DOCSLIB.ORG

United Nations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United Nations UNITED NATIONS International Tribunal for the Case No.: IT-95-8-S Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of Date: 13 November 2001 International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Original: ENGLISH Former Yugoslavia since 1991 IN THE TRIAL CHAMBER Before: Judge Patrick Robinson, Presiding Judge Richard May Judge Mohamed Fassi Fihri Registrar: Mr. Hans Holthuis Judgement of: 13 November 2001 PROSECUTOR v. DU[KO SIKIRICA DAMIR DO[EN DRAGAN KOLUNDŽIJA __________________________________________________________ SENTENCING JUDGEMENT ____________________________________________________________ The Office of the Prosecutor: Mr. Dirk Ryneveld Ms. Julia Baly Mr. Daryl Mundis Counsel for the Accused: Mr. Veselin Londrovi} and Mr. Michael Greaves, for Du{ko Sikirica Mr. Vladimir Petrovi} and Mr. Goran Rodi}, for Damir Do{en Mr. Ivan Lawrence and Mr. Jovan Ostoji}, for Dragan Kolundžija Case No. IT-95-8-S 13 November 2001 I. INTRODUCTION AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY .................................................. 1 A. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 B. THE PLEA AGREEMENTS ................................................................................................. 5 1. The Sikirica Plea Agreement........................................................................................ 5 2. The Do{en Plea Agreement .......................................................................................... 7 3. The Kolund`ija Plea Agreement................................................................................... 8 C. THE GUILTY PLEAS......................................................................................................... 9 D. THE SENTENCING PROCEEDINGS................................................................................... 10 II. GUILTY PLEA AS BASIS FOR CONVICTION ...................................................... 12 III. CAMP CONDITIONS................................................................................................. 14 A. THE CAMP..................................................................................................................... 14 1. Description of the camp.............................................................................................. 14 2. Population.................................................................................................................. 15 3. Procedure upon arrival ............................................................................................... 15 4. Shifts.......................................................................................................................... 16 5. Assignment to rooms and transfer from one room to another ...................................... 16 B. GENERAL LIVING CONDITIONS....................................................................................... 17 1. Accommodation......................................................................................................... 17 (a) Rooms where prisoners were kept......................................................................... 17 (i) Room 1.............................................................................................................. 17 (ii) Room 2............................................................................................................. 18 (iii) Room 3............................................................................................................ 18 (iv) Room 4............................................................................................................ 19 (b) Room “leaders” .................................................................................................... 19 (c) Sleeping facilities.................................................................................................. 19 (d) Access to toilets.................................................................................................... 20 (e) Facilities for personal hygiene............................................................................... 20 2. Food conditions.......................................................................................................... 21 3. Water conditions ........................................................................................................ 22 4. Access to medical care ............................................................................................... 22 5. Daily life in the camp ................................................................................................. 23 C. INTERROGATIONS.......................................................................................................... 24 D. BEATINGS AND MISTREATMENT .................................................................................... 26 1. General atmosphere in the camp................................................................................. 26 2. Beatings by the guards ............................................................................................... 27 3. Beatings by visitors .................................................................................................... 29 E. THE ROOM 3 MASSACRE................................................................................................ 30 IV. SENTENCING.............................................................................................................. 32 A. APPLICABLE LAW ......................................................................................................... 32 B. SENTENCING FACTORS.................................................................................................. 33 1. General factors ........................................................................................................... 33 (a) Gravity of the crime.............................................................................................. 33 (b) Mitigating circumstances ...................................................................................... 33 (c) The general practice regarding prison sentences in the courts of the former Yugoslavia .......................................................................................................... 34 2. Factors relating to each of the accused ........................................................................ 35 (a) Du{ko Sikirica ...................................................................................................... 35 (i) The gravity of the crime..................................................................................... 35 i Case No. IT-95-8-S 13 November 2001 a. Criminal conduct forming basis for conviction ............................................... 35 i. Murder ........................................................................................................ 36 ii. Beatings ..................................................................................................... 37 iii. Sexual assault and rape ............................................................................. 37 iv. Harassment, humiliation and psychological abuse ..................................... 38 v. Confinement in inhumane conditions.......................................................... 38 b. Aggravating circumstances............................................................................. 38 i. Arguments of the Parties ............................................................................. 38 ii. Findings ..................................................................................................... 41 (ii) Mitigating circumstances.................................................................................. 41 a. Arguments of the Parties................................................................................. 41 b. Findings ......................................................................................................... 43 (b) Damir Do{en ........................................................................................................ 44 (i) Gravity of the crime........................................................................................... 44 a. Criminal conduct forming basis for conviction ............................................... 44 i. Beatings ...................................................................................................... 44 ii. Harassment, humiliation and psychological abuse ...................................... 46 iii. Confinement in inhumane conditions ........................................................ 46 b. Aggravating circumstances............................................................................. 46 i. Arguments of the Parties ............................................................................. 46 ii. Findings ..................................................................................................... 48 (ii) Mitigating circumstances.................................................................................. 48 a. Arguments of the Parties................................................................................. 48 b. Findings ......................................................................................................... 53 (c) Dragan Kolund`ija ................................................................................................ 55 (i) Gravity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Worlds Apart: Bosnian Lessons for Global Security
    Worlds Apart Swanee Hunt Worlds Apart Bosnian Lessons for GLoBaL security Duke university Press Durham anD LonDon 2011 © 2011 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ♾ Designed by C. H. Westmoreland Typeset in Charis by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. To my partners c harLes ansBacher: “Of course you can.” and VaLerie GiLLen: “Of course we can.” and Mirsad JaceVic: “Of course you must.” Contents Author’s Note xi Map of Yugoslavia xii Prologue xiii Acknowledgments xix Context xxi Part i: War Section 1: Officialdom 3 1. insiDe: “Esteemed Mr. Carrington” 3 2. outsiDe: A Convenient Euphemism 4 3. insiDe: Angels and Animals 8 4. outsiDe: Carter and Conscience 10 5. insiDe: “If I Left, Everyone Would Flee” 12 6. outsiDe: None of Our Business 15 7. insiDe: Silajdžić 17 8. outsiDe: Unintended Consequences 18 9. insiDe: The Bread Factory 19 10. outsiDe: Elegant Tables 21 Section 2: Victims or Agents? 24 11. insiDe: The Unspeakable 24 12. outsiDe: The Politics of Rape 26 13. insiDe: An Unlikely Soldier 28 14. outsiDe: Happy Fourth of July 30 15. insiDe: Women on the Side 33 16. outsiDe: Contact Sport 35 Section 3: Deadly Stereotypes 37 17. insiDe: An Artificial War 37 18. outsiDe: Clashes 38 19. insiDe: Crossing the Fault Line 39 20. outsiDe: “The Truth about Goražde” 41 21. insiDe: Loyal 43 22. outsiDe: Pentagon Sympathies 46 23. insiDe: Family Friends 48 24. outsiDe: Extremists 50 Section 4: Fissures and Connections 55 25.
    [Show full text]
  • Nisad 'Šiško' Jakupović
    Nisad ‘Šiško’ Jakupović Nisad is from Prijedor in Bosnia. He was imprisoned in the notorious Omarska Concentration Camp with four of his brothers in 1992. ‘I was under arrest at a local school sports pitch, and there was a guard – a former desk mate from school and close neighbour – who ignored me when I clearly needed help. Yet there was a similar situation where another familiar face, someone I knew less well, chose to help me out.’ Nisad was born on 30 April 1965 in Prijedor, a town and region in the north-west of Bosnia, (then part of Yugoslavia). A year later Nisad’s parents decided to move him and his 10 brothers and sisters to a village called Kevljani, a few kilometres from the town of Prijedor. His father worked on the railway, along with three of his brothers, whilst his mother stayed at home. Nisad and his siblings were pupils at the secondary school in Omarska. Growing up, Nisad remembers Kevljani as a diverse community of Bosnian Muslims (known as Bosniaks) and Serbs. Nisad and his family were Bosnian Muslims, and he remembers everyone lived alongside each other with little conflict or tension. Nisad studied geology for four years, but after being unsuccessful in finding a job, as was the case with many young people at the time, he moved to Croatia to work as a labourer. Nisad regularly returned home to his family in Kevljani, but in the 1990s, there was a civil conflict and war in the region, and Yugoslavia began to be broken up into separate countries.
    [Show full text]
  • The-Prijedor-Genocide 1
    PART 1. THE PRIJEDOR GENOCIDE The Prijedor genocide [1][2][3] , refers to numerous war crimes committed during the Bosnian war by the Serb political and military leadership mostly on Bosniak civilians in the Prijedor region of Bosnia-Herzegovina. After the Srebrenica genocide, it is the second largest massacre committed during the Bosnian war in 1992. Around 5,200 Bosniaks and Croats from Prijedor are missing or were killed during the massacre period, and around 14,000 people in the wider region of Prijedor (Pounje). [4] Contents • 1 Background • 2 Political developments before the takeover • 3 Takeover • 4 Armed attacks against the civilians o 4.1 Propaganda o 4.2 Strengthening of Serb forces o 4.3 Marking of non-Serb houses o 4.4 Attack on Hambarine o 4.5 Attack on Kozarac • 5 Camps o 5.1 Keraterm camp o 5.2 Omarska camp o 5.3 Trnopolje camp o 5.4 Other detention facilities • 6 Killings in the camps • 7 References • 8 See also • 9 External links Background Following Slovenia’s and Croatia’s declarations of independence in June 1991, the situation in the Prijedor municipality rapidly deteriorated. During the war in Croatia, the tension increased between the Serbs and the communities of Bosniaks and Croats. Bosniaks and Croats began to leave the municipality because of a growing sense of insecurity and fear amongst the population which was caused by Serb propaganda which became increasingly visible. The municipal newspaper Kozarski Vjesnik started publishing allegations against the non-Serbs. The Serb media propagandised the idea that the Serbs had to arm themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Bosnia-Herzegovina - How Much Did Islam Matter ? Xavier Bougarel
    Bosnia-Herzegovina - How Much Did Islam Matter ? Xavier Bougarel To cite this version: Xavier Bougarel. Bosnia-Herzegovina - How Much Did Islam Matter ?. Journal of Modern European History, Munich : C.H. Beck, London : SAGE 2018, XVI, pp.164 - 168. 10.17104/1611-8944-2018-2- 164. halshs-02546552 HAL Id: halshs-02546552 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02546552 Submitted on 18 Apr 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 « Bosnia-Herzegovina – How Much Did Islam Matter ? », Journal of Modern European History, vol. XVI, n° 2, 2018, pp.164-168. Xavier Bougarel The Bosniaks, both victims and actors in the Yugoslav crisis Referred to as ‘Muslims’ (in the national meaning of the term) until 1993, the Bosniaks were the main victims of the breakup of Yugoslavia. During the war that raged in Bosnia- Herzegovina from April 1992 until December 1995, 97,000 people were killed: 65.9% of them were Bosniaks, 25.6% Serbs and 8.0% Croats. Of the 40,000 civilian victims, 83.3% were Bosniaks. Moreover, the Bosniaks represented the majority of the 2.1 million people displaced by wartime combat and by the ‘ethnic cleansing’ perpetrated by the ‘Republika Srpska’ (‘Serb Republic’) and, on a smaller scale, the ‘Croat Republic of Herceg-Bosna’.
    [Show full text]
  • Embodied Rape: Ethnicity and Gender in the Prosecution of Wartime Rape in the Former
    Embodied Rape: Ethnicity and Gender in the Prosecution of Wartime Rape in the Former Yugoslavia Honors Research Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for graduation with Honors Research Distinction in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Edward M. Zitnik, Jr. The Ohio State University May 2014 Project Advisor: Professor Jennifer Suchland, Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures Table of Contents Introduction 2 I. The region, the war, and the role of feminism in prosecuting war crimes 5 Former Yugoslavia and its War 5 Feminist Perspectives on Rape 10 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 15 II. Tetralogy of Rape: Three Cases of ICTY-Convicted Rape and the Case which laid the Groundwork 19 Duško Tadić 19 Dragoljub Kunarac 22 Anto Furundžija 24 Hazim Delić 25 Case Analysis 27 III. Ethnicity is Essentialized and Misunderstood 33 IV. Implications of War 39 V. Conclusion 51 Bibliography 53 - 1 - A child can carry both the shame and honor of a parent. They serve as heavy burdens inherited from one generation to the next and can lay the foundation of a child’s identity coming into adulthood. The Bosnian film Grbavica illustrates these burdens carried by Sara, the 12- year-old daughter of single-mother Esma living in post-war Sarajevo. Growing up, Sara was told that her father died as a war hero during the Bosnian war. She took pride in his death, and used his patriotism to hold herself to a high standard of honor. While noble, this was not her father’s true past.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (1233Kb)
    Original citation: Koinova, Maria and Karabegovic, Dzeneta . (2016) Diasporas and transitional justice : transnational activism from local to global levels of engagement. Global Networks (Oxford): a journal of transnational affairs . Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/83210 Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. Publisher’s statement: "This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Koinova, Maria and Karabegovic, Dzeneta . (2016) Diasporas and transitional justice : transnational activism from local to global levels of engagement. Global Networks (Oxford): a journal of transnational affairs ., which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/glob.12128 This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving." A note on versions: The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version.
    [Show full text]
  • NUSRETA SIVAC's VOICE
    VOICES Check against delivery 24 April 2009 NUSRETA SIVAC’s VOICE “My name is Nusreta Sivac and I come from Prijedor, a city in northwest part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Before I share my very difficult experience in the concentration camp in Omarska, I would like to say that I am very happy to see that the tradition of Voices continues. I am also pleased to see some of the participants at the Voices from South Africa in 2001. For me it is very important that we have been given another opportunity to speak and that our voices are heard again. In April 1992 the Bosnian Serbs took forcibly power in Prijedor, that with the help of police, the former Yugoslav army (who at that time was composed of only Serbs) and the paramilitary forces from Serbia. In Prijedor the majority population was of Bosnian Bosniaks (Muslims), then Serbs (Ortodox Christians), Croats (Catholics) and other minority communities. Soon after Serbs took power, the areas populated by Muslims and Croats were started to be granated, houses were plundered, burned and then completely destroyed. ‘Ciscenje’ or ‘Cleaning’ was the terminology Serbs used for ethnic cleansing of Muslims and Croats. All the Muslim and Croat population in those areas was taken to the existing concentration camps. Later on men and women were divided, men would remain in the concentration camps and majority of women and children were later gathered in tracks and taken close to the borders of the Federation from where they sought protection of the Bosnian army. In the city of Prijedor at that time, freedom of movement was strictly limited.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Criminal Tribunal
    MICT-13-55-A 2970 A2970-A2901 15 March 2017 AJ THE MECHANISM FOR INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS No. MICT-13-55-A IN THE APPEALS CHAMBER Before: Judge Theodor Meron Judge William Hussein Sekule Judge Vagn Prusse Joensen Judge Jose Ricardo de Prada Solaesa Judge Graciela Susana Gatti Santana Registrar: Mr Olufemi Elias Date Filed: 15 March 2017 THE PROSECUTOR v. RADOVAN KARADZIC Public Redacted Version RADOVAN KARADZIC’S RESPONSE BRIEF ________________________________________________________________________ Office of the Prosecutor: Laurel Baig Barbara Goy Katrina Gustafson Counsel for Radovan Karadzic Peter Robinson Kate Gibson No. MICT-13-55-A 2969 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 4 II. THE PROSECUTION’S APPEAL .................................................................................. 5 1. The Excluded Crimes were Rightly Excluded .............................................................. 5 A. The Trial Chamber committed no legal error in identifying another reasonable inference ...................................................................................................... 7 B. The finding that the Excluded Crimes did not form part of the JCE was reasonable .................................................................................................................... 10 1. The Trial Chamber never found that President Karadzic knew the Excluded Crimes were necessary to achieve the common criminal purpose.........
    [Show full text]
  • Perpetrators of Violence Against Non-Combatants in the Bosnian War
    Graduate School of Social Sciences MSc International Relations Master Thesis Perpetrators of violence against non-combatants in the Bosnian War Seeking the logic behind the incomprehensible By Yael van Pomeren 10458743 ❖ Under the supervision of Dr. Jana Krause Second reading by Dr. Darshan Vigneswaran ❖ Word count: 21.059 Submission date: 22nd of June 2018 2 een volk dat voor tirannen zwicht zal meer dan lijf en goed verliezen dan dooft het licht… -H.M. van Randwijk 3 Acknowledgments First, I want to thank my supervisor Dr. Jana Krause, both for her encouragement during the process as for her lasting patience with me and my method of working. Additionally, I express my gratitude to Dr. Darshan Vigneswaran, as he kindly accepted taking time of his schedule to be the second reader of this thesis. Lastly, I want to express sincere appreciation, tremendous amounts of gratitude and everlasting gratefulness to whomever has helped me in these past months. Your patience, your listening ears, your time and overwhelming efforts to keep me both mentally sane, inventive and productive have been more than valuable. You know who are: Thank You. 4 Abstract What makes individuals able to perpetrate atrocities and horrible acts of violence, without preceding criminal records or systematic exposure to violence in general? This research, focusing on the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, aims to show both the complex situations perpetrators in which perpetrators operate, to demonstrate the role malicious regimes play in creating the conditions for perpetrators to thrive in and to prove that there should be a focus on the importance of situational factors and context, for there are no personality traits that distinguish genocidal perpetrators from other human beings.
    [Show full text]
  • A Memorial in Exile in London's Olympics: Orbits of Responsibility
    A memorial in exile in London’s Olympics: orbits of responsibility opendemocracy.net /susan-schuppli/memorial-in-exile-in-london%E2%80%99s-olympics-orbits-of- responsibility Susan Schuppli Two sets of extraordinary statistics attached to contemporary events are not connected to each other in a relationship of cause and effect but through a chain of associations and a series of responsibilities not faced and thus acted upon. In 2005 ArcelorMittal made a commitment to finance and build a memorial on the grounds of Omarska, the site of the most notorious concentration camp of the Bosnian war. Twenty years after the war crimes committed there, still no space of public commemoration exists. Grounds, buildings, and equipment once used for extermination now serve a commercial enterprise run by the world’s largest steel producer. In the absence of this promised memorial, London’s Olympic landmark - the ArcelorMittal Orbit - must be reclaimed as The Omarska Memorial in Exile. ArcelorMittal Orbit (designed by Anish Kapoor/ Cecil Balmond). Image courtesy of ArcelorMittal. All rights reserved. Access denied The story that links London to Omarska forcefully came to my attention when a group of us from Goldsmiths University of London, the Belgrade/Prijedor/Graz- based collective working group on the ‘Four Faces of Omarska’ along with survivors of the persecutions of the Bosnian war drove around the perimeter of the Omarska mining complex on April 13. Were it not for the survivors’ moving personal accounts and commitment to helping us comprehend the tragic events, we might well have succumbed to a form of dark tourism as our bus moved through a landscape still drained of colour after the winter.
    [Show full text]
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina Country Handbook 1
    Bosnia and Herzegovina Country Handbook 1. This handbook provides basic reference information on Bosnia and Herzegovina, including its geography, history, government, military forces, and communications and transportation networks. This information is intended to familiarize military personnel with local customs and area knowledge to assist them during their assignment to Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2. This product is published under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Intelligence Production Program (DoDIPP) with the Marine Corps Intelligence Activity designated as the community coordinator for the Country Handbook Program. This product reflects the coordinated U.S. Defense Intelligence Community position on Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3. Dissemination and use of this publication is restricted to official military and government personnel from the United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, NATO member countries, and other countries as required and designated for support of coalition operations. 4. The photos and text reproduced herein have been extracted solely for research, comment, and information reporting, and are intended for fair use by designated personnel in their official duties, including local reproduction for training. Further dissemination of copyrighted material contained in this document, to include excerpts and graphics, is strictly prohibited under Title 17, U.S. Code. Contents KEY FACTS. 1 U.S. MISSION . 2 U.S. Embassy. 2 U.S. Consulate . 2 Entry Requirements . 3 Currency . 3 Customs . 3 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE . 4 Geography . 4 Topography . 5 Vegetation . 8 Effects on Military Operations . 9 Climate. 10 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION . 13 Transportation . 13 Roads . 13 Rail . 15 Air . 16 Maritime . 17 Communication . 18 Radio and Television . 18 Telephone and Telegraph .
    [Show full text]
  • Remembering Wartime Rape in Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Remembering Wartime Rape in Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarah Quillinan ORCHID ID: 0000-0002-5786-9829 A dissertation submitted in total fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2019 School of Social and Political Sciences University of Melbourne THIS DISSERTATION IS DEDICATED TO THE WOMEN SURVIVORS OF WAR RAPE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA WHOSE STRENGTH, FORTITUDE, AND SPIRIT ARE TRULY HUMBLING. i Contents Dedication / i Declaration / iv Acknowledgments / v Abstract / vii Note on Language and Pronunciation / viii Abbreviations / ix List of Illustrations / xi I PROLOGUE Unclaimed History: Memoro-Politics and Survivor Silence in Places of Trauma / 1 II INTRODUCTION After Silence: War Rape, Trauma, and the Aesthetics of Social Remembrance / 10 Where Memory and Politics Meet: Remembering Rape in Post-War Bosnia / 11 Situating the Study: Fieldwork Locations / 22 Bosnia and Herzegovina: An Ethnographic Sketch / 22 The Village of Selo: Republika Srpska / 26 The Town of Gradić: Republika Srpska / 28 Silence and the Making of Ethnography: Methodological Framework / 30 Ethical Considerations: Principles and Practices of Research on Rape Trauma / 36 Organisation of Dissertation / 41 III CHAPTER I The Social Inheritance of War Trauma: Collective Memory, Gender, and War Rape / 45 On Collective Memory and Social Identity / 46 On Collective Memory and Gender / 53 On Collective Memory and the History of Wartime Rape / 58 Conclusion: The Living Legacy of Collective Memory in Bosnia and Herzegovina / 64 ii IV CHAPTER II The Unmaking
    [Show full text]