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Bocchan, It's Time to Wake Up

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Bocchan, It's Time to Wake Up HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO Bocchan, It’s Time to Wake Up A corpus-based analysis of how and why Non-Learners code-switch in Japanese fandom-based fanfiction “Japanese has no business being in a Kuroshitsuji fan fic. It takes place in England. I can read and write Japanese and have never found a need for it in this fandom.” (ZON, Learner, 131) Melissa Turner Student no. 013440330 University of Helsinki Department of Modern Languages English Philology Minna Nevala Master’s Thesis April 2015 1 The standardised frequency of Japanese code-switches found in the author’s fanfiction. Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Faculty of Arts Department of Modern Languages Tekijä – Författare – Author Melissa Louise Turner Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Bocchan, It's Time to Wake Up: A corpus-based analysis of how and why Non-Learners code- switch in Japanese fandom-based fanfiction Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject English Philology Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s Thesis April 2015 89 + appendices (44 pages) Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract It has been frequently proven that both bilinguals and language learners code-switch successfully for a variety of functions such as showing familiarity with a community of practice – a group that collaborates regularly in some common venture. But what about those who have not learnt the language? Do they code-switch? Do they code-switch differently to language learners? How are they able to code-switch successfully and why would they want to at all? This thesis examined the Japanese-English code-switching in fanfiction based in the Japanese fandom Kuroshitsuji (“Black Butler”) of those who had learnt Japanese at an educational institute (Learners) and those who had not (Non-Learners) as well those who had only learnt Japanese outside of educational institutes (Active Non-Learners) and those who had not learnt it at all (Passive Non-Learners). Using corpus linguistic techniques, the concordance tool AntConc and a log-likelihood calculator, it was found that Learners and Non-Learners code-switched in a very similar way, not only in frequency but also code-switch distribution. However, Active Non-Learners and Passive Non-Learners code-switched very differently. Canon Type (e.g. the anime with fan- translated subtitles vs the anime with official English subtitles) was also examined and it was found that canon type may have had an influence on the code-switching of Non- Learners. To examine why these code-switch patterns occurred, questionnaires were sent to the authors to ask about their code-switch attitudes. Although it was difficult to make connections between the author attitudes and the code-switch frequency patterns it was found that community of practice played an important role in code-switch decisions whether it be in a positive or negative way. This thesis was created in the hope that it would help to broaden code-switching research by using different Learner types and written over spoken material. Using the plethora of negative attitudes found in the author questionnaire responses it was shown that it is important to combat these attitudes and it is hoped that further research would continue to fight against these especially in the field of second language acquisition. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords english philology, japanese, english-japanese, code-switching, fanfiction, corpus linguistics, non-learners, community of practice, attitudes, sociolinguistics Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Helsinki University Main Library Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Corpora and sub corpora attached as CD CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .............................................. 3 2.1 Code-switching ........................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Code-switching of Non-Learners ........................................................................ 5 2.1.2 Code-switching in a Community of Practice ...................................................... 5 2.2 Myers-Scotton’s Markedness Model ........................................................................ 9 2.3 Three Studies: Fotos, Azuma and Stott................................................................. 11 3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND EXPECTED RESULTS ...... 15 3.1 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 16 3.2 Expected Results ...................................................................................................... 16 4 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY ..................................... 18 4.1 Materials ..................................................................................................................... 18 4.1.1 Fanfiction ............................................................................................................... 18 4.1.2 Corpora .................................................................................................................. 20 4.1.3 Questionnaire ........................................................................................................ 22 4.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 23 4.2.1 Corpus Linguistics ................................................................................................ 23 4.2.2 Code-switch Identification .................................................................................. 24 4.2.3 Corpora Compilation and Analysis .................................................................... 29 4.2.4 Questionnaire Use for Qualitative Analysis ..................................................... 33 5 RESULTS ..................................................................................... 34 5.1 Code-switching as It Was Found in the Text ....................................................... 34 5.2 Quantitative Results: Code-switch Frequency...................................................... 39 5.2.1 Learners vs Non-Learners ................................................................................... 39 5.2.2 Active Non-Learners vs Passive Non-Learners ............................................... 41 5.2.3 Canon Type Familiarity ....................................................................................... 44 5.3 Qualitative Results: Code-switching Attitudes ..................................................... 52 5.3.1 Code-switching Attitudes in Relation to Language ......................................... 53 5.3.2 Code-switching Attitudes in Relation to the Community of Practice .......... 57 i 6 DISCUSSION ............................................................................... 62 6.1 Discussion of Results ............................................................................................... 62 6.1.1 Code-switching of Non-Learners ...................................................................... 62 6.1.2 Comparison of Code-switching of Active and Passive Non-Learners ......... 70 6.1.3 Comparison of Code-switching of Non-Learners and Learners ................... 72 6.2 Answers to the Research Questions ...................................................................... 74 6.3 Implications of Findings .......................................................................................... 77 7 LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH ....................... 79 7.1 Materials ..................................................................................................................... 79 7.1.1 Corpus Size ............................................................................................................ 79 7.1.2 Story Content ........................................................................................................ 79 7.1.3 Demographics ....................................................................................................... 79 7.1.4 Questionnaire ........................................................................................................ 80 7.2 Methods ..................................................................................................................... 81 7.2.1 Code-switch Tagging ........................................................................................... 81 7.2.2 Log-likelihood Calculator .................................................................................... 81 8 CONCLUSION ............................................................................ 83 TOOLS ................................................................................................ 85 PRIMARY SOURCES ........................................................................ 86 SECONDARY SOURCES ................................................................. 87 APPENDICES .................................................................................... 90 Appendix A-1. Code-switch tag set with case examples. ................................................ 91 Appendix A-2. List of loanwords found. .......................................................................... 92 Appendix A-3. Full Canon Type corpora descriptions. .................................................. 92 Appendix B-1. Japanese code-switch frequency of
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