Marine Sediments since 1990. [Note an unrepresented outlying point for Ru-106 in 1990 of 86 Bq/kg]

Graph 2.16 provides data for americium-241 (Am-241) over the Jersey showing the trends of 4 period, 1990-2009. radionuclide concentrations in marine sediments for caesium-137 Although there are some variances, (Cs-137), ruthenium-106 (Ru-106), the trend is for radionuclides to plutonium- 239+240 (Pu – 239) and decrease which generally reflects the changes and reductions in

62 Marine and Fresh Waters liquid discharges from La Hague, releases of radioactivity from France, especially from the early historical disposals of radioactive 1990s. This stable to decreasing waste in the Hurd Deep, a natural trend can be easily seen from 2002 trough in the western English onwards. Channel.

Overall, low concentrations of The information for this section is radionuclides were detected in the sourced from Marine Radioactivity marine environment around all the in the Channel islands 1990-2009 Channel Islands. There was (Hughes et al 2006). An evidence of routine releases from assessment was undertaken of the the nuclear industry in some dose to people who consume high samples for ruthenium-106 in all rates of fish and shellfish. In 2009 substrates (in the early 1990’s). these groups were estimated to These were most likely due to receive less than 0.005 mSv, which discharges from the nuclear fuel is less than 0.5 per cent of the dose reprocessing plant at La Hague, limit for members of the public. The France. assessment concluded a contribution from external Apportioning the other exposure. It was concluded that the radionuclides to the possible concentrations of artificial different sources, including weapon radionuclides in the marine test fallout, is difficult in view of the environment of the Channel Islands very low concentrations detected. and the effects of discharges from There was no detectable effect in local sources, continue to be of Channel Islands waters of any negligible radiological significance.

Indicator MW1c Toxic algal testing

The Department of the produce toxins, which can be Environment undertake a monthly harmful to both humans and marine monitoring program of both sea organisms. water and shellfish samples to test for the presence of toxins The monthly monitoring program is associated with algal blooms. part of an early warning system that partners with the Plymouth These blooms are uncommon Marine Laboratories and the UK events, where plankton rapidly Government's Centre for reproduce due to an abnormal Environment, Fisheries and change in the environment. This Aquaculture Science (CEFAS). population explosion can be Trigger point for action is set by UK triggered by unusual weather or standards. To date toxins have not pollution events. Some species of been detected or are below trigger plankton in these blooms can point at sample sites.

63 Marine and Fresh Waters

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red - Toxins detected /above trigger point MW1c Toxic algal Amber – N/A testing GREEN Ä Green - Toxins not detected / below trigger point

Indicator MW1d Heavy metal concentration in shellfish and algae

The Department of the Samples have been collected from Environment undertake a maximum five sites along the south and of quarterly sampling of six trace south-east coast of Jersey since metals in three benthic bio- 1993 (Corbiere to Les Ecréhous). monitors that exhibit differing The long-term data set is valuable feeding patterns; the common for highlighting potential pollution of limpet (browser), the slipper limpet the marine environment. (filter feeder) and serrated seaweed.

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red - Heavy metals exceeding those at a remote offshore site (Les Minquiers)

MW1d Heavy metal Amber – N/A concentration in GREEN shellfish and algae & Green - Heavy metals not exceeding those at a remote offshore site (Les Minquiers)

Results show that between 2005 were equally spread between and 2010 the highest level of zinc sampling sites (Corbiere to Les and copper were recorded at the Ecréhous). West of Albert and Elizabeth Castle sampling sites. The proximity of Levels of arsenic in all biota has south coast land drainage and the steadily increased between 2005 marina suggest these as potential and 2010 (common limpet; 11-18 sources (for example road run-off, mg/kg, slipper limpet 9-16 mg/kg zinc anodes on boats). The and Fucus 36-68 mg/kg). Levels of concentration of lead was highest arsenic and all other metals in Havre des Pas site, whilst levels analysed were similar to the of cadmium, arsenic and chromium offshore site at Les Minquiers.

64 Marine and Fresh Waters

Comparing the concentration of The table below provides trace metals between Jersey and information on reported trace elsewhere indicates that the level metals levels in soft parts (mgkg-1, of arsenic in marine biota is less dry weight) of the common limpet than that recorded from similar and Fucus serratus in UK and studies in Weymouth and that European seawaters. The mean levels of cadmium, copper, zinc and maximum concentration at La and lead in the common limpets do Collette, Jersey (2005-2010) is not exceed values cited for included for comparison. elsewhere (UK and neighbouring France).

Common limpet (Patella vulgata) Location Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Copper Lead Zinc As Cd Cr Cu Pb Zn Source Jersey 12.9 4.9 2.1 4.9 4.5 96.2 States of mean Jersey La Collette 17.5 8.2 3.9 8.2 4.8 151.8 max Goury 2.7-7.5 0.2-2.4 3.0-6.6 0.9-3.7 40-91 Miramand & France Bentley, 1991 Portland, 19-24 2.2-3.7 <1-2.9 9.7-19 1.1-2.1 63-72 Langston et Weymouth al. 2003 Looe 3.3-21.5 0.5-2.6 10-27 5.1-38 83-224 Bryan & estuary, Hummersto Devon ne, 1977 Fucus serratus Jersey 61.0 1.1 0.9 2.9 2.3 51.6 States of mean Jersey La Collette 103.0 2.3 1.6 4.8 6.3 91.8 max Goury 0.5-1.9 0.1-0.8 0.8-2.0 0.2-2.0 32-100 Miramand & France Bentley, 1991 Irish Sea 1.1-1.4 3.2-10.1 2.1-4.0 80-171 Preston et al. 1972 Bryan, G.W., Langston, W.J. & L.G. Hummerstone. 1980. The use of biological indicators of heavy metal contamination in estuaries with specific reference to an assessment of the biological availability of metals in estuarine sediments form south-west Britain. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc . Occ. pap.1: 1-73. Langston, W.J, Chesman, B.S., Burt, G.R., Hawkins, S.J., Readman, J., & P.Worsfold, 2003. Site characteristic of the south west European marine sites. Chesil and The Fleet. Mar. Biol. Assoc. Occ. Pap 11: 168p. Miramand, P & Bentley, D. 1991. Heavy metal concentrations in two biological indicators (Patella vulgata and Fucus serratus) collected near the French nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at La Hague. The Science of the Total Environment, 111: 135-149 Preston, A. Jefferies, D.F, Dutton, J.W.R, Harvey, B.R & A.K. Steele. 1972. British Isles coastal waters: The concentration of selected heavy metals in sea water, suspended matter and biological indicators- a pilot survey. Environ. Pollut. 3: 68-82.

65 Marine and Fresh Waters

Indicator MW2a Dolphin species diversity, distribution and abundance

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – Observations note severe decline in population status MW2a Dolphin Amber – Observations note minimal species diversity, decline in population status distribution and GREEN abundance  Green – Observations confirm population maintained at current ‘good’ levels

The fisheries protection vessel increase in the total number of monitors cetacean presence and dolphins seen in 2009 (173) and activity. Data collected includes 2008 (125). Juveniles represented date, location, species, pod size, 9% of sightings in 2010, compared age cohort and activity. Dolphins to 10% in 2009 and just 3% in were sighted on 22 separate 2008. Overall, the drop in occasions in 2010. This was a occasions dolphins were sighted, decrease on 2009’s figures, but still but increase in total number of higher than most previous years individual dolphins seen, suggests and above the 10 year average an increase in the observation of (Graph. 2.20). All sightings were groups or pods over individuals. identified as bottlenose dolphins. Most sightings occurred to the east The pattern and frequency of of the Island ranging from Les patrols remained relatively Ecréhous in the north to Les unchanged in 2010, with days at Minquiers in the south. In total 183 sea were slightly more than 2009, adult dolphins and 17 Juveniles due to time spent under refit in were observed. This is a slight 2009.

66 Marine and Fresh Waters

0.35 0.3 0.25

0.2 0.15 0.1

Dolphintrip sightedper 0.05 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.20 Dolphin Sightings in Jersey’s waters.

Data on grey seals is harder to and twice at Les Minquiers but this interpret in a meaningful way since is unlikely to mean that only 4 seals sightings are based on haul outs. are present. Anecdotal evidence For example in 2010 Grey seals suggests increase in successful were only sighted on 4 separate breeding given increased reports of occasions, twice at Les Ecréhous small white pups.

Indicator MW2b Marine Water Indicator Species

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

MW2b Marine water indicator species

Whelks RED Ä Green – above reference point

Ormers AMBER Amber – At reference point  Red – below reference point

Lobsters GREEN Ã

67 Marine and Fresh Waters Reference points for commercial scientists in collaboration with exploited stock are established by French and UK colleagues. These research projects designed and programmes have been subject to undertaken by Departmental independent peer review. Whelks

The annual study of whelk observed with respect to the large (Buccinum undatum) catch per unit fraction of the catch with a CPUE of effort (CPUE) was conducted in 1.61 kgs in 2010 compared with a February 2010. The same study CPUE of 1.69 kgs in 2009. sites and methodology were used as in preceding years. The CPUE for the smaller fraction of the catch was the lowest on Overall, the CPUE in 2010 was record at 0.28 kgs. Overall there is 1.89 kgs per pot (Graph. 2.22). still a trend of decline in the stock, This was a decrease on the CPUE with no significant improvement on recorded in 2009 (1.98kgs) but still catches from the last fourteen the second highest CPUE since years. 2004. The same trend was

5

4

3

Total 2 Large Small Weight per pot (kgs) per pot Weight 1

0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Total 3.53 2.69 3.45 4.23 3.12 3 3.14 3.14 1.9 1.73 1.55 1.98 1.9 1.46 Large 2.9 2.2 3 3.28 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.37 1.48 1.28 1.25 1.69 1.61 1.2 Small 0.63 0.49 0.45 0.95 0.62 0.8 0.84 0.77 0.42 0.46 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.22: Whelk Trial data 1996-2011.

Ormers

The numbers of ormers found in to those found in the 2009 survey the 2010 survey were very similar at both island sites, see data table

68 Marine and Fresh Waters below. At St. Catherine’s Breakwater there was no evidence Similar numbers of ormers were of any mortality. Ormers of all sizes found this survey as last year. No were observed by the dive team mortality was seen at either site and all appeared healthy. The and the stock found would appear overall impression of the area to be healthy. To the best of our status was good. There is still an knowledge no mortalities of ormers amount of discarded or lost fishing were reported in France for 2010. tackle and general rubbish on the Whilst stocks are slightly down on boulder rock foundation of the some previous surveys, numbers breakwater and, although unlikely found were still significant. This to impact on the ormer stock, could would seem to be endorsed by the have a detrimental effect on other information received from species. fishermen. There was no other evidence to suggest that there was The numbers of ormers found at a decline in stock. the St. Brelade’s Bay site were similar to 2009. There was again It must be remembered that this no evidence of mass mortality. survey represents a snapshot Ormers and shells were found in a indication of the state of the stock variety of sizes. Previously, there and not an absolute assessment. has been concern that the area had been used for illegal ormer diving, Research into ormer population however the dive team did not find numbers could benefit from a any evidence of up-turned rocks or supplementary study using disturbance. The conditions were volunteer low water fisherman. clear, with no sedimentation issues. Volunteers could be supplied with plastic calipers and waterproof The Les Minquiers site yielded a notebooks and when finding similar number of ormers as in ormers during their usual low water 2009. Again there was good fishing activities they could record evidence of a variety of size their size and location. This data classes and little evidence of would not only provide overturned rocks. New sites were supplementary population samples, assessed in 2009 and 2010 in an for year on year comparison, but attempt to find more representative could also provide size data for sites, however none of these new frequency analysis of the sites yielded as many ormers as population structure. the traditional monitoring location.

Location St Les Year St Brelade Catherines Minquiers 2000 1.5 0.1 1 2001 2.5 0.1 1.5 2002 3 1.5 2 2003 3.5 2 1.5 2004 2005 2 1.5 1

69 Marine and Fresh Waters 2006 2 1.5 0.1 2007 2008 1.5 0.75 0.2 2009 1.5 0.75 0.3 2010 1 0.5 0.3

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment Table: Number of ormers found per 1 minute of search at the sample sites.

Lobsters landing size. This is the highest % In 2010, there was a total of 192 of catch as sized lobster (28.13%) lobsters caught, an increase of since the study began in 2004. 33.9% on the average for the previous 5 years. 180 pot hauls The state of the stock is monitored were achieved in the 2010 using a number of systems research trials, which is the highest including fishery independent and since 2005. There was a marginal fishery dependent. This data is 4% increase in total lobsters per used to establish a current stock pot (1.07 kg) compared to the 5 status. The current levels of approx year average (1.02 kg). However, 13 kg/100 pot lifts is well above the within the catch, there was an management action trigger point of increase of 102.7 % in lobsters per 6kg. pot that were above the minimum

15

13

11 Lobster Average LPUE (Kg/100 9 Pots) 2002-2008 7 Average LPUE Pots) (Kg/100 5 Proposed 6 Kg LPUE Trigger 3 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 2.24: Annual average and range of monthly Lobster LPUE.

70 Marine and Fresh Waters 2.1.5 Ramsar sites

Indicator MW3a Number and status of RAMSAR sites

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – Qualifying sites not yet designated and not programmed in for designation

Amber – All Sites designated but Number and status AMBER management plans not yet prepared of RAMSAR sites & Green – All qualifying sites are Ramsar designated and with management plans in place

The importance of Jersey’s coastal environmental management of the waters is recognised by the fact Ramsar area so that the ecological that almost 190 square kilometres character of the area is conserved, of intertidal habitat, spread across in conjunction with the area’s Jersey’s south-east coast and important social and economic offshore reefs, are designated as functions. wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Jersey is situated in the Normano- Convention. Four sites are Breton Gulf. The tidal range can designated as Ramsar sites and exceed 12m. Its waters are comprise of various habitats: reefs, relatively warm due to the influence boulder fields, mud, sandy and of the Gulf Stream and surrounding shingle shores not covered by oceanographic conditions. water at low tide, combined with Assessment has shown a diverse shallow tidal lagoons, seagrass range of habitats, communities and beds and a constellation of outlying species. All sites have great reefs ecological value which play a substantial ecological role in the Designation as a Ramsar site is natural functioning of the system. achieved by fulfilling criteria established under the Convention At low tide various habitats are of Wetlands of International exposed, including reefs, boulder Importance commonly known as fields, sandy shores and shingle the Ramsar Convention. Criteria banks. Jersey’s waters are fed relate to the importance of a site to clean well-oxygenated water which, ecological communities, waterbirds together with the range of habitats and fish species. Once a site is and bio-geographical position, designated a management plan is supports a wide range of rich and required. The plan provides a diverse biotopes and some unusual framework for the wise use of the species assemblages. The flora area. It aims to integrate the and fauna is characterised by limit-

71 Marine and Fresh Waters of-range species at the northern importance to the population of and southern margins of their Jersey. Each of the four Ramsar distributions which are not present sites have individual management on shores either to the north or plans. These plans contain sites south respectively. Fishing and specific details including other recreational activities is of management objectives and plans. great cultural, social and traditional

72 Marine and Fresh Waters Indicator MW3b Biotope quality SE Ramsar site

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Biotope quality SE Ramsar site N/A See text

Several studies have been classification from La Collette to published over the years that have Gorey, see biotope map below.The assessed the biotopes within the SE coast management plan sets SE coast Ramsar site out a monitoring strategy that (Kindleysides,1995; Mercer,1998; establishes permanent transects Linley et al., 2009). Linley et al. and protocols to facilitate (2009) identified and mapped assessment of biotope quality. biotopes based on the JNCC

Biotope map of the Ramsar site. (Linley et al, 2009)

73 Marine and Fresh Waters

2.2 Update on 2005 environmental priority and key actions

Pressure on the quality and quantity of our water resources (State of Jersey 2005)

The replenishment of local water resources is from rainfall – a finite resource. The quality of these waters is affected by diffuse pollution (such as nitrates from fertilizer application and soakaways) or point source pollution (such as oil spillages from heating tanks). Around 90% of the Island’s population receive their water from the public water supply which is predominately collected from streams. In order to address this:

i. Basic controls are necessary to ensure equitable distribution of this scarce resource. The draft Water Resources Law addresses this issue, ii. We must continue to enforce measures that minimise the occurrence of pollution from point source or diffuse sources, and iii. We must continue to reduce the legacy of pollution. To do so, we need good land management practices to minimise any further contamination.

NB Marine waters not identified as a priority in 2005. But marine mammals were included in the biodiversity priority.

2.2.1 Water Resources Law

The Water Resources (Jersey) Law The licensing and registration 2007 provides for the protection, process includes the collection of management and regulation of the comprehensive additional Island’s inland water resources and hydrological and hydrogeological promotes the conservation of data, the assessment of which will animals and plants that rely on that lead to a greatly improved resource and their habitats. It understanding of the Island’s water allows the proper allocation of resources. water resources for the benefit of the Island’s community and This, in turn, will also allow the long environment, ensuring that term integrated, equitable and sufficient water will be available for sustainable management of the drinking, industry, agriculture and Island’s limited water resources, recreation. Current and future the management of drought public and private abstraction rights situations and increasing demand. are also be protected. It will also permit long-term strategies to be implemented to

74 Marine and Fresh Waters minimise negative impacts of global abstraction licences were held by warming and climate change. States of Jersey Departments. A total of 3129 registrations were in At the end of 2010, a total of 198 force at the end of 2010, of which Water Resources abstraction 45 registrations were held by licences were in force, two further various Departments of the States licences having been revoked. A of Jersey. total of 16 Water Resources 2.2.2 Pollution prevention

The Department of the The Oil Care Campaign was Environment considers pollution established in 2008. The objective prevention and public awareness of of the campaign is to reduce environmental issues as an integral pollution caused by oil in Jersey and important part of its work and and to provide a forum of oil has been active in this area for companies, plumbers and heating many years. engineers to enable discussion on joint concerns. Effective public education can reduce the risk of pollution Successes to date include: occurring and potentially reduce the number of incidents attended. x distribution of oil care stickers to the majority of oil tank Various means have been owners in the Island, developed to inform the public x production of the code of best about their responsibilities under practice for fuel distribution the Water Pollution (Jersey) Law companies, heating engineers 2000 and how they can prevent and plumbers, pollution occurring. x joint training day of fuel delivery drivers with Jersey This includes dissemination of Water, pollution prevention information x distributing a letter informing using different media, primarily owners of the environmental through officer advice, anti- risks of single-skinned oil pollution campaigns, leaflets, the tanks, States website and the joint Oil x alterations to the technical Care Campaign. Pollution guidance notes of the Building prevention is promoted through the Bye (Jersey) Laws 2007, to Eco-Active campaign (See Chapter reflect common faults with oil 6). tanks and associated pipework.

75 Marine and Fresh Waters

2.2.3 Marine Waters

Significant improvements have Ramsar Sites and is planning to been achieved in our complete the remaining by the end understanding and the of 2011. management of our marine environment since 2005. The Management of fish stocks has Integrated Coastal Zone been achieved through the Management (ICZM) Strategy was Fisheries and Marine Resources agreed by the States in 2008 and Panel in Jersey and the Joint the Department of the Environment Advisory Committee and Joint has delivered key aspect of this Management Committee, set up despite resourcing issues. under the Bay of Granville Treaty, for the wider Normano-Breton gulf. Work to deliver obligations under multi lateral environmental Research has continued and agreements (MEA’s) has continued developed since 2005 with especially the Ramsar convention. programmes looking at commercial The Ramsar Management fish and shellfish stocks, marine Authority, established in 2010, has mammals, environmental delivered management plans for monitoring and key species and the SE Coast and Paternosters habitats ongoing.

76 Marine and Fresh Waters

2.3 The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011 - 2015

Water – Fresh and Marine Waters – The next 5 years

Fresh water

x Ensuring security of potable supply - Working with Jersey Water to enable them to deliver wholesome water in a sustainable way. x Managing water resources- Continue to manage and develop our understanding of Jersey's water resources to enable us to protect that resource, particularly during periods of drought, for the benefit of the Island as a whole. x Applying a more holistic way of working - Ensure that we are delivering an integrated and holistic approach to the protection of our aquatic environment by more thematic working, for example applying the principles of the Water Framework Directive, x Responding to identified key pressures - Continue to develop and deliver strategies to mitigate identified pressures within the fresh and marine water environment. x Encouraging stakeholder involvement and responsibility - Investigate ways to communicate with stakeholders and promote public engagement in water quality and water resources issues.

Marine Waters

x Continue to ensure compliance with legislation and conventions (e.g. OSPAR, ASCOBANS x Implementation of management plans for all Ramsar sites x Development of Marine Spatial Plan x Establish network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

2.3.1 Fresh Water

The key challenge relates to is essential that we continue to ensuring the security of the manage and develop our potable, drinking water, supply. The understanding of Jersey's water Department of the Environment will resources. This will enable the be continuing to work closely with protection of that resource, Jersey Water to enable them to particularly during periods of deliver wholesome water in a drought, for the benefit of the Island sustainable way in line with the as a whole. By adopting a holistic Jersey Water 25 year plan. In order approach to water policy and to manage our water resources, it management, The Department of

77 Marine and Fresh Waters the Environment aims to integrate identified pressures within the fresh water management on a thematic and marine water environment. basis across different policy areas. Key to successful management of Where pressures have been or are our water resource is engaging with identified in the future, the stakeholders in order to Department of the Environment will communicate and promote public work with key stakeholders to engagement in water quality and develop and deliver relevant water resources issues. strategies designed to mitigate 2.3.2 Marine Waters

The key challenge for the marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is central environment remains the delivery to the success of this objective. of a marine spatial plan for Jersey territorial waters and the wider Gulf Delivery of other obligations under with the conservation and all the conventions and agreements preservation of marine habitats and remains another key challenge species at it’s core. We are tasked particularly the implementation of under various obligations, including the management plans for the four OSPAR and MSFD, of ensuring Ramsar sites. Management of clean, healthy, safe, productive and these important sites are vital and biologically diverse seas. needs to be achieved although the complexity of this challenge needs A robust, species diverse marine to be acknowledged. ecosystem must surely be the basis for sustainable exploitation Full integration of all stakeholders and use of the marine environment in policy formation, management and be more resilient to climatic decisions and service delivery is a and other environmental changes. significant challenge in the marine Developing an ecologically environment and yet is a key coherent network of Marine component to the success of any aims.

78 Waste

3 Waste

Waste

79 Waste

This chapter provides an overview This chapter also provides some of the trends in Jersey in relation to information in relation to the waste arisings and recycling. The environmental impact from waste volume of waste produced is management and disposal generally related to the population activities. of Jersey and the prevailing economic climate. The Jersey Solid Waste Strategy provides the overall strategic Where possible, the data in this direction, targets and method of chapter has been presented in monitoring waste in Jersey. The relation to the population to provide Solid Waste Strategy was an indication of whether the published in 2005 and is due for amount of waste and amount of revision during 2012. recycling per person is increasing or decreasing. 3.1 The Indicators

3.1.1 Waste Management

Jersey’s Solid Waste Strategy recycling. Minimising waste and follows the internationally agreed increasing levels of reuse and Waste Hierarchy which prioritises recycling reduces the amount of waste reduction, reuse and residual waste requiring disposal.

Indicator WR1a – Total non-inert waste reused/recycled and composted per annum

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – Less than 30% of waste is recycled by 2009 WR1a Total non-inert Amber – 31-30% of waste is waste reused/recycled GREEN and composted per recycled by 2009 annum & Green – by 2009 32% of waste is recycled by 2009

As the target recycling rate of 32% The target for the next reporting was achieved in 2009, this indicator period is to achieve 36% by 2018, is shown as green, however see the table below. disappointingly the recycling rate fell to 31% in the following year.

80 Waste

Total tonnes non Total tonnes % recycling Year inert waste recycled rate 2005 96,753 23,905 25% 2006 101,950 28,322 28% 2007 106,587 32,377 30% 2008 103,231 30,747 30% 2009 101,094 31,934 32% 2010 97,449 30,093 31%

Table 3.1 Total amount of solid waste (non-inert) recycled

120000 35

30 100000 Total Non- inert waste 25 (tonnage) 80000

20 Total 60000 recycling (tonnage) 15 21512

% Recycled 19591 Tonnes of waste 40000 Annual 10 recycling rate (%) 20000 5

0 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Source: States of Jersey Transport and Technical Services Department

Graph 3.1 Total amount of solid waste (non-inert) recycled

The above graph shows that the there are also other contributing total non-inert waste generated factors which can be as diverse as increased year on year until 2008 the local climate impacting the when changes to the global amount of green waste received for economy affected this growth composting and changes to trend. Although this affected the packaging which are described in tonnage of recyclables collected, more detail in the following section. 3.1.2 Total solid waste arisings per capita

The tonnage of non-inert solid This data reflects the total tonnage waste is used to analyse changes of recyclables collected and the in the Island’s solid waste arisings. total residual waste received for

81 Waste energy recovery. This provides an waste received. These types of indication of Jersey’s municipal wastes are from industrial sources solid waste although it includes such as construction and domestic and commercial wastes demolition and due to the large as these are not calculated tonnages recorded for these separately. It does not include wastes, including them in this data other waste streams such as the would not allow the local data to be scrap metal recycled, aggregates compared to other jurisdictions. recycled and the residual inert

Indicator WR1b – Total Solid Waste (non-inert) arisings per capita

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

WR1b Total Solid Red - Waste per capita is increasing Waste (non-inert) GREEN Amber - Waste per capita is static arisings per capita & Green – Waste per capita is reduced

Total Tonnes Solid Tonnes of waste Year Population Waste per capita 2005 96,753 88,400 1.09 2006 101,950 89,400 1.14 2007 106,587 90,900 1.17 2008 103,231 91,800 1.12 2009 101,094 92,500 1.09 2010 97,449 * * Source: States of Jersey Transport and Technical Services Department

Table 3.2 Total tonnes solid waste per annum

* 2010 population data not available, 2010 per capita figures not included. ** Indication for 2010 is that as a decrease in solid waste was reported, the tonnes of waste per capita will have also decreased in 2010

82 Waste

1.18

1.16

1.14

1.12

1.1

1.08

1.06 Tonnes wasteof per capita

1.04 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Source: States of Jersey Transport and Technical Services Department

Graph 3.2 Total Tonnes of Solid Waste arisings per capita

Graph 3.2 shows that waste per for Jersey and ECO-ACTIVE capita was increasing year on year education programmes. from 2005-2007. The decline since 2007 is likely to have been caused This data focuses on the tonnage by the shift in the global economy. of non-inert solid waste received for An improving economy and a recycling and energy recovery but continued increase in the number there are other large waste streams of households will tend to increase that are not included above that the the amount of solid waste arisings Island generates each year. but this will be balanced by international trends towards waste In 2010 108,158 tonnes of inert minimisation, for example, by material was received and used in reducing the weight and volume of the filling of the La Collette packaging. reclamation site and 60,229 tonnes of material was separated and This highlights the impact of global reused as recycled aggregates. factors on local indicators and This figure is fairly typical of another significant factor is the previous years but varies amount of packaging entering the depending on the activity in the local waste stream. Factors construction and earth moving addressing this are the ‘Courtauld market. Commitment’ which impact national retailers operating locally; work on The La Collette inert waste site is health promotion to deter against the only publicly owned site on the the purchase of ready Island for the disposal of inert meals/heavily processed (and waste. Inert waste takes many packaged) foods and the Recycle forms but is principally building and demolition waste and general

83 Waste excavations. The volumes plant, which is a mixture of plastics, received at La Collette are totally rubber, insulation and some dictated by market forces and the embedded metals, is disposed of at Transport and Technical Services the Energy from Waste (EfW) plant. Department has little control over the volumes received. A review of Clinical waste is a special category planning obligations will consider of waste because it may include options for reducing these volumes. pathogens and cytotoxic compounds. As a result, it must be In 2010 TTS began work on the kept totally separate from other Inert Waste Strategy which seeks waste streams and be burnt in a to determine the available tipping special incinerator at higher space, and hence end life of La temperatures than those achieved Collette as an inert waste tip, and in the Energy from Waste plant. the identification of another suitable site in advance of La Collette There are a number of hazardous closing. Initial estimates show that waste materials, such as asbestos, there is between 6 - 8 years tipping redundant chemicals and used oil. space left at La Collette and TTS Asbestos is stored in containers at are currently investigating ways of La Collette. The final disposal extending this period. options for the asbestos in storage are being assessed. Other The safe disposal of scrap metal, hazardous wastes are stored at particularly vehicles, is an Bellozanne, in a secure compound. important service to the Island. Some waste oils are re-used as Jersey’s current recycling position fuels and other hazardous wastes for metals is good, with over 80% including chemicals and being recycled. Currently the agrochemicals are shipped to the residue from the fragmentising UK for safe disposal.

3.1.3 Recycling

As explained above, the recycling target set out in the Solid Waste Strategy was 32% by 2009. This was achieved in 2009 and so the indicator is shown as green.

However, a reduction in the recycling rate to 31% was recorded in 2010 largely due to the tonnages of green waste and glass collected.

84 Waste Indicator WR2a – Recycling – Total percentage of recyclables collected per annum

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – Less than 30% of waste is WR2a Recycling – recycled Total percentage of Amber – 31% of waste is recycled by recyclables GREEN 2009 collected per & annum Green – by 2009 32% of waste is recycled

The current target is to reach a premises. The data presented in recycling rate of 36% by 2018. The the table below represents the total tonnage of individual waste tonnages of materials collected for streams collected for recycling is recycling as a combination of monitored and recorded. domestic and commercial.

However, it is not possible to record separate weights collected from commercial and domestic Recycling 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Paper & card 4,221 6,571 7,654 7,985 7,174 7,021 Packaging 1,008 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 wood Metal 14 16 16 29 39 84 Packaging Textiles 327 436 507 499 486 477 Plastics 536 479 484 503 858 964 Waste Electrical & 148 442 446 Electronic Equipment Batteries 5 5 4 Household 849 856 870 Metals Glass 5,897 6,918 7,719 8,490 7,520 7,190 Green Waste 11,902 12,902 14,997 11,239 13,553 12,038 Received Total 23,905 28,322 32,377 30,747 31,934 30,093 recycling

Source: States of Jersey Transport and Technical Services Department

85 Waste Table 3.3 Annual Tonnes of materials collected for recycling from all sources:

16000 Paper & card

14000 Packaging wood

12000 Metal Packaging

10000 Textiles

8000 Plastics Tonnes

6000 Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment 4000 Batteries

2000 Household Metals

0 Glass 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Green Waste

Source: States of Jersey Transport and Technical Services Department

Graph 3.3 Materials collected from all sources for recycling/reuse

Graph 3.3 shows the weights of the contribute to the island’s recycling different materials collected. All of rate. The economic downturn the materials collected for recycling appears to have reduced waste as are recycled although many are people are buying less and processed off island. throwing away less. This also impacts commercial waste in the The general trend is an increase in same way. As global the tonnage of each material manufacturers make changes to collected as public awareness their packaging, for example grows, kerbside recycling is thinner glass is becoming more introduced and the number of common in the manufacture of recycling sites increases. There is items such as food and drink also a greater variety of materials packaging, the tonnage collected being collected today compared locally will decline although the with 2005, e.g. waste electrical and number of bottles and jars collected electronic equipment and batteries. may actually increase. The success This has been facilitated by the of other local initiatives, e.g. the opening of the Household promotion of home composting, Recycling Centre at Bellozanne in may reduce the tonnage of 2007 and the ongoing development recyclables collected as people of the island’s ‘bring bank’ network compost their garden waste in and introduction of Parish preference to taking it to a household recycling collections. A composting site for processing. number of external factors also

86 Waste Recycling process by material

Material Recyclable Destination Outcome

Paper and Exported to UK Processed to create recycled card 3 recyclers paper & card products

Packaging Reused, animal bedding & Processed locally wood 3 kindling wood Melted down into raw metals Metal Exported to UK & used to create recycled packaging 3 recyclers metal products, for example food & drink cans Re-used locally or Re-used or recycled into Textiles exported by local 3 fabric by textile mills charity

Exported to UK Processed to create recycled Plastics 3 recyclers plastic products

Used as a basic construction Glass Processed locally 3 aggregate

Green Agricultural compost or Soil Processed locally waste 3 Improver for household use Electrical & Disassembled locally Components are separated & Electronic 3 before export to UK recycled into metal & plastic Equipment recyclers products Exported to European Recycled into metal products Batteries 3 recyclers including new batteries

Theoretically, around 85% of the Before a material is collected for materials in the municipal solid recycling an evaluation is waste stream could be recycled or conducted to assess the composted. The national UK environmental benefits and average recycling rate is 41% financial impact along with (DEFRA, 2010) with higher rates traceability. This ensures that achieved in mainland Europe. Jersey’s recycling is being Jersey’s recycling rate recorded in processed responsibly and 2010 was 31% with a target of 36% achieving the Best Practicable by 2018. Environmental Option (BPEO).

87 Waste Indicator WR2b – Recycling – Number of States of Jersey recycling facilities

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – A decrease within recycling facilities WR2b Recycling – Number of Amber – No change within recycling States of Jersey GREEN facilities recycling facilities à Green – improved and a higher number of recycling facilities for the general public

In 2005, there were five bring seventeen bring bank sites were banks providing limited household located across the island, providing recycling facilities in addition to the householders with local facilities to island’s main waste reception at recycle paper, plastic bottles and Bellozanne. By 2010, Bellozanne cans with some sites also providing was developed into the island’s facilities for textile and cardboard Household Recycling Centre and recycling.

Locations of where and what you can recycle across the Island (June 2011)

Kerbside Recycling Schemes

It is generally accepted that Waste Strategy 2005. With convenience is the key to public collections directly from households participation in recycling schemes (the kerbside system) little effort on and this was reflected in the Solid the part of the householder is

88 Waste required and experiences found that 92% of those surveyed elsewhere show that recycling were in favour of the scheme rates increase. continuing. In addition, kerbside collections also began in St Mary A number of parishes have worked and Trinity in 2009 whilst the St with the States of Jersey Transport John scheme has been in place and Technical Services (TTS) since 2006. In 2010, St Helier Department to develop kerbside began a kerbside scheme with a recycling schemes. The St phased introduction across the Lawrence household kerbside Parish and, as part of the Solid recycling scheme has been Waste Strategy review, TTS is operating since 2009 and a recent developing an action plan to assist survey conducted by the parish all of the remaining parishes to implement kerbside recycling.

Indicator WR3 – Total Liquid Waste (Sewage) processed per annum

This data series relates to the digestion process and centrifuged volume of liquid waste (sewage) to produce a product similar in processed at the Bellozanne appearance to soil. In line with the treatment works. Bellozanne is the Waste Hierarchy, the enhanced main public treatments works and treated pellets are being recycled treats approximately 25,000 cubic as an agricultural fertilizer. If the metres of sewage per day. land bank is unavailable due to adverse weather conditions or crop The sewage sludge from the constraints, the pellets will be sewage treatment works in diverted to the Energy from Waste Bellozanne Valley is treated by a plant.

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment The load arriving at the works remains W1b Total liquid fairly constant. When it rains the waste (sewage) N/A volumes go up. The historic peaks processed per and troughs are mainly down to the annum rainfall events for that year and not plant performance

The general trend is a reduction in in the amount of sludge being liquid waste being processed at the generated, see graph 3.4 plant and an associated reduction

89 Waste

14 102

99.7 Sewage 12 99.1 100 12.1 12.2 98.1 10.3 processed 10 98 (million cubic 9.9 10.2 97.5 9.8 metres) 8 96.9 96 % % of 6 94 sewage receiving 4 92 92.4 full Cubic Metres (millions) Metres Cubic treatment 2 90

0 88 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Source: States of Jersey Transport and Technical Services Department

Graph 3.4: Liquid waste receiving full treatment

3.1.4 Pollution from waste

Pollution from Waste – atmospheric pollution from waste point sources

This section provides data from a improved technology which meets number of pollution point sources. the requirements of UK’s Process The storage and management of Guidance Note 5/2 (04) Secretary waste can cause controlled and of State's Guidance for Crematoria. sometimes uncontrolled emissions The Crematorium is monitored by to air, land and water. These are the Health Protection team in the monitored in different ways Health and Social Services according to severity and likelihood Department. of causing a pollution incident. Emissions from the Energy from Atmospheric emissions from a Waste plant at La Collette are small number of industrial sources strictly controlled by the emission may be significant: emissions from limits set out within its Waste the Bellozane Waste Incinerator, Management Licence and reporting the Jersey Electricity (JE) Power requirements which reflect the Station and the Island’s requirements of the European Crematorium have been identified Waste Incineration Directive (WID). as potentially problematic. The Bellozanne waste incinerator was There are, in addition, emissions decommissioned during 2010. An from a variety of commercial waste ongoing monitoring programme by management activities which are JE commenced in Spring 2011 and regulated via the Waste JE are working closely with the Management (Jersey) Law 2005 States of Jersey to manage these and agriculture activities which are emissions. The crematorium fitted regulated by the Department.

90 Waste Indicator WR4a Pollution from Waste – Annual Countryside Renewal Scheme (CRS) spend on waste reduction

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – Some dairy farms will not have slurry storage facilities

WR4a Annual Amber - Funding has been provided for CRS spend on GREEN slurry stores but the scheme is not on waste reduction track for completion & Green - All dairy farms have received funding for slurry stores and 2011 target of completion is on track

Livestock slurries and manures surface water quality is improved have the potential to cause by reducing nitrate and phosphate considerable damage to the leaching over the wetter periods. environment and can cause a Plant nutrients are maintained at nuisance in urban situations if not rooting level and recycled into the stored and handled properly. They following crop leading to a reduced are an important source of plant need for applied fertilisers. In nutrients and can reduce the use of addition, an increased organic expensive inorganic fertilisers. matter content of the soil will lead to less erosion and an improved Dairy farmers and other livestock soil structure. holdings have to comply with the Rough grassland around cultivated Water Pollution (Jersey) Law, fields and intensively managed 2000. Financial assistance is grassland provides a refuge for a required to help livestock farmers range of wildlife including small upgrade slurry handling and mammals, ground nesting birds storage facilities and as a result and invertebrates. These areas pollution and nuisance risks will be may also support wildflowers not minimised. The total expenditure, found in other parts of the field, as to ensure each dairy farm in Jersey well as acting as “corridors” which has at least 4 months slurry allow wildlife to disperse across a storage amounted to £2.48m wider area. Furthermore, between 2005 – 2011, with £1.65 permanent vegetation strips will m of that sum being provided via help to reduce the amount of States grant. fertiliser and pesticide use and also Green cover crops reduce soil and to prevent surface water run-off, soil nutrient loss from arable fields soil erosion and nutrient leaching. left fallow over the autumn and winter. Therefore ground and

91 Waste

400,000

350,000

300,000

250,000 Buffer Strips 200,000

Green 150,000 Cover Amount funded Amount Crop 100,000 Slurry Stores 50,000

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Buffer Strips 0 4,877 2,531 5,189 2,567 5,458 Green Cover Crop 8,277 57,840 22,461 0 0 0 Slurry Stores 68,450 81,142 201,267 224,896 296,603 339,570 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 3.5: CRS spend on Waste reduction components.

Graph 3.5 shows an increased take to ensure that the new scheme to up of slurry storage facilities such be introduced in 2012 encourages that by 2012 all dairy farmers will agricultural best practice, have at least 4 months on-farm minimises nutrient losses from field storage for livestock slurries. In systems, supports waste recycling addition there has been a small but and safeguards and improves the steady uptake of the buffer strip landscape and biodiversity of component. A review of the CRS Jersey. 2005 – 2010 is currently underway

Indicator WR4b – Pollution from Waste – Chemical quality of key polluted sites

This section provides data on the past. Ongoing monitoring monitoring at 3 sites which are provides information about the known to be have been polluted in current status of the sites.

92 Waste

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

WR4b Chemical Red – Deterioration in chemical quality quality of key GREEN* Amber – No change in chemical quality polluted sites à Green – Improvement in chemical quality

* The RAG status recorded for this indicator relates to general trends not to the specific sites. It provides an indication of the trend in relation to the chemical quality of these sites.

Crabbe leachate contaminated groundwater below the site. In the early 1990's the Crabbe site Monitoring programmes and the was used to store and treat green removal of leachate commenced. wastes arising from States of It was not until 2007 that a pumping Jersey activities. By the mid 1990's station was installed to groundwater contamination of the automatically pump leachate to the underlying aquifer was identified. sewage treatment works. Since Monitoring programmes and then there has been a steady remedial works commenced. decline in COD levels.

However, in 2002 a further problem Airport was identified of arsenic contamination resulting from the Historically, at the eastern end of inclusion of tanalised timber in the the Airport site, the airport fire composting process. The service has operated a fire training monitoring data tells us that the ground for over 30 years. At the results for Chemical Oxygen beginning of the 1990’s a new Demand (a measure of organic aircraft rig was set up which used pollution) and arsenic in pressurised kerosene. The airport groundwater below the site. COD fire tenders used fire fighting foam has declined from the very early to extinguish the flames. Any days but fluctuates depending on waste effluents, containing unspent groundwater conditions. Arsenic is fuel, burnt fuel products and foam very much dependent on the solids chemicals, were disposed of to loading of the sample and pH soakaway. In 1993 contamination conditions. of the underlying aquifers with persistent fire fighting foam Beauport chemicals was identified. Monitoring commenced and in In 1992 4,000 tonnes of surplus 2003 a significant remediation potatoes were buried in a field strategy was completed. above Beauport Bay. The resulting

93 Waste

3.2 Update on 2005 environmental priority and key actions

In 2005 Waste and recycling was identified as an environmental priority and some key actions were proposed as follows:

High Levels of Waste Production (State of Jersey 2005)

Excessive waste generation represents a misuse of resources and causes pollution. Jersey’s municipal waste has risen by, on average, almost 3% for the last five years and our levels of recycling are not as good as have been shown possible in o ther European countries. Emissions from our present incinerator fall well short of accepted agreed standards.

In order to address this, the Environment and Pub lic Services Committee has developed a draft Waste Strategy which calls for:- i. The urgent replacement of the inadequate waste disposal facility at Bellozanne. ii. Strict adherence to be paid to internationally agreed standards in future waste management planning. iii. Improvements in recycling rates.

3.2.1 Replacement of disposal facility at Bellozanne

The operational implementation of (Jersey) Law 2005, for which the waste policy lies with the Transport Minister for Planning & and Technical Services Environment is the regulator. The Department. The Waste licence stipulates that emissions to Management Licence air are fully compliant with the EU for the Energy from Waste (EfW) Waste Incineration Directive plant at La Collette was issued in 2000/76/EC. Such improvements in December 2010 using the emissions to air (compared with the consultation protocol defined by the old Bellozanne incinerator) Law. This brought the operation of contribute to the objectives in the the EfW plant under the regulatory evolving draft States of Jersey Air control of the Waste Management Quality Action Plan. 3.2.2 Waste management standards

The Waste Management (Jersey) implements the OECD Decision1 Law 2005 (the Law) came fully into force in 2007. The Law

94 Waste and the Basel Convention2 which, x Provides an additional tool for along with and the EC Regulation pollution control available for (EC) No 1013/2006 on shipments Environmental Protection. of waste, enables a legislative framework within which Jersey can “Knock – on” benefits of Tighter ship waste to European member Regulation states and other signatories to the Basel Convention. The Law also delivered additional best practice compliance derived The Waste Law is administered by from the Waste Electrical and the Department of the Electronic Equipment Directive Environment. 2002/96/EC and End of Life Vehicle Directive 2000/53/EC. This In particular, the Law: was achieved by appropriately dealing with or removing from the x Implements the Basel waste stream for recycling and Convention in Jersey, if recovery these items prior to necessary this enables the incineration. Additionally, the shipment of hazardous wastes Waste Management licence for the out of the Island for disposal. EfW requires TTS to regularly This is of practical benefit to the review the recovery rate of waste Island as it allowed the export of heat energy from the steam. hazardous wastes which had been stored at States facilities3 Regulation of Contaminated since 2002. Land Clearance and Remediation x Enables Jersey to adopt from the Town Park “environmentally sound management of hazardous and Following public consultation in other wastes”, as part of its own 2010, a Waste Management internal waste management Licence was issued to regulate the activities. This is primarily use of mobile plant for the achieved through new treatment of controlled waste and regulatory licensing, including: remediation of the new Town Park x Regulation of unlicensed or in St Helier. harmful activities involving waste. Regulation of the States of x Control procedures for Jersey Green Waste Facility movements of hazardous wastes exported from Jersey for Liaison between TTS, the Health disposal or recovery in other Team in Health and Social jurisdictions. Services Department and the x Licensing and control of those Environmental Protection team in waste management activities the Department of the specified in the Law Environment, on the operation and x Registration of carriers of licensing of the green waste facility hazardous or healthcare wastes at La Collette has led to TTS unless otherwise exempt. adopting state of the art processes. x Control procedures for movements of hazardous or Regulation of the Export of healthcare wastes within Jersey Hazardous Wastes

95 Waste 2010, approximately 100 tonnes of Jersey is a signatory to the Basel hazardous waste were exported to Convention via an agreement with the UK for specialist disposal by the UK. This has resulted in strict high temperature incineration under and comprehensive regulation of the notification procedures. These hazardous waste shipments, both hazardous wastes had been in terms of what is permitted to be stockpiled since 2002 due to the shipped and the methodologies expiry of the memorandum of employed for recovery or disposal understanding with the UK. of wastes to ensure maximum environmental safeguard. Exports Since 2008, Environmental of waste have to follow the Protection have processed and notification procedures in the consented to a total of ten Waste Management (Jersey) Law shipments; nine shipments of 2005 and the EC Regulation waste for recovery and one for the (EC) No 1013/2006 on shipments disposal of hazardous wastes of waste. The prior informed mentioned above. consent of the Minister for Planning & Environment and the competent There were a further nine authority in the destination notifications for waste exports on jurisdiction is required before which Environmental Protection wastes can be shipped lawfully. In provided advice in 2010. 3.2.3 Improvements in recycling rates

Since the adoption of the Solid Encouraging Recycling Waste Strategy in 2005, an evolving programme of recycling Recycling and reuse of materials is has been implemented that has encouraged through the Waste shown that the people of Jersey Management (Jersey) Law 2005 by want to support the ‘reduce, reuse exempting such activities from the and recycle’ programme. A growing full waste management licensing number of parishes have regime. Recycling activities implemented kerbside collections exceeding certain thresholds or and an increasing number of bring sorting mixed waste materials still banks are strategically positioned require licences. Accordingly, the across the Island which has all Parish of St. Helier has submitted contributed to a rise in the Island’s an application for a licence to allow recycling rate from 28% in 2006 to the sorting and baling of 32% in 2009. Particularly important card/paper, plastic/tins/cans from is the removal of hazardous the household waste for shipment materials like batteries and waste to recycling facilities in France. electrical and electronic equipment from the waste stream, ensuring The ECO-ACTIVE campaign has that, as far as possible, only worked with the ‘Recycle for appropriate material enters the Jersey’ team to design a mobile energy from waste plant. exhibition trailer that is designed to take the environmental message out and about.

96 Waste A review of the Solid Waste waste minimisation initiatives and Strategy in 2012 will revisit the provide a programme to generate current recycling target of 36% by increased environmental benefits 2018. The review will also explore from Jersey’s recycling.

3.3 The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011 - 2015 Waste – The next 5 years

x Develop a new Liquid Waste strategy to include replacement or renewal of Bellozanne liquid waste treatment plant x Review and revise the Solid Waste Strategy x Continue to abide by internationally agreed standards in future waste management planning. x Continued improvement in recycling rates x Waste minimisation targets will be considered in the Solid Waste Strategy Review.

3.3.1 Develop a new Liquid Waste strategy to include renewal of Bellozanne liquid waste treatment plant

This Liquid Waste Strategy will x Levels of service that Waste describe, at a high level and in Management Services commits broad terms, the vision for ensuring to deliver to the Island’s that the collection, treatment and population; disposal of liquid waste across x The current status and issues of Jersey is in accordance with the sewerage system, current and future international best x The current status and issues of practice up to and including 2028. the liquid waste treatment system, The Strategy will set out how the x The current status and issues of Transport and Technical Services the disposal system, (T&TS) Minister intends to fulfil his x Projected demand forecasts on obligations to Islanders to prevent the liquid waste system, pollution and maintain public health x The assessment of options for by ensuring safe and efficient future wastewater treatment, collection, treatment and disposal and of liquid waste. x A commitment to carry out further studies and also to adopt The Strategy will include: best practice asset x Current and future international management to ensure environmental legislation, optimum delivery of services. regulation and best practice that governs the strategy

97 Waste 3.3.2 Review and revise Solid Waste Strategy

The Solid Waste Strategy (2005) due to legislation or the will be reviewed to provide a environmental benefits achieved by framework to deliver waste recycling. This will ensure that the minimisation and recycling Best Practical Environmental initiatives going forward. The Option (BPEO) is implemented for review will address each of the each of the island’s waste streams waste streams and provide a and that Jersey’s waste hierarchy categorising which management practice continues to materials cannot, and should not, be based upon the internationally be sent for energy recovery either agreed Waste Hierarchy.

3.3.3 Continue to abide by internationally agreed standards in future waste management planning.

Waste management practice is recovery. The Solid Waste based upon the internationally Strategy (2005) adopted this agreed Waste Hierarchy which approach and the Solid Waste prioritises waste prevention, Strategy Review will continue to minimisation, reuse and recycling adhere to this international best in that order above energy practice.

3.3.4 Continued improvement in recycling rates

The Solid Waste Strategy Review either due to legislation or the will address each of the island’s environmental benefits achieved by waste streams and provide recycling. This will result in an recycling targets. This will provide overall increase in recycling rates a framework for future activity but more specifically a targeted which will be focused on those increase in the recycling of waste materials that cannot and should streams that have been identified not be sent for energy recovery as a priority for the island. 3.3.5 Waste minimisation targets will be considered in the Solid Waste Strategy Review.

The Waste Strategy Review will generated in the first instance, follow the internationally agreed there are smaller waste streams Waste Hierarchy which prioritises requiring reuse, recycling or energy waste prevention, minimisation, recovery. As a fundamental part of reuse and recycling in that order waste management, waste above energy recovery. By minimisation will be included in the reducing the amount of waste Solid Waste Strategy Review

98 Waste

Transport

99 Transport

4 Transport

Jersey has a high level of car Social Services Department ownership and car usage. High car consider exercise through usage leads to increases in daily travel as key to congestion, local air and noise addressing this problem. pollution, global carbon emissions, x the built environment – the and road injuries. need to provide for high numbers of motor cars The need to provide for the use of creates high demand for the car puts pressure on our road space and parking environment and its use also space and makes many results in less physical activity and, areas unwelcoming except consequently, a less fit and healthy by car. society. x road injuries – typically 400 road injuries occur on Issues associated with transport Jersey’s roads every year of and the environment: which approximately 35 are serious. x congestion – a negative x access for everyone – 12% impact on the local economy of households in Jersey do and our quality of life. It also not have a car, but still need significantly increases the to travel safely and amount of pollution a vehicle conveniently. emits for a given length of x oil dependency – oil journey. supplies are unsustainable, x local air and noise prices are rising and pollution – motor vehicles supplies are falling. The create air and noise pollution States of Jersey has been which can be damaging to working to develop a our health and quality of life. sustainable transport policy x global greenhouse gas with the aim of reducing emissions – almost a traffic on the road at all quarter of Jersey’s times. This policy was greenhouse gas emissions, adopted in late 2010. This contributing to global climate will result in real financial change, come from road benefits through reductions traffic. in congestion, pollution, road x reduced physical activity – injuries and health problems the dominance of the motor caused by low levels of car for travel has contributed physical activity. It will also to a reduction in physical provide savings through a activity, which in turn leads reduction in the space given to health issues such as over to car parking. obesity, cardio vascular disease and mental health problems. The Health and

100 Transport 4.1 The Indicators

As identified above, there are a use are covered in separate wide range of transport related chapters of this report. Health issues which can have related impacts are not included environmental, health and but are reported in the Medical economic impacts. The indicators Officer’s annual report. that are reported on in this section focus on traffic numbers, mode of transport and associated atmospheric emissions which are directly linked to traffic volumes. Issues in relation to the impact on the natural environment and land

RAG Indicator RAG Comment Status

Red – No reduction or increase T1a Annual traffic flow at AMBER Amber – Small reduction 5 major sites Ä Green – Significant reduction

4.1.1 Transport Choices

Indicator T1a - Annual traffic flow at 5 major sites

Annual traffic flow is considered to La Route des Issues (by St John’s be the best indicator of the volume Marks and Spencers Store) of traffic flow at all times. The data for this indicator represents the The data is collected by means of number of vehicles recorded over permanent traffic counters installed each entire year (24hrs per day 7 in the road surface. The equipment days a week) using the following is checked regularly for accuracy roads: - and is known to be reliable.

La Route du Fort Tunnel

St Peter’s Valley (by Tesson Chapel)

La Route de la Haule (by Le Perquage pelican crossing)

La Grande Route de St Laurent (by St Lawrence Church)

101 Transport

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Number vehicles 27,193,664 27,229,300 27,164,533 27,017,674 27,235,516 26,875,258 recorded

% change previous 0.13 -0.24 -0.54 0.81 -1.32 year Source: States of Jersey Transport and Technical Services Department Table 4.1 Annual total traffic flow on 5 major sites

27,300,000 27,200,000 27,100,000 27,000,000 26,900,000 26,800,000 26,700,000 26,600,000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: State of Jersey Transport and Technical Services Department

Graph 4.1 - Annual traffic flow at 5 major sites (black line is trend line)

The data shows that traffic levels from 2005 to 2009 though the have been relatively constant recession and subsequent between 2005 -2010, and that 2010 reduction in economic growth may was the lowest value, though only have countered the potential traffic 1% lower than in 2005. The total growth.4 Per capita traffic traffic using those roads needs to movements have therefore be assessed against the decreased more than the data background of population changes illustrates. This decrease could be and economic growth. The due to a number of different factors population office estimates that the such as the changing economic population has increased by 4.6% climate, the age profile of the population and location of new developments.

Indicator T1b - Volume of road traffic by type of vehicle

102 Transport

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red - An increase or remains static for car and van peak traffic (even with an increasing T1b Volume population) of road traffic AMBER Amber – By 2015 a reduction of between 1- by type of 14% in car and van peak time traffic vehicle Ä Green - By 2015 a 15% reduction in car and van peak time traffic.

Two data sources are used to look of figures have a limited database at mode of travel to work. These so to increase confidence in the can be taken together to help results the two sets of data are assess modal shift away from included together. private car use, particularly during peak commuter periods. Both sets

Mode of travel in to St Helier (7.30 to 9am weekday in May, weather dry) % by mode 2008 2009 2010

car or van 78 79 76 walk 11 10 12 cycle 3 3 4 motor cycle 3 3 3 bus 4 5 5 Source: Source: State of Jersey Transport and Technical Services manual counts Table 4.2a. Peak time mode of travel into St Helier 2008-2010.

The data in Table 4.2a provides day before the school summer half information on the % split by mode term break, typically end of May. It of travel into St Helier. This is is therefore susceptible to daily measured manually (by TTS staff) variance, which can be several positioned on all 14 roads which percent for individual roads but will feed traffic into the town area from only be a few percent for the 7.30 am to 9am on one dry week summary figures.

Entering St Helier 7.30 to 9am weekday in May, dry weather 2008 2009 2010 2011 Number of cars/vans 12281 12699 12011 11845 % change on previous year 3.4036 -5.418 -1.38 Source: Source: State of Jersey Transport and Technical Services manual counts Table 4.2b Number of cars / vans entering St Helier 2008-2010. Cars/Vans

103 Transport Table 4.2b presents the number of of the % change between 2008- cars and vans observed during the 2011. counts and provides an indication

Mode of travel to work JASS survey

% by mode 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Car 62 66 56 60 57 57 Walk 25 22 32 22 28 26 Cycle 6 4 5 8 7 8 Motor cycle 3 4 3 5 5 4 Bus 3 3 4 5 3 5 Source: JASS annual survey Table 4.3. Mode of travel to work – JASS data

Table 4.3 provides data from the former) but has a limited sample Jersey Annual Social Survey size and is a response to the (JASS), which asks respondents to respondents typical mode choice, state mode of travel to work (which which will vary from day to day, see as many people work outside of St graph 4.2. Helier is a different dataset to the

100

80 bus 60 motor cycle % cycle 40 walk car 20

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: JASS annual survey

Graph 4.2 Mode of travel to work

Using the information from both recorded are not sufficient to data sets together, there appears establish a significant shift in modal to have been a small reduction in use with confidence. car use in favour of cycling, motorcycling and using the bus. The States Sustainable Transport The changes that have been Policy predicts that approximately

104 Transport half of the target 15% reduction in initiatives along with negotiations to traffic levels will come from extend the current bus operator's increased bus use and the number contract to the end of 2012, have of peak hour bus users is expected enabled improvements to be made to double. to the service, particularly in peak hour capacity, and a more The States of Jersey took over comprehensive service has been provision of the bus service in 2002 provided to the more rural areas. in order to stabilise a service in Some integration with the school decline due to falling tourist service has been achieved since numbers. The States of Jersey the current operator took on the adopted the then incumbent school bus service in 2006. Graph operator’s timetable from 4.3 shows that bus patronage has 1999/2000. Doing so reinstated increased significantly from its some lost services that were lowest point in 2003, with a high previously considered not to be point reached in 2008/9 and a viable. The network remained slight decline in the following year. largely unchanged for several years though with a modernised The contract for all public bus fleet and fares not increased services in Jersey is currently out despite inflation, patronage grew as to tender for a new contract to can be seen from the chart below. commence in January 2013. The In 2007 the move from the new contract will include incentives Weighbridge to the new Liberation for the new operator to provide Station provided bus users with an improvements to the services excellent modern indoor terminus necessary to deliver the required facility. growth by 2015. Since 2009 some additional funding for sustainable transport

3.4

3.2

3 Harbour Shuttle 2009 2.8 Island Explorer Scheduled Service

2.6

Passenger Journeys (Million) 2.4

2.2 2002-3 2003-4 2004-5 2005-6 2006-7 2007-8 2008-9 2009-10 Year Source: States of Jersey Transport and Technical ServicesDepartment

Graph 4.3 Bus passenger journeys

105 Transport 4.1.2 Atmospheric pollution from transport

Emissions from road transport and Air quality monitoring undertaken industry are identified as the main since 1997 has indicated that the sources that have the potential to main pollutants of concern in impact on Jersey’s air quality, with Jersey are benzene (90% from car the former being the primary refuelling and fuel storage); carbon source of pollution on the Island.5 monoxide (CO – road transport); Lead (Pb – road transport); 40% of vehicles on Jersey’s nitrogen dioxide (NO2 – road registration system are over 10 transport, electricity generation, years old. Whilst it is not possible shipping and domestic sources); to calculate the exact number still particulates (PM10 – road transport) actually on the road since the and sulphur dioxide (SO2, abolition of road tax, this still particularly from industrial means that a significant proportion emissions Of the pollutants listed of Jersey’s road fleet produces a above, NO2 and PM10 from road higher level of pollution compared transport emissions present the to younger and better maintained greatest challenge to Jersey in vehicles. terms of improving air quality.

Currently, only about 1,000 vehicles (1%) are subject to annual testing at DVS. These include buses, taxis and oversize trucks. This ensures that the emissions of those vehicles comply with the published levels of emissions for that vehicle at year of manufacture.

Indicator T2 - Atmospheric pollutant monitoring

RAG Indicator RAG Comment Status

T2 Atmospheric pollutant monitoring: e.g. nitrous oxides, Red - An increasing trend volatile organic compounds, Amber - Static trend ground level ozone, AMBER Â particulates, radioactive Green - A decreasing trend substances

Over the past 5 years atmospheric international standards and pollutant levels have fluctuated therefore cannot be compared slightly but have remained at a against target levels in the EU. The constant level. The measurements monitoring methodologies are are not comparable with subject to a review in 2011.

106 Transport Daily monitoring of air has been As shown in graph 4.4, annual carried out since the 1960s. This mean NO2 concentrations at the includes not only sulphur dioxide kerbside, roadside and urban (SO2) and smoke concentrations background sites (Weighbridge, but also screening for airborne Georgetown, Beaumont, the radioactivity. Air quality monitoring Parade, Broad Street, and Le Bas is carried out by Health Protection Centre) have recorded an ongoing and the States Official Analyst. decline since 2004. All sites are Health Protection, in conjunction within the EC Directive Limit Value with the Meteorological Department of 40 ȝg m-3 (note:NO2 and AEA Technology, upload daily concentrations vary from year to the airborne particulate (PM10) and year due to meteorological and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) results to other factors). The residential the Jersey Meteorological background and rural sites at Les Department’s website to provide Quennevais and Rue des Raisies the public with access to air do not show any significant pollution levels for Jersey. increase or decrease. http://www.jerseymet.gov.je/

60

50

Weighbridge 40 Georgetown Beaumont The Parade 30 Broad Street Le Bas Centre 20 Les Quennevais Rue Des Raisies adjusted for diffusion tube bias) tube diffusion for adjusted 10 Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations µg m-3 (not µgm-3 Concentrations NO2 Mean Annual

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Source: AEA NO2 air quality monitoring report

Graph 4.4 Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations µg m-3 (not adjusted for diffusion tube bias)

107 Transport

4.2 Update on 2005 environmental priority and key actions

Transport (State of Jersey 2005)

Jersey has the world’s highest car ownership ratio as well as a dependence on air transport for external travel. This results in: x Local congestion and an associated reduction in economic efficiency x High carbon dioxide emissions which contribute to the greenhouse effect x Localised air pollution that occasionally breaches internationally agreed standards and has risks to health x The fragmentation of natural habitats by the road networks, airport and harbour development.

In order to address this; i. The Environment and Public Services Committee is developing a sustainable travel and transport plan that will be delivered in 2005 ii. We will tackle congestion and encourage fuel efficient vehicles through fiscal mechanisms

4.2.1 Sustainable Travel and Transport Policy

In 2010 the States of Jersey Although the peak hour target will adopted the Sustainable Transport be measured against target date of Policy which sets out a high level 2015, this policy sets a longer term target of achieving a 15% reduction strategy which will continue to in peak time car travel by 2015. further reduce the Island’s car dependence and improve and Reducing peak hour commuter and protect the quality of our school traffic in and out of St Helier environment for future generations. is a key target area, but the policy The data provided indicates that aims to reduce car dependence there has been a slight increase in island-wide and cause a significant the use of bus, cycling and walking, shift towards more sustainable but the change is not sufficient to forms of transport at all times. be considered significant. 4.2.2 Introduction of Vehicle Emissions Duty

The investigation into the earmarked for environmental introduction of environmental taxes purposes; the tax itself would yield was included in the 2005-2011 a positive environmental effect by States strategic plan. The concept taxing a negative environmental was that revenue from any action. The revenue from an environmental tax would be environmental tax was intended to

108 Transport fund three defined projects; energy environmental tax, following further efficiency service, recycling public consultation. The Treasury improvements and sustainable went to the public consultation in transport options. July 2009 to ask what environmental tax the public would The Department of the be prepared to support. Environment carried out a consultation regarding a range of The main options put forward at environmental tax options during that time were (i) increased fuel 2007. A proposition to introduce a duty; or (ii) a tax payable on the Vehicle Emission Duty was taken registration of new vehicles that to the States in 2007. During the related to engine emissions 2009 business plan debate (Vehicle Emissions Duty). (P113/2008) environmental expenditure relating to energy The States supported the efficiency, waste recycling and introduction of VED in the 2009 sustainable transport was budget debate. However, it was supported by the States who agreed that it would not be recognised the need and helped a implemented until September 2010, desire to fund these initiatives. It when the economic recovery was was agreed that for 2009 this underway. Meantime, cash limits expenditure would be met from remained at the increased amounts increased cash limits, but for 2010 so that the environmental projects and beyond the States decided that begun two years previously could the expenditure would be funded continue. by the introduction of an

4.3 The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011 - 2015

In recognition of the challenges to continue to monitor both nitrogen associated with transport, the dioxide and particulates (PM10) Sustainable Transport Policy (STP) pollutants. was formally adopted by the States in 2010. Road transport accounts Implementation of the for over one third of final energy recommendations within the STP consumption in Jersey and is the will improve air quality both by key contributor to air pollution. reducing the amount of road traffic Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and and by increasing the number of particulates (PM10 and PM2.5) from low emission vehicles. The STP road transport emissions present sets an overall target of reducing the greatest challenge to Jersey in peak hour traffic levels to and from terms of improving air quality. St Helier by 15% by 2015. The electric car market is moving The draft Air Quality Action Plan towards the commercial production developed by the Department of of all-electric vehicles and it is likely the Environment in 2010/11 that these innovations will reduce identifies the need, as a minimum, the impact of personal car use for the protection of human health, where it is unavoidable

109 Transport car fleet has moved substantially to Vehicle Emissions Duty (VED) was low emission / high efficiency small introduced in September 2010 to petrol or diesel cars in the last 2 encourage the purchase of low years reducing emissions as well emission new vehicles. European as making efficiency savings. This legislation also requires new is a good example of good models of vehicles to be extremely environmental practice making fuel efficient. The States of Jersey good business sense.

Transport – The next 5 years

Progress in this area over the last 5 y ears has been focused on the development and adoption of the STP and the introduction of Vehicle Emissions Duty to fund sustainable transport initiatives.

The challenges ahead are:

x To implement the Sustainable Transport Policy x Implementation of the Island Plan to ensure that spatial planning supports the objective of reducing the need for car dependency x Ensuring that the target revenue from VED is achieved (by reviewing the rate of VED) and to c ontinue to reinvest a propo rtion of tha t money in transport programmes.

The key actions are:

i. Implementation of Sustainable Transport Policy target areas: x Bus service improvements x Walking and cycling infrastructure improvements x Workplace and school travel plans, public awareness campaigns x Reviewing car parking

ii. Implementation of Island plan policies x Development of supplementary planning guidance x Conditions on developments requiring workplace travel plans

iii. Implement air quality monitoring programme to continue to monitor emissions from vehicles. x Review current air quality monitoring programme x Continue to make air quality information publicly available 4.3.1 Implementation of Sustainable Transport Policy

The States approved the achieve these. The policies within it Sustainable Transport Policy in will enable, over the next 5 years, 2010. This comprehensive a modal shift away from private car document identifies objectives and use. The full STP report can be a policy framework within which to found on www.gov.je. The funding

110 Transport to implement the measures is to extend it south to Grouville through income from the Vehicle Primary school. Works are Emissions Duty (VED). ongoing to provide an extension of the existing cycle route from Headline actions from the STP are La Route de La Liberation at the as follows: head of New North Quay, along Commercial buildings, through x Improvements in the bus La Collette and along Havre des service are key to achieving Pas promenade. modal shift, it is expected that 50% of the target will be x Encouraging the use of low or achieved by increased public zero emissions personal transport use. transport and ensuring that legislation encourages their x Further improvements to the use, providing that safety is not bus service are currently under compromised. development, some to be implemented in 2011 and 2012 x All new developments likely to by the current operator, though generate significant amounts of the majority will be implemented travel (for example, offices over when a new contract is awarded 2,500m2 or retail developments by tender to commence in over 800 sq.m) are required to January 2013. submit a workplace travel plan x Work is also ongoing to x School travel plans have been encourage cycling, help produced at several schools, pedestrians and make roads Work is ongoing to ensure that safer especially for vulnerable all schools have an effective road users. travel plan in place by 2015. x The first section of an eastern For further details of and a full list cycle route was completed in of recommendations see 2011 running from Gorey Pier www.gov.je south for approximately 1 mile. Development work is underway 4.3.2 Implementation of Island Plan Policies

Maintaining and enforcing good environment and protection of the spatial planning underpins the countryside. objective of achieving modal shift, reducing congestion and peak time The Island Plan 2011 establishes a car numbers. For example, meeting hierarchy of movement to ensure most of the Island’s development that, in making land-use and needs from within the existing transport-related decisions, priority urban area reduces the need to is given to the most sustainable travel, provides more sustainable modes of travel. This hierarchy of travel choices whilst enabling the provision in ascending order of regeneration of the urban importance is as follows:

111 Transport x walking; cycling can be delivered through direct x travelling by bus provision or planning obligation x travelling by taxi; agreements. x car sharing x single occupancy car travel. The supply of parking, at both the start and end of a journey, will have This hierarchy relates to the a direct influence over car use, and movement of people. It should be the planning system can, therefore, recognised that people with effect this by regulating the amount disabilities have special needs of parking space required and/or whatever their mode of travel. The permitted as an integral part of movement of goods is also development. The Minister for essential and an optimum between Planning and Environment will efficiency and environmental review parking standards to better safeguards should be sought. reflect the objectives of the STP.

The Island Plan also contains a It is recognised that the health range of policies designed to benefits arising from a successful enable and require the delivery of increase in sustainable transport transport infrastructure that options e.g. walking and cycling supports more sustainable modes should contribute to the of travel, such as footpaths, cycle management of obesity in the paths and bus shelters and support general population. for improved bus services. These

4.3.3 Monitoring of atmospheric pollution

The 2011 draft air quality action increasing the proportion of plan makes a series of vehicles with lower levels of recommendations to ensure that emissions. high quality air quality is maintained in Jersey. These include; The STP includes the following recommendations, within two x undertaking a review of current sections, specifically targeted to monitoring systems; improve air quality: x making air quality information available to the public; Encouragement of low x working with both large and emissions vehicles through small scale industry and the parking advantages agricultural sector to manage point source emissions. The STP encourages low emissions vehicles through parking In addition, the Air Quality action advantages, specifically: plan fully supports the implementation of the x Continuing to provide recommendations within the STP, discounted parking prices for which will help to improve air low or zero emissions vehicles quality both by reducing the and increase the cost of parking amount of road traffic and by for other vehicles as the number

112 Transport of low emissions vehicles mechanisms to incentivise fleet become significant. replacement if necessary. x Monitoring trends and x Providing spaces and charging developments for future points for electric vehicles in consideration in relation to the public car parks, as those costs and benefits of vehicles become commonly requirements for all road motor available. vehicles over a certain age to be tested regularly for In 2009 TTS introduced an ‘eco emissions and road worthiness. permit’ parking scheme offering x Introducing commercial vehicle 50% discount on parking card operator licences that require charges for vehicles within the UK’s commercial operators of large emissions rating category A (under vehicles to have those vehicles 100gms CO2/km) and hybrid regularly tested for emissions vehicles in category B (under and road worthiness, and to 120gms CO2/km). have adequate parking arrangements. Although uptake of this scheme has been relatively slow to date (49 The STP notes that there is an in January 2010), it is anticipated issue with a large number of that this will increase as technology privately owned older vehicles improves and the incentive operating in Jersey which do not provided to buy a low emissions meet the requirements of the Euro vehicle through the introduction of 3 standard. All vehicles the Vehicle Emissions Duty, which manufactured for sale in the EU came into force in September after 2000 are required to meet the 2010, takes effect. Euro 3 engine (2000) standard - 98/69/EC6. Vehicle Choices – low emission vehicles Whilst there is an issue with respect of the age profile of the The STP also contains vehicles in Jersey, the Euro 3 recommendations to encourage the manufactured vehicles are now purchase of low or zero emissions working their way through the 2nd vehicles and also to consider hand market, this external driver introducing road worthiness testing provides a mechanism that over to ensure that the existing vehicles time will ensure all vehicles are maintained appropriately so as operating in Jersey are meeting the to reduce air pollution from vehicles Euro 3 standard. as much as possible. x TTS will take a proactive role in The introduction of an emissions identifying low or zero test alongside a road worthiness emissions personal transport test will ensure the existing and ensure that legislation does commercial and domestic vehicles not restrict their use, providing are operating to the requirements that safety is not compromised. of the standard, and will ensure x Monitoring the impact of VED that older vehicles are maintained with regard to commercial in line with the requirements. vehicles and consider

113 Transport As vehicles in the States of Jersey vehicles are renewed annually and fleet are replaced on a planned vehicles specifications for fuel replacement basis, by 2011 all efficiency and emissions levels are vehicles within the fleet will be at included in the contract. least Euro 3 compliant. Lease

114 Natural Environment

Natural Environment

115 Natural Environment

5 Natural Environment

This chapter examines the state of being subject to considerable Jersey’s natural and working pressure for development. To some environment. Despite the Island’s extent this pressure is related to small size of 118 square kilometres the over-spill of development from it contains an incredibly diverse urban areas but it is also generated range of natural habitats alongside to meet the needs and aspirations our more built up areas and many of those living and working in the would argue that Jersey’s specific countryside. countryside character contributes significantly to the quality of life we The challenge is to manage and experience locally. The Jersey conserve the Island’s key habitats countryside is one of its most and the species that live there prized assets but the scarcity of alongside the places that we live, land in the Island has resulted in it work and farm. 5.1 Overall land cover

Graph 5.1 shows how Jersey’s land The ‘’natural vegetation’ category surface can be categorised. What includes all semi-natural habitats is notable is that approximately one i.e. woodlands, dunes, grassland, quarter is ‘built environment’ which cliffs and shrub much of which is includes man-made surfaces such found on our coastline. as buildings, roads, footpaths, domestic gardens, and harbour ‘Miscellaneous’ includes amenity areas. The largest category, over land like parks, golf courses, the 50%, is under ‘cultivation’ and so it airport, urban open spaces, is the nature of our working cemeteries and sports fields. countryside that defines much of “Glasshouses” only includes our local identity and this chapter commercial glasshouses over will look at the natural and working 200m². countryside alongside one another.

116 Natural Environment

Inland Water Glass houses Built Miscellaneous 1% Natural 1% Environment 4% Vegetation 24% 16%

Cultivation 54%

Source Jersey in Figures 2010

Graph 5.1 Categories of land use in Jersey

5.2 Protecting the Island’s natural and built heritage

Ecological Sites of Special Jersey are now protected with SSI Interest (SSIs) status, these areas include wetlands, woodland, maritime Legal protection for key semi- heath, sand dunes and grasslands. natural habitats and ecosystems in Over half of these sites are Jersey is given under the Planning managed for nature conservation and Building (Jersey) Law 2002 by the Department of the which provides for the designation Environment and private land of sites of ecological, botanical, owners such as the National Trust archaeological or zoological for Jersey. Only 3 ecological SSIs interest (‘SSIs’). SSI designation is were designated pre-2005 but one of the principal mechanisms by between 2005 and 2011 the total which Jersey meets its obligations number of SSIs rose to 17. at international, national and local level to conserve its special They include for example St species, habitats and ecosystems. Ouen’s Pond SSI (La Mare au Special characteristics of a site that Seigneur) which was designated in might justify its designation as an 2007. The site encompasses the SSI include high species diversity largest area of naturally occurring or rarity, fragility, typicalness and water in the Island surrounded by potential value. Jersey’s largest area of reedbed, as well as wet meadows that are of 480 hectares of ecologically exceptional botanical interest and important semi-natural habitats in of great local importance. Ouaisne

117 Natural Environment Common is one of the Island’s Geological Sites of Special richest and most diverse nature Interest (SSIs) reserves and was also designated The Planning and Building (Jersey) as an SSI in 2007. The site has a Law 2002 also provides for the rich and varied wildlife due to the designation of sites of geological large number of small but varied interest. The geology of Jersey is habitat types. These consist of recognised for its rich and unusual wetland areas including dune variety of phenomena and many slacks, bog and mature willow carr features are of national or as well as open sand, and a varied international importance. Criteria mix of vegetation stands including for selection of geological SSIs blocks of gorse, dwarf shrub heath include research or educational and grassland. There is also a importance as well as uniqueness large pond and reed bed on the or rarity. southern edge of the site. Since 2005 nineteen geological Only approximately 20% of the key SSIs have been designated, semi-natural habitats (as defined in representing an approximate total the Biodiversity Strategy 2000) are area of 67 hectares. The majority of protected by SSI designation which these sites are coastal headlands shows that there is still a large area and rocks. They include Belle of critical natural habitat that is not Hougue Caves SSI on the north protected. By 2012 an updated coast of Trinity; these caves are island-wide habitat survey will have internationally recognised as one of been completed. This will provide a the only coastal localities in 13 year update on the change in Armorica where the acid rocks are habitat area and condition allowing sufficiently calcium rich so that comparisons to be made from an CaCO3 has been leached out, thus initial survey in 1998. helping to preserve animal and shell remains. Of the inland sites, In addition to areas of land of Mont Huelin Quarry SSI in St Ouen ecological importance, five is one of only two local examples of buildings have been designated as an exposed intrusive contact SSIs for their ecological between north-west granite and the importance. These include the forts Jersey shale formation. known as L’Etacquerel, La Crête Fort, Fort Leicester and St Aubin’s Listed trees Fort, as well as Mont Orgueil Castle which all host important Trees can be added to the List of populations of the wall lizard Protected Trees where they have (Podarcis muralis), a species that is high amenity value and where they protected under the Conservation make a valuable and important of Wildlife (Jersey) Law 2000. contribution to the local environment. Most often, trees are Marine protected sites such as given protection when they are the Ramsar sites are covered in the subject of some type of threat, Water chapter. usually a development proposal. Trees may also be protected through a condition on a planning permit.

118 Natural Environment the National Trust for Jersey also Listed buildings carry out habitat management in There are presently 4,355 listed other areas there are still sites at buildings and places in Jersey – a risk because of inadequate overall reflection of the island’s long, rich resources to adequately manage history. Amongst these are many natural areas. archaeological sites, including great prehistoric monuments such Measuring the ‘conservation status’ as La Hougue Bie as well as more of a site can show how much modest sites such as the remains management is required and of medieval field systems. Also whether existing management listed are traditional Jersey regimes are successful. A site can farmsteads and Victorian town be divided into areas and each is houses, coastal defence towers judged in ‘favourable conservation and German occupation structures, status’ or not according to whether and smaller features such as it achieves a number of pre- milestones and roadside water determined objectives that have pumps - each a part of the Island’s been set for each desired habitat. character. Many of these listed buildings have ecological value as Graph 5.2 looks at six SSI’s and the building itself or its surrounding shows the proportion of them that gardens or land are used by plants are in favourable conservation and animals. For example swallows status. It is clear that even amongst regularly nest in outbuildings, bats our most precious sites there is roost in attics and barn owls will further management required to roost in holes in very old trees in bring the whole site into favourable mature gardens or field edges. conservation status.

Managing land for nature Noirmont Common is similar in its conservation habitat types to Portelet Common thus their management regimes are Semi natural habitats require similar. Portelet Common has been careful management for them to sympathetically managed for retain the features that make them nature conservation since the early ecologically valuable. For example 1990’s however Noirmont Common without the careful cutting of gorse has only been managed since and bracken in areas of maritime 2005. Less than 20% of habitat at heath, natural succession would Noirmont is in favourable condition take over. In Jersey the areas of compared to over 40% of that at natural habitat are relatively small Portelet. Noirmont Common and therefore the need for habitat contains many nationally rare and management is particularly uncommon species in the relevant. The Department of the remaining pockets of native habitat Environment manages nearly 600 and will require a lot of time, effort hectares for nature conservation. and resources to bring the majority However this is less than 5.1% of of the site back into favourable the Island’s total area and whilst condition.

119 Natural Environment

Percentage of States of Jersey Sites of Special Interest (SSI) which are in Favourable Conservation Status Noirmont Les Blanches Banques Les Landes La Lande Du L’Ouest Portelet Ouaisne

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

% in favourable condition % out of condition Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.2 The percentage of SSIs which achieve favourable conservation status

Biodiversity in the working countryside - The Countryside Renewal Scheme (CRS)

Given the extent of cultivated land (CRS) has assisted since its in Jersey, there are opportunities creation in 2005 by providing for significant gains if the environmental financial support to environmental benefit of this land owners for the benefit of the agricultural land can be maximised. Island’s population. The Countryside Renewal Scheme

5.3 The indicators

5.3.1 Improving the biodiversity of the working countryside

Indicator NE1a Area of new habitat created under countryside renewal scheme

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red - No habitat created NE1a Area of new habitat created under Amber - N/A countryside renewal GREEN scheme à Green - Areas of new habitat have been created.

120 Natural Environment The Countryside Renewal Scheme linear metres (including hedgerows (CRS) provides grant subsidy to and field margins) of new habitat create new habitats and 9,244 has been created since 2005 vergees (including heathland and (Graph 5.3). natural grassland) and 16,000

45000

40000

35000

30000

25000

20000

Metres/Vergees 15000

10000

5000

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Vergees Metres Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.3 The area of new habitat created under the Countryside Renewal Scheme

Indicator NE1b Area of farmed land under environmental stewardship schemes

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

NE1b - Area Red – Decreasing proportion of land under of farmed land environmental stewardship schemes under Amber – Stable proportion of land under environmental AMBER environmental stewardship schemes stewardship  schemes Green – Increasing proportion of land under environmental stewardship schemes

In order to receive the ‘Single Area The Water Code, Animal Welfare Payment’ (SAP) or ‘Quality Milk Codes etc) or could be on land that Payment’ (QMP) landowners or is accredited for organic tenants must demonstrate that they production. Farmers may be are complying with good complying with ‘assured produce’ environmental management of their schemes in order for their produce land and systems. This includes to be eligible for sale to many of the compliance with Good Agricultural main supermarkets and these have and Environmental Practices (e.g. been accepted as satisfying the

121 Natural Environment eligibility criteria for the SAP or The trend in Graph 5.4 shows a QMP. good take up in the first year that the SAP/QMP was introduced with Thus the measurement of the a peak in applicants the next year. proportion of land in receipt of Thereafter some applicants left the either SAP or QMP provides a scheme but over the last 3 years a good proxy for the amount of steady area of land remains under agricultural land under good the different environmental environmental management. This stewardship schemes. The is a minimum estimation since challenge over the next few years there are farmers who do not claim is to better measure the SAP who may be operating formal environmental management environmental management systems in place on land not schemes but these are considered receiving the QMP or SAP and to be minimal. increase the area of land under recognised stewardship schemes.

77.0 76.0 75.0 74.0 73.0 72.0 71.0 70.0 69.0 % of farmland receiving QMP or SAP 68.0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.4 Area of farmed land under environmental stewardship schemes

Indicator NE1c – the status of butterfly indicator species

Indicator species are chosen and groups to act as indicators of the monitored because they act as state of the environment as they good barometers for their have rapid lifecycles and, in many environment. Butterflies are cases, high sensitivity to uniquely placed amongst terrestrial environmental conditions. insect and other invertebrate

122 Natural Environment

RAG Indicator NE1c RAG Comment Status

NE1c Status of butterfly indicator N/A For further comment species across key habitat types please see text

In 2004 the States of Jersey The indicator shows measures of Department of the Environment collated butterfly indices from 34 launched the Jersey Butterfly transects using 28 species Monitoring Scheme (JBMS). The commonly encountered in five key scheme forms part of the habitat types: semi-natural; Department’s integrated monitoring agricultural; CRS (Countryside program for Jersey in order to carry Renewal Scheme) managed; out 'State of the Environment agriculturally improved (under Monitoring’. CRS); and urban sites, see graph 5.5. The JBMS uses the same methodology used in the UK As expected the best sites are the Butterfly Monitoring Scheme semi-natural habitats. Habitats (UKBMS). The scheme is financed managed under CRS and by the States of Jersey but is agriculturally improved (under almost entirely based on volunteer CRS) schemes show more recorders, making it highly cost- diversity compared with areas effective. Data is collected annually managed purely for agriculture. to monitor changes in the This indicates that changes in land- abundance of butterflies, using use regimes designed to enhance well-established data collection and biodiversity are being successful in analysis methodologies. increasing the populations of the indicator species.

4.5

4

3.5

3

2.5 Semi natural Agriculture 2 CRS Weekly index 1.5 Ag/CRS Urban 1

0.5

0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.5 The status of indicator species (butterflies) across 5 key habitat types

123 Natural Environment

5.3.2 The Working countryside

Indicator NE2 – Total area of land farmed

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

NE2 Total area of land farmed N/A See text for comment

Until 2005 the agricultural statistics hectares). This more detailed indicated that 50% of the total land survey found that in 2006 the total use in Jersey was agricultural land. area available to agricultural was An Island land-use review in that increased by 3,965 vergées (713 year indicated a further 10% that hectares) compared with 2005 may be being used agriculturally, (Graph 5.6). An additional 416 and a subsequent land-owner holdings were identified as owning survey established all land use for or occupying agricultural land, field sizes over 1 vergée (0.18 albeit with small areas.

6800 6679 6570 6600 6548 6420 6400 6320

6200 6150

6000 5860 5790 5800 5760 Hectares 5690 5650 5600

5400

5200

5000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.6 The area of land farmed in Jersey

In terms of monetary value, remained at the same level for potatoes are the most lucrative. In 2008 as that in 2007. Tomato real terms (allowing for inflation), exports fell by about a quarter (£0.9 the export value of potatoes million) in 2008.

124 Natural Environment 5.3.3 Access to the Countryside

Indicator - NE3 Length of new footpaths created under the Countryside Renewal Scheme

RAG Indicator RAG Comment Status

NE3 Length of new Red – no new footpaths created footpaths created under the Amber – minimal new footpaths created Countryside Renewal GREEN Scheme Green – Significant new footpaths created

The Countryside Renewal Scheme across their land. Graph 5.7 shows awards grants to landowners to the amount of money provided to assist in the creation of new landowners by the CRS and the footpaths or to carry out subsequent length of footpath maintenance of existing paths financed.

16000

14000

Amount Funded 12000

Area Funded 10000 (metres)

8000 Spend

6000

4000

2000

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.7 Graph showing the amount of CRS funding each year and the length of footpath which is funded.

In addition to privately owned and footpaths and 9km of bridle paths. managed footpaths, the This involves the maintenance of Department of the Environment over 5,000 items of infrastructure, manages over 70km of public plus an additional 15 car parks and

125 Natural Environment associated access tracks and maintenance contracts for all roads. The most recent upgrades Department of Environment access or changes to public access include ways are re-tendered. This the following: includes reviewing and re-writing x A new stretch of footpath at La 25 separate specification Rosière Bay, Le Corbière documents each time. The process measuring 45 metres in 2009. was last completed in the spring of x A new stretch of bridle path to 2011. link Jardin D’Olivet to Bouley An indicator of the condition of the Bay measuring 1,510 metres in Island wide footpath system is the 2010. amount of priority 1 heath and x Restoration work on the stretch safety issues which are responded of north coast footpath from to within one week of being Plemont to Grève De Lecq reported. Graph 5.8 shows the measuring 2,500 metres in amount of cases which have been 2010. responded to in this way over a five year period. In order to ensure best value for money, every three years the

60

50

40

30

20

10 Number of Priority 1 H&S incidents H&S 1 of Priority Number

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.8 The number of priority 1 Health and Safety incidents responses

5.3.4 Species protection

Indicator NE4a – The Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) Law 2000 (as amended)

The Conservation of Wildlife 2009 the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) (Jersey) Law 2000, protects a was also given protected status. number of important species as This was because of a long term well as their nests and dens. In trend in the decline of local and

126 Natural Environment national populations. Also in 2009 a given protection under the Law was schedule of plant species to be added.

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – Significant updates to law NE4a - The outstanding Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) Amber – Minor updates to law pending RED Law 2000 (as amended) ' Green – Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) Law completely up to date, no additional species pending for addition

Bryophytes and lichens have yet to SSIs, however seven invertebrate be afforded protected status unless species are the subject of their location happens to coincide biodiversity action plans (BAP) that with a designated SSI. Invertebrate acknowledge the threatened status species (e.g insects and molluscs) of the species and outline are also not independently objectives for their conservation. protected outside of designated

Indicator NE4b Biodiversity Action Plans for protected species

The Jersey Biodiversity Strategy Each individual plan sets out the published in 2000 represents problems faced by the animal, plant Jersey’s response to signing the or habitat and lists the practical Convention on Biological Diversity actions and targets with emphasis 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit. One upon the population distribution of the commitments from the and conservation status necessary Summit and Article 8 of the to ensure its survival. Over time, Convention was to produce local these plans will encompass all biodiversity action plans (BAPs) to threatened or protected species achieve recovery of our most and habitats in Jersey. threatened species and habitats.

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red - Target number of BAPs not NE4b - The achieved and thus implementation development of delayed Biodiversity Action AMBER Amber - Target number of BAPs Plans (BAP) for achieved but not fully implemented protected species  Green – Target number of BAPs achieved and implemented

127 Natural Environment Jersey’s first set of action plans species and habitat categories were published in July 2006 with which are; plants, insects, the addition of several new action amphibians, reptile, mammals, plans each year in 2008 and 2010. birds, fish, key habitats and broad Currently there are 54 biodiversity habitats. action plans in nine different

Number of protected species with Biodiversity Action Plans

Flora and fauna No of protected Number of species with groups species Biodiversity Action Plans Plants 66 22 Invertebrates 0 7 Amphibians 3 2 Reptiles 4 4 Terrestrial mammals 16 5 plans covering 15 species Birds All birds protected other 9 than 4 species Fish 1 1

5.3.5 Populations of key species

Indicator NE5 – Populations of key species (Birds and bats)

Bird populations are considered to Garden Birds be a good indicator of the broad state of wildlife in the countryside Population trends of terrestrial and because they occupy a wide range marine birds are monitored through of habitats and they tend to be near the efforts of volunteer the top of the food chain. The birdwatchers taking part in a variety distribution, abundance and of surveys. These include nation- changes over time in wild wide surveys such as the Breeding populations are equally important in Bird survey and Bird Atlas 2007- telling us about the state of our 2011, whilst local surveys include environment as animal garden birds, farmland birds, communities are good indicators of waders, seabirds and bird ringing. the condition of the habitat itself. Surveys are carried out using time Common bird species populations counts or transects under specific are widely accepted as valuable conditions. Each has its own indicators, which provide broad primary methodologies that are the trends in bird populations. same as UK nationally applied programmes collecting counts of birds or nests annually.

128 Natural Environment

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – declining numbers of garden birds NE5a Status of 12 species of RED Amber – stable numbers of garden birds garden birds Ä Green – Increased numbers of garden birds

2 1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2 1 0.8

Count (mean) Count 0.6

0.4

0.2 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.9 Trends in the numbers of garden birds

The garden bird survey is carried habitats under the Bonn out once a year, when Islanders Convention on the Conservation of are invited to record and contribute Migratory Species of Wild Animals their sightings to an annual (CMS) and the African-Eurasian publicity campaign. The survey is Waterbird Agreement, which is an run by the volunteer group Action affiliated instrument of the CMS. for Wildlife Jersey. The indicator Jersey is also affiliated to the shows one measure of 12 garden Ramsar Convention (for further bird species regularly found in local information, refer to the Water gardens. Once again the measure section), which calls for the demonstrates a declining trend protection of both migratory and (figure 5.9). resident wading birds as well as their habitats. Selected wading Wading Birds species such as Brent goose (Branta bernicla) are monitored at a Jersey has a number of obligations number of sites Island-wide, to conserve, protect and monitor including Grouville Bay and St migratory wading species and their Aubin’s Bay. Although Graph 5.10

129 Natural Environment shows that there are large inter- that disturbance from recreational annual variations in weather and activities like dog walking and kite climate, there is a declining trend surfing are affecting wader from combined data of 11 species numbers reducing their feeding of wading birds at selected sites efficiency. over the Island. There are fears

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – declining numbers of wading birds

NE5b Numbers Amber – stable numbers of wading birds RED of wading birds Ä Green – Increased numbers of wading birds

10000

9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

Number of Wader birds 1000

0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.10 Wading birds counts at key sites across the Island

Breeding birds

Between 1999 and 2010, to inform and direct conservation populations of breeding birds have action. The survey in Jersey is been monitored as part of Jersey’s managed by the Société Jersiaise, contribution to the Breeding Bird and is carried out by volunteer Survey (BBS). The BBS is a recorders national monitoring scheme for all species of breeding birds The indicator shows two measures throughout the UK and aims to of wild breeding bird populations. provide data on population’s trends Bird species are aggregated

130 Natural Environment together to measure both trends in birds are declining much more farmland and suburban areas and severely. semi-natural natural habitats. Figure 5.11 demonstrates a similar declining trend for both trends however, farmland and suburban Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment Red – declining numbers of breeding birds NE5c Numbers of RED Amber – stable numbers of breeding birds breeding birds Ä Green – Increased numbers of breeding birds

60

Farmland/ 50 Suburban habitat

40

30

20 BBS counts (normalised) BBS counts

10 Semi-Natural habitat

0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.11 – Counts of 32 species of birds occupying farmland/suburban habitats and 10 species of breeding birds occupying semi-natural habitats

Indicator NE5d - Protecting birds species through the planning process

Because of the close proximity of kestrels (Falco tinninculus) are the (sub)urban and semi-natural often found nesting in buildings. habitats in our small Island often protected species are found using Inappropriate conversions, the built environment for parts of extensions and replacements of their life cycle. Barn swallows traditional farm buildings have (Hirundo rustica), house martins eroded the Jersey ‘vernacular’ and (Delichon urbica), house sparrows in some cases this has resulted in (Passer domesticus) and common the decline of traditional nesting

131 Natural Environment sites. Building habitat niches, such threatened as older buildings/barns as nesting sites for house martins, are converted. swallows and swifts are being Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – Less than 69% of comments included as legally enforceable NE5d - Number of site conditions protections of selected nesting birds through Amber – between 94% and 70% of planning process (as RED comments included as legally measured by inclusion Ä enforceable conditions of recommendations on the permit) Green – more than 95% of comments included as legally enforceable conditions

The indicator and Graph 5.12 Environment team are reflected as provides information on the amount legally enforceable conditions on a of planning applications the Natural planning permit. In many instances Environment team has responded the comments are only given as to concerning both swallow and ‘informatives’ instead. However, house martin nesting sites during ‘informatives’ are considered a the last five years. If the comment weaker way to protect the habitats, has been included and/or roosts or dens of protected species integrated into the approved because they are not legally planning permit it is considered that enforceable. Ideally all comments the nest site has been maintained would be included as conditions on on site since planning conditions the permit; the current average are legally enforceable. from 2005 to 2010 is 49%. An internal review is underway to Graph 5.12 shows that not all ensure the most appropriate way to comments provided by the Natural improve.

132 Natural Environment

25

No. 20 Comments Provided 15

Number 10 No. of Comments used in the 5 Planning permit as a condition 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.12 Proportion of bird nest sites protected through the development control process

Indicator NE5e - Protecting bat species

Bats account for almost a third of EUROBATS) are known to be all mammal species in the UK and present in Jersey. By becoming a they occupy a wide range of signatory in 2000 Jersey has habitats, such as wetlands, signalled its intention to monitor woodlands, farmland, as well as and conserve bats. The Island urban areas. Because they are top takes part in national led schemes predators of common nocturnal such as the National Bat Monitoring insects and are sensitive to Programme (NBMP) and iBat, both changes in land use practices they coordinated by the UK’s Bat can tell us a lot about the state of Conservation Trust. the environment. The pressures they face - such as landscape Bat roosts change, agricultural intensification, development, and habitat All Jersey bat species make use of fragmentation are also relevant to buildings on occasion, but for some many other wildlife species, which species, buildings are essential as makes them excellent indicators for roost sites. Species have adapted the wider health of all wildlife. to share our built structures, whether they are older properties, Jersey is a signatory to Eurobats modern houses, barns or churches. (Agreement on the Conservation of The Jersey Bat Group monitors bat European Bats), which is an roost occupancy as well as affiliated instrument of the Bonn maintaining the bat roost register. Convention. This International This is done throughout the agreement covers the conservation summer period by volunteers and management of bats. 10 Bat performing evening bat emergence species in Appendix II of the Bonn surveys. Jersey has 136 known or Convention (and Annex I of suspected bat roost sites.

133 Natural Environment Emergence surveys were made to six roosts which were not visited by 49% of suspected roosts in the the Jersey Bat Group but which period 2007 – 2010, and 48.5% of were categorised as active on the those roosts were shown to be strength of reliable information from active, as illustrated in the map on the occupier. the next page. This data includes

Source: Jersey Bat Group

Bat roost survey data 2007-2011

Indicator NE5e - Number of roosts protected through the development control process

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – Less than 69% of comments included as legally enforceable conditions NE5e - Number of roosts protected Amber – between 94% and 70% of through the AMBER comments included as legally development ' enforceable conditions control process Green – more than 95% of comments included as legally enforceable conditions

134 Natural Environment

Graph 5.14 provides information on reflected as ‘informatives’ instead the amount of planning applications but this is considered a weaker way to which the Natural Environment to protect the habitats of protected team has responded concerning species. Ideally all comments bat roosts during the last 5 years. would be included as conditions on the permit, the current average The graph demonstrates that not all from 2005 to 2010 is 78%; an comments are reflected as legally internal review is underway to enforceable conditions. In many ensure the most appropriate way to instances the information is only improve on this number.

18 16

14 No. Comments 12 Provided 10 8 Number No. of Comments 6 used in the 4 Planning permit 2 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.14 Proportion of bat roosts protected through the development control process

Indicator NE5f - Bat species diversity and abundance at key foraging sites

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

NE5f - Bat species diversity and N/A See text for comment abundance at key foraging sites

135 Natural Environment During 2004 to 2009 an annual the Common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus monitoring project was carried out pipistrellus) was used to examine to monitor the species diversity and changes over time. Throughout the abundance of bats observed at two period 2007 - 2009 there is no key foraging habitat types: water evidence that common pipistrelle bodies and woodland. Bats use activity has declined during this both habitat types extensively but period (Graph 5.15). This is only a have extremely high activity short period of time and far longer indexes over water since they data sets are required to show frequently feed on the small trends. However initial observations invertebrates associated with water are that count means and totals are bodies. reasonably consistent across the years. Eight species of bats were identified and a subset of data for

30,000

25,000

20,000 Total number of 15,000 calls

Identifiedcalls 10,000 Mean 5,000 number of counts

0 2007 2008 2009 Year

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.15 - Common pipistrelle abundance at key foraging sites

5.3.6 Non-indigenous invasive pests and diseases

Plants suffer from a wide variety of natural routes or by human activity. pests and diseases with some The most damaging of these leading to severe economic or organisms are regulated and environmental damage. Some are known as Statutory Organisms; naturally occurring whilst some are they must be surveyed for at points non-indigenous, imported via of import, areas of production and

136 Natural Environment in the natural environment. If a pest of potatoes, Tobacco detected these organisms must be whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) a pest of controlled and eradicated. tomatoes and fireblight (Erwinia amylovora) a disease of the family Surveys play a vitally important role Rosacae which includes apples, in the protection of the Island's pears and hawthorn trees. farmed, natural and urban environment and there are international obligations in respect of monitoring and control of regulated organisms. Species covered include the Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)

Indicator RAG Status RAG Comment

Red – Critical pests and diseases present but not responding to eradication and control measures with a risk that they may become NE6 - Incidence of permanently present. crop pests and AMBER Amber – Minimal Pests and diseases diseases & present with active eradication and control underway

Green – All critical pests and diseases absent from the Island

Indicator NE6 - Incidence of crop pests and diseases

Additional monitoring of non- statutory pests such as Gypsy Although there are numerous Moth and Oak Processionary Moth potential invasive plant pests and are undertaken because of the risk diseases, there are approximately that they pose to human health. 20 which require an annual survey under UK and Jersey Plant Law. Of The Plant Science Laboratory at these 20, the majority (Figure 5.16) Howard Davis Farm provides remain absent from Jersey but are specialist diagnosis of plant pests monitored for closely, 5% have and diseases, as well as the been eradicated from the Island analysis of soil, water and plant despite previous incidences, and samples for farmers, growers, the 20% are present in the Island but Plant Health Inspectorate, other undergoing successful control and States departments and the public. eradication programmes.

137 Natural Environment

Eradicated Present but under 5% eradication 20%

Absent from Jersey 75%

Source: States of Jersey Department of the Environment

Graph 5.16 The status of 20 critical plant pests and diseases

The management of pests and and resistance play large parts in diseases, whether regulated or this strategy, and farmers and naturally occurring is always growers are now skilled in conducted in an environmentally employment of these methods. It is sympathetic manner. All control legally required under the Pesticide regimens are now conducted under (Jersey) law 1991 (Certificate of an integrated pest management Competence) for anyone applying framework, in which physical and pesticides on a commercial basis to cultural controls are the first to be hold the NPTC City & Guilds employed, with chemical controls National Proficiency Test Council being the last control option which is co-ordinated by the selected. Biological control, Department for the Environment. monitoring, pheromone trapping

138 Natural Environment

5.4 Update on the 2005 environmental priorities and key actions

Changes in the countryside and our natural history (State of Jersey Report 2005)

The Island is experiencing declines in the populations of common species such as toads, butterflies and farmland birds like goldfinches. To co nfirm the actual levels and explain the causes of these declines, we need robust, long-term scientific evidence.

Nevertheless, the main causes of change in marine and terrestrial biodiversity are likely to be:

a) Encroaching development; Development of previously undeveloped land causes a gradual suburbanisation of the countryside and coastal zone.

In order to address this we must:

i. Adhere to the policies guiding development control as laid out in the Jersey Island Plan 2002 ii. Encourage landowners to preserve Jersey’s natural habitats on their land; for example, wildlife friendly gardening helps prevent the fragmentation of natural habitats.

b) Change through habitat succession; although habitats change naturally, man’s influence distorts nature’s process and continuity.

In order to addre ss this we m ust carefully manage naturally occurring habitat succession to maintain biodiversity.

c) Changes in the rural economy; traditional and long-term management of the countryside gave us today’s familiar landscape. But economic pressures and changing practices have led to lo cal water pollution and changes to our traditional methods of land management.

In order to address this we m ust re-engineer the rur al economy to create a profita ble working countryside with dive rse rural activities that sustains our rural landscape and the habitats it supports.

139 Natural Environment The indicators have shown that the from the requirement for formal decline in certain key indicator planning consent. The species that was noted in 2005 has consequences of this law change continued through to 2010. for roost sites island-wide will need to be closely monitored. Birds The evidence for the continued Butterflies decline in bird species is based on long term monitoring data across a The Jersey Butterfly Monitoring range of habitats including coastal, Scheme, founded in 2004, requires common garden and farmland. This ten years of data before any downward trend is largely a analyses can be afforded a robust national/international concern. statistical significance. However, However, within the island the current trends suggest that the indicators have shown that principal factors governing the encroaching development and indicator species’ diversity and farming practices are factors abundance on Jersey are probably affecting nesting sites and foraging habitat type and land management habitats. practice. Once the monitoring scheme has ten years’ data it Bats should be possible to outline with confidence some of the key factors Long term monitoring data for bats controlling variation in Jersey’s is not yet robust enough to confirm butterfly species and thereafter to current trends for this indicator propose actions which will sustain species. However, the national or enhance the health of the overall status of each of the bat species population. recorded in Jersey is either rare or declining. Development pressure Habitats on roost sites has been shown to be a significant contributing factor. Significant progress has been made in affording statutory Monitoring activity has changed protection (in the form of SSIs) to this year to the international iBats the island’s largest areas of semi- methodology of driven transect natural habitat. The Department of monitoring. This has been shown to the Environment will continue to offer a considerable increase in identify and prepare other sites for both power and sensitivity of designation in 2011 and onwards. monitoring species diversity and These will target the island’s most abundance with the benefit of a extensive and fragile areas of key substantial reduction in officer habitats as defined in the resources. This methodology also Biodiversity Strategy, such as offers the opportunity to be woodlands and wet meadows. contributing to broader international bat monitoring. For approximately 80% of the island’s key habitats, protection Recent changes to planning remains dependent upon effective legislation have resulted in the implementation of island-wide exemption of certain building policy such as that set out in the activities such as loft conversions, Island Plan 2011. This includes

140 Natural Environment pockets of land, fringe habitats, benefits in protecting and wildlife corridors which may not enhancing the natural environment. justify SSI status due to their small size but which are nevertheless if In addition to ongoing maintenance significant ecological value. New of existing infrastructure, a number polices in the Plan also enable the of further initiatives have been impact of development upon prioritised for 2011 onwards. These biodiversity to be a material policy include addressing the undersupply consideration in the planning of access resource for horse riders process. and mountain bikers. It would also be desirable to provide additional The Department of the access links to existing provision in Environment has been successful order to extend the network. A in achieving and maintaining coordinated approach to providing favourable condition for those sites signage and interpretation is also that are under States management. needed to facilitate the enjoyment For those valuable sites that are of the countryside for all, and to privately owned, the Department encourage safe and responsible continues to work with landowners use. and stakeholders to secure sympathetic management. During 2012 the Department of the Environment will be working with all Access Strategy stakeholders to produce an Access Strategy for Jersey. This will The indicators have shown that provide a framework for the since 2005 the countryside access management and promotion of network has been extended and countryside access in a strategic, enhanced. Good access provision coordinated way. It is is a valuable tool in encouraging acknowledged that different more people to use and appreciate organisations and interests need to the countryside, thus promoting the be encouraged to work together for the greatest combined effect.

141 Natural Environment

5.5 The environmental priorities and key actions for 2011 - 2015

Natural Environment - The next 5 years

The island’s terrestrial biodiversity is under pressure from encroaching development and the need to improve statutory protection.

In order to address this we must:-

x Strengthen and enforce legislation for the protection of species and their habitats

x Continue to support and promote agri-environmental initiatives

x Ensure that new planning policies under the Island Plan 2011 concerning species and habitat protection and enhancement are implemented and monitored

x Continue with long term monitoring (implement a lo ng term monitoring strategy/framework)

5.5.1 Species Protection- Legislation and Policy

Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) x lack of statutory protection for Law 2000 - Under Review key species groups such as invertebrates; The indicators have highlighted the x loose definitions preventing need to strengthen the island’s effective enforcement; wildlife legislation on a number of x lack of statutory protection for fronts. The Conservation of Wildlife nests/dens and other habitats (Jersey) Law 2000 (‘the Wildlife upon which species depend. Law’) has not been revisited since coming into force and needs to be Biodiversity Action Plans updated to ensure compliance with international obligations and Although they have little legal environmental best practice. In significance, the Biodiversity Action addition, a number of failings in the Plans for Jersey clearly represent current Wildlife Law which hinder the island’s commitment (under the effective species protection have CBD) to conserving its local wildlife been identified. These include: and habitats, particularly those that are rare or threatened. The

142 Natural Environment indicators have shown that the total challenge for 2011 and beyond will number of Action Plans in be to ensure that each Plan is fully publication has progressed implemented and monitored. significantly since 2005. The

5.5.2 Habitat Protection – Legislation and Policy

Island Plan 2011

The Island Plan 2011 introduces a a site appropriate mitigation and number of policies which have the compensatory measures will have potential to facilitate significant to be adopted to secure a advances in the consideration of demonstrable net gain in biodiversity and habitats in the face biodiversity. This policy of development pressure. These development will allow for the include: promotion of opportunities to x a strong presumption against conserve wildlife and to create and development affecting animal or manage new natural or semi- plant species protected by Law, natural habitats in the context of or their habitats; development schemes x the requirement for appropriate and adequate mitigation The Island Plan also makes measures where a proposal provision for the designation of may have an adverse affect on Environmentally Sensitive Areas protected species or sites of (ESA) representing some of the wildlife value; and Island's key habitats, such as the x for the first time material North Coast heathlands and the consideration is given to the woodland and coastal habitats of protection of trees, hedgerows, Rozel. woodland habitats and wildlife corridors from the effects of Sites of Importance for Nature development; development Conservation (SINC), smaller semi- proposals that do not make natural areas or sites that are adequate provision for the important to wildlife and which have appropriate landscaping of a a biodiversity value, along with site- including the retention of wildlife corridors. existing trees and hedgerows and the provision of new There is also considerable potential planting, as appropriate, with to develop and adopt species of benefit to the island’s supplementary planning guidance biodiversity – will not be to provide landowners, developers, approved. architects and planning officers with more information about the One of the key initiatives of the potential impact of development Island Plan 2011, is the use of upon species and habitats and the enhancement and compensation potential, not only for mitigation, but where appropriate; where the need also for habitat creation and for a proposed development clearly enhancement. outweighs the biodiversity value of

143 Natural Environment

Coastal National Park enjoyment and awareness of its special values. In this area there The primary objective for this will be the strongest presumption designation, which will be against all forms of new accompanied by a management development for whatever purpose, plan, will be to balance the and a strong presumption against conservation and enhancement the redevelopment for other uses; their natural beauty, wildlife and cultural extension; and the intensification of heritage of the Coastal National their use. Park with promoting public

5.5.3 Changes in the Working Countryside

The period 2005 to 2010 has being made simpler to administer, witnessed a proactive approach to achieving best possible value for management of the countryside, money and maximising with progress made in the main aim environmental benefit(s). of balancing the rural economy with biodiversity conservation in rural During the review, the scheme’s areas. environmental and compliance monitoring will also be re- Between 2005 and 2009 through developed and improved. the CRS over £2m of expenditure was approved for environmental Rural Economy Strategy (2011- improvements in the countryside 1015) including new habitat creation and the adoption of sympathetic The Rural Economy Strategy farming practices. Although more (RES) is a five-year strategy which robust long term evidence of considers the ‘triple bottom line’ of positive effects on terrestrial profit, people, environment. It was biodiversity is needed, short term agreed and passed at a States monitoring data eg for the butterfly sitting on the 18 January 2011. indicator species, suggests that The RES 2011-2015 is designed to agri-environmental schemes such grow the rural economy in line with as these have the potential to have the objectives of the States a positive effect over the long term. Strategic Plan, the Countryside Renewal Scheme, Island Plan During 2010 the CRS was closed Policies, and the Biodiversity to all new applications due to Strategy whilst safeguarding budgetary restraints. By 2011 the Jersey’s countryside, it's character scheme will have undergone a and the environment. The RES review, covering all aspects of recognises that economic design, content, delivery and sustainability of the rural sector monitoring. This review will depends on also providing positive investigate ways in which the environmental and social benefits, scheme could be improved or hence the introduction of an redesigned to deliver greater Environment Plan where each environmental benefits, whilst farmer and/or landowner receiving

144 Natural Environment public funding will be required to The policy which specifically lends inter alia detail how they will itself to monitoring the natural implement Codes of Good environment and provides a Agricultural and Environmental reporting platform for the State of Practice (CGAEP), mitigate against Jersey, is policy ‘PE6 Monitoring climate change and enhance changes in biodiversity’: whereby biodiversity on their holdings. the Department of the Environment has committed itself to reviewing There are a number of policies set State of Jersey indicators in 2011, out within the RES 2011-2015. with continued monitoring of key Attached to each policy is a biodiversity indicators from 2012 to measure of progress for each year 2015 and with compliance with of the life of the Strategy in order Multi-lateral Environment that progress can be monitored. Agreements.

5.5.4 Long term monitoring of species and habitats

Since 2005 the collection of long establishing and maintaining a term robust scientific evidence for biological records centre. Two main trends in terrestrial biodiversity has options were considered: (1) continued to be a priority and a establishing an independent challenge. In 2012 the biological records centre for Jersey; implementation of a Surveillance and (2) expanding the pre-existing and Monitoring Framework for the Guernsey Biological Records Department of the Environment will Centre so that it covers all the ensure that long term monitoring is Channel Islands. effective in measuring changes in biodiversity over time, providing the As well as cost, other factors that evidence to meet targets, identify have been explored in 2011 include changes and drivers and to guide management issues, location, IT further directions in policy and systems and software, legislation. effectiveness and data protection. A survey of forty-one UK biological In 2010 the Jersey Biodiversity records centres was undertaken so Partnership undertook public that Jersey’s needs could be workshops and a survey which compared to models operating established the desire and need for elsewhere. The results of this a Jersey Biological Records recent work will be presented to the Centre. During 2011 work has been Jersey Biodiversity Partnership undertaken to explore the logistics meeting in October 2011. and potential costs associated with

145 Natural Environment

146 147 148 6 ECO-ACTIVE

Since 2006 a key development in the awareness and outreach work of the 99ACTIVE campaign. Its role has been to provide information in order to promote environmentally conscious decision making in all sectors.

ECO-ACTIVE recognises that there is a need to enable collective responsibility to ensure a positive impact on the living and working environment, which is such a precious resource.

The ECO-ACTIVE programme has grown from a simple public awareness campaign in 2006 into a suite of tailored programmes across many sectors as illustrated in the ‘family tree’ below.

Dedicated initiatives for key ECO-ACTIVE areas Dedicated initiatives for key ECO-ACTIVE areas

Delivered through sectoral ECO-ACTIVE umbrella programmes Delivered through sectoral ECO-ACTIVE umbrella programmes

The Jersey general public The Jersey general public

149 Online for a greener life

150