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TSETSE SURVEY in SWAZILAND Report for WHO R.K TSETSE SURVEY IN SWAZILAND Report for WHO R.K. Saini & P.P. Simarro April to May 2008 Regional Centre for Swaziland Mapping of Resources Collaborators: for Development Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Swaziland Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Swaziland Vestergaard Frandsen For further information, contact: Dr. Rajinder Kumar Saini icipe - Insect Science for Food and Health Email [email protected] TSETSE SURVEY IN SWAZILAND Report for WHO R.K. Saini & P.P. Simarro The Principal Investigator of the Survey and WHO encourage fair use of this material provided proper citation is made. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this report may be made without permission of WHO and the PI. Rajinder K Saini Pere P Simarro Principal Investigator Human African Trypanosomasis icipe - Insect Science for Food and Health Innovative and Intensified Disease Management P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases Nairobi Communicable Diseases KENYA World Health Organization e-mail [email protected] 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] 2 Contents Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... 5 Background to HAT and Tsetse Distribution in Swaziland ..................................................... 6 HAT cases in Swaziland.......................................................................................................... 6 Animal Trypanosomiasis (Nagana) cases in Swaziland ......................................................... 6 Distribution of Tsetse in Swaziland (from Historical & Current work in Southern Africa)... 7 Capacity for T&T Control in Swaziland................................................................................. 8 Goal of the Project ........................................................................................................................ 8 Objectives: ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Sampling Methodology................................................................................................................. 8 a) Defining the Survey Area................................................................................................ 8 b) Sampling Device and Trapping Methodology ................................................................ 9 c) Survey Teams ................................................................................................................ 10 d) Trap and Tsetse Distribution ........................................................................................ 10 e) Estimation of Apparent Density.................................................................................... 10 f) Sensitizing the Local Population to the Objectives of the Sampling Exercise.............. 10 g) Capacity Building ......................................................................................................... 11 Accomplishments of the Survey Exercise ................................................................................. 12 1. Area surveyed and insects caught................................................................................. 12 Vandalism of traps by Cows .................................................................................. 12 Tsetse flies trapped ................................................................................................ 13 Other biting flies trapped....................................................................................... 13 2. Community Sensitization............................................................................................... 13 3. Capacity Building ......................................................................................................... 14 4. Recommendations and Conclusions by the Survey Team............................................. 14 5. Recommendations of Stakeholders ............................................................................... 15 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... 17 Annexure...................................................................................................................................... 18 Annex 1 Swaziland Annual Medical and Sanitary Report 1928 ....................................... 19 Annex 2 Pre-Survey Questionnaire ................................................................................... 28 Annex 3a Distribution of tsetse in Swaziland...................................................................... 30 Fig. 1: Satellite image showing location of Swaziland................................................... 30 Fig. 2 Distribution of G. pallidipes in Zululand in relation to the occurrence of this species in Portuguese East Africa 31 Fig. 3 Historical distribution of tsetse in KwaZulu-Natal.............................................. 32 Fig. 4 Schematic drawing of historical fly distribution in South Africa and Mozambique.................................................................................................. 33 Fig. 5 Historical fly distribution in South Africa and Mozambique.............................. 34 Fig. 6: Presence- absence prediction model indicating the probability of presence of G. austeni (A) and G.brevipalpis (B) in KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Mozambique ........................................................................................................ 35 Fig. 7: Distribution of G. austeni (A) and G. brevipalpis (B) in KwaZulu-Natal .......... 36 Fig. 8 Prevalence of trypanosomosis in KwaZulu-Natal 37 Fig. 9: Predictive maps of Morsitans group of flies presence or absence in South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique................................................................................ 38 Fig. 10: Predictive maps of G. austeni presence or absence in South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique.................................................................................................. 39 3 Fig.11: Predictive maps of G. brevipalpis presence or absence in South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique............................................................................... 40 Fig. 12: Predictive maps of G. pallidipes presence or absence in South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique............................................................................... 41 Annex 3b Sources of Additional Information...................................................................... 42 Annex 4 Map of area Defined for Survey.......................................................................... 44 Annex 5 Coordinates of Centroids for Grids Surveyed..................................................... 45 Annex 6 Data Recording Sheet.......................................................................................... 47 Annex 7 Tsetse Survey Teams........................................................................................... 48 Annex 8a English Brochure for Community Sensitization.................................................. 51 Annex 8b siSwati Brochure for Community Sensitization.................................................. 53 Annex 8c Community Sensitization .................................................................................... 55 Annex 9 Schedule of Survey Work ................................................................................... 56 Annex 10 Typical day before and after field work.............................................................. 57 Annex 11 GIS MAPS: ......................................................................................................... 58 Map 1 Grid suitability and traps deployed................................................................. 58 Map 2 Overview map of traps with tsetse flies.......................................................... 58 Map 3 Traps with tsetse flies...................................................................................... 58 Map 4 Traps with other biting flies (Stomoxys & Tabanids) .................................... 58 Annex 12 Habitats Surveyed .............................................................................................. 59 Annex 13 Trap Deployment (steps involved)..................................................................... 63 Annex 14 Traps Vandalized by cows ................................................................................. 66 Annex 15 Unaggregated Data Sheets ................................................................................. 67 Annex 16 Summary Data Sheet........................................................................................ 115 Annex 17 Gis Files and Maps Produced in the CD .......................................................... 117 Annex 18a) List of Participants for the Training of National Staff ................................... 118 Annex 18b) Capacity Building .......................................................................................... 120 Annex 19 Programme for Tsetse Debriefing Meeting .................................................... 121 Annex 20 List of Stakeholders Present in the Tsetse Debriefing Meeting...................... 122 Annex 21 End of Survey Party hosted by Principal Investigator .................................... 124 4 TSETSE SURVEY IN SWAZILAND Executive Summary A tsetse
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