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Les Grandes Explorations

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Les Grandes Explorations Les grandes explorations Se préparer à mieux comprendre 1. D’après vous, qu’est-ce qui motive les Français à explorer le nouveau pays? 2. Pouvez-vous prédire quels mots seront utilisés pour traiter de ce sujet? Utilisez votre dictionnaire au besoin. 3. Dans le tableau précédent, surlignez les mots que vous avez entendus. Dans ce nouveau tableau, identifiez les mots-clés du document. 1re écoute 4. Pourquoi chasse-t-on le castor? 2e écoute 5. Associez les noms des explorateurs aux lieux. Champlain Le Mississippi Louis Jolliet Le Labrador Jacques Marquette La baie d’Hudson René-Robert Cavelier de la Salle La Louisiane Lavérendrye Les Rocheuses Charles Albanel Les Grands Lacs © 2010 France Hallé, UQTR Les grandes explorations Au début, le commerce des fourrures se fait dans les postes de traite établis le long du Saint-Laurent, souvent à l’embouchure d’une rivière importante. Les Autochtones chassent et vendent leurs fourrures aux Européens. Ils échangent les peaux contre des armes à feu, des armes blanches, des chaudières, des outils, etc. La chasse devient plus facile avec ces nouvelles armes. Elle s’intensifie aussi à cause des besoins insatiables des Européens : on fait des chapeaux très chics avec la peau du castor. Par conséquent, les castors se font plus rares dans la vallée du Saint-Laurent. De plus, les guerres amérindiennes affectent grandement les Hurons, les principaux intermédiaires des Blancs. Les Français décident de traiter directement avec les nombreuses communautés autochtones : c’est le début des coureurs des bois. En canot d’écorce, ils remontent le fleuve Saint-Laurent vers l’ouest. Ils empruntent les rivières qu’ils croisent à la recherche des chasseurs amérindiens. Les voyages durent plusieurs semaines, voire plusieurs mois. Puis, ils reviennent dans la vallée du Saint-Laurent vendre les peaux aux marchands. Tous ces voyages permettent aux Reconstitution d’un poste de traite à Français de découvrir le territoire Tadoussac. Wikimedia. canadien. Et puis, on cherche toujours le fameux passage vers la Chine. Il faut faire vite, car les Anglais et les Espagnols cherchent aussi. C’est donc une course politique importante. Les voyages contribuent à étendre le territoire français. Malheureusement, le peuplement ne se fait pas au même rythme. Champlain explore d’abord les Grands Lacs. Étienne Brûlé va jusqu’à Buffalo et explore la Pennsylvanie. Jean Nicollet se rend jusqu’à Sault-Ste-Marie, puis descend le long du lac Michigan dès 1634. Le coureur des bois Des Groseilliers explore aussi le lac Supérieur et le nord de l’Ontario en 1654. Il y retourne plus tard avec Pierre-Esprit de Radisson. Jacques Marquette, un autre Jésuite habile © 2010 France Hallé, UQTR dans les langues autochtones, explore les Grands Lacs. Avec Louis Jolliet, il trouve le Mississippi. Il meurt au Michigan en 1675. En 1669, René-Robert Cavelier de la Salle part en expédition vers l’ouest. Il part avec cinq canots et plusieurs hommes dont l’abbé René de Bréhan de Galinée et le sulpicien François Dollier de Casson. À l’époque, exploration et évangélisation vont ensemble. L’aide des missionnaires est particulièrement importante, puisqu’ils dessinent les cartes géographiques des lieux explorés. De la Salle fait de nombreux voyages et construit plusieurs forts, symboles de la présence française, tout au long de son trajet. Il explore les lacs Ontario, Érié, Huron et Michigan. Il descend le Mississippi jusqu’au golfe du Mexique et prend possession de la Louisiane au nom du roi Louis XIV le 6 avril 1682. Les Lavérendrye, dont le père est un militaire, puis un agriculteur de Trois- Rivières, contribuent aussi à l’exploration de l’Ouest canadien entre 1731 et 1744. Pierre se rend jusqu’au Manitoba. Ses frères Louis-Joseph et François se rendent jusqu’à la rivière Yellowstone, au pied des Rocheuses. Comme leurs guides amérindiens refusent d’entrer en territoire ennemi, ils s’arrêtent et reviennent à Montréal. D’autres explorateurs parcourent le nord du Québec. Guillaume Couture se rend au lac Mistassini et remonte la rivière Rupert jusqu’à la baie d’Hudson dès 1663. Il explore aussi le Labrador un peu plus tard. St-Simon et Charles Albanel, un jésuite missionnaire à Tadoussac, grand connaisseur des langues autochtones, se disent les premiers Européens à atteindre la Baie d’Hudson par voie terrestre en 1672. Louis Jolliet explore aussi le lac Saint-Jean et remonte jusqu’à la baie de James. En 1694, il part vers le Labrador et revient avec une carte très détaillée des lieux. Le père Marquette, huile sur toile de Henry F Farny. Creative Commons. © 2010 France Hallé, UQTR Les grandes explorations Explorer le texte 1. Identifiez trois motivations de l’exploration du territoire. 2. Expliquez l’adverbe « Malheureusement » dans la dernière phrase du troisième paragraphe. Quelle inférence, quelle déduction pouvez-vous faire? 3. Pourquoi les Lavérendrye ne franchissent-ils pas les Rocheuses? 4. Relevez tous les verbes qui expriment un déplacement physique. 5. Identifiez les principales composantes de la phrase suivante. En canot d’écorce, ils remontent le fleuve Saint-Laurent vers l’ouest. Groupe sujet : ___________________________________________________ Groupe verbal : __________________________________________________ Groupe complément de phrase : ____________________________________ © 2010 France Hallé, UQTR .
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