FABULATOR LATINUS Apuleius' Best Known Work, the Golden Ass, Raises

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

FABULATOR LATINUS Apuleius' Best Known Work, the Golden Ass, Raises CHAPTER SIX FABULATOR LATINUS Apuleius' best known work, the Golden Ass, raises a number of issues addressed in previous chapters: Greek sources, translation, adaptation and patchwork compilation. It is also the most thoroughly studied work in the Apuleian corpus. Accordingly, this chapter will be restricted to the issues just enumerated with one addition: the relationship of this Latin novel to the ancient Greek novel. 1 Greek Sources An important source of information for delineating the Greek origins of Apuleius' Latin adaptation are the various subscriptions contained in the manuscript known as F (Codex Laurentianus 68, 2). It served as the basis of all the extant manuscripts of the Golden Ass and during the period 395-7 was read and edited (legi et emendavi) by Sallustius both in Rome and in Constantinople. Whenever Sallustius refers to the novel by title he invariably cites it by the Greek title, the Metamorphoses, e.g.: "The end of Book 10 of the Metamorphoses. I, Sallustius, read and edited it profitably in Rome. The beginning of Book 11. "2 Thus the earliest known reference to the novel by title lends support to the likelihood of its Greek derivation. 3 As will be explained below, the Milesian affiliation that Apuleius assigns to the novel also implies Greek origins for the Latin adaptation. 1 Sandy 1994. Bowie and Harrison 1993 provide an up-to-date survey and bibliographical guide to the ancient novel. 2 Methamorfoseon Libri X. Excipio. Ego Sallustius legi et emendavi Romae felix. lncipio Libri XI, p. 266, ed. R. Helm (Leipzig: Teubner, 3rd ed., 1931 ); the dates and locations of Sallustius' editorial work derive from his subscrition at the end of Book 9, p. 236, ed. Helm. See also Rives 1994: 279, n. 17. 3 Some thirty years later St. Augustine (C. D. 18. 18) uses the Latin title "Asinus Aureus" (Golden Ass); still later, in the fifth or sixth century, Fulgentius uses the two titles interchangeably. 234 CHAPTER SIX Apuleius himself announces the Greek pedigree of the novel in the opening sentence and reaffirms it in the penultimate sentence of the first chapter. '"But I would like to stitch together for your benefit various tales written in the Milesian style that you favour,'" begins the novel. The dramatized narrator Lucius concludes the introduction to his stitched-together compilation in these words, "'We begin our Greekish story."' As well, the narrator's emphatically Greek lineage reinforces that of the story and simultaneously bridges the divide between the two cultures of classical antiquity. A native of Greece with ties of kinship and education to its principal urban centres and the family of Plutarch, he worked hard in Rome to teach himself Latin. Apuleius likens this process of bridging the two linguistic cultures to a stunt rider jumping from one horse to another. The adjective "Milesian" is not unambiguous, but its "made-in­ Greece" implications are unmistakable. Aristides of Miletus was the author of a collection of novelle known in classical antiquity as Milesiaca, that is, Milesian Tales. Only one word of his collection of Greek tales survives, and the ten short surviving fragments of the Roman historian Sisenna's Latin translation of Aristides' work add nothing of value to attempts to reconstruct it. 4 Ancient references to the Milesiaca unanimously characterize it as vulgar, even obscene, which is difficult to reconcile with Apuleius' characterization of the honeyed tale of Cupid and Psyche as "Milesian" (4. 32. 6). 5 We may safely conclude, however, that the adjective "Milesian," however ambiguous, connotes at the very least a Greek component in the tone, style, structure or the contents of Apuleius' Latin adaptation. The adjective "Graecanica," which I translated "Greekish" to avoid the architectural connotations that the word "Grecian" now has in English, in the words of Mason, "means something like 'adapted (into Latin) from Greek.' "6 He cites for this interpretation the authority of the first-century B. C. Roman polymath Varro. In his On the La.tin Language (10. 70-2) Varro distinguishes between the adjectives "Greek" and "Greekish." A Greek noun that retains its Greek declensional form in Latin is Greek; one that has been altered to conform to Latin morphology is Greekish. 4 Scobie 1975: 66-7. 5 Scobie 1975: 67. 6 Mason 1978: 1. .
Recommended publications
  • Apuleius's Story of Cupid and Psyche and the Roman Law of Marriage" Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-), Vol
    Georgetown University Institutional Repository http://www.library.georgetown.edu/digitalgeorgetown The author made this article openly available online. Please tell us how this access affects you. Your story matters. OSGOOD, J. "Nuptiae Iure Civili Congruae: Apuleius's Story of Cupid and Psyche and the Roman Law of Marriage" Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-), Vol. 136, No. 2 (Autumn, 2006), pp. 415-441 Collection Permanent Link: http://hdl.handle.net/10822/555440 © 2006 The John Hopkins University Press This material is made available online with the permission of the author, and in accordance with publisher policies. No further reproduction or distribution of this copy is permitted by electronic transmission or any other means. Transactionsof the American Philological Association 136 (2006) 415-441 Nuptiae lure Civili Congruae: Apuleius'sStory of Cupid and Psyche and the Roman Lawof Marriage JOSIAH OSGOOD GeorgetownUniversity SUMMARY: Socialhistorians, despite showing greatinterest in Apuleius'sMeta- morphoses,have tended to ignorethe novel'sembedded tale of Cupidand Psycheon the groundsthat it is purelyimaginary. This paperdemonstrates that Apuleiusin fact refersthroughout his story to realRoman practices, especially legal practices-most conspicuousare the frequentreferences to the Romanlaw of marriage.A carefulexamination of severalpassages thus shows how knowl- edge of Romanlaw, it turns out, enhancesthe reader'spleasure in Apuleius's story.The paperconcludes by exploringthe connectionsbetween Apuleius's fairytaleand the accountof his own marriageto AemiliaPudentilla in his ear- lier work,the Apologia.Apuleius seems to be recalling,playfully, his own earlier legal success.At the same time, both works suggestthat legal problemsarose in Romanfamilies not becauseof the actions of any officialenforcers, but rather appealto the law by particularfamily members.
    [Show full text]
  • False Forms and Wicked Women: Apuleius' Isis Book and Ovid's Iphis
    FALSE FORMS AND WICKED WOMEN: APULEIUS’ ISIS BOOK AND OVID’S IPHIS STORY Sarah H. Eisenlohr A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Classics in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: James Rives Sharon James Emily Baragwanath ©2019 Sarah H. Eisenlohr ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Sarah H. Eisenlohr: False forms and wicked women: Apuleius’ Isis book and Ovid’s Iphis story (Under the direction of James Rives) In this thesis, I take a new approach to the study of Isis in Apuleius’ Golden Ass by comparing the novel to the story of Iphis written by Ovid in the Metamorphoses. I begin by reviewing the history of Isiac worship in the Roman world and previous research on Isis’ role in Apuleius. I then move on to a detailed study of literary allusions between the Golden Ass and Ovid’s Iphis story. From there, I explore the literary evidence concerning Isiac ethics and use my findings to analyze further the two texts at hand. I argue that both Apuleius and Ovid use Isis to mitigate the effects of dishonorable conduct in their narratives, especially that of a sexual nature. In each story, Isis ensures that her followers avoid behavior that disrupts communal and familial life, ultimately reinforcing traditional morality and social norms. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………...1 ISIS IN THE ROMAN WORLD………………………………………………………………….3 PLATONISM IN THE GOLDEN ASS……………………………………………………………5 ALLUSIONS TO THE METAMORPHOSES AND IPHIS IN THE GOLDEN ASS……………..8 SEXUALITY AND ISIAC ETHICS…………………………………………………………….22 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………..31 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………..33 iv INTRODUCTION This thesis aims to add a new dimension to the collective understanding of Isis’ role in Apuleius’ Golden Ass, as Lucius’ savior and as his patroness after his acceptance into her cult.
    [Show full text]
  • Flaubert, Apuleius and Ovid: the Genesis of a Recurring Theme
    STEPHEN GODDARD Flaubert, Apuleius and Ovid: The Genesis of a Recurring Theme Abstract: This essay examines the way in which Flaubert uses classi- cal intertexts in his works, and, in particular, how the rewriting often gives rise to a burlesque version of the original. It focuses on the tale of Acteon, as recounted by Ovid in Metamorphoses and alluded to by Apuleius in The Golden Ass, and demonstrates how these classical stories are activated in Flaubert’s work. By means of an examination of often striking textual similarities between Flaubert’s work and that of Ovid and Apuleius, this piece shows how a clear pattern of intertex- tual reference emerges in Flaubert’s work, ranging from early “straight” borrowings from the classical texts to later burlesques of certain of their aspects. Numerous commentators have noted the importance of the fairy tale as a point of reference in Flaubert’s work.1 Equally as obsessive, and, of course, also related to a particular fairy tale – that of La Belle et la Bête – is the appearance of the Cupid/Eros and Psyche myth as a point of reference for much of Flaubert’s symbolism.2 So well-known is the latter intertext that the myth emerges in the most unlikely circum- stances: for example, in Gemma Bovery, Posy Simmonds’s cartoon re- 1 See, for example, Anne Green, ‘Flaubert and the Sleeping Beauty: An Obsessive Image’, in New Approaches in Flaubert studies, ed. by Tony Williams and Mary Orr (Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, 1999), pp. 65-80. 2 The most obvious example is Margaret Lowe’s study, Towards the Real Flaubert: A Study of ‘Madame Bovary’ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984).
    [Show full text]
  • The Golden Ass CLASSICS UNABRIDGED Apuleius Read by David Timson
    COMPLETE The Golden Ass CLASSICS UNABRIDGED Apuleius Read by David Timson ‘In this hapless state I looked myself over and saw that I was now no bird, but an ass…’ In this ancient picaresque adventure, Lucius, an insatiably curious young man, finds himself transformed into a donkey after his fascination with black magic and witchcraft goes awry. While trapped in his new body, he becomes the property of thieves, farmers, cooks, soldiers and priests, and observes the hypocrisy and ineptitude of Imperial Roman society. The Golden Ass is considered the only novel to survive the Roman period, and the earliest novel to survive complete in the Western literary tradition. It is brimming with slapstick humour and sexual escapades, and foreshadows later works by Boccaccio, Rabelais, Cervantes and Chaucer, upon whom it was a direct influence. David Timson has made over 1,000 broadcasts for BBC Radio Drama. For Naxos AudioBooks he has written The History of Theatre, an award-winning production read by Derek Jacobi, and directed four Shakespeare plays including King Richard Total running time: 9:06:08 • 8 CDs III (with Kenneth Branagh). He has also read the entire Sherlock Holmes canon and Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. View our catalogue online at n-ab.com/cat = Downloads (M4B chapters or MP3 files) = CDs (disc–track) 1 1-1 The Golden Ass 15:04 27 4-7 Without a moment’s hesitation the robbers... 7:54 2 1-2 ‘My dear Socrates,’ I said, ‘what you tell me...’ 10:15 28 5-1 Delighted with our vengeance..
    [Show full text]
  • The World of the Golden
    THE WORLD OF THE GOLDEN ASS * By FERGUS MILLAR Those who study and teach the history of the Ancient World suffer from a great disadvantage, which we find difficult to admit even to ourselves: in a perfectly literal sense we do not know what we are talking about. Of course we can dispose of a vast range of accumulated knowledge about what we are talking about. We can compile lists of office- holders in the Roman Empire, without our evidence revealing how government worked or even whether it made any impact at all on the ordinary person; we can discuss the statuses of cities and look at the archaeological remains of some of them (or rather some parts of some of them) without having any notion of their social and economic functions, or of whether it made any real difference whether an inhabitant of the Roman provinces lived in a small city or a large village. We can study the remains of temples, the iconography of gods and goddesses, the nature of myth, ritual and sacrifice; but how and in what way did all this provide an important or intelligible context for a peasant in the fields ? In the case of religion in particular our attention turns persistently to the exceptional rather than the ordinary, to those aspects which were novel, imported, mystical or the subject of philo- sophical speculation. Let me take a precise example from the Metamorphoses or Golden Ass, Apuleius' brilliant novel of the second century A.D. The exotic aspects of ancient religion which the novel reveals have always attracted attention; the hero's vision of Isis, and his conversion to the worship of Isis and Osiris; 1 the band of Syrian priests making their fraudulent way through the Greek countryside; 2 the wicked baker's wife who has aban- doned the gods and worships what she says is a single god-in other words, is a Christian.3 But if we really want to understand how the divine order related to ordinary life in antiquity we should start from an incident a few chapters later (Ix, 33-4).
    [Show full text]
  • Apuleius and Homer: Some Traces of the Iliad in the Metamorphoses
    Apuleius and Homer: Some Traces of the Iliad in the Metamorphoses STEPHEN HARRISON Corpus Christi College, Oxford1 1. Introduction The fundamental importance of Homeric allusion and intertextuality for the literary works of the Greek Second Sophistic is well established in modern scholarship;2 equally firm is the agreement of scholars that the Odyssey is a key intertext for the Metamorphoses of Apuleius,3 who can plausibly be regarded as a participant in the sophistic literary revival working in the Lat- in-speaking West.4 This paper, continuing a series of studies on the interrela- tion of ancient epic and novel,5 looks at the neglected topic of the use of the Iliad in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. It will be seen that the Iliad, though it cannot rival the Odyssey in its overall significance for Apuleius’ novel, makes its own contribution to the common pattern of treatment of epic in the Metamorphoses, by which elevated epic material is parodied and lowered for the less august parameters of prose fiction. It also provides further confirma- tion of the high learning demanded from the novel’s implied reader, particu- larly when Iliadic allusion is skillfully combined with the use of later source texts.6 The most prominent Homeric citation in the Metamorphoses is the narra- tor Lucius’ comparison of his own time as an ass to the voyages of Odysseus (9,13,4), which comes very close to verbatim quotation: ————— 1 I should like to thank Michael Paschalis and Stavros Frangoulidis for their splendid organisation of the conference in Rethymnon. 2 See e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Golden Ass'
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2020 Gynocentric Apuleius: Female Agency in 'The Golden Ass' Kelsey Schalo University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Classical Literature and Philology Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Citation Schalo, K. (2020). Gynocentric Apuleius: Female Agency in 'The Golden Ass'. Theses and Dissertations Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3684 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gynocentric Apuleius: Female Agency in the Golden Ass A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies. by Kelsey Schalo University of Arkansas Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and Classical Studies, 2018 May 2020 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council _________________________________ David Fredrick, Ph.D Thesis Advisor _________________________________ ________________________________ Daniel Levine, Ph.D Mohja Kahf, Ph.D Committee Member Committee Member Abstract Through a close reading of Apuleius’ Golden Ass, I argue that characters such as Byrrhena, Photis, and Psyche function as positive examples of female sexual authority and autonomy and effectively challenge the phallocentric theories commonly applied to Greek and Roman gender and sexuality, the Penetrative Model associated with Foucault, and structuralism, associated in classics with French historians Marcel Detienne, J-P Vernant, and Pierre Vidal-Naquet.
    [Show full text]
  • The Curious Curiositas of Psyche in Apuleius' Golden
    The Curious Curiositas of Psyche in Apuleius’ Golden Ass There will always be debate over how the inset fable of Cupid and Pysche works as a key to interpreting the Golden Ass and its famously debated conclusion. On the one hand, for those who read the novel’s conclusion as a serious conversion narrative, Cupid and Psyche becomes a way to reconcile the serious tone of Book 11 with Lucius’ preceding comic misadventures; Psyche’s struggle and salvation can be said to foreshadow the benevolence of Isis toward the previously misguided Lucius (eg. T. Hägg 1983). On the other hand, some argue that the whimsical spirit of the inset fable seems instead to point to a tongue-in-cheek or satirical conclusion to the novel, one in which we see Lucius hoodwinked by the avaricious priests of Isis (eg. Harrison 2006). The only consensus is that the story of Psyche must somehow parallel that of Lucius and that the link between the two characters is found in their shared curiositas, a fatal flaw which leads both characters into distress. This paper questions that last seemingly straightforward parallel. Although the narrator of the Golden Ass attempts to link Psyche and Lucius through their curiositas, Apuleius works behind the scenes to subvert that link and substitute another: gullibility. It is true that Lucius consistently blames his mistakes on his curiositas, and the narrator of the fable repeatedly attributes Psyche’s errors to the same fault. Yet Apuleius does not in fact allow Psyche to fulfill her supposed curiosity; instead, she is remarkably incurious throughout her adventures.
    [Show full text]
  • Plutarch and Apuleius: Laborious Routes to Isis
    Plutarch and Apuleius: Laborious Routes to Isis Luc Van der Stockt K.U. Leuven 0. Introduction Because of insufficient source-material, our information about antiquity is never complete, and because of the analytic and fragmentary character of the available sources, we are in some trouble when travelling through antiquity. Some positions on the map may be clear, but very often the route from one position to another is lacking. In those cases, the irresistible need to understand, that is, to combine positions into a coherent whole legitimates our attempt to map routes ourselves. But the dire wish cannot be the father of unswerving conviction. We will, for instance, never know for sure by what route Pheidippides, when setting out from Marathon to announce the victory over the Persians, reached Athens: was it from the north or from the south of Mount Penteli? The map of the history of ancient literature is even more lacunose than the geographical one. In the present state of our documentation, it takes caution and self-control to construct such a history without allowing hope to gain the upper hand of demonstrable fact. In the past several attempts have been made at establishing some correlation between Plutarch (c. AD 45 - 125) and Apuleius (born c. AD 125), and understandably so: they were nearly contemporaries and they were both Middle Platonists. On top of that, they seem to have shared a common interest in Isis: Plutarch’s On Isis and Osiris (DIO) and Apuleius’ eleventh book of Metamorphoses, the so-called Isis-Book, deal extensively with that Egyptian deity.
    [Show full text]
  • Plutarch, Apuleius, and Vettius Agorius Praetextatus ______
    MYSTERIES, PHILOSOPHY, AND SELF-REPRESENTATION IN IMPERIAL ROME: PLUTARCH, APULEIUS, AND VETTIUS AGORIUS PRAETEXTATUS _______________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________________ by ANDREW J. BUCHHEIM Dr. Dennis Trout, Dissertation Supervisor December 2019 © Copyright by Andrew J. Buchheim 2019 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled MYSTERIES, PHILOSOPHY, AND SELF- REPRESENTATION IN IMPERIAL ROME: PLUTARCH, APULEIUS, AND VETTIUS AGORIUS PRAETEXTATUS presented by Andrew J. Buchheim, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. ____________________________________________________________ Professor Dennis Trout ____________________________________________________________ Professor Anatole Mori ____________________________________________________________ Professor Raymond Marks ____________________________________________________________ Professor Barbara Wallach ____________________________________________________________ Professor Susan Langdon DEDICATION To my grandfather Wayne Buchheim who inspired me in this pursuit. I hope he would be proud of my efforts. Thanks also to my father for his help and support and to my brother for no particular reason. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Dennis Trout for all his help. His graduate seminar on Latin epigraphy refocused my general interest in mystery cults into what would become the current project. I thank him for introducing me to Praetextatus and to Late Antique Rome. I would also like to thank my fellow graduate students, Kristin Harper and Claire McGraw. They were always invaluable resources for help in developing my ideas, and they provided me insightful directions for my research.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature and Identity in the Golden Ass of Apuleius
    Literature and Identity in The Golden Ass of Apuleius Literature and Identity in The Golden Ass of Apuleius Luca Graverini Translated from the Italian by Benjamin Todd Lee The Ohio State University Press • Columbus Copyright © 2007 by Pacini Editore S.p.A. All rights reserved. English translation published 2012 by The Ohio State University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Graverini, Luca. [Metamorfosi di Apuleio. English] Literature and identity in The Golden Ass of Apuleius / Luca Graverini ; translated by Benjamin Todd Lee. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8142-1191-5 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8142-1191-7 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8142-9292-1 (cd-rom) 1. Apuleius. Metamorphoses. 2. Latin fiction—History and criticism. I. Lee, Benjamin Todd. II. Title. PA6217.G7313 2012 873'.01—dc23 2012004578 Cover design by Jerry Dorris, AuthorSupport.com Type set in Adobe Garamond Pro Text design by Juliet Williams Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American Na- tional Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48–1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 contents Translator’s Note vii Author’s Note to the English Translation ix Preface and Acknowledgments xi Chapter 1 • A Sweet Poetics 1 1.1 “But I . ” 2 1.2 The ass and the cicada 10 1.3 A sweet and misleading whisper 12 1.4 Between philosophy and entertainment: Astonishment (ut mireris) 36 1.5 The poetics of the novel 38 1.6
    [Show full text]
  • Lucius Apuleius the Golden
    Lucius Apuleius The Golden Ass Translated by A. S. Kline © 2013 All Rights Reserved. This work may be freely reproduced, stored, and transmitted, electronically or otherwise, for any non-commercial purpose. 2 Contents Book I:1 Apuleius’ address to the reader Book I:2-5 Aristomenes begins his tale Book I:6-10 Socrates’ misfortune Book I:11-17 Aristomenes’ Nightmare Book I:18-20 Socrates’ death Book I:21-26 Milo’s House Book II:1-3 Aunt Byrrhena Book II:4-5 At Byrrhena’s House Book II:6-10 The charms of Photis Book II:11-14 Diophanes the Chaldaean Book II:15-18 A night with Photis Book II:19-20 The supper party Book II:21-24 Thelyphron’s tale: guarding the body Book II:25-28 Thelyphron’s tale: conjuring the dead Book II:29-30 Thelyphron’s tale: what the corpse said Book II:31-32 An encounter with thieves Book III:1-3 On trial Book III:4-8 Lucius states his defence Book III:9-11 Justice is served Book III:12-18 Photis confesses Book III:19-23 Spying on the mistress Book III:24-29 Lucius transformed! Book IV:1-3 Encounter with the market-gardener Book IV:4-5 Feigned exhaustion Book IV:6-9 The robber’s cave Book IV:10-12 Thieving in Thebes – Lamachus and Alcimus Book IV:13-15 Thieving in Plataea – the bear’s skin Book IV:16-21 Thrasyleon’s fate Book IV:22-25 The captive Book IV:26-27 Her dream Book IV:28-31 The tale of Cupid and Psyche: fatal beauty Book IV:32-33 The tale of Cupid and Psyche: the oracle Book V:1-3 The tale of Cupid and Psyche: the palace Book V:4-6 The tale of Cupid and Psyche: the mysterious husband Book V:7-10 The tale of
    [Show full text]