Old Testament (Septuagint) Commentary Grid (Use "Ctrl F" on your keyboard to search) Date Lection Content Summary Historical Context NT / Patristic References Reflections Psalm Psalm Comments The same words, "In the beginning" open Of 1.26 ("Then God said, 'Let us make Father Andrew points out that one of the The Fathers read the first chapters of the Basil the Great writes: "Like the the OT and the Gospel of John. In 1.2, man in our image, after our likeness") reasons these early chapters of Genesis Bible as unfolding a theological foundation in a house, the keel in a ship, "The earth was without form and void, Diadochus sets out the strong view of are so significant for Christian theology is understanding of the human condition and the heart in a body, so is [Psalm 1 as and [covered in] darkness until God the Church Fathers about the history because of St Paul's understanding of [whereas] … much modern scholarship a] brief introduction to the whole created life." In Ancient Christian of humanity: "All men are made in Jesus Christ as the new Adam, since "for as regards [these chapters] as ancient structure of the Psalms. For when David Commentary on Scripture (ACCS), OT I, God's image; but to be in his likeness in Adam, all die, so also in Christ shall all be legends of limited theological value [Louth, intended to propose … to [those who p.xxxix, Father Andrew Louth, points out is granted only to those who through made alive" (1 Cor 15.22, 45, 47,49). Thus, ACCS, OT I, p. lii]. Father Andrew also fought true religion] many painful tasks the great impact of these early chapters great love have brought their own Adam becomes an archetype (that is, a points out that "in the original language[s] involving unmeasured sweats and toils, of Genesis on Christian theology. [See freedom into [submission] to God. For model) for understanding the fall of used by the Fathers the noun translated he showed first the happy end, that in also p.1 on "Creation" in The Orthodox only when we do not belong to humanity. "Adam's disobedience is 'man' (in Greek anthr?pos, in Latin homo) the hope of the blessings reserved for us 01-Sep Genesis 1:1-2:7 Study Bible (OSB) with the subsequent ourselves do we become like him who matched by Christ's obedience, the tree of embraces both male and female" [Louth, Ps 1 we might endure without grief the notes on these verses, as well as Notes A, through love has reconciled us to knowledge of good and evil is matched by ACCS, OT I, p. lii]. Today we can read these sufferings of this life." Gregory of Nyssa G, H and I in the NET Bible-Full Notes himself. No one achieves this unless the tree/wood of the cross." [ACCS, OT I, p. chapters not only for their theological reflects: "The goal of the virtuous life is Edition (NET-FN), p. 1]. he persuades his soul not to be xlvii]. content, but to understand our own blessedness…. What … would reasonably distracted by the false glitter of this human condition better. be called the divine nature…. This is the life." To seek and receive the likeness summation and object of everything of God is a life-long challenge for all of conceived in relation to the good … [and] us. would reasonably be called the divine nature…" Praying a psalm a day helps keep sin away.
Three stories set out the early history of The meaning of the Hebrew word John Chrysostom points out: "At that time John of Damascus writes: "The tree of The history of Israel shows … that the mankind: (1) the placing of all the 'ādām' is 'people' or 'humanity.' The [in Genesis] God said, 'Let us make for him knowledge of good and evil is the power of fundamental reality, through all social animals and trees and Adam and Eve in first "human being is made from the a helper' (2.18), but in these times [in the discernment by multi-dimensional vision. changes and historical vicissitudes was the garden of Eden with a command not soil ('ădāmā' in Hebrew, a play on the Gospels] God says no such thing. Will he This is the complete knowing of one's own Israel as a worshiping community. For to eat from "the tree of the knowledge of word 'ādām')…." [Bernhard W. who has received the grace of the Spirit nature…. [This discernment] is good for this reason, the book of Psalms lies at the good and evil" (2.8-25); (2) the fall of Anderson, The Living World of the OT, need any further help?... At that time them that are full-grown and have walked very heart of the OT [Anderson, p.542]. mankind and its consequences (3.1-24); 4th ed, p. 161]. In The First Created [God] made man to the image of God, but in the contemplation of God-for them that Of v. 6 ("I was established as king by and the lives of Abel and Cain (4.1-16). Man, St Symeon the New Theologian now he has united [mankind] to God have no fear of changing, because in the him") Gregory of Nyssa writes that in the Cyprian reflects: "Abel teaches … us, urges: "Let no one invent excuses for himself. At that time … man was formed course of time they have acquired a light of the prophecy of Isaish 9.6: "David when presenting our gift at the altar, to [their] sins and say that we, by virtue on the sixth day, because the eon [that is, certain habit of such contemplation…. describes the establishment of His come, as he did, in the fear of God, in of the transgression of Adam, are an immeasurable period of time] had to be Some have imagined paradise to have kingdom, not as though He were not a simplicity of heart, in the holiness of the entirely subject to the action of the completed. Now he is formed on the first been material, while others have imagined King, but in the view that the humiliation 02-Sep Genesis 2:8-4:16 law, in peace and harmony." devil and are dragged by force into day and from the beginning and in the it to have been spiritual. However, [I Ps 2 to the estate of a servant to which the sin. Those who think and speak thus light." believe] that … this most sacred domain of Lord submitted … was taken up and consider that the dispensation of the his has the twofold aspect of being absorbed into the majesty of His Incarnation of … Jesus Christ was perceptible both to the senses and the Kingdom [as set out in v. 6]." For v.7 useless and in vain" [p. 115]. mind." ("You are my son"), see NET-FN, note e, p. 900 and the contrasting note in The OSB on p. 682. Of v. 11 Peter Chrysologus preached: "He who remains in the fear of God remains in holiness." This is a challenge to each of us to remain in the fear of God, to rejoice and to remain "in holiness." Three themes are here: (1) The beginning Of 6.5 when "the LORD saw that the Augustine reflects: "Undoubtedly the ark is Biblical hermeneutics-how to understand Jerome writes: "This psalm can pertain to of civilization with Adam and Eve's family wickedness of man was great in the a symbol of the city of God on its texts-[happens at three levels:] (1) David or to Christ, and through him to all (4.17-26), as people began to call "upon earth," Maximos the Confessor writes: pilgrimage in history. It is a figure of the historical, and (2) theological … and (3) the the saints." Theodore of Mopsuestia the name of the Lord" (4.26); (2) The "Evil is not in the nature of creatures, church that was saved by the wood on personal appropriation of biblical truth, reflects: "The strength of a stable spirit family line of Adam to Noah, who are but in their wrong and irrational which there hung the 'Mediator between which may be called 'transformative' or that is greatly tested in adversity must be blessed and named 'man' [the Hebrew movement. Evil is an erroneous God and men, himself man, Jesus Christ' (1 'transformational.' This is the level of considered because, since it possesses word is 'ādām', as noted above] (5.1-32); judgment about things apprehended, Tim 2.5)." Of 4.17 Augustine writes: "It is existential engagement … with the truth hope, even amidst the greatest anguish it and (3) God's grief over the wickedness accompanied by their wrong use." recorded of Cain that he built a city, while claims of what is understood by the does not yield…. I will not stop hoping in of humanity, leading to the judgment of Anderson notes that "the ark, tossing Abel, as though he were merely a pilgrim reading or hearing of the text, and then what I have believed because you, Lord, the flood (6.1-22). The Nephilim, or helplessly on the rising flood waters, is on earth built none. For the true city of the assented to or dissented from, a level help me as I labor. You guard my step "giants" on the earth (6.4) may either be a sign of Yahweh's intention to deliver saints is in heaven, though here on earth it often referred to the 'spiritual reading' or from the danger of evil. You restore my great human warriors or, as several a remnant with which to make a new produces citizens [who] wander as on a 'devotional use' of Scripture [Father honor and worth. [Of 3.8/9 he asks:] 03-Sep Genesis 4:17-6:22 Church Fathers suggest, angels attracted beginning in history, … based not on pilgrimage through time looking for the Theodore G. Stylianopoulos, The NT: An Ps 3 "What is this blessing of the Lord? to women on earth. [See NET-FN, Notes human possibilities but on Yahweh's kingdom of eternity … in which, along with Orthodox Perspective, pp. xi-xii, 188-189]. Without a doubt it is peace, just as Q and R, p. 17.] grace" [p. 164]. the King of Eternity [Christ] they shall reign Reading at the first two levels with prayer Scripture says in many places, 'Peace be forever and ever." can empower the third level. over Israel' (Ps 125.5/124.5 LXX). Through these words he wishes to show that in the place of blessing peace is conferred on the people." We too can seek and receive this blessing of peace. [On the function of the Hebrew term Selah see NET-FN, Note U, p. 901.]
God tells Noah to enter the ark and Whether the story of Noah should be Both Ambrose and Bede see the dove in Cyril of Alexandria asks what is the Augustine preached: "What are the lies which animals to bring with him (7.1-16). treated as a legend or an historical Gen 8.6-12 as a symbol of the Holy Spirit. significance of the flood and then you are seeking?… You all want to be "The flood was upon the earth forty event is much debated. There are Ambrose cites Jn 1.32 when John the responds: "That [God] requires us to be happy…. But what is it that makes a days" (7.17-24). The waters recede (8.1- numerous signs of ancestral flooding Baptist "saw the Spirit descend as a dove always watchful, and ready to make our person's life happy?... Truth alone, which 14); and Noah and his family and all the and occasional unproven claims of from heaven, and it remained on [Jesus]." defence before the tribunal of God. For as gives to everything else its reality, can animals leave the ark (8.15-22). God finding the remnants of Noah's ark in Bede views "the olive branch with green Paul says (2 Cor 5.10), 'we must all appear give happiness…. [Christ] came down and makes a covenant with humankind "and different locations. The flood itself, leaves [as] the grace of the Holy Spirit … before the judgment seat of Christ, so that he took your bad things… but what …. he with every living creature that is with" whether it is a legend or an historical the fullness of which rests upon Christ." each one may be paid back according to did is even more unbelievable; he paid us Noah (9.1-17). Noah becomes drunk reality, was certainly a sign of divine Gen 6.6/8 when the Lord "was grieved to what [they] have done while in the body, his death in advance. As though to say, 'I (9.21); Ham sees the nakedness of his judgment. However, after the flood his heart" by the wickedness of mankind, is whether good or evil.'" [See NET-FN, Note am inviting you to my life, where nobody father (9.22) [See NET-FN, Note E, p. 14]; there was still conflict in human linked to Ephes 4.30 ("Do not grieve the N, p. 22]. We can share the experience of dies, where life is truly happy…. to the and Noah then curses Ham (9.24-27). relationships, as well as human Holy Spirit of God … and be kind to one Noah when we see that although God region of the angels, to the friendship of 04-Sep Genesis 7-10 The three sons of Noah-Shem, Ham and arrogance in the attempt to build the another, tenderhearted, forgiving one hates sin, he is also merciful when we Ps 4 the Father and the Holy Spirit, to the Japheth-and their wives populate the tower of Babel. So, human nature, another, even as God in Christ forgave confess our sins and change our behaviour. everlasting supper, to be my brothers nations, each with different languages; with its tendency toward both you"). and sisters, to be, in a word, myself….' So and "the nations spread abroad on the goodness and arrogance, was not now, while we are living in this perishable earth" (10). changed. However, the flood did offer flesh, by a change of habits let us die with a new beginning to humanity. Christ, by a love of being just let us live with Christ. We are only going to receive the happy, blessed life when we come to [Christ] who came to us and when we begin to be with him who died for us." Since the flood, humanity had been The Ziggurat was part of a temple The manner in which the Lord "scattered John Chrysostom warns: "There are many Athanasius urges: "When you see the gathered together with "one language complex used for pagan worship, with [the Babylonians] … over the face of the people even today who in imitation of evildoers planning to lie in wait for you, [for] all" (v. 1). However, now with great its sanctuary at the top of the building. earth" because of their pride has been [these Babylonians] want to be and you wish your prayer to be heard, pride, the people of Babylon began to The tower of Babel is believed to have linked with the Magnificat of Holy Mary remembered for [their] achievements [and get up at dawn and say Psalm 5." Of 5.2-3 build a tower "whose top shall be to been built in Ur in Mesopotamia. when she sang of how God "has done possessions]…. If you were to ask each of ("To thee, O Lord, will I pray. In the heaven" (v. 4). As Augustine writes, the Extensive archeological excavations mighty deeds …. He has scattered the them why they toil and labor and lay out morning thou [shall] hear my voice. In people were "striving to fortify have been carried out on numerous proud in the imagination of their hearts such great expense to no good purpose, the morning will I wait upon thee, and I themselves against God…. So when the ziggurats in modern-day Iraq. [See (Luke 1.51)." Bede reflects that those who you would hear [that] they would be will look up.") Chrysostom advises: people … who had been dignified with www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ziggurat are proud "trust in their own strength and seeking to ensure that their memory "When you get up, you wash your face 05-Sep Genesis 11 similarity of language, used the privilege and Anderson, pp. 164-165]. In this scorn to seek their Maker's assistance." survives in perpetuity…. This … is worthy Ps 5 and hands…. Do you not realize that as given them for evil purposes, [God] put a story, with its hazy historical origins, This is precisely what the Babylonians did not of commemoration but of the body is cleansed with water, so the stop to the impulse of their wickedness the Lord is judging the Babylonians when they tried to build the tower of condemnation… If you are anxious for soul is with prayer?" The prayer of the through creating differences in language both for their pride and their idolatry. Babel. Notes on p. 16 in The OSB compare undying reputation … give away these psalmist in v. 8 is heartfelt: "Lead me. O … [and] scattered them across… the As noted above, Ur is also the city the attempt to build the tower of Babel in goods of yours into the hands of the poor, Lord, in thy righteousness… make my earth" (vv. 6-9). Terah leaves Ur with his from which Abram and his wife Sarai Gen 11.8 to the true unity set out in Acts letting go of precious stones, magnificent way plain before thy face." We too can son Abram, Sarai and Lot (v. 31). and his father Terah would leave for 17.26-30. homes [and] properties…." pray in this way. Canaan.
Abram's obedience to God and the Lord's Didymus the Blind links the historical Acts 7.2-3 cites from Gen 12.1-7 the words The editor of ACAS, Vol 2, Genesis 12-50, Athanasius advises: "When you feel the blessing (12.1-9), are followed by famine context with the belief of Abraham: "It of Stephen to the Jewish council: "Hear Father Mark Sheridan OSB, notes that "the Lord's displeasure, if you see that you are in Egypt (12.10-20) and the separation of is not by chance that God orders me. The God of glory appeared to our early Christian interpreters of the OT … troubled by this, you can say Psalm 6." Of Abram and Lot (13.1-18). Lot travels to Abraham to leave his land and his father Abraham when he was in were [especially] concerned to provide v. 1/2 Origen reflects: "When we speak Sodom and is captured in battle by pagan relatives, but because he see in him Mesopotamia, before he lived in Haran spiritual nourishment for their of God's wrath [or anger], we do not hold kings but is rescued by Abram (14.1-16). something that makes him worthy of and said to him, 'Depart from your land congregations" [pp. xxxix]. Christian that it is an emotional reaction on his The mysterious figure of Melchizedek being the object of divine concern, and from your kindred and go into the land pastors today share that concern. The part but something that he uses in order brings out bread and wine (cf. Ps that is, his faith in God. But it was not which I will show you.'" 48 further verses Church Fathers often "sought to find such to correct by stern methods those who 110.4/109.4) to bless Abram, who then fitting that the one who had faith in in Acts 7 set out Luke's awareness of the spiritual nourishment in the NT and then have committed many terrible sins." Of 06-Sep Genesis 12-14 gives him "a tenth of everything" (14.17- God should remain among perverse story of Abraham, of Joseph and of the read it into the OT text … [so that] the Ps 6 6.5/6 Jerome writes: "While you are still 20). The King of Sodom offers Abram people." Anderson notes that: early years of the ministry of Moses. Heb story of the patriarchs becomes a vehicle in this world, I beg of you to repent…. In spoils from the victory, but Abram "Despite the patriarchal character of 11.8-10 cites from Gen 12.8 the faith of for teaching NT doctrine" [pp. xxxix]. It this world only is [the Lord] merciful; … refuses "lest the king should say, 'I have ancient society, women play an Abraham "when he was called to go out to should also be noted that the OT and the but [later] he is judge." made Abram rich'" (14.21-24). [See OSB important role in this story. This is a place which he was to receive as an NT are a unity; and both offer spiritual notes and NET-FN, Notes G, Hsn, J and L, particularly true of Sarah (or Sarai)" inheritance… not knowing where he was to nourishment to us today. p. 28 and further SN (Study Notes) [pp. 167-168]. go" throughout Genesis.] The Lord promises Abram a son; and According to Islamic tradition, Hagar is The promise to Abraham in Gen 15.4 Father John Breck notes that: "'We do not When one reads a Psalm in faith, one Abram believes the Lord (15.1-6). The the "Grandmother of Arabians" and about his descendants being as numerous know how to read the Bible as we ought' both speaks to God and listens to God Lord makes a covenant with Abram (15.7- Abraham is the "Grandfather of as the stars is linked to Gal 3.29 ("If you (Cf. Rom 8.26). That is, in our fallen, sinful simultaneously…. The yearning of the 20). Abram sleeps with Sarai's Egyptian Arabians." Ishmael is "regarded by are Christ's, then you are Abraham's state we can have access through reason Psalms and the goal of the Christian life servant Hagar who conceives a child Muslims as the ancestor of the Arabs offspring, heirs according to promise"). to the literal sense of the text: its original can both be expressed in one word: (16.1-4). Sarai treats Hagar harshly, and … [and grows] to be a formidable That Abraham's faith "was reckoned to meaning in the mind of the author and its union…--the human being craves for life- she runs away, but an angel tells her to Bedouin" [Anderson, p. 173]. The him as righteousness" (15.6) is cited in recipients. The work of translating that giving union with God, and self and all return to Sarai and that she will be descendants of Ishmael are known as Rom 4.9 and Gal 3.6. Yet Abraham was not message into God's word for us today, creation [Archbishop Demetrios in Elder 07-Sep Genesis 15-17 blessed with many descendants Ishmaelites and have been associated circumcised at this time so Abraham however, is accomplished by God Ps 7 Aimilianos, Psalms and the Life of Faith, beginning with the birth of Ishmael (16.5- with North Arabians. Hagar is "would become the father [not only of himself…. God speaks to ears that are p. ix-x]. Of 7.1/2, Basil writes: There is a 15). The Lord confirms his covenant with respected in Jewish, Christian and those who have been circumcised but] of willing to hear…. Like the prophets, we command that we should not put our Abram and renames him "Abraham" Islamic tradition for her conversation all who believe without being circumcised 'hear' that word, we take it into ourselves, trust in rulers, and "Cursed is the man meaning "the father of a multitude." with an angel in Gen 16.7-13 (cf. Gen and who thus have righteousness and we meditate upon it, in order to draw who trusts in man and … whose heart Sarai is renamed "Sarah" to show that 21.17-19). After the death of Sarah, reckoned to them" (Rom 4.11). out its particular meaning for us in our turns away from the LORD (Jer 17.5)." she is to become the mother of nations Abraham marries Keturah; and they present day and circumstances" [p. 43]. (17.1-27). have six children (Gen 25.1; 1 Ch 1.32).
The Lord appears to Abraham by the Today Mamre is in the middle of the Gen 18.10 is cited in Rom 9.9. Sodom and The icon of the Holy Trinity painted by the Athanasius advises: "If you wish to raise oaks of Mamre in the form of three Palestinian city of Hebron; and there is Gomor'rah are cited in 2 Pet 2.10. Lot's monk Andrei Rublev in 1425 offers a your voice to the Lord, sing Psalm 8." This visitors (18.1-2); and he and Sarah serve an archeological site there [See wife in 19.26 is cited in Lk 17.32. Salvian beautiful interpretation of the visit of the beautiful psalm is open to different food to them and listen to their blessing http://visitpalestine.ps/mamre- the Presbyter cites Mt 11.23-24 and angels to Abraham and Sarah in Gen 18.1- interpretations, especially v. 4/5 ("What (18.3-15). Abraham pleads unsuccessfully archaeological-site-in-the-middle-of- reflects: "If he [Jesus Christ] says the 15. This icon has been called "a model for is man, that thou art mindful of him? Or with the Lord that Sodom should not be hebron/]. Initially, Abraham offers people of Sodom [i.e. the homosexuals] iconography in general and for all the son of man, that thou dost care for destroyed (18.16-33). Two angels arrive appropriate Middle Eastern hospitality are less worthy of damnation than all representations of the Trinity in him?"). Augustine writes: "'Man' … in this at Lot's house in Sodom and help him to the three visitors, but then those who neglect the Gospels, then it is particular." In The Art of the Icon: A context is earthly, whereas the 'son of and his wife and two daughters to escape Abraham recognises that this is a most certainly reasonable that we who Theology of Beauty, Paul Evdokimov man' is heavenly…. Spiritual birth begins 08-Sep Genesis 18-19:29 (19.1-25), but "Lot's wife … looked back, divine visitation. Sarah "listening at neglect the Gospels in most things, should writes: "The three angels are at rest. It is Ps 8 with a change from an earthly and and she became a pillar of salt" (19.26). the tent door" laughs when she told have all the more fear. This is especially so the supreme peace of being in oneself. worldly life (Ephes 4.22-24); hence the The next day Abraham "went early in the that "in the spring" she "shall have a because we are willing to be content with This rest is however 'intoxicating,' for is an new self is called son of man…. The frailty morning … and he looked down toward son," because she and Abraham are sins to which we are already long authentic ecstasy, that is, 'going outside of of human nature which [Christ] deigned all the land of the valley and … [saw] the elderly. Abraham laughs, too. accustomed and, as it were, on daily oneself.'" Looking at and praying with this to take upon Himself … makes the smoke … like the smoke of a furnace" Therefore, God tells Abraham that familiarity." icon draws us into the presence of God." psalmist declare with truth v. 6." (19.27-29). "you shall call his name Isaac," which means "he laughs." Lot's daughters get him drunk, sleep with Given the shortage of water in the Abraham and Sarah in 20.1 are cited in There are more than 70 references to Augustine writes: "The person who him and conceive children (19.30-38). desert, locating and controlling wells Heb 11.8-16, especially because Abraham Abraham throughout the NT. Clearly, he already discerns the hidden wisdom of Abraham travels to the Negev, telling was very important for nomadic "looked forward to the city which has was a person of faith whose life was a God … understands that all the hardships King Abimelech that Sarah is his sister, tribes. Abimelech and the commander foundations, whose builder and maker is model to many others. However, he could that are imposed on the body either offer but God comes to Abimelech in a dream of his army Phicol see that God is with God." Gen 21.1-2 is quoted in Rom 9.7-9. also be quite devious as in claiming that training to those who have turned to and tells him that Sarah is Abraham's Abraham; and they want to make sure Abraham's two sons and the Lord's Sarah was not his wife, both to Pharaoh in God, or warn them to turn or else wife. Abimelech sends Abraham and he will not turn on them. The life of promise to Sarah in 21.1 are cited in Gal Gen 12.13 and to Abimelech in Gen 20.2. prepare for the final and just judgment." Sarah away with many gifts (20.1-18). Abimelech is told in Judg 9. Alliances 4.22-31. It should also be noted with However, in both situations God Cassiodorus reflects: "We consider Isaac is born (21.1-7); and the story of among the different kings were reference to Gen 19.30-38 that the Lord intervened and sorted out the mess that ourselves slighted if we are put off [by Genesis 19:30- Hagar as given in Gen 16 is repeated, common, but so is much bloodshed. treats sin in a similar manner in the OT and Abraham had created. Paul's warning in 1 God] even for the shortest time, but his 09-Sep Ps 9 (9,10) 21:34 with the addition that Ishmael "lived in When Abimelech learns that his the NT. As Origen reflects: Lot was "the Cor 10.12 applies: "Let anyone who thinks help is all the more fruitful when he the wilderness and became an expert opponents are at Shechem, he fights victim of a plot and cunningly ensnared…. that he stands take heed lest he fall…. accords us the consolations of great with the bow" and married an Egyptian and conquers them and then burns But [he was] inebriated…. Thus he seems [but] God is faithful, and [he] will also patience." Of the peril of flattery, woman (21.8-21). Abraham and alive "about a thousand men and to me to be … partly culpable and partly provide the way of escape, that you may Chrysostom warns: "It is much more Abimelech make a covenant at Beer- women" who have sought refuge in excusable… and he did it a second time." be able to endure it." necessary to welcome those who censure sheba to live in peace (21.22-34). the Tower of Shechem (Jud 9.45-49). and correct us than those who applaud However, Abimelech is killed at the and flatter us…." tower (Judg 9.50-57).
Abraham is tested by the Lord through These three chapters of Genesis are Many Church Fathers see Abraham's Of 22.14 ("The LORD will provide") Origen Athanasius advises: "If anyone wishes to being asked to sacrifice his son Isaac unified by the search for glory in willingness to sacrifice Isaac as a foretelling writes: "A clear way of spiritual disturb you, hold on strongly to your (22.1-8). He starts to obey, but an angel heaven, rather than in history. John of the sacrifice of Christ. Origen sees this understanding is opened for those who confidence in the Lord and say Psalm stops him (22.9-14) and gives him a Chrysostom praises Abraham for second blessing of Abraham as a sign that know how to hear these words [for the 10/11." Of v. 1 Diodore of Tarsus insists: second blessing (22.15-19). Origen paying the right price for the burial "because of the offering or passion of the word Isaac means 'joy']. For everything "Even if movement is necessary … let it challenges us: "Who of you … spared not site and urges us: "What is the reason, son the promise [to Abraham] is steadfast. that has been done reaches to the vision be known that I do not hope to secure your son or your daughter or your wife? dearly beloved, that you are anxious This clearly points out that the promise …. Now you beget joy if 'you count it all safety from those with whom I am Or, you spared not your money or the to amass so many things that you will remains steadfast because of the passion joy, my brethren, when you meet various constantly in opposition except by hoping honors of the world or the ambitions of shortly leave here, due as you are to of Christ for the people of the Gentiles trials' (Jas 1.2) and you offer that joy in in God who can provide me with safety in 10-Sep Genesis 22-24 the word, but you have despised all be snatched away from the scene not 'who are of the faith of Abraham' (Rom sacrifice to God. For when you have Ps 10 (11) every place." Arnobius the Younger things and 'have counted all things refuse only powerless to gain any advantage 4.16)." Augustine preached that: "What approached God joyfully, he again gives advises: "Let us drawing on the counsels that you may gain Christ'" (Phil 3.8). from them but even saddled with the was promised to Abraham we find fulfilled back to you what you have offered and of the saints hear these words for our Sarah dies, and Abraham mourns and burden of sins on your own shoulders, among ourselves. In your seed, it says, says to you, 'You will see me again, and building up, and making the ascent in our buries her, buying the burial plot from as this stage too late for worthwhile shall all the nations of the earth be blessed your heart shall rejoice, and no man shall heart let us move onto the mountain Ephron the Hittite (23.1-16). repentance?" (Gal 3.8)." take your joy from you'" (Jn 16.22). 'from the valley of weeping' (Ps 84.6/LXX 83.7)." After the death of Sarah, Abraham In the struggle between Esau and Origen preached of the death and burial Origen preached of how Rebekah "went to Athanasius advises: "When you see the marries Keturah, and they have six sons Jacob in the womb of Rebekah (25.22- of Abraham: "Let us also choose this kind inquire of the Lord" (25.22) that: "You also arrogance of the crowd and evil (25.1-6). Abraham dies and is buried with 23), Origen sees an historical of death, as the apostle says, that 'you also will be said to have departed 'to inquire of spreading everywhere so that there Sarah by Isaac and Ishmael (25.7-11). The prophecy that still applies to all of us: must consider yourselves dead to sin but the Lord' if you have begun to contemplate seems to be no one left who is pleasing descendants of Ishmael are named "I think that this can be said also of alive to God in Christ Jesus' (Rom 6.10). For not those things 'which are seen but those to God take refuge in the Lord and say (25.12-18). Isaac prays to the Lord for his each of us as individuals that 'two indeed the death of Abraham should be which are not seen,' (2 Cor 4.18), that is, Psalm 11/12." Valerian of Cimiez urges: wife; and Rebekah gives birth to Esau nations and two peoples are within understood to be such … so much [so] that not carnal but spiritual things, not present "We [should] take care to have nothing and Jacob (25.19-26). Esau sells his you.' For there is a people of virtue [like the poor man rejected by Lazarus] all but future things. Tear yourself away from base spring from our hearts…. The birthright to Jacob for a bowl of lentils within us, and there is no less a people the saints who come from the four parts of your old manner of life…. Associate [psalmist] condemns not only what 11-Sep Genesis 25-26:35 (25.27-34). There is famine; and Isaac is of vice within us.' But … we should the earth may be 'carried by the angels to yourself with honorable and religious Ps 11 (12) offends the ears but also the attitude told by the Lord to stay in Gerar in deserve to utter that word of the Abraham's bosom' (Lk 16.22)." Origen sees actions…. If so, then it will be said also of that some people cherish in their [hearts Philistine (26.1-11). Isaac is blessed by saints, 'From fear of you, Lord, we the well of 26.22 as the well "of living you: [They] departed to inquire of the and] minds…. Whatever you speak in the Lord and grows rich, but the have conceived in the womb and have water" that flows from Christ to those that Lord." your heart you are confessing to the Philistines are jealous, so Isaac moves on brought forth … the spirit of salvation believe in Him (Jn 7.38.) Lord, because God is the Searcher of to Beer-sheba, digging wells (25.12-25). on the earth' (Isa 26.18 LXX). Thus, hearts." Isaac and Abimelech make a covenant another people, begotten in the Spirit (cf. 21.22-34). is found with us (Gal 5.22-23)."
Rebekah and Jacob deceive the nearly Of 28.11 John Chrysostom sees Jacob In 27.9 to find food for Isaac, Hippolytus Of the temptations that came to Essau and Augustine writes: "God is said to turn blind Isaac into giving his blessing to as moving beyond human history: points out that Rebekah sends Esau "to the Jacob, Origen writes: "In the times of relief away his face as long as he refuses Jacob, instead of the first-born Esau (27.1- "The text tells us, he slept when the plain as if he lived abroad in the world; but between temptations let us stand firm for knowledge of himself to a soul whose 29). Esau discovers the deception (27.30- night came upon him: 'He took a stone Jacob is sent [to the pasture] of the sheep, their onset, and let us be prepared for spiritual eyes are not yet pure." Elder 38); and Jacob gives a limited blessing to and put it under his head.' See the in order that the words of the Lord, 'I have everything that can happen, so that Aimilianos stresses that purity and "the Esau (27.39-40). Esau decides to revenge young fellow's hardy spirit: He used been sent only to the lost sheep of Israel' whatever comes to pass, we may not be goal of union [has] three overarching himself on Jacob (27.41-45), but Isaac, the stone as a pillow and slept on the (Mt 15.24) might come true." Of 27.27-28 tested as though unready, but may be themes: (1) the yearning for God, leading urged by Rebekah, persuades Jacob to ground. Consequently, since he was Cyril of Alexandria reflects: "In fact, these revealed as those who have disciplined to restoration of the intimate relationship leave home; and Esau goes to Ishmael, as imbued with common sense and a things were not completely fulfilled in themselves with extreme care. For when in divine love; (2) self-awareness, leading 12-Sep Genesis 27-28 the brothers seek wives away from the hardy attitude and was free of all Jacob but in Christ and in those who were we have accomplished all we can by Ps 12 (13) to reintegration of the sin-fractured Hittite and Canaanite women (28.1-9). human pretence, he was found justified through faith, who were also ourselves, God will fulfill what is lacking human personhood; and (3) utter Jacob dreams of a ladder with angels worthy of that remarkable vision." made sons according to the promise of because of human weakness. In everything allegiance to the ecclesial community, in "ascending and descending on it…. And That is a powerful combination of 3 Isaac (Gal 4.28)." He works for good with those who love which we experience the foretaste of the LORD stood above it" (28.10-17). traits: (1) common sense; (2) a tough Him…. Cf. Rom 8.28." Christ's reconciliation of all creation in Jacob sets up a stone at Bethel as a pillar spirit in difficult conditions; and (3) no Himself (cf. Col 1.20)" [p. xi]. for God 's house (28.18-22). pretending or self-importance. Jacob's approach to life is a model for us, without seeking visions. Jacob searches for Laban, his mother's Just as Abraham's servant was sent to Caesarius of Arles preached that "blessed John Chrysostom preached: "You see, Asterius the Homilist reflects: "When you brother, and meets Laban's daughter, Abraham's temporary earlier home in Jacob was a type and figure of our Lord since it was the very beginning, men were hear the Lord looks down from heaven Rachel, at a well (29.1-10). Jacob waters Haran (some 7,500 miles away) to find and Savior. Moreover, how Christ was to allowed to live with two or three wives or [v. 2], … realize his visitation, forgiveness Laban's sheep and returns with her to a wife for Isaac, so Jacob travels there come into the world to be joined to the more so as to increase the race; now … and kindness…. He looks down from Laban's home (29.10-14). Jacob serves in search of a wife. Anderson views church was prefigured also in blessed because through God's grace the human heaven … because from heaven he has Laban for seven years to marry Rachel these chapters of Genesis as giving Jacob when he traveled into a distant land race has expanded into a vast number, the visited humankind…. He sees them to (29.15-21). However, Laban deceives "the narrator a chance to introduce a to choose a wife…. [Moses, Isaac and Jacob practice of virtue has also increased. I serve them and to embrace them as a Jacob and marries Leah to him (29.22- cycle of legends that had originally all] found their wives at wells or mean, Christ by his coming has sown the friend…. He appears to them who have 25). Jacob serves Laban for a further circulated independently" [p. 176]. fountains…. All three of these patriarchs seeds of virtue among human beings … faith in him…. Then after they see the 13-Sep Genesis 29-30 seven years and then marries Rachel There is much controversy among typified our Lord and Savior … because rooting out all that former practice. Do you Ps 13 (14) Lord of the prophets has looked down (29.26-30). Leah has six children; and her Biblical scholars about how Genesis Christ was to find his church at the waters see how we should not be proposing that from heaven so that he may see who maid has three children with Jacob but has been edited. However, Peterson of baptism…. [Furthermore, Jacob's] two practice but rather seek out everywhere requires Christ … Then … they say, 'It is Rachel none. Rachel persuades Jacob to recognises that there is "no doubt that wives prefigured the two people of the what is useful? Take note. Since the not enough, Lord, that you look down have two children with her maid Bilhah Yahweh was guiding [Abraham's] Jews and the Gentiles… [who become] practice itself was evil, see how it has been from heaven. Descend…. Come, … Son of (29.31-30.8) before Rachel gives birth to servant's journey… Nothing happened 'one flock [with] one shepherd' (Jn 10.16)." rooted out, and no one is free now to the Father. Seek what is made in your Joseph (30.9-24)-Jacob's 12th child. by chance: Yahweh meant it to turn propose it." image.'" out just as it did" [p. 175].
Jacob is told by the Lord, "Return to the Both Jacob and (surprisingly) Laban Cyril of Alexandria cites Jn 14.31 ("Rise, let Augustine points out: "The name 'Israel' This psalm sets out what is necessary to land of your fathers;" and Jacob flees drew closer to God in the midst of the us go hence") as a model for Jacob, means 'seeing God;' one man's name, be at one with the Lord: (1) to do "what from Laban (31.1-21). Laban pursues and turmoil of their lives. Of 31.24 ("God because "The fullness of life is in the everyone's reward. Everyone's, provided is right" and to speak "truth from [the] finds Jacob (31.22-42). The two men came to Laban the Aramean in a moving from worldly thoughts to the they believe and are blessed, Jews and heart" (v. 2); (2) not to "slander" others make a covenant; and Laban returns dream by night, and said to him, 'Take accomplishment of the things [of which] Greeks. Greeks, you see, are what the (v.3); (3) to treat neighbours with respect home (31.43-55). Jacob sends heed that you say not a word to Jacob, God approves." Cyril also cites Heb 13.14 apostle [Paul] calls all nationalities, the (v. 3); to honour "those who fear the messengers to Esau promising him many either good or bad'") John Chrysostom ("For here we have no lasting city, but we reason being that the Greek language has LORD" (v. 4); and to handle money with gifts (32.1-5). Jacob fears that Esau will writes of how each man "gained seek the city which is to come") and Rom such prestige among the nations… So what honesty (v. 5). Jerome preached of the attack him and sends the gifts ahead considerable instruction in knowing 12.2 ("Do not be conformed to this world does it mean, Jacob's wrestling and tent in v. 1: "A tent is not a fixed abode … 14-Sep Genesis 31-32 (32.6-21). That night Jacob wrestles with God. I mean, what came from Jacob but be transformed by the renewal of your refusing to let go?... struggle, wrestle, to Ps 14 (15) but is moved hither and thither with the an angel or with God Himself; and, was not so convincing as the words mind, that you may prove what is the will hold on to Christ, to love your enemy…. Let nomad…. The tent seems to me to be the although his thigh his injured, Jacob will spoken by Laban, who was still a of God…"). Jacob is seeking peace; and us, the faithful, hold on to what we church of this world … for we are not not let go until he is blessed. His name is devotee of idols… This is a sign of Ambrose suggests that this can only be receive, in order that we may deserve to here as permanent dwellers, but rather changed to "Israel" (32.22-32). God's creative wisdom when he turns found in "the peace of God, which be blessed." as those who migrate to another place the enemies of truth into the very surpasses all understanding … in Christ [i.e. heaven]." [See NET-FN-Notes G and witnesses to truth…." This has been Jesus" (Phil 4.7). L; and The OSB note.] true throughout history and still happens today. Jacob and Esau are reconciled (33.1-20). Shechem, a city in central Canaan, is The fact that Jacob requires his household The numerous visions of angels in these Cassiodorus reflects: "Let us meditate on Shechem sleeps with Dinah, the daughter where Jacob had built a well; and this to "put away the foreign gods that are chapters bring important messages from the immensity of the gift of salvation that of Leah and Jacob (34.1-2). Although was also where Jesus Christ was to among you and purify yourselves and the Lord-messages that are sometimes this psalm offers for our instruction. It Shechem and his princely father are keen meet Photini, the woman of Samaria change your garments" (35.2) indicates the sought, but at other times unexpected. gives us confidence in sufferings and that Shechem should marry Dinah, two in Jn 4.5-42. Abraham, Isaac and Jacob amount of idolatry that is still present in Gregory the Great writes: "You should be promises eternal glory in hope, so that sons of Jacob-Simeon and Levi-deviously all looked upon Canaan as their Jacob's household. Cyril of Alexandria aware that the word 'angel' denotes a through this teaching of our future kill Shechem and all Hivite men after they promised land; and this included urges: "It is fitting for us to do likewise [i.e. function rather than a nature. Those holy happiness we do not fear the hardships have been weakened by circumcision Samaria. However, by the time of change our garments] when we are called spirits of heaven have always been spirits, of the present. This is heavenly schooling, (34.3-31). Jacob travels to Bethel and Jesus Christ there was much animosity before God, or enter the divine temple, but they can only be called angels when learning for life, the lecture hall of truth, 15-Sep Genesis 33-36 makes an altar to God (35.1-15). On the between the Jews and the Samaritans. especially in the time of holy baptism. We they deliver some message…." Yet Ps 15 (16) and … a unique discipline that occupies journey, Rachel dies in giving birth to This was linked to disagreement over … must assert, 'I refuse you, Satan, and all Augustine warns that at times: "God is its pupils with thoughts that bear fruit…." Benjamin (35.16-21). Jacob's 12 sons are worship, as the Samaritans held that your pomp and all your worship.' We also more anxious to bestow His blessings on us Augustine writes of v. 5: "In saying 'my' noted (35.22-26); and Jacob arrives at his Mount Gerizim was sacred, rather must change completely our garment by than we are to receive them." cup, I include the Church with me, for father Isaac's home at Mamre, but then than Mount Ebal, where Deu 27.12 stripping off 'the old self that is corrupt…' where the Head is, there is the Body he dies (35.27-29). The many states that Moses ordered that an (Ephes 4.22) and … [putting on] 'the new also." descendants of Esau are named (36.1- altar was to be built. self…' (Col 3.10). 43).
Jacob (Israel) loved Joseph best among Biblical scholars continue to argue In Acts 7.9-16 Stephen tells the Jewish high Of Joseph's life in the house of Potiphar, Elder Aimilianos urges us to consider all his children; and this incited envy about the historical truth and dating priest of Joseph. Caesarius of Arles sees John Chrysostom writes: "The loving God, David "not simply as a historical figure among his brothers (37.1-4). Joseph's of the story of Joseph (See Joseph as "a type of our Lord." Ambrose though wanting to make Joseph feel from the Bible, but as a saint engaged in dreams incited further envy (37.5-11). https://christiananswers.net/q- sees Joseph's tunic being dipped in the completely secure, did not release him the work of prayer" [p. 26]. Cassiodorus His brothers sought to kill him, but then abr/abr-a016.html). Anderson sees blood of a goat as prefiguring Christ as the from slavery or set him at liberty. This, writes that this psalm's "purpose is sold him to Midianite traders who took "elements of folklore," such as the Lamb of God: "For us the Lamb of God has after all, is ever God's way, not to free wholly directed toward zeal for prayer." him as a slave to Egypt (37.12-28); but false accusation of adultery against been killed, who took from us the sins of virtuous people from dangers or preserve Of v. 5 John Cassian writes: "Never by our the brothers told his father that Joseph Joseph, but follows Jürgen the world, whereas for them a goat piled them from trials, but in the midst of such sole diligence or zeal or by our most 16-Sep Genesis 37-39 had been killed by a wild beast (37.29- Moltmann's Theology of Hope in up sins and amassed offenses…. Jacob also trials, to give evidence of his characteristic Ps 16 (17) tireless efforts can we reach perfection… 36). Judah sleeps with his daughter-in- seeing Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as tore his clothing; similarly, at the time of grace to such an extent that the very trials The Lord must be there to guide us our law Tamar, not recognizing her and being led by "a guiding God" who the Lord Jesus' passion, the chief priest prove an occasion of festivity for them. hearts toward what is good." Evagrius of thinking she is a prostitute; and twins are uproots them from their homes and tore his robe…. The curtain of the temple Hence blessed David also said, 'In my Pontus notes that: "Even if now [the way] born (38.1-30). Joseph prospers in Egypt leads them "into new places and along was also torn (Mt 27.51), so that it might distress you gave me room to move' (Ps is full of pain and without joy, later it will but is falsely accused of attempted new paths … trusting that their family be made clear by such signs that the 4.1)." bear the fruit of righteousness for those adultery by Potiphar's wife (39.1-18) and life is in the hand of their mobile God" mysteries had been profaned, the people who have been trained in it." is placed in prison (39.19-23). [pp. 45-46]. The same could be said of stripped of the garments of salvation…." Joseph. Joseph interprets correctly the dreams of Dr Israel Knohl, Professor of Bible at In Acts 7.11-16 Stephen tells the Jewish Of the brothers' belated awareness of sin Arnobius the Younger links v. 1/2 on two of his fellow prisoners, the chief the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, high priest of Joseph and the famine. John in their earlier behaviour to Joseph, John loving the Lord to the Gospel of Jn 14.21. butler and the chief baker of Pharaoh has assembled strong documentary Chrysostom cites Rom 5.3-5 ("Distress Chrysostom writes: "This, you see, is what Augustine urges of v. 3-4: "There you (40.1-23). Pharaoh then has a dream that evidence that a famine did take place produces endurance, and endurance sin is like: "[First],it is done and takes have something you can do. Praising, call Joseph warns means that there will be at the end of the reign of Ramesses II produces character, and character effect, then it shows the excess of its own [on the Lord]-but remember it is the Lord seven years of plentiful harvests followed who ruled from 1279 BC to 1213 BC, produces hope, and hope does not impropriety. Just as the inebriate imbibes you praise and call on. Because if you by seven years of famine (40.24-36). and that Egypt alone in the Eastern disappoint us"): "So take note: Joseph bore great quantities of drink without feeling praise yourself you will not be saved Pharaoh frees Joseph from prison and Mediterranean had food resources distress with endurance, endurance gave any harmful effects of the wine but later from your enemies." Of v. 9/10 Jerome appoints him as second-in-command; (See him character, having such character he comes to know the extent of the damage Ps 17 (18) vv. 1- writes: "Because we are little and unable 17-Sep Genesis 40-42 and Joseph governs with wisdom (40.37- https://www.thetorah.com/article/jos acted in hope, and hope did not disappoint from his exploits, so too with sin. When it 12 to lift ourselves up to him, the Lord 41.52). There is also famine in Canaan, so eph-and-the-famine-the-storys-origins- him." Ambrose sees Benjamin as is committed it clouds the mind, and like a stoops down to us and in his Jacob sends 10 of his sons to Egypt to in-egyptian-history). Dr Knohl believes prefiguring Paul, also of the tribe of dense fog it blinds the intellect, but later compassionate kindness deigns to hear buy grain, (42.1-5). Joseph imprisons that Joseph was a high-ranking Benjamin (11.1): "The Patriarchs had gone conscience is stirred … highlighting the us. In fact, because we are people and them briefly, requires them to bring government official in Egypt at this [to Egypt] without Benjamin, as the impropriety of what was done." cannot become gods, God became man Benjamin to him, but then frees them time; however, it is difficult to date apostles first went without Paul. Each and inclined himself [to us]." [See NET- and gives them grain (42.6-38). precisely when Joseph was in Egypt. came, not as the first, but was summoned FN, Notes H and O.] by those who were the first."
The famine continues in Canaan, so In the Bible and throughout history Ambrose links Joseph's forgiving his Of Pharaoh's behaviour in 45.16-20 Of v. 14/15 Augustine writes: "He sent out Joseph's brothers return to Egypt to God permits human suffering. This brothers in 45.4-5 ("I am Joseph your Ambrose writes: "And Pharaoh rejoiced his evangelists to fly on straight courses, [like obtain grain, this time with Benjamin was certainly true for Joseph. The brother, whom you sold into Egypt. Now because Joseph had known his brothers … arrows] on wings of strength, using not their (43.1-15). Joseph gives them a feast challenge of suffering tested him and therefore be not grieved, and let it not and [Pharaoh] urged the holy Joseph to own powers but those of the one by whom (43.16-34) and much grain, but has his tests us, enabling those who suffer to seem to you a hard case that you sold me come with their father. He also gives they were sent … that to some among them the evangelists might be the savor of life silver cup put in Benjamin's sack, brings grow. However, whether we choose here; for God sent me before you for life") orders that their packs be filled with leading to [eternal] life but to others the them back and insists that Benjamin to grow are will be debilitated by to how Christ would also "excuse his grain…. What can account for such stench of death leading to death." Of v. should remain with him (44.1-17). Judah suffering is a choice that Joseph and brothers' crime and say that it was God's consideration shown to a stranger? Only 25/26 ("With the holy thou will be holy") pleads with Joseph to permit Benjamin to each of us make. Perhaps Augustine providence and not humanity's that a great mystery was being revealed, a Augustine writes: "There is a deeply hidden Ps 17 (18) vv. 13- 18-Sep Genesis 43-45 return and offers to remain himself has the best advice: "Is not the life of wickedness, since he was not offered up to mystery the church today does not deny. sense in which you are known as holy with 25 (44.18-34). Joseph reveals his identity to man upon earth a trial? Who would death by humans but was sent by the Lord The Jews will be redeemed; the Christian the holy, because you make them holy." his brothers (45.1-15). Pharaoh invites want troubles and difficulties? You to life. What else is the meaning of that people will rejoice at this union, give aid to Perhaps the holiness in our behaviour Joseph's father and the whole family to [Lord] command us to endure them, intervention made by our Lord Jesus Christ the limit of their resources and send influences others more than we ever know. come to Egypt; and they agree (45.16- not to love them. No person loves … on the cross ..in behalf of the people, people to preach the good news of the 28). what [they] endure, though [they] 'Father, forgive them; for they do not kingdom of God, so that their call may may love the act of enduring." Why, know what they are doing'? (Lk 23.34)" come sooner." we might ask? Because we can be confident of the Lord's blessing. Jacob (Israel) and many of his extended In Wanderings, the Jewish author Of the Lord's word to Jacob in 46.4 A holy father "asked his monks: 'How was Of v. 28 ("my God lightens my darkness") family leave for Egypt (46. 1-27). Joseph Chaim Potok reflects that "Jacob is ("Joseph's hand shall close your eyes") Joseph sold?' One of them answered: 'By Arnobius the Younger writes: "Just as the advises his family to tell Pharaoh they are weary with age and sorrow when a Origen writes: "And would that the Lord his brothers.' To this the staretz said: 'Not eye is the lamp of the body, so the lamp of shepherds in order to live in the long famine grips Canaan…. His sons Jesus might put 'his hands on [our] eyes' by his brothers, but by his humility.' Joseph the soul is the mind, in which, unless Christ attractive region of Goshen; and Pharaoh have fathered clans. Many of the too, that we might begin to look not at could have revealed [to the traders] that has poured the oil of his grace, there will not be light within. The [psalmist], therefore, agrees to their request (46.28-47.12). families, dreading the famine, journey those things 'which are seen but at the he was their brother, and thus oppose the proclaims that his lamp is lighted by the The famine continues; and Jacob buys up to Egypt…. Others remain behind to things which are not seen' (2 Cor 4.18). sale. But he passed over this in silence. By Lord." Of v. 29 ("By my God I can leap over a the land for Pharaoh in return for grain wait out the famine in the promised And would that he might open for us those humility, then, was he sold…. We guard wall") Augustine reflects: "Not by my own and seed, so that many Egyptians land. There are now Hebrews settled eyes which contemplate not present things ourselves too carefully from the outward Ps 17 (18) vv. 26- 19-Sep Genesis 46-48 effort shall I be delivered, but by you. It is become slaves to Pharaoh and are in Canaan and in Egypt. The but future, and might reveal to us the difficulties encountered in giving ourselves 38 not by my own strength but in my God that I required to give him 20% of their patriarchal wanderings have ceased. aspect of the heart by which God is seen in over to the will of God, and so we lose the shall leap over the wall that sins have build produce (47.13-26). Jacob blesses the Centuries pass in silence. The spirit, through the Lord Jesus Christ good fruits that are reaped in difficult between humankind and the heavenly two sons of Joseph born in Egypt, giving descendants of Jacob appear to be himself, to whom belongs 'glory and power circumstances endured with humility" Jerusalem." preference to the younger Ephraim over living in peace during their time of forever and ever. Amen.'" [Manley-Bible, quoting Bishop Nikolai the older Manasseh (48.1-22). early settlement in Egypt…." [pp. 36- Velimirovi?, pp. 852-853]. 37; ISBN 0 009 1366607 for photos].
Jacob gathers his sons and tells them of This chapter attracted many 49.10 ("The scepter shall not depart from The many challenges set out in the book of Augustine, who was tempted by their future (49.1-2). Reuben, the first- reflections from the Church Fathers, Judah") is often understood as referring Genesis might be summed up as the Lord concupiscence (i.e. strong sexual desires), born is rejected because he is "unstable especially Rufinus, and can be initially to David and then to Christ. saying again and again to those who would writes of v. 39 ("Thou didst gird me with as water" and slept with his father's interpreted on: (1) the historical and Rufinus notes "there was no lack of princes listen: "Pause and reflect and I will direct." strength for the battle"): "Tightly and concubine (49. 3-4). Simeon and Levi are literal level or (2) the mystical level, from the family of Judah … until Herod Those words apply to each of us today. It is strongly you have bound up the loosely flowing desires of my flesh that I may not be also rejected because of their violence looking ahead to the Incarnation or (3) came…. who was a foreigner…. As soon as often difficult for the Church Fathers or for hindered by them in battle." Evagrius of and anger (49.5-7). Judah is blessed and the moral level [See ACAS, Vol I, p. this happened … the one to whom the modern Biblical commentators or for us to Pontus sees the battle as being against the given preeminence (49.8-12). Other 319]. In the midst of speaking to his kingdom had been reserved [i.e. Christ] know whether the Lord himself or his devil and his angels: "If the demons fight brothers are assigned their places (49.13- sons, Jacob pauses in v. 18 and prays, immediately came." Hebrews 11 includes angels are giving the guidance. However, against us, then they too when they assail us 21). Joseph is to be greatly blessed by "I wait for thy salvation, O Lord." This the faith of Joseph in setting out how "by the loving presence of the Lord is 20-Sep Genesis 49-50 will be assailed by us in return. Scripture [Ps God the Father (49.22-26). Benjamin is is very much in keeping with Ps 25.5 faith we understand that the world was consistently present. Rufinus' insights 17 (18).37-38 and Ps 26/27.2] says: 'Those told that his descendants will be savage ("Lead me in thy truth and teach me, created by the word of God, so that what apply in Genesis and to humanity today: who assail me … have weakened and fallen.'" (49.27; cf. Judg 3.12-30, 19-21; 1 Sam 11- for thou art the God of my salvation"). is seen was made out of things which do Many people "turn their back[s] to the 15). Jacob dies and is buried near Mamre Jacob's prophecies about the future not appear." idols and raise their forehead[s] to God … (49.28-50.14). Joseph forgives his for his sons proved to be historically [as] they cry out, 'Abba, Father' (Rom 8.15- brothers and later dies (50.15-26). accurate. 16)." Jacob's descendants in Egypt "grew The response of Moses in 3.4 to God's Caesarius of Arles sees Joseph as a type of Gregory the Great warns that often we Theodoret of Cyr reflects that this psalm exceedingly strong;" and the frightened call ("Here am I") is the same response Christ, because "the descendants of Israel "contend against [God] because He has not "instructs us first on creation and Egyptians made them slaves (1.1-14), given by Abraham (Ex 3.4), Samuel were fruitful and increased greatly" (1.7) replied to all [our] words." Yet often God providence; in the middle, on the law; with Pharaoh ordering that the male (3.4, 6, 8) and Isaiah (6.8) indicating only after the death of Joseph, in keeping does not speak to us "one by one" because and finally, on grace." Elder Aimilianos babies are to be killed by the Egyptian faith in the Lord and his power to with Jn 12.24 ("Unless the grain of wheat "we are sure to find [the answers to our writes of "the glory of God" in v. 1: How midwives (1.15-22). However, the guide human lives. With the opening falls into the ground and dies, it remains problems] in the teaching of His Scriptures, do we "understand as much as we can of mother of Moses, Miriam, manages to chapter of Exodus on Jacob's alone. But if it dies, it brings forth much [so] there is [no] need to seek for a special the concept of God's glory?... It happens float him in "a basket made of bulrushes" descendants in Egypt, the second fruit"), as did Jesus Christ after his answer from the voice of God, in our own either when we are transported to a to the daughter of Pharaoh (2.1-10). book of the Bible continues the story crucifixion and resurrection. Acts 7.20-44 special sufferings. For [in Scripture] there realm beyond the heavens or when we 21-Sep Exodus 1-3 Moses grows up in royal luxury but kills of Genesis in a seamless manner that and Heb 11.23-29 tell the story of Moses. [is] a general reply … to all our own special Ps 18 (19) transform ourselves into a hammer or an an Egyptian and then escapes (2.11-22). focuses on the continuity of God's The words of Jesus Christ in Jn 8.58 ("Truly, sufferings: there the conduct of those who axe … [and] strike at our hardened Moses sees a burning bush while looking blessing of all of the Patriarchs. truly, I say to you, before Abraham was, I go before is a model for such as come hearts…. How do I strike at my heart, so after the flock of his father-in-law, Peterson points out that Exodus "is am"), repeating Ex 3.14, lead to an attack after." that I might crack it open? One way is … Jethro; and God calls him to save his not a heroic epic" that celebrates the on him from Jews in Jerusalem. with God's help … by reading and people from the Egyptians (3.1-22). achievements of Moses, but a reflecting on the psalms" [p. 225]. testimony "to glorify the God of Israel" [p. 55].
God shows Moses His power with two In the confrontations of Moses with Caesarius of Arles sees the staff of Moses Chaim Potok writes of how after fleeing Athanasius urges: "When you see others miracles (4.1-9) and agrees that older Pharaoh it should be remembered as prefiguring "the mystery of the cross. Egypt, Moses as an "Egyptian prince names in affliction, comfort them by praying brother Aaron can speak for Moses that Moses has been brought up as an Just as through the staff Egypt was struck [his] child Gershom … meaning 'I have with them in the words of Psalm 19/20." before Pharaoh (4.10-17). Moses and his educated Egyptian who will by ten plagues, so also the whole world been a stranger in a foreign land.' The Evagrius writes: [Some] people rejoice in family set out for Egypt; and on the understand Pharaoh well. Chaim was humiliated and conquered by the name is comprised of … ger, stranger, and riches, or in glory or in nobility of birth, journey his wife Zipporah circumcises Potok notes that in Egypt at this time cross. Just as Pharaoh and his people were shom, there. [This is a sign] of Moses' but the righteous in the salvation of their first-born son, Gershom (4.18-31). "childhood ended at four; then afflicted by the power of the staff, with the loneliness and his gradual adaptation to God." Augustine preached: "Do you want Moses and Aaron go to Pharaoh and ask boyhood, the time of education, result that he released the Jewish people this barren world, so different from his to make contact with God? Humble Pharaoh to free the Hebrews, but began…. The boy [Moses] would have to serve God, so the devil and his angels Egypt of wealth and power…. I do not yourself…. Have lowliness in your heart, 22-Sep Exodus 4-6:27 Pharaoh refuses (5.1-14). The Hebrew been educated in the palace together are wearied and oppressed by the mystery pretend to understand the mystery of Ps 19 (20) and God will … come to you and be with foremen are critical of Moses and Aaron with other royal children and children of the cross to such a extent that they human transformation, the moment when you in your bedroom…. May the Lord because of the more difficult work of the upper class. 'Give thy heart to cannot recall the Christian people from the response of a man of the world throws grant all your requests-all of them, not conditions (5.15-21). Moses is puzzled by learning and love her like a mother,' God's service." upon his mind a new and wondrous light … only the petitions you offered on earth Pharaoh's evil; and the Lord tells him to an Egyptian father counseled his son, and binds him to a vision of the future to but those also by which you intercede for ask Pharaoh again to let the people go 'for there is nothing so precious as which he gives over his life" [pp. 63-64]. It us in heaven." (5.22-6.13). The genealogy of Moses and learning…. It is only the learned man is the Lord who can transform our lives, Aaron is set out (6.14-27). who rules himself" [p. 62]. but we need to choose to cooperate. Moses and Aaron are sent to Pharaoh Anderson questions how to separate Two of the magicians who opposed Moses Of 7.3 ("I will harden Pharaoh's heart") We too can rejoice with King David in again, but he will not listen (7.1-13). Nine "the central elements of the tradition and Aaron in 8.11-12 are named in 2 Tim Augustine writes: "The quality of evil in "the strength" that the Lord gives us (v. plagues follow: (1) Water is turned to [of the plagues] from later accretions," 3.8. The power of "the finger of God" in each [human] heart (that is, what sort of 1). In Scripture in Tradition, Father John blood (7.14-24); (2) Frogs cover Egypt but acknowledges that "Israel's The OSB translation of Ex 8.15 is noted in heart is disposed to evil) came about Breck writes: "The aim of all biblical (7.25-8.15); (3) Gnats attack both ancient faith undoubtedly was based Lk 11.20. Ex 9.16 ("For this purpose have I through its own evildoing, which came interpretation should be to acquire humans and animals (8.16-19); (4) Flies on the experience of actual events …" let you live, to show you my power, so that from the choice of the will…. So that knowledge of God…. [Yet today many] attack people and their houses (8.20-32); [p. 74]. Of 7.7 Clement of Alexandria my name may be declared throughout all Pharaoh had such a heart, which was not students of the Bible seem bent on (5) A plague attacks the animals of the writes that Scripture does not indicate the earth") is quoted in Rom 9.17. The moved by God's patience to piety but acquiring knowledge about God, the Egyptians, but not of the Hebrews (9.1- "anyone of the past generations manner in which the Lord changed the rather to impiety, was the result of his own world and themselves. Rarely do they 7); (6) Boils break out on the Egyptians approaching a pregnant woman…. wind in 10.19 to remove the locusts from vice…. We should consider whether the demonstrate a serious concern for that 23-Sep Exodus 6:28-10:29 and their animals (9.8-12); (7) Hail falls Only later, after the birth and weaning Egypt is similar to the intervention by phrase can be understood in this way: 'I Ps 20 (21) knowledge of God, which is the ground of throughout Egypt, except where the of the child, would you again find the Jesus Christ on the Sea of Galilee when He shall harden,' as if [God] were saying, 'I personal communication with him" [pp. Hebrews live (9.13-35); (8) Locust attack wives in physical relations with their calmed the storm that threatened the boat shall show how hard his heart is.'" 16-17]. Let us seek knowledge of God. the land (10.1-20); and (9) Darkness falls husbands. You will find that Moses' of the disciples. However, knowledge about God helps us on Egypt (10.21-29). father observed this point. He left a to understand how He has worked with three-year gap after Aaron's birth humanity and can work with us. before fathering Moses."
In the final plague the firstborn of the Chaim Potok claims in Wanderings Cassidorus notes that the killing of the Exodus 12 has been called "one of the Verse 2 ("My God, my God, why hast Egypt are killed (11.1-10; 12.29-30). The that: "There can be little doubt that a firstborn occurred at midnight (11.4) and chapters of the OT upon which the Fathers thou forsaken me?") is shouted by Jesus Passover instructions are given that the new beginning is being made both that "the words 'I rose at midnight (Ps meditated most profoundly" [ACAS OT III, Christ during his Crucifixion (Mt 27. 46). Lord shall pass over the homes of all here [in the confrontation of Moses 118/119.62)' are not without value. p. 56]. Augustine writes: "[The word] However, both the psalmist and Jesus Hebrews who have taken "some of the and Aaron with Pharaoh] and in the [Christians know] that at that hour the pascha is not as some think, a Greek word, Christ retain their faith and trust in the blood [of the slain lamb] and put it on story of the burning bush-a beginning firstborn of the Egyptians were smitten, but a Hebrew one; yet most conveniently Lord from birth (vv. 9-10), at times of the two doorposts and the lintel of between the God YHWH, his apostle that at that time the bonds of Peter, Paul there occurs in this name a certain trouble (vv. 19-20) and in continuing [their] houses" (12.7). The Hebrews are Moses, and the Israelites. This is the and Silas who lay in prison were loosed congruity between the two languages. praise (v. 22), affirming that "all the ends told to "keep [Passover] as a feast to the start of the history of Israel" [p. 67]. (Acts 12.6) [and] that the bridegroom Because in Greek [the word for] 'to suffer' of the earth shall remember and turn to 24-Sep Exodus 11-12 LORD … for ever" (12.14), especially However, this perspective does not would also come at midnight (Mt 25.6)." is paschein. For this reason pascha has Ps 21 (22) the LORD" (v. 27). There is a Jewish when they "come to the land which the give sufficient respect to the earlier Of 12.5 ("Your lamb shall be without been thought of as a passion…. But in its tradition that when uttering the first Lord will give [them]" (12.25). Pharaoh importance of the Patriarchs- blemish") 1 Pet 1.19 records that "the own language, that is, in Hebrew, pascha verse of a psalm, you are affirming the finally gives his permission to the Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (Israel)-as precious blood of Christ [is] like that of a means 'a passing over.'… [This] has been entire psalm; and that appears to be Hebrews to leave (12.31-36); and they well as the manner in which the God lamb without blemish or spot." 1 Cor 5.7 fulfilled in truth when Christ is led as a what Jesus Christ did on the cross. leave Egypt (12.37-42), observing the YHWH guided Joseph to come to states that "Christ, our pascal lamb, has sheep to the slaughter." Passover regulations on what to eat Egypt to escape the famine been sacrificed." (12.43-51). throughout the region. Firstborn people and animals are to be There is some dispute among Bede reflects: "The freeing of the children Peter Chrysologus applies the experiences Athanasius advises: "When you see set apart as holy to the Lord (13.1-16). historians and Biblical scholars about of Israel and their being brought out into in Exodus to today: "At one time [God] yourself shepherded and guided safely by The people are led into the wilderness; the date and location of these events. the fatherland once promised them is also appears all aglow in a bush. For you are the Lord, rejoice in the words of Psalm and Pharaoh pursues them (13.17-14.9). Certainly, "the narrative expresses the linked with the mystery of our cold with the perfidy of infidelity, and he 22/23." Augustine preached: "When you The fleeing Israelites cross the sea safely, conviction that God was guiding the redemption…. We make our way to the wants to kindle you with the heat of faith. say, 'The Lord is my shepherd,' no proper but the Egyptians are destroyed (14.10- people on their journey" [Anderson, p. light of the dwelling place on high with the At another time he glows like fire in a pillar grounds are left for you to trust in 31). Moses and Miriam sing "to the 78]. The date of the Exodus was grace of Christ lighting our way and guiding extending toward heaven, that the yourself." Theodoret of Cyr believes that LORD, for he has triumphed gloriously" probably from ca. 1446 to 1406 BC us. That cloud and column of fire that … darkness of ignorance may be removed this psalm "hints at the water of rebirth (15.1-21). Initially, "the people feared [See David Rohl, From Eden to Exile: protected them throughout the whole of and that you can follow the way of saving in which the baptized person longs for the LORD; and they believed in the LORD The Epic History of the People of the their journey from the darkness of the knowledge through the wilderness of this grace and sheds the old sin of age and is 25-Sep Exodus 13-15 and in his servant Moses" (14.31). Bible, pp. 177-210]. Rohl's dating is nights … led them by a sure path to the world. At yet another time he is changed Ps 22 (23) made young instead." Arnobius the However, then they "murmured against controversial, but his approach to the promised homes of the fatherland also for you into a pillar of cloud, in order to Younger reflects: "We have in the Moses," because they have nothing to Exodus for both its date and its focus prefigured [that is, was an advance sign of] retain the burning ebullience [that is, high previous psalm the tribulation of the drink, but water is provided by the Lord; on the Sea of Reeds, rather than the the light of this grace." spirits] of your passions." passion. In this one let us receive the joy and they camp safely in Elim (15.22-27). Red Sea, is supported by strong of the resurrection." evidence. [The "old guard" is fighting him: see Wikipedia for "New Chronology (Rohl)"].
For the desert journey, the Lord The manna is preserved in a jar The phrase in 16.4 ("bread from heaven") Caesarius of Arles preached: "Manna is Several beautiful verses in this psalm miraculously provides "bread from (16.33), noted to be made of gold in occurs frequently in chapter 6 of the interpreted [from its linguistic roots] as require much reflection-"The earth is the heaven" in the form of bread each Heb 9.4, and brought to the first Gospel of John. Ex 16.18 is quoted in 2 Cor 'What is this?' See whether the very power Lord's and the fulness thereof (v. 1)", the morning and meat each evening (16.1- temple in Jerusalem. However, this 8.15. "The hidden manna" is cited in Rev. of the name does not provoke you to learn importance of "clean hands and a pure 36). Moses strikes the rock at Horeb and precious jar is lost during the 2.17. The journey of the Israelites in the it, so that when you hear the law of God heart (v. 4)," "the generation of those "water shall come out of it, that the destruction of that temple. Both the desert is described by St Paul in some read in church you may always ask and say who seek him" (v.6) and "Who is the King people may drink" (17.1-7). Joshua and Amalekites and the Israelites are detail in 1 Cor 10.1-5. Caesarius of Arles to the teachers: What is this? This it is that of glory? (v. 8)." Of v. 8 Tertullian writes: his army defeat Amalek and his army, nomadic tribes seeking sufficient cites Jn 7.38 and notes that: "When Christ manna indicates. Therefore, if you want to "Christ must be understood to be an with the help of Moses holding up his water and shelter in a desert was struck on the cross, he brought forth eat the manna, that is, if you desire to exterminator of spiritual foes, who wields 26-Sep Exodus 16-18 hands with the rod of God (17.8-16). environment. As the Amalekites were the fountains of the NT. Therefore, it was receive the word of God, know that it is Ps 23 (24) spiritual arms and fights in spiritual Jethro, the father-in-law of Moses, present first, the Israelites needed to necessary for him to be pierced. If he had small and very fine like the seed of the strife…. For with the last enemy death welcomes him, blesses the Lord as fight them in order to gain the water not been struck, so that water and blood coriander." This links to the previous did [Christ] fight, and through … the cross "greater than all gods," but warns Moses and place to rest in the midst of the flowed from his side, the whole world reflection from Peter Chrysologus on the he triumphed." Christ's triumph can be not to exhaust himself judging disputes desert heat. The struggle to survive would have perished through suffering need to remove "the darkness of ours at the hour of death. And for now, on his own, but to "choose able men remains similar in deserts today, thirst for the word of God." ignorance," best done through questioning Cassiodorus writes that this psalm from all the people" to help him (18.1- especially when different groups are and interaction between student and "explains the necessary character of 27). seeking limited resources of water. teacher. those who wish to call themselves his." The Lord speaks to Moses on Mount Anderson notes that the people who Caesarius of Arles preached: "We should Of 19.3 Gregory of Nazianzus preached: Of v. 2 ("O my God, in thee I trust, let me Sinai, saying that if the people "will obey fled Egypt included "a mixed also know that the ten commandments of "Now when I go up eagerly into the mount- not be put to shame") Augustine writes: my voice and keep my covenant" they multitude" (Ex 12.38) "who were held the law are also fulfilled by the two gospel or, to use a truer expression, when I both "O my God, I have been brought to this shall "be to me a kingdom of priests and together primarily by their common precepts, love of God and love of neighbor eagerly long and at the same time am point of bodily weakness because I a holy nation" (19.1-6). Moses tells the desire to be free from slavery." [see Mk 11.29-31]. For the [first] three afraid (the one through hope and the trusted in myself…. But now I trust in people to consecrate themselves and to However, in the wilderness they commandments … pertain to the love of other through my weakness), to enter you, so let me be shamed no longer." Of prepare (19.7-15). The people gather "at gained "the commitment to a God… [and] all of the latter [seven within the cloud and [talk] with God, for so v. 12 to the question, who "fears the the foot of the mountain" and "the Lord common way of life, and the shared commandments] are recognized as God commands: If any be an Aaron (Ex Lord?" St Maximus the Confessor 27-Sep Exodus 19-20 called Moses to the top of the mountain, history which constitute a people"; pertaining to the love of neighbor. The 19.24), let him go up with me, and let him Ps 24 (25) reflects: "[Those] who fear the Lord and Moses went up" (19.16-25). God and they "began to be 'the people of Lord said in the Gospel: 'On these two stand near, being ready, if it must be so, to always have humility as their companion speaks the ten commandments to Moses Yahweh'" (Judg 5.11, 13) [p. 84]. "It is commandments depend the whole Law remain outside the cloud." Bede too and through its promptings are led to (20.1-17). The people are frightened and a tribute to the realism of the and the Prophets' (Mt 22.40)." In Ephes reflected: "Moses alone ascended to the divine love and thanksgiving. And so, ask that Moses, rather than the Lord, narrators [of the book of Exodus] that 6.2 Paul urges that Christians too should very top…" We all travel up the mountain with fear [they] receive love as well, ever should speak to them (20.18-26). they present life as it surely must have be committed to the fifth commandment as far as we are able and God permits, thankful with deep humility to the been under such precarious to "honor your father and mother." hopefully higher and higher with benefactor and pilot of our lives." circumstances" [p. 85]. increasing prayer.
Laws are set out on the treatment of Ex 21.12 establishes "a place to which Gregory the Great preached: "Some Of 21.5 on slavery Ambrose writes: "That Of v. 2 ("Prove me, O Lord, and try me; slaves (21.1-11), injuries and [a murderer] can flee" and be people consider the commandments of the man is truly free a true Hebrew, who is test my heart and my mind") Cassiodorus disagreements among the Israelites protected-a sanctuary which had also OT stricter than those of the New, but they entirely God's. Everything that he writes that this prayer is a request that (21.12-27), injuries to people, animals or been created earlier in Greek and are deceived by a shortsighted possesses he shares in freedom. He has testing "be done to bring about an property caused either deliberately or by Roman law, of importance today for interpretation. In the OT, theft, not nothing in common with the man who improvement; for when God examines carelessness (21.28-22.6), resolutions for refugees threatened with deportation miserliness, is punished; wrongful taking of rejects freedom and says, 'I have loved my and tries us, he makes us aware of our commercial transactions (22.7-15), social [See property is punished by fourfold master…. I will not go out free.' The man sinning and helps us attain the reward of interaction (22.16-23.9) and the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctua restitution (cf. Lev 6.5; 2 Sam 12.6). In the who subjects himself to the world is repentance." Of v. 6 ("I will wash my sabbatical year (23.10-11), as well as ry] cf. Mt 10.23. The Feast of the NT the rich man is not censured for having returned not only to his master but also to hands in innocence") Augustine writes: religious and dietary observances (23.12- Harvest (or Feast of Weeks) continued taken away someone else's property but his infirmity, because he loves the world or "You wash your hands when you perform 28-Sep Exodus 21-23 Ps 25 (26) 19). An angel is promised "to guard you to be celebrated by first-century and for not having given away his own. He is his mind, that is, his nous, the object of your works with holy and pure thoughts on the way," but the people must not contemporary Jews as Succoth (or the not said to have forcibly wronged anyone this desire. He is returned not only to his in the sight of God…." An Orthodox priest "rebel against him" (23.20-22). Idolatry Feast of Tabernacles or of Booths). but to have prided himself on what he wife but even to those pleasures which washes his hands before serving the will not be tolerated; and the people will Church fathers have given an historical received (Lk 16.19-31)." make him bound to household matters Divine Liturgy and prays vv. 6-12. Of v. 8 be settled in a new land, which "little by context to "the angel" of Ex 23.20, [so] that he does not care for what is Cassiodorus writes: "Wherever [God] little" they will possess (23.23-33). viewing him as either Joshua or Jesus. eternal…." dwells there is glory … and the majesty of the lodging grows with the merits of the Guest." Moses and 70 elders worship the Lord; Anderson points out that "Yahweh's Ephrem views the tabernacle as "transitory Gregory the Great see the splendour of the Of v. 1 ("The LORD is my light and my and then Moses comes up the mountain presence in the midst of the people … [to] be replaced by the church…" priestly garments in Ex 28 as an indication salvation") Leo the Great preached: "In to receive "the tablets of stone with the was signified by two sacred Gregory the Great sees much meaning in that the priest should "shine beyond all rendering service to the grace of God, we law and the commandments" (24). The objects….the Tent of Meeting … [and] "the two cherubim which covered the others in the understanding of wisdom … are not only made subject to our King Lord gives Moses detailed instructions on the Ark of the Covenant … a portable mercy seat … [as] the word cherubim He must beware of being incautiously through obedience but are … joined to what the people are to collect, as well as throne on which, it was believed, means 'fullness of knowledge.' What do snared by the praise, thus despoiling him through the will…. He who has given how to build the tabernacle, that is, the Yahweh was invisibly enthroned (cf. the two cherubim signify but the two himself of even the appreciation of truth… the 'will' will bestow also the ability. In Tent of Meeting, a sanctuary for the Ark Num 10.3-36)…. According to a testaments? And what does the mercy The heart of the priest, while hoping for this way we 'cooperate' with his works." of the Covenant in which the Lord will tradition found [both] in Deu 10.3-5 seat prefigure but the Lord become a those high matters about which he Of v. 4 Bede preached: "Let us make our 29-Sep Exodus 24-28 dwell as the Israelites travel through the [and in Ex 25], Moses constructed an man? John says of him, 'For he is the preaches, should repress in itself the Ps 26 (27) way [to the house of the Lord] by the desert (25-27). Then the Lord gives ark of acacia wood at Sinai and put in expiation' [that is, the Atonement, defined remotest suggestions of vice. But while the inward affection of our heart…. Let us further instructions on the garments that it the tablets on which the Decalogue as 'the reconciliation of God and man mind is intent on the precepts of charity, it beg individually of the Maker of that are to be made for the priests, Aaron and was inscribed" [pp. 116-117]. These through the sufferings and death of Christ'] remains, beyond doubt, that the flesh house, that we may dwell in his house all his sons, to wear (28). sacred objects were later placed by for our sins (1 Jn 2.2)." must be mortified by abstinence. the days of our life." We can all pray v. King David in the Temple. Consequently, fine-twisted linen is joined 11 with David: "Teach me thy way, O with the twice-dyed scarlet." LORD."
Guidance is given for the ordination of Given the many repetitions of the Heb 13.11-13 notes that: "The bodies of Origen preached of 29.25: "If this ancient Of v.1 ("To thee, O LORD, I call") Origen priests (29.1-9), animal sacrifices (29.10- giving of the Ten Commandments, those animals whose blood is brought into custom of sacrifices is clear to you, let us proposed provocatively: "Let us not think 46) and the building of an altar on which Chaim Potok suggests that: "The the sanctuary by the high priest as a see what these things also contain that God speaks to us externally, for incense is to be burned every morning, writer who gave final literary shape to sacrifice for sin are burned outside the according to the mystical understanding. those righteous thoughts that are in our but atonement for sin is to be made only the event at Sinai found himself camp [because this sacrifice in Ex 29.10-14 You heard that there were two hearts are the words we speak and the once a year (30.1-10). Moses is then unwilling or unable to discard any of is considered as bearing sin]. So, Jesus also sanctuaries, one, as it were, visible and voice through which God speaks to us…. instructed to "take the census of the the variant traditions before him… No suffered outside the gate in order to open to the priests; the other, as it were, We have this help through which the people of Israel" (30.11-16), to prepare a attempt was made to smooth over the sanctify the people through his own blood. invisible and inaccessible (Ex 26.33)…. I word of God is received. Holy is that one bowl in which the priests can wash rough edges of diverse legal traditions Therefore, let us go forth to him outside think this first sanctuary can be … who hears the word of the Lord and (30.17-21) and to prepare spices to by editing the text, as was often done the camp and bear the abuse he endured. understood as this church in which we are does it." Certainly, God can speak to us 30-Sep Exodus 29-31 Ps 27 (28) anoint both sacred objects and the with narrative texts. Similarly, all For here we have no lasting city, but we now placed in the flesh in which priests externally, either with words or in the priests (30.22-38). Those who are to do versions of the Revelation [at Sinai] seek the city which is to come. Through minister 'at the altar of the whole burnt peace of silence; however, Origen has a all this skilled work are named (31.1-11); were included with no effort at him then let us continually offer up a offering' (Ex (29.25) with that fire kindled point that the presence and help of God and how to observe the Sabbath is blending-to permit and make valid the sacrifice of praise to God." about which Jesus said, 'I came to bring can be "in our hearts" and in our own explained (31.12-17). Moses is then widest range of response to that fire unto the earth, and how I wish it to be words. given the two tables of stone with the 10 momentous event" [p. 78]. ignited' (Lk 12.49). commandments (31.18). The Lord warns Moses that the people The majority of those who left Egypt Ex 32.6 is quoted by Paul in 1 Cor 10.7 The behaviour of the idolaters before the Of v. 1 ("Ascribe to the LORD glory and have become idolaters, and He will were Hebrew slaves who had faith in ("The people sat down to eat and drink golden calf is characterized by the Lord in strength") Basil the Great asked: "How do destroy them (32.1-10). Moses pleads for God and were prepared to risk their and rose up to play") in his rejection of Ex 32.9 as from "a stiff-necked people" we, [who are but] earth and ashes (Gen the people; and the Lord relents (32.11- lives to escape. Nevertheless, David idolatry. The Hebrew word for "play" has Cassiodorus writes: "So these sinners 18.27), offer glory to the great Lord?... 14). Moses sees the golden calf, throws Rohl notes that among those who fled sexual overtones, making Paul's citing of undergo a contrary experience: their necks [We offer] glory through our good works, down the tablets, and has many idolaters were "slaves from the mines at this verse all the stronger to the which they fatally raised against he Lord when our works shine before [others], so killed (32.15-29). The Lord remains loyal Mofkat [who were] devotees of the Corinthians. The prayer of Moses to the are subjected to his sweet yoke with the that [they] seeing our works give glory to to Moses, but sends a plague to the goddess Hathor, patron saint of Sinai… Lord in 33.17 ("I pray thee, show me thy humility that brings salvation. We recall our Father in heaven (cf. Mt 5.16). And idolaters (32.30-35) and orders the These men had not [seen] the glory") was answered at the that this often befell persecutors so that through temperance and holiness, which people to remove their ornaments as a miracles of Yahweh in Goshen [Ex Transfiguration (Lk 9.30-32). The Lord's having earlier maintained their idols by the is incumbent upon those who profess 01-Oct Exodus 32-34:9 sign of penance (33.1-6). The Lord 10.26] or at the Reed Sea." They led words in 33. 20 ("You cannot see my face, most sacrilegious compulsion they became Ps 28 (29) piety, it is possible to give glory to God, promises that His presence will go forth the demand that Aaron use the gold for man shall not see me and live") are proclaimers of our most holy religion." according to the admonition of Paul, who with the people and shows Moses His collected from the Egyptians to build echoed in Jn 1.18, 6.46 and 1 Jn 4.12. That is a powerful phrase-"the humility said: 'Glorify God in your body' (1 Cor glory, but not His face (33.7-23). Moses is "a great golden calf-the image of the God's promise to the patriarchs in Ex 32.13 that brings salvation." 6:20)." The Lord's response in v. 11 is to told to return to the top of Mount Sinai cow-goddess Hathor" [pp. 198-199]. is cited in Heb 6.13. give "strength to his people … [and] bless with two blank stone tablets (34.1-9). This supports Anderson (cf. Ex 19-20 his people with peace." above) and the reference in Ex 12. 38 to "a mixed multitude."
The Lord renews His covenant with the As the preface to the Ten Eating of the sacrifices to pagan gods is Of Moses' veil in 34.33 Cyril of Alexandria Athanasius advises: "In dedicating your people of Israel, warns them about the Commandments indicates, Yahweh is condemned in Ex 34.15 and also 1 Cor 8.4- writes: "The shadows bring forth the truth, house-that is, your soul, which welcomes "inhabitants of the land whither you go" preeminently the God whose 13 and 1 Cor.10.18-21. Paul wrote to the even if they are not at all the truth the Lord, and the bodily house in which and sets out religious laws (34.10-26). liberating power was revealed in a Corinthian Christians in 2 Cor 3.3 that themselves. Because of this the divinely you dwell corporeally-rejoice and sing The Lord gives Moses the 10 historical-political event, the Exodus…. each person was "a letter from Christ inspired Moses placed a veil upon his face Psalm 29/30." The sackcloth of mourning commandments a second time; and The Mosaic faith has a special delivered by us, written not with ink but and spoke thus to the children of Israel, all removed in v. 11 prompted Basil the Moses writes them down and goes back penchant [that is, tendency/liking] for with the Spirit of the living God, not on but shouting by this act that a person Great to preach: "The joy of God is not Exodus 34:10- to the people, unaware his face is shining historical events, precisely because it tablets of stone but on tablets of human might behold the beauty of utterances found in just any soul but, if someone has 02-Oct Ps 29 (30) 37:21 "because he had been talking with God" rests upon 'root experiences' that hearts." Paul writes in 2 Cor 12-18 that the made through [them], not in outwardly mourned much and deeply his own sin (34.27-35). Moses instructs the people in bear witness to the God who veil placed over the shining face of Moses appearing figures but in meditations with loud lamentations and continual the laws of the Lord, the materials the transcends both nature and history in Ex 34.29-35 "is removed" when a person hidden within us." We all have meditations weepings, as if [they] were bewailing craftsmen will need and who the [Anderson, pp. 106-107]. "The turns to Christ "as we all, with unveiled hidden within us. Origen writes: "If we turn [their] own death, the mourning of such craftsmen will be (35.1-36.7). Israelites spent a bitter cold winter in face, beholding the glory of the Lord, are to the Lord … the veil will be taken away, a one is turned to joy." Evagrius of Pontus Instructions are given for the building of the plain of er-Raaha as the craftsmen being changed into his likeness from one and we shall with unveiled face behold in writes: "Mourning turns to joy and the the tabernacle and the ark (36.8-37.29). laboured over the tabernacle shrine" degree of glory to another." the holy Scriptures the glory of the Lord." understanding of God, to action." [Rohl, p. 201]. The work of the chief craftsman Bezalel Given how the portable tabernacle Ex 40.34 ("The cloud covered the tent of The growth in the population of Hebrew Into thy hand I commit my spirit (v. 5) is is described-the altar (38.1-7), the laver was instructing the Israelites when to meeting, and the glory of the LORD filled slaves and the birth of Moses (Ex 1-2) cited in Lk 23.46 as the last words Jesus (38.8) and the court (38.9-20). The move and when to wait, there is the tabernacle") is echoed in Rev 15.8 come to its culmination with the successful Christ spoke on the cross. Theodore of materials used are listed (38.21-38.31) considerable justification for David when "the temple was filled with smoke journey of the people of Israel guided by Mopsuestia explains: "The Lord cited this and the garments for the priests (39.1- Rohl's reflection: "Now that this from the glory of God and from his power, the Lord through the wilderness (Ex 40.36- verse on the cross, not that it was said of 31). Everything was brought to Moses potent symbol of Yahweh's power was and no one could enter the temple until 38). The final sentence of Exodus indicates him in a prophetic manner … but because and he blessed the workers (39.32-43). finished, the Israelites were ready to the seven plagues of the seven angels that the cloud on the tabernacle by day these words suited him when exposed to The Lord instructs Moses on how to erect take on anything that lay before them. were ended." A similar situation occurred and the fire within it by night were seen by the risk of death and passion. So, he cited the tabernacle and how to pray within it; The Ark of the Covenant would be in 1 Ki 7.10-11 "when the priests came out "all the house of Israel." This would have this verse at the time when his soul was 03-Oct Exodus 38-40 and Moses obeys Him (40.1-33). If "the their secret weapon-the standard of the holy place, a cloud filled the house shown both Moses and the people that the Ps 30 (31) separated from his body." Cassiodorus cloud was taken up from over the before which all their enemies would of the LORD so that the priests could not Lord was with them, as well as frightening writes of v. 23 that Christ "warns the tabernacle the people of Israel would go succumb-the sole symbol by which stand to minster because of the cloud; for any enemies that saw it. The growth of the saints to continue in the Lord's love now onward but if the cloud was not taken generations would know the God of the glory of the LORD filled the house of people from Joseph's descendants is that they have earlier heard both the up, then they did not go onward till the Sinai who had rescued the Israelite the LORD." viewed as an extended family, led by rewards of the good and the punishment day it was taken up" (40.34-38). Cf. Ex slaves from Egyptian oppression" [pp. Moses. of the wicked." 13.21-22. See OSB note on the 201-202]. tabernacle, p. 111.
Guidelines from the Lord are relayed by During this time in the desert with the Heb 9.11-28 links the animal sacrifices in Origen preached of animal sacrifices: "Just Of v. 3 Cassiodorus writes: "No one Moses to the people, especially the Israelites carrying the Tent of Lev to the coming of Christ: "When Christ as meat, if it is not sprinkled with salt … should think that what [they] store in the priests, about how to offer burnt Meeting, Leviticus focuses on how to appeared as a high priest of the good becomes rotten, so also the soul, unless it depths of [their] conscience is concealed offerings of animals (1), grain offerings worship the Lord. At the same time, things that have come, then through the is somehow salted with constant from the Lord." Augustine reflects that in (2) and peace offerings of animals (3). another important goal is to enter and greater and more perfect tabernacle … he temptation, immediately becomes feeble this psalm "the first stage of Paterius applies the burnt offering take control of Canaan. Rohl writes entered once for all into the Holy Place, and soft. [Therefore,] the saying is understanding is to recognize that you procedures to our own need to be that guided by the Lord: "Moses taking not the blood of goats and calves established that every sacrifice shall be are a sinner. The second stage of cleaned from sin. Thus: "When unclean decided that the Israelites were not but his own blood, thus securing an eternal seasoned with salt." Methodius sees "the understanding is that when, having temptation fouls our thoughts, what do yet ready for the task that Yahweh redemption. For if the sprinkling of defiled whole spiritual meditation of the received the gift of faith, you begin to do 04-Oct Leviticus 1-3 they contain except excrement from the had set them. Many years would be persons with the blood of goats and bulls Scriptures [as] given to us as salt which Ps 31 (32) good by choosing to love, you attribute victim's intestines? To burn them, they needed to build a large army of young, … sanctifies for the purification of the stings in order to benefit and which this not to your own powers but to the should be washed, for it is necessary that brave warriors capable to taking the flesh, how much more shall the blood of disinfects. Without [this] it is impossible grace of God." What Elder Aimilianos weeping in fear should wash away walled towns of Canaan. The invasion Christ who … offered himself without for a soul, by means of reason, to be writes of Ps 38 applies to v. 4 here: "God unclean thoughts. The heavenly fire can would have to wait for a new blemish to God, purify your conscience brought to the Almighty; for 'you are the will withdraw His hand only when He burn them in an acceptable sacrifice." generation, hardened by desert life from dead works to serve the living God." salt of the earth,' said the Lord to the sees in us the fruits of repentance. Until and thirsty for the milk and honey apostles (Mt 5.13)." then, [we] will suffer from the weight of which awaited them beyond the his hand…" [p. 201]. horizon" [pp. 204-205]. If a person "or the whole congregation of In ACCS, OT III, Joseph T. Lienhard, SJ, Heb 5.1-4 links these sacrifices to the time John Chrysostom writes in On the Basil the Great advises of v. 1: "'Rejoice in Israel" sin, the animal sacrifices they are points out how the Church Fathers of Jesus Christ and to Christ Himself: "For Priesthood: "Before the time of the the Lord, O you righteous!' not when the to offer "before the tent of meeting" are adapted the approach of the every high priest chosen among men is prophets when [the Lord] wanted to show interests of your home are flourishing, set out in detail in these two chapters. grammarians of the Roman Empire appointed to act on behalf of men in that sins received a much heavier penalty not when you are in good health of For the very poor, a sin offering of fine with their "four operations: textual relation to God, to offer gifts and sacrifices when they were committed by the priests body…but when you have the Lord-such flour is permitted (5.11-13). Augustine criticism or emendation [that is, for sins… Because of this he is bound to than when they were committed by immeasurable Beauty, Goodness, focuses on "the obligation to speak the "making sure that … a copy of the text offer sacrifices for his own sins as well as ordinary people, he commanded as great a Wisdom…. Let the joy that is in him truth," but notes that: "Scripture does is as correct as possible"], reading ["no those of the people. And one does not sacrifice to be offered for the priests as for suffice for you…. For the just person, the not say here to whom this wrong should easy task, since no space was left take the honour upon himself, but he is all the people. This explicitly proves that divine and heavenly joy is lasting, since be made known… It seems to me that between words"], explanation (in called by God, just as Aaron was. So also the priest's wounds require greater help…. the Holy Spirit dwells in [them] once and 05-Oct Leviticus 4-5 one would free oneself from the bond of Greek, ex?g?sis) and judgment. Christ did not exalt himself to be made a [This is because] their seriousness is Ps 32 (33) for all…." Cassiodorus explains: "God has sin if he reveals to those who are able to Church exegetes followed the first high priest but was appointed by [God the increased … by the extra weight of dignity 'fashioned the hearts' [v. 15] of those on help the perjurer rather than harm him, three. They could not follow the Father]…." belonging to the priest who dares to whom he has bestowed the gift of either by correcting him or by praying to fourth, for God was their judge, and commit them." understanding…. The Lord forms and God for him, if he himself uses the they could not pass judgment on his arranges the minds of the just to lead remedy of confession." Word…. For the Fathers, them to the gifts of his mercy." understanding the Scriptures is a grace and a gift for which the interpreter needs to pray" [pp. xxiii- xxx].
Laws are explained further for: (1)the These sacrifices were still practised by As noted earlier in notes for Ex 29-31, the In The Face of Christ in the OT, Georges A. Of v. 1 Augustine advises: "When the burnt offering whose "fire shall … shall the Jewish priests in both the first and sin offering was a prototype for the Barrois comments that "Modern Christians Lord gives you … good things, bless him, be kept burning" at all times on the altar; second temples. Thus, there was a crucifixion of Jesus Christ outside the city have some difficulty to understand the and when he takes them away, bless (2) the grain (or cereal) offering which continuity over some 1,500 years with gates of Jerusalem, as set out in Heb 13.11- enthusiasm of the Jews for the Law…. Our him…. What prompts a person to bless shall be burned with "a pleasing odour to the sacrifices offered at the portable 13. In 1 Cor 9.13-14 St Paul writes: "Do you failure to understand the proper worth of the Lord at all times? Being humble. the LORD" and then "eaten unleavened Tent of Meeting still being offered in not know that those who are employed in the Law is that we conceive it as a What does being humble consist in? in … the court of the tent of meeting;" (3) the later temple buildings. For a the temple service get their food from the categorical dictate … in total abstraction of Being unwilling to be praised in yourself. the sin offering which was made to seek description of both the sacrifices and temple, and those who serve at the altar its origin and of its roots in the universal Any of us who want to be praised in 06-Oct Leviticus 6-7 confession and forgiveness of sin and the temples, see Alfred Edersheim, share in the sacrificial offerings. In the order. It was given according to the truth Ps 33 (34) ourselves are proud, but whoever is not cleansing from religious impurity; (4) the The Temple: Its Ministry and Services same way, the Lord commanded that of creation and out of love, and it cannot proud is humble." Of v. 8 Ambrose guilt (or trespass) offering for as They Were at the Time of Jesus those who proclaim the gospel should get possibly be obeyed otherwise than in truth writes: "Everyone is in the Lord's power, unintentional sin with the priests and Christ (Forgotten Books: 1891) and their living by the gospel. But I have made and in love…. Nowhere perhaps in the and Christ is all things to us…. If you need their families again eating what remained Georges A. Barrois, Jesus Christ and no use of any of these rights…" Note that Bible is the harmony of the legal order and help, he is your strength; if you fear after the offering; and (5) the peace the Temple (St Vladimir's Seminary this confirms that the first century Jews of creation more strikingly expressed than death, he is your life…. If you are fleeing offering which was offered "to the LORD Press, 1980). were offering sacrifices until the Temple in Psalm [18/] 19." from darkness, he is your light….Taste … for a thanksgiving" (6.1-7.38). was destroyed. and see that the Lord is good." Moses anoints Aaron and his sons with Moving beyond Melchizedek's earlier Cyril of Jerusalem writes of 8.3 ("Assemble Animal sacrifices in first-century Judaism Of the "dark and slippery" way of v. 6 oil, having assembled "all the blessing of Abraham in Gen 14.18-20 all the congregation at the door of the tent are linked to Augustine's writing that: "It Augustine writes: "In darkness and on congregation [of Israel] at the door of the (cited in Heb 7.1), this ordination of of meeting"): "Well is the church named seems that they [i.e. the people] have not slippery ground, how can you walk?... tent of meeting" (8.1-13). Then the Aaron before all the people should be ecclesia (assembly)…. It is worthy of note paid sufficient attention to the fact that These two evils are the great scourges of appropriate sacrifices for an ordination considered as the first formal that this word assemble is used in the Zechariah was a priest and that all priests humankind: the darkness of ignorance are made (8.14-36). On the eighth day ordination to the priesthood in the 'established Aaron in the high priesthood. at that time were obliged by the law of and slipperiness of sensuality…. The further sacrifices are made; and Aaron Bible. Cyril of Jerusalem writes: "You In Deuteronomy God says to Moses, God to offer sacrifice first for their own psalmist has not been praying for these blesses the people (9.1-22). Moses and must know that this chrism 'Assemble the people for me'…. [Moses] sins and then for those of the people. calamities to occur but foretelling that Aaron go into the tent of meeting [chrismation] is prefigured in the OT. mentions the name of the church again Therefore, as it is now proved by the they will…. God fulfils the prophecy; for 07-Oct Leviticus 8-9 together "and when they came out they When Moses, conferring on his when he says of the tablets [the words of sacrifice of prayer that we are not sinless, Ps 34 (35) God acts with unerring judgment… His blessed the people, and the glory of the brother the divine appointment, was Deu 9.10]…. And the psalmist says, 'I will since we are daily commanded to say, intention is solely justice, in the due LORD appeared to all the people. And [ordaining] him high priest, he give you thanks in a great church 'Forgive us our debts' (Mt 6.12; Lk 11.4), so punishment of vices." Of v. 9 ("Rejoice in fire came forth from the LORD and anointed him after he had bathed in (ecclesia), in the mighty throng I will praise it was proved then by the sacrifice of the Lord") Augustine writes: "What he consumed the burnt offering and the fat water, and henceforth he was called you.'" animal victims that the priests were not wants most of all to give you is himself." upon the altar; and when all the people 'christ' ["anointed"], clearly after the sinless, since they were commanded to saw it, they shouted and fell on their figurative Chrism." offer the victim for their own sins." faces" (9.23-24).
Whereas Lev 9 ended with a display of In Schismatics, Sectarians, Dissidents, In fulfilment of the laws set out in Lev 12.6- John Chrysostom urges all Christians to Of praying with "head bowed" in v. 13 the Lord's glory, Lev 10 begins with a Deviants: The First One Hundred Years 8, Holy Mary and Joseph brought Jesus read the Scriptures at home, and "not only Diodore of Tarsus writes: "Even if my prayer display of His vengeance on two of of Jewish-Christian Relations, Prof. Christ to be dedicated in the Temple to … men, but to women as well." Jerome prove unacceptable to God and was sent Aaron's sons for offering unauthorized Jack T. Sanders writes: "When Paul offering a "pair of turtledoves or two "outlined a program of study for a little back to me on account of the unworthiness fire (10.1-2). The Lord remains writes that 'the weak person eats young pigeons" (Lk 2.24). Origen preached: girl, seven years old," that included of what I prayed for, I nevertheless did everything on my part with the purpose of committed to "show himself holy to vegetables' (Rom 14.2), or when he "It seems wonderful that the sacrifice of learning "the Psalter by rote and [making] obeying God." In The Path of Prayer St those who are near me" (10.3-7) and He admonishes the strong person in v. 21 Mary was not the first offering, that is 'a the Books of Solomon, the Gospels, the Theophan advises: "(1) do not start to pray gives further instructions to Aaron and 'neither to eat meat nor to drink wine lamb a year old,' but the second [of [Acts of the] Apostles and the Prophets the without at least some brief preparation; (2) his two remaining sons (10.8-15). 'if doing do would cause offence, he turtledoves or pigeons], since she could treasure of her heart." To those who said do not perform your prayer carelessly, but However, Aaron is concerned about what describes nothing more than what has not afford" the first (Lev 5.7) …. This also they were too busy to read the Scriptures, do so with attention and feeling; and (3) do 08-Oct Leviticus 10-12 he should and should not do (10.16-20). been essentially the normal practice shows the truth of what was written of John Chrysostom writes: "Do not give me not return to your usual occupation Instructions are given by the Lord as to of observant Jews from at least the Jesus Christ 'although he was rich, yet … of that shabby nonsense… It is for you immediately you have finished praying." what foods the people can and cannot time of the Book of Daniel (Dan 1.12, he became poor.'" See also NET-FN, note even more than for … those who have eat (11.1-47), as well as on the 16)… until this day when they are F, p. 232 and note Ssn, p. 1904; and The renounced the world…. Tossed as we are purification of women after childbirth faced with the prospect of eating food OSB notes on p. 1366. Holy Mary's offering on the high seas, pressed by ten thousand and the circumcision of male infants the origin of which is unknown to was, of course, not because of sin, but for hazards, we need, willy-nilly, the comfort (12.1-8). them, or which they know to have ritual purification. of Scriptures" [Barrois, Face of Christ, p. been prepared in a non-kosher way." 15]. Verses 1-44 set out the criteria by which There is considerable confusion about Writing in On Purity, Tertulian links Jerome's translation of the Bible into Latin Of the "words of deceit" in v. 20 Arnobius a priest shall diagnose whether a person the translation of the medical terms in whether a person was unclean in v. 13 to (the Vulgate) uses the term "roaming and the Younger writes: "Daily the demons speak is experiencing what is called leprosy. these chapters of Leviticus, as whether they had truly converted to wandering leprosy" at Lev 13.57. Paterius peacefully to us. This peace is the fruit of The seriousness with which this is viewed indicated by the notes in the NET-FN Christ: "The man who is changed from his suggests: "There are some who are subject lust, but through anger they devise deceits, is set out in vv. 45-47, describing how the Bible. Furthermore, the website of former carnal state to the whiteness of to carnal uncleanness but reflect on it and just like sweet food on a hook in our sight-it is deadly to eat. They open wide their leper is to behave in public: "The leper Science Direct for its entry on "Biblical faith (which the world considers a blemish return to themselves when they mouths against me, and lovers of this age who has the disease shall wear torn Leprosy" indicates that the skin and a stain) and who is completely acknowledge the guilt of their depravity. commit unspeakable crimes, and nothing is clothes and let the hair of his head hang diseases covered here include renewed is clean. He is no longer spotted, But [then] … they immediately boast of the thoroughly denounced by anyone. Of v. 23 loose, and he shall cover his upper lip psoriasis, scabies, syphilis, impetigo, no longer mottled with both the old and good of their chastity and swell up with Cassiodorus reflects: "We often in our 09-Oct Leviticus 13 and cry, 'Unclean, unclean.' He shall scarlet fever and many others. It is of the new." Paterius applies this chapter to foolish pride. First an unclean act help human fashion say 'Arise' to him who is fact remain unclean as long as he has the note that the priest is placed in the the soul of a person: "A roaming and sway over their bodies, then unclean pride always awake and always attentive, and disease…. He shall dwell alone in a position of diagnosing the skin wandering leprosy lays hold of a garment reigns in their minds. What takes hold of since he continually supervises all things, he habitation outside the camp." Guidelines disease. Skin diseases can be viewed when, by an unreformed fault, guilt takes them spiritually is like roaming leprosy. It [should be] considered to have paid are then given as to how to treat clothes as caused by moral sin, and priests do hold of that soul that seems to be faithful." does not wholly leave the garment but attention when he punishes." that might have signs of leprosy (vv. 47- offer sacrifices; however, this can also changes its place on it. The garment is 59). be interpreted as prayer for healing. each of the faithful in the church."
Lev 14 deals with purification from skin John of Damascus notes the For v.15.5 on male discharges, John The rabbi-philosopher Maimonides viewed Of this psalm Cassiodorus writes: "There diseases: (1) for a person with a possible significance of water from the Chrysostom sees three kinds of washing: "the sacrificial system [as] … a step to a are two types of sinners. The first skin disease (14.1-9); (2) for a sacrifice on creation of the earth to the "The washing which is common to all higher development of faith…. He sought believes Scripture, but cannot fulfil its the eighth day, for both the priest purification rites of the Jews: "From persons is that of the baths, which usually to fuse the best in two worlds, the Greek commands because of the weakness of making the sacrifice and the person the beginning 'the spirit of God moved cleanses away the filth of the body. There and the Jewish, [by accepting] the tradition the flesh…. The other type is bold … and presenting the sacrifice (14.10-20); (3) over the waters' (Gen 1.2), and over is also the washing of the Jews, which is and then attempt[ing] to understand it, plans to commit evil of its own free will. for the poor who do not have to bring and again Scripture testifies to the fact more solemn that of the baths but much test and prove its tenets through reason." It despises everything … believing that lambs for a sacrifice, but only flour, oil that water is purifying. It was with inferior to the bath of grace." Third, there Such an approach was later seen by some God does not tend to mortal affairs." and two turtledove or two young pigeons water that God washed away the sin is Christian baptism "which does not Jews in Spain (fearful of the Inquisition) as Augustine counsels us: "If we cannot be 10-Oct Leviticus 14-15 (14.21-32); and (4) for a house whenever of the world in the time of Noah. It merely remove the uncleanness of the heretical because "the notion of a system Ps 35 (36) free from wickedness, at least let us hate someone tells the priest "there seems to was with water that everyone who body but also that which clings to a weak of laws ordained by God which should be it. When you have begun to hate it, you me to be some sort of disease in my was unclean is purified in accordance conscience." Thus, washing over thousands admired by man through reason was are unlikely to be tricked into committing house" (14.33-57). Lev 15 deals with with the law…." Of 14.7 and the use of of years has been viewed by both Jews and absolute heresy" [Potok, pp. 313-314]. a wicked act by any stealthy personal cleanliness for both men and the plant hyssop, Cassidorus praises Christians as linked to personal hygiene, However, there is increasing awareness temptation…. Hate sin and iniquity, so women (15.1-32). this herb as anticipating that "inward physical healing and spiritual health. today among believers that both faith and that you may unite yourself to God, who stains of sin" would "be effectively science have a valid role in God's creation will hate it with you." removed by the precious blood of the [See https://iep.utm.edu/maimonid/]. Lord Savior." After the sin and death of two of Aaron's This first Yom Kippur, so linked to the Of the two goats in 16.7-10 Theodoret of Heb 9.1-10 summarises the "regulations Of v. 1 Dorotheos of Gaza advises: sons in Lev 10.1-2, he is now required by agony and atonement of Aaron, was Cyr reflects on how one is "being slain and for worship and an earthly sanctuary" in "Nothing angers God so much or strips the Lord to give a sin offering and "make to become the most holy day in the other let go. In these two goats there is an the first covenant. Heb 9.11-28 sets out [one] so bare or carries them so atonement for himself and for his house" Jewish year-the Day of Atonement for anticipatory image of the two natures of how Christ has now appeared as high effectively to their ruin as calumniating, or face death (16.1-28). This tenth day of fasting, prayer and atonement for the Savior; in the one let go, of the priest to replace the earlier sacrifices at condemning or despising their the seventh month is to be observed sins. In The Jewish Way: Living the impassible Godhead, in the one slain, of the tent of meeting. In Leviticus only the neighbour…. As Christ Himself says, 'Thou each year as a "Day of Atonement" (in Holidays, Rabbi Irving Greenberg the passible manhood." Tertullian agrees Jewish high priest would enter the Holy of hypocrite, cast out first the beam out of Hebrew Yom Kippur) for confession and writes that: "The core paradigm of and writes that the two goats "were of like Holies once a year on Yom Kippur. Now thine own eye, and then shalt thou see forgiveness of the sins of the people of Rosh Hashanah-Yom Kippur is that of size and very similar in appearance, owing that Christ has come as high priest, "he clearly to pull out the mote that is in thy Israel; "and Moses did as the LORD being on trial for one's life. In the to the Lord's identity of aspect." Of the entered once for all into the Holy Place, brother's eye" (Lk 6.42). Of v. 11 ("The 11-Oct Leviticus 16-17 commanded him" (16.29-34). Strict rules course of that trial one moves from goat that was "being offered up for sins taking not the blood of goats and calves Ps 36 (37) meek shall possess the land") Gregory of are then given requiring the people of life through death to renewed life…. and given to the priests of the temple for but his own blood, thus securing an eternal Nyssa reflects that a person's "character Israel to make offerings of oxen, lambs Those who have encountered their meat… the priests of the spiritual temple, redemption…. Christ has entered … into is divided into opposite impulses. Wrath and goats at the door of the tent of own death have a different that is, the church, are to enjoy the flesh, heaven itself, now to appear in the is opposed to gentleness, arrogance to meeting, whenever they kill any animals. perspective on life's choices." Aaron as it were, of the Lord's own grace…." presence of God on our behalf…. [Christ] modesty; envy to wishing people well, (17.1-16). would agree. "Shaking people out of has appeared once for all at the end of the and hate to a loving and peaceable their routines, shattering the crusts of age to put away sin by the sacrifice of disposition." Cf. Mt 5.5. arrogance and complacency, these himself…." days of awe lead to fundamental self- renewal" of the Jewish way of life [p. 28].
The Lord urges the Israelites to keep His Noting the extensive editing of the Of 19.18 Augustine writes: "Long before Of 19.2 Leo the Great writes: "He himself Of v. 23 on following God's ways, Augustine statutes and ordinances, which requires first five books of the OT, Anderson Christ it had been said … 'You shall love says, 'Be holy, for I am holy,' that is to say, writes: "Once you have set out to follow that they do not to follow the lifestyles of explains that "other law collections your neighbor as yourself,' a phrase which, choose me and keep away from what Christ's way, do not promise yourself worldly the Egyptians or the Canaanites (18.1-5). from later times have been inserted as the apostle says expresses the displeases me. Do what I love; love what I prosperity. He walked through hard things Guidelines are given on how to preserve into the story of Israel's sojourn at fulfillment of the whole law (Rom 13.9). do. If what I order seems difficult, come but promised great things. Follow him. Do not think too much about the way but more the sanctity of sex by avoiding all Sinai … [both] to indicate that later And as no one loves himself unless he back to me who ordered it, so that from about the goal ahead of you. You will have to immoral sexual relationships (18.6-30). covenant laws also stand under the loves God, the Lord says that the whole where the command was given help might put up with tough conditions on your This includes an explicit command umbrella of Mosaic authority," as well Law and the Prophets depend on these be offered. I who furnished the desire will journey through time…. Joyful [periods in against homosexuality that "you shall not as to indicate these laws applied to two commandments [as set out by Christ not refuse the support…. None desire in human life] are interspersed among the hard 12-Oct Leviticus 18-19 lie with a male as with a woman; it is an later generations. This material in Mt 22.37-40, Mk 12.30-31, Lk 10.27]. vain what is mine, for those who stretch ones; and in fact joyful periods certainly abomination" (18.22) and is to be included both the priestly laws of Lev The "two commandments" are "to love the out toward me seek me because I first occur more often and last longer than the punished by death (20.13) like numerous 1-18, 27, as well as the Holiness Code Lord your God with all your soul, and with sought them." Leo the Great advises us difficult times. The hard ones are designedly other actions condemned by the Law. of Lev 19-26. A key principle is in Deu all your mind" and to "love your neighbour here quite helpfully on how to cooperate briefer and fewer so that we may hold out…. 5.2-3: "The LORD our God made a as yourself." Augustine expands this with with the Lord through prayer if at times we but you will attain joys that last forever." covenant with us in Horeb [i. e. Sinai]. the insight that "no one loves himself [or struggle to follow His ways. Not with our fathers did the LORD herself] unless [they] love God." make this covenant, but with us, who are all of us here alive this day" [pp.95- 96]. Penalties are set out for various sins Instead of viewing the law as a Of 22.14 on eating "of a holy thing Linked to the previous view of holiness Of wisdom in v. 30 Ambrose writes: "The including: (1) idolatry and child sacrifice monolithic entity, Potok notes that unwittingly" Jerome writes: "It is stated, 'If from Leo the Great, Rabbi Greenberg also just, when he speaks God's judgment or (20.1-5); (2) fortune telling (20.6-8,27); Jesus himself "did not oppose the a man eats of the sanctified things through cites Lev 19.1-2 as an act of choice: when he himself utters opinions that are just (3) cursing your father or mother (20.9); written or oral law, though he differed ignorance [then] iniquity and wickedness "Attainment of holiness is one of the and full of wisdom, never speaks in an angry, (4) adultery (20.10); and (5) other sexual with some on certain details of the are laid at his feet, and he shall be bound central goals of Judaism. Being holy is an passionate way…. He simply speaks out the truth and states what is honest, just and fair. sins (20.11-21). Guidelines are given as law. But much of the law was not yet by a vow.' Thus also the apostle [Paul] imitation of God in its highest form…. In He weighs things not according to personal to how priests (21.1-9) and chief priests fixed and differences of opinion were teaches us that we are to eat the Eucharist commanding Jews to become holy, the feeling but according to truth. He carefully (21.10-15) shall live, as well as a common then among the Pharisees. of the Lord with caution, lest we eat to our Torah calls them to serve as an avantgarde considers what should be said and what prohibition that those with certain [Jesus] condemned the Pharisees as condemnation and judgment (1 Cor 11.28- for humanity on its move toward should not be said…. Matters that ought to disabilities or "blemishes" cannot hypocrites, an accusation the 29). If ignorance is condemned under the holiness/perfection. Becoming holy means be kept silent [the wise] keep confined … 13-Oct Leviticus 20-22 become priests (21.16-21); but they can Pharisees themselves hurled at some law, how much more will full knowledge moving from a routine, homogenized and imprisoned, so to speak, by tightly "eat the bread of … God" (21.22-24). in their midst; it is found too in the be condemned according to the gospel?" existence into a life of distinctive, value- closed lips. But when something ought to be Further restrictions are given about Dead Sea Scrolls of the Essenes" [p. laden experience…. Choosing to become said, then they … loosen the bonds of their priests remaining clean (22.1-9) and their 280]. If arguments were still occurring holy means that humans now join [God]- lips and come out with what they must say." behaviour and that of their family (22.10- about the meaning of specific laws as consciously, covenantally-in the process of 17) and how to select and present animal late as the first century, it is clear that perfecting life [p. 145]. sacrifices (22.18-33). such disagreements would also have arisen earlier.
Lev 23 sets out nine "appointed feasts of Augustine preached: "The sabbath The Feast of Booths (Lev 23.33 f.) is the In Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Elder Aimilianos reflects on this psalm: the LORD": (1) The Sabbath (23.3); (2) was given to the Jews to be observed time of the Transfiguration when Peter Reading of the Jewish Bible, Rabbi "David had come to realize that he was Passover (23.5); (3) the feast of literally, like other things, as rites offers to build Succoth booths for Jesus Jonathan Sacks points out that in Lev 23.15- living in sin, that his life was not pleasing Unleavened Bread, linked to the barley symbolically signifying something Christ, Moses and Elijah (Mt 17.1-8; Mk 9.2- 16 the counting of days is "the duty of to God. Our problem is that we fail to harvest and the Exodus (23.6-8); (4) First deeper. A particular kind of vacation, 8), and is also noted in Jn 7.37-39. Another each individual," but in Lev 25.8-10 the come to such a realization, for we too are fruits of the harvest (23.9-14); (5) Weeks you see, was enjoined on them. Take Jewish feast, Hanukkah, the Feast of counting of years is the responsibility of sinners…. I am called to become a (or Pentecost), initially commemorating care to carry out what the vacation Dedication, commemorating the the Supreme Court, the Sanhedrin: 'second Adam,' a 'new Adam' (cf. 1 Cor the harvest, and later the giving of the signifies. A spiritual vacation, I mean, purification of the Temple in the "Implicit here is an important principle of 15.45, 47); I am called to become a Ten Commandments (23.15-21); (6) is tranquility of heart; but tranquility Maccabean period (165/4 BC) is leadership. As individuals we count the spiritual [person] according to the 14-Oct Leviticus 23-24 Trumpets and later Rosh Hashanah-New of heart issues from the serenity of a mentioned in John 10.22. Pentecost is days, but as leaders we must count the Ps 37 (38) example of Jesus Christ. Yet how can I Year's Day (23.23-25); (7) Yom Kippur- good conscience. So, the person who noted in Acts 2.1-47, 20.16 and 1 Cor 16.8. years…. 'Who is wise?' asked Ben Zoma, possibly become anything when I don't Day of Atonement (23.26-32); (8) Booths- really observes the sabbath is the one Bede preached that the "two loaves of and answered: 'One who foresees the know who or what I am now? How can I Succoth/Tabernacles (23.33-36a, 39-43); who doesn't sin. This, after all, is the bread" in 23.17 "were rightly offered, for consequences' (Tamid 32a). Leaders, if become a 'new Adam' if I've forgotten, or and (9) Holy Convocation (Lev 23.36b). way the command was given to those the church gathers those it can consecrate they are wise, think about the impact of am incapable of seeing within myself, the 24.1-9 gives guidelines for observations who were to observe the sabbath. to its Redeemer [Christ] as a new family their decisions many years from now" [pp. active presence of the old one? (pp. 195- of these feasts; and 24.10-23 considers a 'You shall perform no servile work' from both peoples, the Jews and the 169-173]. 196)." That is a powerful insight. case of blasphemy. (Lev 23.3). 'Everyone who commits sin Gentiles." is the slave of sin' (Jn 8.34)." Two further OT feasts are the Sabbatical The biblical rules concerning When Jesus Christ announced His ministry Both the Sabbath Year and the Jubilee Year Of v. 1 ("I will guard my ways, that I may Year when no crops are planted every Sabbatical years are still observed by in the synagogue in Nazareth, he read would have led to much praise of the Lord, not sin with my tongue") Diodore of seventh year (25.1-7) and the Year of the many religious Jews in Israel, but the from Isa 61.1-2 and announced "Today this as debts were forgiven and the chains of Tarsus reflects: "The person who is Jubilee, the 50th year when slaves are regulations for the Jubilee year have Scripture has been fulfilled in your slavery broken. Rabbi Jonathan Sacks determined not to do physical harm freed, debts are cancelled, no crops are not been observed for many hearing" (Lk 4.21). Origen and Cyril of writes that: "By and large, we tend to ought not [to] have recourse to verbal planted, and property is returned to its centuries. According to the Torah, Alexandria write of Christ's proclamation resist change. We settle into patterns of abuse." Augustine urges us to move from original owners (25.8-55; 27.17-24). observance of Jubilee only applies of "liberty to the captives" during "the behaviour until they become comfortable, "our sin, our mortality, … the old self … Idolatry is again condemned (26.1-2). when the Jewish people live in the acceptable year of the Lord" as indications like a well-worn armchair… How do you [to] our inner being, to all that is destined Prosperity is promised if the statutes of land of Israel according to their tribes. that Christ Himself and His ministry on create an atmosphere within a family that to be renewed in us … and let us love this the Lord are observed; but catastrophe Thus, with the exile of the tribes of earth is a fufillment of the Jubilee Year in encourages change and makes it newness so dearly that the oldness we 15-Oct Leviticus 25-27 will come to those who "will not hearken Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh (about the OT. Irenaeus writes that God was now unthreatening? The answer [is] … focused Ps 38 (39) meet there does not frighten us…. Then to me" (26.14-39). However, if the 600 BCE), Jubilee has not been in Lk 4.18 "granting forgiveness to those praise … [with] 'the growth mindset' [of all things that at the present are new people "confess their iniquity" the Lord applicable who had been led into captivity by their what you can become] … not the innate only in hope will be made new in very will renew his covenant with them. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee sins; He loosed them from their chains, of 'fixed mindset' [of present abilities] [See truth." With God's grace, we can each be Guidelines are given as to how offerings _(biblical)] Scholars disagree about the whom Solomon says, 'Everyone shall be Carol Dweck, Mindset]…. Recognising the renewed and move from hope to truth, to the Lord of people, animals or land will extent to which the Sabbatical Year holden with the cords of [their] own sins' good in people and saying so, we help from the old self to the new self. be valued, not for sacrifice but for service ordained in the OT was ever observed. (Prov 5.22)." bring people's potential to fruition" [pp. to others (27.1-34). 147-151].
The Lord tells Moses to organise a census With Num 1.1 and the departure from In Rev 7.4-8 the remnant of Israel includes Of "the great multitude" who are sealed Symeon the New Theologian advises: of all the men "from twenty years old Sinai, the many years of the Israelites 144,000 with 12,000 from each of the 12 and worship the Lord in Rev 7.9-12, Bede "Faith in Christ is not merely neglect of and upward … who are able to go forth in the wilderness begin. Anderson tribes of Israel listed in Num 1.5-12. These writes: "By this finite number is signified the pleasures of life, but also … [requires to war" in all the tribes except the Levites suggests that: "Israel believed that in a are the people of whom an angel says: "Do the innumerable multitude of the whole patience to endure] all temptations, who are to serve in the tabernacle (1.1- series of extraordinary events, not harm the earth or the sea or the trees, church, which is begotten from the whether griefs, sorrows or unpleasant 54). Each tribe is instructed about where centering in the crossing of the Reed till we have sealed the servants of our God patriarchs either by way of the offspring of happenings, until God's favour looks to "encamp facing the tent of meeting on Sea, Yahweh had taken the initiative upon their foreheads." The 6th century the flesh or by the imitation of faith. For it down upon us; thus we imitate David [in every side" (2.1-34). Origen reflects: "We to establish a close relationship with a Church Father Oecumenius explains the says, 'If you are of Christ, you are the seed v. 1]. In other words, I bore my sorrows gather from the book of Numbers that people. The narratives never suggest 144,000 as "those from the Jews who of Abraham' (Gal 3.29). And it pertains to in hope that the Lord would help me; there may be something greater than that the distance between God and believed in Christ were numerous and the increase of perfection that this twelve therefore, the Lord, seeing me await His 16-Oct Number 1-2 Israel too. For there the whole of Israel people was removed…. Israel believed greater than [this] number." Nahshon and is multiplied by twelve and is completed by Ps 39 (40) help without wavering, looked down is numbered and reckoned in twelve that the holy God who is 'far off' Amminadab from Num 1.7 and 2.3 are the sum of a thousand, which is the cube upon me and showed me His mercy." tribes…. But the tribe of Levi, being of (transcendent) is also 'near' listed in Lk 3.32-33 in the genealogy of of the number ten, signifying the God's grace is available to us if we are greater eminence than the others, is (immanent)-indeed, that God had Jesus Christ. immovable life of the church." patient, avoid temptations and wait for accounted extra to this number and taken the initiative to enter into a His timing. never thought of as being one of Israel's relationship with a people and thus to number [of twelve]." become in a special sense, 'the God of Israel'" [p. 107]. See Note A in NET-FN, p. 269. The generations of Aaron and Moses are The retelling of the story of the Of the deaths of Nadab and Abihu who The traditional view of both Christians and This psalm ends the first of the five major set out (3.1-4). Of vv.5-10 Origen notes Exodus in the books of Exodus, "died … when they offered unholy fire Jews is that Moses is the author and divisions of the Book of Psalms [NET-FN, that "priests are described here as being Leviticus and Numbers raises before the Lord" (3.4) a note on this verse compiler of the first five books of the OT. Note M, p. 950; Anderson, p. 545]. Of v. more eminent than the Levites…. and the questions about how the different in the New American Standard Bible The NASB suggests that "the 40-year 10 ("But do thou, O LORD, be gracious to Levites appear as more eminent than the perspective fit together. Anderson (NASB) states that "for similar divine period of Israel's wanderings in the desert, me, and raise me up, that I may requite children of Israel." The role of the Levites writes that: "The likelihood is that judgments at the beginning of new stages which lasted from c. 1446 to c. 1406 [as [i. e., make a suitable response to] is explained (3.11-13); and a census is behind the earliest written stages of in salvation history see Josh 7; 2 Sam 6.7; proposed by Rohl earlier in Ex 13-15 notes] them"), Arnobius the Younger asks: taken of the families in that tribe and the Exodus story, which may well date Acts 5.1-11" when Ananias and Sapphira would have been the most likely time for "Lord, as you have raised your Son from their duties (3.14-39; 4.1-33). The Lord from the period of the Israelite both died instantly when they deceived Moses to write the bulk of … the death, so lift me from sin." Elder 17-Oct Number 3-4 orders a census is to be taken of the first- monarchy, there was a long period the apostles. The substitution of the Pentateuch. During the last three centuries Ps 40 (41) Aimilianos reflects: "What does it mean born and clarifies their relationship to during which the tradition was handed Levites for the first born (3.12) and the many scholars have claimed to find in the to be a sinner? It doesn't mean simply the Levites (3.40-51). The numbers here down orally by poets and storytellers; payment of a ransom (3.46-51) recalls the Pentateuch four underlying sources…. that I've committed a particular sin, but and throughout Numbers puzzle scholars and even after it was given written principle of substitution of a ram for Isaac However, this view is not supported by that my entire being, every aspect of my and may have symbolic rather than form in court or priestly circles, the (Gen 22.13) and of Christ's "ransom of his conclusive evidence, and intensive life, is entangled in sin…. (cf. Ps 51.7) …. mathematical meaning. oral tradition persisted among the own life to free us from the slavery of sin" archeological and literary research has [Christ] did not come to hear our people" [p. 23]. This raises questions [NASB, p. 1397, note on Mt 20.28] tended to undercut many of the confession so that we might feel 'relief.' about authorship on which Biblical arguments used to challenge Mosaic Christ came to rescue and redeem souls, scholars do not agree. authorship" [p. 2]. to liberate us from bondage to sin…" [p. 197].
Those who "are unclean" because of The story that extends from the During the period of a Nazarite's vows, Paterius links the Nazarites to Christian Of vv. 4-5 when joy meets lamentation, touching the dead, or with skin diseases Exodus to the occupation of Canaan … three areas of his (or her) life were perfection: "What does it mean that Cassiodorus reflects: "Joy implies psalm or sexual diseases are to be "put out of is concerned primarily with a deeper governed: (1) diet, (2) appearance and (3) Nazarites cultivate their hair, except that singing, confession laments for sins; the the camp" until their condition has dimension of history than the events associations. Every Israelite was regulated they cultivate pleasing thoughts through combination of the two [attitudes] healed (5.1-4). "The connection of [5.5- that we usually think of as historical…. in these areas, but for the Nazarite each their lives of continence?...We reach the moulds the wholly perfect Christian…. 10] (on personal wrongs) with [5.1-4] (on The story of Israel's life …has two regulation was heightened. An analogy height of perfection when we have so What is sweeter or more wholesome ritual uncleanness) may be that of important dimensions. On the one may be the practice of some Christians to conquered external vices that we restrain than praise of God and constant self- moving from the outward, visible defects hand, it was a history with Yahweh…. forgo certain (good) foods during the even superfluous thoughts in our minds. condemnation?" Of v. 7/8 Ambrose to the inward more secret faults that mar in the sense that Yahweh was an period of Lent to enhance spiritual And to burn these thoughts in sacrificial writes: "Listen to this: 'One deep stream the purity of the community" [NASB, p. active participant…. On the other devotion to Christ in the special period of fire means to burn them in the flame of calls out to another.' Scripture of the OT 18-Oct Numbers 5-6 184]. Regulations are set out as to how a hand, it was a story of a people who remembering His sufferings [NASB, p.186]. divine love so that one's whole heart burns Ps 41 (42) calls on Scripture of the NT for the husband and a priest will deal with were invited to take part with Yahweh The angel in Lk 1.15 places similar with the love of God. We burn up our consummation of holiness and the accusations of adultery against a wife in the unfolding story. Hence the restrictions to the law of the Nazarites on superfluous thoughts and consume the fullness of grace; [The OT] calls with the (5.11-31), and about Nazarite vows (6.1- stories of the ancestral history are John the Baptist that he shall drink no wine hair of the Nazarite as it were, in perfect voice of grace and outflowing of spiritual 21). Aaron's beautiful benediction (6.22- mirrors that reflect the interior nor strong drink." In Acts 21.24, 26 Paul devotion." abundance." 27) applies to all who serve the Lord. struggles of people of faith [and] the follows Nazarite vows of purification. temptation to trust more in human devices than in God's providence…. [Anderson, p. 179]. Over 12 days the leaders of Israel bring The Tent was the place of 'meeting' The offering of incense in Num 7.50 is Paterius sees the Lord speaking to Moses Of the light and truth in v. 3 Arnobius the gifts to the Lord which He tells Moses are with Yahweh, where an oracle could cited in Lk 1. 9 when Zacharias is "chosen in the tent of meeting in 7.89 as an Younger writes: "Send your light and to be given to the Levites; and Moses be sought or where Yahweh's word by lot to enter the temple of the Lord and indication that Moses, "whose mind is overcome my shadows. Send your truth obeys (7.1-88). Moses enters the tent of could be proclaimed to the assembled burn incense," when Zacharias sees an raised up in contemplation, must go out to and conquer my lying. Your light and meeting and hears the Lord speaking to Israel. Those who had difficult angel who tells him that his wife Elizabeth deal with the affairs of the weak. Inside he truth lead me to your holy mountain and him (7.89). The Lord instructs Moses to problems would go out to the Tent will give birth to a son. This practice of contemplates the mysteries of God. into your tabernacle. When I draw near, tell Aaron how to mount seven lamps in and Moses would bring their petitions keeping the incense burning night and day Outside he hears the burdens of carnal you lead me to the altar of God, where, the holy place in the tabernacle (8.1-4). before Yahweh. In this way … the "on the altar in front of the most holy persons…. Moses, who … consults the Lord although old, I become as a youth." In 8.5-26 "the Levites are helpers to the covenant law was expounded and place" began with the tent of meeting at in the ark of the covenant, undoubtedly Augustine reflects: "Let a distinction be priests, and the language describing their expanded…. Mosaic religion strictly Sinai, carried on throughout the journey in offers an example to officeholders. When drawn between one who believes in you 19-Oct Numbers 7-8 consecration is somewhat different from vetoed the worship of Yahweh in the the desert and continued in the Temple at in their public lives they are unsure of Ps 42 (43) and one who does not. In weakness they that of the priests. The priests were form of a visible image. In this respect, the time of the birth of Christ [See NASB what to decide, they should always ponder are equal but in conscience far apart…. made holy, the Levites clean; the priests the religion of Israel differed radically note, p. 1459]. The purpose of the incense in their minds, as in the tabernacle. They [God] will give [us] his immortal self were anointed and washed, the Levites from the religions of other ancient was to give "a perpetual incense before would seek advice, as it were, at the ark of when we are immortal, as he has already sprinkled; the priests were given new peoples, who represented the deity's the LORD throughout your generations" the covenant, if they study the pages of given himself to us as mortal in our garments, the Levites washed theirs…." presence by setting up the image of a (Ex 30.9). sacred Scripture in their hearts when they mortality." [NASB note, p. 189]. god or goddess in a temple or by deal with a doubt." bearing the image of the deity in festival processions [Anderson, pp. 116-117].
Moses and the Israelites are instructed to 10.33-36 ("The ark of the covenant of None directly, but Paterius writes: "To Of the trumpets in 10.1-10 Elder Augustine's reflection on Ps 37.7 ("Wait keep a second Passover; and they obey the LORD went before them three leave the crowds and return to the Aimilianos writes: "The sound of the patiently for the Lord") also applies here, (9.1-5). Those who have touched a dead days' journey, to seek out a resting tabernacle means to leave the tumult of trumpet was thus employed to heighten both to us and to Israel at this time: "How do body are only allowed to keep this place for them… And whenever the external things behind and enter the awareness of God's presence, especially at you show yourself subject to [God]? By Passover one month later (9.6-14). A ark set out, Moses said, 'Arise, O hidden places of the mind. For the Lord is critical times in the life of the community. doing what he commanded. You do not receive your reward yet, but that may be cloud covers the newly erected LORD, and let thy enemies be consulted there, and one hears, silently It is no coincidence that we hear the sound because you are not yet capable of it. He is tabernacle by day; and it appears as fire scattered….") "reinforces the portrayal and within, what should be done outside of 'trumpets of rams' horns' moments already able to give it, but you are not able by night, and later guides the people in of Israel as the Lord's army on the and publicly. Good pastors do this every before the walls of Jericho come crashing to receive it. Exert yourself in your tasks, the desert, indicating when to move and march, with the Lord in the vanguard" day. When they do not know how to down (Josh 6:4-20). The blast of the labor in the vineyard, and when evening when to camp (9.15-23). Silver trumpets [NASB, p. 193]. How many Israelites decide about doubtful matters, they return trumpet was the sign that God Himself was comes ask for your wages, for he who 20-Oct Number 9-10 are made to indicate when and who is to travelled through the desert and their to the hidden place of the mind as if to with the people, for it was He who threw Ps 43 (44) brought you into the vineyard is gather at the tent of meeting and when precise path are debated, but there is some tabernacle. They ponder the divine down those walls. But more generally the trustworthy." and which tribes are to move out from no doubt historically that the Lord law as if they were seeking advice from the sound of the trumpet served to gather the the camp (10.1-28). Moses persuades guided them through the desert. The Lord at the ark of the covenant. What they people together…" [pp. 117-118]. Church Hobab, the son of his father-in-law to instruction from the Lord to celebrate first hear silently within, they later make bells perform a similar role in many remain with them and guide them in the a second Passover was a sign that the known publicly." Christian churches. desert (10.29-32). Lord would continue to guide and protect them in the desert, as He had in leaving Egypt. Some people are discontented and want Of Miriam and Aaron, Rabbi Jonathan Paul cites Lev 11.4, 34 in a warning against Of 12.2 ("Miriam and Aaron spoke against Of the final verse ("Deliver us for the sake of meat and tastier food instead of manna Sacks reflects: "In many groups there idolatry in 1 Cor 10.6. Paul also links 12.7 Moses because of the Cushite woman Thy steadfast love!") John Chrysostom (11.1-9). Moses is angry with the Lord is a potential troublemaker driven by a ("My servant Moses … is entrusted with all whom he had married") Origen writes: writes: "See … on what grounds did they and with the people (11.10-15). The Lord sense of injury to [their] self-esteem. my house") to Jesus in Heb 3.2. 5-6 when "We find Moses taking an Ethiopian wife- appeal to be saved? On the mercy, the sends quail, but also a plague (11.16-35). They … can do great damage to the "Jesus the, the apostle and high priest of that is to say, one who is dark or black." lovingkindness, the name of God. Do you see the humility and contrite heart?... As though Miriam and Aaron are jealous of Moses group. There is no way of eliminating our confession … was faithful to him who The Septuagint translation of the Bible says bereft of good deeds, as though not having (12.1-8). The Lord makes Miriam the danger entirely, but Moses … tells appointed him, just as Moses also was "Ethiopian" rather than "Cushite." Origen any claim on salvation, despite being in a "leprous, as white as snow," but Aaron us how to behave. Honour everyone faithful in God's house." Just as Moses concludes: "Moses himself, in spite of all position to take pride in so many troubles pleads for her return to health, and she is equally. Pay special attention to hopes in 11.29 that "all the LORD's people the great and splendid achievements of and dangers, they referred everything to healed after seven days outside the disaffected groups. Make each feel were prophets, that the LORD would put faith and patience that are recorded of God. Let us, too, living in the age of grace, 21-Oct Numbers 11-13 camp (12.9-16). The Lord tells Moses to valued. Give everyone a moment in his spirit upon them," so Paul too is him, was never so highly praised by God as imitate them and offer up glory to God, to "send men to spy out the land of the limelight, if only in a ceremonial pleased that because of his "imprisonment on this occasion when he took the whom be the glory for ages of ages." Canaan" (13.1-20). The men return, way. Set a personal example of [many more people] are much more bold Ethiopian wife." Few people today know saying that "the land … flows with milk humility [see Num 12.3]. Make it clear to speak the word of God without fear"( that Moses committed himself to an and honey . . . and fruit [but] the people to all that leadership is service, not a Phil 1.14-18). interracial marriage; and that Miriam and who dwell in the land are strong" (13.21- form of status…. Ensure that everyone Aaron's antagonism against Moses was 33). has a chance to contribute…" [p. 192]. rooted in racial prejudice.
The people rebel against Moses and Considering the Pentecost readings The rebellion of many Israelites in 14.1-12 Of the man gathering sticks in 15.32-36 Augustine writes of the scepter of v. 6/7: Aaron (14.1-4), but Joshua and Caleb that begin with Num 11, Johanna is cited as a firm warning to Christians in John Chrysostom asks: "Why was he "It is a sceptre of righteous rule because defend Moses and Aaron (14.5-10). The Manley [B] cites Metropolitan John Heb 3.14-19: "We share in Christ if only we punished just for gathering sticks? Because it guides us aright. You must straighten Lord threatens to kill the rebels (14.11- (Zizioulas) in Being as Communion: hold our first confidence firm to the end., if the laws were obstinately despised, even yourself to fit his will, not attempt to 12). However, Moses persuades the Lord "The eternal survival of the person as while it is said, 'Today, when you hear his at the beginning, of course they would bend his to suit you…. His will is always not to kill them. Only the spies, except a unique, unrepeatable and free voice, do not harden your hearts as in the scarcely be observed afterwards. For perfectly straight. Do you want to be for Joshua and Caleb, are killed by the hypostasis, as loving and being loved, rebellion' (Ps 95.7-8). Who were they that indeed the sabbath did at the first confer united with him? Then allow yourself to plague, but no other Israelites of this constitutes the quintessence of heard and yet were rebellious? Was it not many and great benefits. It made them be corrected. Then it will be his rod or generation are allowed to enter Canaan salvation, the bringing of the Gospel all those who left Egypt under the gentle toward those of their household sceptre that rules you [to correct or bless (14.13-38). Some of the people try to to man. In the language of the Fathers leadership of Moses? And with whom was and humane. It taught them God's you], his sceptre of righteous rules…. 22-Oct Numbers 14-15 enter Canaan but are defeated by the this is called 'divinization' theosis, he provoked for forty years? Was it not providence and the creation, as Ezekiel Ps 44 (45) Draw near to this sceptre and let Christ Amalekites (14.39-45). The sacrifices to which means participation not in the those who sinned, whose bodies fell in the says [in 20.12]; it trained them by degrees be your king, allow this sceptre to rule be made when the people enter Canaan nature or substance of God, but in His wilderness?... So, we see that they were to abstain from wickedness and disposed you, because otherwise it may break are listed (15.1-31). A Sabbath breaker is personal existence. The goal of unable to enter because of unbelief." them to regard the things of the Spirit you… Some it rules, others it breaks; it stoned to death (15.32-36); and the salvation is that the personal life [with respect]." rules the spiritual, but breaks the carnal. people are warned "to make tassels on which is realized in God should also be Come near to this sceptre then." the corners of their garments" to remind realized on the level of human them to "be holy to your God" (15.37- existence. Consequently salvation is 41). identified with the realization of personhood in man" [p. 139]. Korah and 250 leaders rebel against Rabbi Jonathan Sacks points out: The test by fire in 16.5 when the Lord Caesarius of Arles preached: "Since Christ Of v. 10/11 ("Hear O daughter") Irenaeus Moses (16.1-3); and Moses challenges "Sometimes the worst mistakes that chooses who is holy is noted by Paul in 2 is the true high priest … he is the only one writes: "You do not make God, but God them to put fire in their censers and see we make are when we project our Tim 15-19 in condemning Hymenaeus and whose rod of the cross … blossomed and makes you. If, then, you are God's tomorrow whom the Lord considers holy feelings onto others. Korah was an Philetus "who have swerved from the truth produced the fruit of all believers…. 'Ripe workmanship, await the hand of your Maker (16.4-17). Korah and all those who have ambitious man, so he saw Moses and by holding that the resurrection is past almonds.'… This fruit is bitter indeed in its that creates everything in due time; in due time as far as you are concerned…. Offer to rebelled against Moses and their families Aaron as two people driven by already. They are upsetting the faith of first covering, is protected and defended him your heart in a soft and tractable state are killed by the Lord (16.18-40). The ambition, 'setting themselves above some. But God's firm foundation stands, by the second, but in the third part [it] and preserve the form in which the Creator next day there is further rebellion; and God's congregation.'… As Martin bearing this seal: 'The Lord knows who are feeds and nourishes whoever eats it. Such has fashioned you…. By preserving the the Lord sends a plague, but Moses and Luther King Jr. once said, 'Everybody his,' and, 'Let every one who names the then is the knowledge of the law and the framework you shall ascend to that which is Aaron save many in the congregation can be great, because anybody can name of the Lord depart from this prophets in Christ's church. The first perfect, for the moist clay that is in you is 23-Oct Numbers 16-17 (16.40-50). The leader of each of the 12 serve.' C. S. Lewis rightly defined inquity.'" Aaron's rod in 17.1, 8-10 is cited appearance of the letter is quite bitter, hidden [there] by the workmanship of God…. tribes of Israel brings a rod to the tent of humility not as thinking less of in Heb 9.4 where "Aaron's rod that because it commands circumcision [and] … For creation is an attribute of the goodness meeting (17.1-7); and on the next day yourself but as thinking of yourself budded" has been placed in the Holy of sacrifices…. In the second place, you will of God…. If, then, you shall deliver up to him the rod of Aaron alone "had sprouted less. The great leaders respect Holies. come to … the moral doctrine or the idea what is yours, that is, faith toward him and and put forth buds and produced others…. They are motivated by of self-restraint…. Third, you will find subjection, you shall … be a perfect work of blossoms, and it bore ripe almonds" ideals, not by personal ambition." [pp. hidden in the nut … the mysteries of God's God." (17.8-11). The people are terrified (17.12- 208-209]. Korah was motivated by wisdom and knowledge." 13). personal ambition and paid with his life.
The men of the tribe of Levi serve in the Rabbi Jonathan Sacks points out that Of 20.10 and Moses at Meribah, Basil Without Miriam, Moses would have grown Of v. 10/11 ("Be still and know that I am tent of meeting, but only Aaron and his twice before in Ex 15.22-26 and Ex reflects: "He had wavered only slightly, yet up not knowing who he was and to which God") Origen warns: "It is not possible to sons and his father's house act as priests 17.1-7 Moses had followed the Lord's for this alone he immediately received the people he belonged…. Those who have know him if one has not become still and (18.1-7). The tithes due to the priests and instructions and produced water for threat that he should not enter into the suffered [bereavement] often say that the purified one's mind." Of that same verse the Levites are explained (18.8-33). The his thirsty people. "Why on this third land of promise, which was at that time loss of a sibling is harder to bear than the Cyril of Jerusalem encourages new sacrifice of the Red Heifer (19.1-10) and occasion did he lose emotional the chief of all the promises made to the loss of a parent.… The loss of a sibling can believers: "O you who are soon to be the rules of cleanliness (19.11-22) are set control?" The rabbi explains: "This was Jews….Truly I discern in the words of the be less expected and more profoundly enlightened; already you are gathering out. Four important events take place: the first trial [Moses] had to face as apostle, 'the severity of God' (Rom 11.22). disorienting. It is a cliché to say that spiritual flowers, to weave heavenly (1) Miriam dies (20.1); (2) In leader of the people without the I am fully persuaded that these words are leadership is a lonely undertaking. But at crowns withal; already has the fragrance disobedience of God, Moses, with the presence of his … elder sister, his true: 'If the just [person] shall scarcely be the same time no leader can truly survive of the Holy Spirit refreshed you; already 24-Oct Numbers 18-20 support of Aaron, strikes the rock at oldest sibling [who] had watched over saved, where shall the ungodly and sinner on his or her own…. Often for Moses that Ps 45 (46) are you at the entrance-hall of the King's Meribah twice to bring forth water (20.2- his fate as he floated down the Nile in appear? (1 Pet 4.18)." The full quotation in source of strength was God himself. But house: may you be brought into it by the 13); (3) The Edomites refuse to let the a pitched basket. She had the Romans supports Basil: "Note then the even Moses needed a human friend, and it King!... You were called a Catechumen, Israelites pass through their land on the presence of mind, and the audacity, to kindness and severity of God, severity seems …that this was Miriam…. When she which means, hearing with the ears, King's Highway [See Anderson, p. 120], speak to Pharaoh's daughter and toward those who have fallen, but God's was no longer there, he could not cope hearing hope … You no longer hear with so they go around Edom (20.14-21); and arrange for the child to be nursed by kindness to you provided you continue in with crisis as he had done before [pp. 211- the ears, but you hear within, for the (4) Aaron is stripped of the priesthood an Israelite woman … Moses' own his kindness; otherwise you too will be cut 215]. indwelling Spirit henceforth fashions your and dies on Mount Hor (20.22-29). mother [Jochebed]. [continued in off." mind into a house of God." Reflection] The Israelites defeat the Canaanites (21.1- Yahweh graciously supplied the In 21.5 the people's rejection of manna as Of angels St Anthony of Egypt writes: "I tell Of v. 1 John Chrysostom writes: "'Shout 3). The people grumble against God and people with food and water in the "this worthless food" was "more serious you truly, my beloved, that our to God with the voice of rejoicing.'… You Moses; the Lord sends serpents among wilderness…Israel affirmed that than one might think. Rejecting the carelessness and our humiliation and our have mounted above heavens and the them; the people repent; and Moses Yahweh could use the powers of heavenly manna was tantamount to turning aside from the way are not a loss heavens of heavens and have taken your made a bronze serpent, "set it on a nature to achieve a historical purpose: spurning God's grace (cf. Jn 6.32-35, 48-51, to us only, but they are a weariness of the place at the royal throne itself. pole," and if anyone is bitten by a to challenge the mighty empire of 58)" [NASB note, p. 207]. The bronze angels and all the saints in Christ Jesus. Accordingly, 'Shout to God,' that is, offer serpent and looks at the bronze serpent, Pharaoh, to liberate a people from the serpent on a pole in 21.7-9 is cited in the Our humiliation gives grief to them all, and thanksgiving to him, the victory [is] to they will live (21.4-9). The Israelites bondage of slavery, and to open a Gospel of John 3.14 ("And as Moses lifted our salvation gives joy … to them all." 15 him, the trophy to him. The conflict is not continue on their journey (21.10-20) and path through the wilderness into the up he serpent in the wilderness, so must centuries later the Roman Catholic saint, human or the battle physical, nor is the then defeat the Amorites and Og, King of future [Anderson, p. 107]. Of the the Son of man be lifted up, that whoever John Bosco (1815-1888), expressed a quite contest over any earthly concern but 25-Oct Numbers 21-22 Basham (21.21-35). Balak, King of the riches offered Balaam in 22.17 believes in him may have eternal life"). See Orthodox approach to angels: "When Ps 46 (47) over the heavens and those in the Moabites, fears the numerous Israelites Ambrose reflects: "Love of money notes on typology, that is, symbolic tempted, invoke your angel. He is more heavens. He personally conducted this and seeks help from a pagan diviner, then is an old and ancient vice…. On representation, in The OSB, p. 191 and on eager to help you than you are to be war and gave us a share in the victory." Balaam (22.1-21). Balaam travels on his account of love of money Balak these chapters in NET-FN, all sn (study helped! Ignore the devil and do not be Of this spiritual warfare Arnobius writes: donkey, who sees an angel before thought Balaam could be tempted by notes). afraid of him: he trembles and flees at "Just as there is wailing by all the nations Balaam and warns Balaam, who finally rewards to curse the people of our your guardian angel's sight." [at] the coming of the devil…. So in the sees the angel and then hesitantly travels fathers. Love of money would have coming of our Jesus, there is joy…." onward (22.22-41). won the day too, had not God bidden him hold back from cursing." Balak later fails to pay Balaam (24.11).
In striking prophecies, the pagan Balaam: There is firm evidence that Balaam Balaam is accused by Peter in 2 Pet 2.14- Rabbi Jonathan Sacks writes about Balaam John Chrysostom: "What [v. 1 ("Great is (1) offers sacrifices to God and then actually existed from an 16 of having a heart "trained in greed;" that his name "means 'a man without a the Lord and greatly to be praised…")] blesses the Israelites instead of cursing archaeological discovery in 1967 at an and Peter urges the Christians not" to people.'… This is a fine insight [from the means . . . is something like this: It is them as Barak had requested (23.1-12); 8th century pagan temple [Sacks, p. follow "the way of Balaam … who loved Talmud]. Balaam is a man without necessary to praise him alone and sing to (2) again offers sacrifices to God and 217]. In 24.2 "the spirit of God" is not gain from wrongdoing, but was rebuked by loyalties…. He had supernatural power…. him alone…" Augustine reflects: "Make again blesses the Israelites, telling Barak the Holy Spirit, despite the accurate his own transgression; a dumb ass spoke But there is no hint in any of the reports, sure when you call on God that you do so firmly that the Israelites are like a lion predictions of the future [NASB note, with a human voice and restrained the biblical or otherwise, that Balaam was a in praise and not in an attempt to coerce who "does not lie down till it devours the p. 212]. In Num 31.8 Balaam is killed prophet's madness." Jude v. 11 warns: prophet in the moral sense…. Like a him. If you invoke God … as your ally prey" (23.13-26); (3) yet again offers in a battle at Midian; and in 31.16 "Woe to [those who] … walk in the way of contract killer of a later age, Balaam was a when you are minded to make merry sacrifices to God and again blesses the there is the surprising revelation that Cain, and abandon themselves for the sake loner…. He had skills and used them to over someone else's misfortune, you are 26-Oct Numbers 23-24 Israelites, much to the anger of Barak in 25.1-18 it was Balaam himself who of gain to Balaam's error." In Rev 2.14 the devastating effect... [However,] leadership Ps 47 (48) making him collude with your malice. who sends Balaam away (23.27-24.13); had convinced the Israelites to angel of the church in Pergamum warns without loyalty is not leadership…. We And if you do that, you are not calling on and then Balaam (4) sees "a scepter shall worship the Canaanite fertility god, "you have some there who hold the follow those we trust, because they have him with praise but trying to manipulate arise out of Israel" and dispossess Edom Baal, [see NASB note, p. 213]. Thus, it teaching of Balaam, who taught Barak to acted so as to earn our trust. That was him." We too should take care not to (24.14-19). Balaam predicts that both the is clear that Balaam continued to live put a stumbling block before the sons of what made Moses the great leader Balaam seek to manipulate God to our wills, but Amalekites and the Kenites too will be as a pagan sorcerer despite hearing Israel that they might eat food sacrificed to might have been but never was. Always be seek only to do His will. defeated (24.20-25). the Lord clearly and bringing the idols and practice immorality." loyal to the people you lead" [pp. 217- Lord's words correctly to Barak. 220]. Many Israelites worship Baal. The Lord Chaim Potok writes: "Under the In Mt 1.1-3 the line of David and Jesus is Of the census of the Levites in 26.57-62 This psalm is open to different sends a plague until Phinehas kills an leadership of Moses, who no doubt traced through Perez (26.20). Of 25. 8 Cyril Procopius of Gaza writes: "These words interpretations [See NET-FN, note Usn, Israelite man and a Moabite woman; and remembered his military training as an of Jerusalem writes: "If Phinehas by his seem to say something about the p.962]. As Johanna Manley [P] writes: the Lord blesses Phinehas (25.1-18). The Egyptian prince… [the men] were zeal in slaying the evildoer appeased the blessedness of Christ, by the fact that they "The Book of Psalms … foretells coming Lord orders a census of all men age 20 organized into military units according wrath of God, shall not Jesus, who slew no decree rewards proper to each virtue, and events; it recalls history; it frames laws and older "who are able to go out to to clans. The same restlessness that other but 'gave himself a ransom for all' (1 the greatest rewards go to those who are for life; it suggests what must be done…. war;" and the names of their families are had seized the Aramean world now Tim 2.6), take away God's wrath against endowed with sincere hearts. For, The old wounds of souls it cures listed (26.1-63). Not a man was left who descended upon them. They left humanity?" Of the same verse Gregory of Scripture says, they will see God (Mt 5.8). completely, and to the recently wounded had been counted earlier in the Kadesh-barnea [where Miriam was Nyssa writes: "Now if we have been The sort of men he bids to be chosen for it brings speedy improvement; the wilderness, except Caleb and Joshua buried] and commenced a trek conformed to his [i.e. Jesus Christ's] death, holy orders have an appointed description; diseased it treats, and the unharmed it 27-Oct Numbers 25-27 (26.64-65). The daughters of Zelophehad through the wilderness. A long sin henceforth in us is surely a corpse, apart from that they have no portion in the Ps 48 (49) preserves. On the whole it effaces, as far ask Moses for the inheritance of their wandering is part of the saga of many pierced through by the javelin of baptism, land…. The one who counts all of them is as possible the passions, which subtly father who died without sons; and this is people's beginnings" [p. 82]. Then the as that fornicator was thrust through by Christ, adumbrated [that is, foreshadowed] exercise dominion over souls during the done for all daughters by a statute (27.1- wandering people came to Petra [in the zeal of Phinehas." in the high priest and lawgiver [Moses], lifetime of man, and it does this with a 11). The Lord shows Moses the promised modern-day Jordan]; and "it was here who gave no lot to the unfaithful…." certain orderly persuasion and sweetness land, but does not permit him to enter … that the twelve tribes remained for which produces sound thoughts…. A (27.12-15). Joshua is appointed leader of thirty-seven long summers and psalm implies serenity of soul" [pp. 1-2]. the Israelites (27.16-23). winters" [Rohl, pp. 205-206]. There is dispute among Biblical scholars about the numbers here.
The sacrificial offerings to be made on NASB note on 28.1 to 29.40 on p. 217 Heb 9 gives "the regulations for worship Of 28.2 ("Take heed to offer to me in its Of v. 2 John Chrysostom writes: "His specific occasions are set out in detail by states: "These chapters attest to the and an earthly sanctuary;" and Origen due season") Ambrose writes: "This is charm, in fact, was evident from [Zion] the Lord to Moses: (1) in the morning all-pervasiveness of sacrifice in the life preached: "If I should consider how the indeed a full and perfect sacrifice, as the even in the OT. I mean, the temple, the and the evening (28.1-8); (2) on the of the people and the enormity of the true 'high priest,' my Lord Jesus Christ (Heb Lord tells us in speaking of gifts and Holy of Holies, all the worship and the Sabbath (28.9-10); (3) at the beginning of work of the priests. Perhaps the 4.14), having indeed been placed in the contributions as his….By 'festal day' is living of the old legislation, the multitude each month (28. 11-15); (4) at the reason for these passages at this time flesh, was with the people all year, that meant the Lord's Day, a time appropriate of priests, sacrifices, whole burnt Passover (28.16-25); (5) at Pentecost is to give continuity to the impending year about which he himself says, 'He sent for acts of perfect virtue. These acts are offerings, sacred hymns and … when the (28.26-31); (6) on New Year's Day (Rosh transition from the leadership of me to proclaim good news to the poor and made perfect if our souls quell the reality [of Jesus Christ] arrived it took its Hashanah) (29.1-6); (7) on the Day of Moses to that of Joshua." The life of to announce the acceptable year of the anxieties of this world and the enticements beginnings from there as well. From Atonement (Yom Kippur) (29.7-11); and Moses "was to end here on the east Lord and the day of forgiveness' (Is 61.1-2), of the flesh in a victorious struggle over there shone out the cross…. There 28-Oct Numbers 28-29 (8) on the Feast of Booths (Succoth) side of the Jordan. The winter of I perceive how 'once in' this 'year' on the hedonism [i.e. the belief that pleasure is Ps 49 (50) occurred the resurrection, there the (29.12-40). In all of these occasions the 1407/1406 BC-forty years on from the day of atonement he enters into 'the Holy the highest good in life]. Thus, the soul is ascension… there the ineffable teachings aim is "to take heed to offer to me [i. e. departure out of Egypt-was nearing its of Holies' (Ex 30.10). That is, with his free from the world and dedicated to began to be proclaimed….And there the the Lord] in its due season" (28.2). end and a new age was about to dawn dispensation fulfilled 'he penetrates the God…. The wise-and no one else-celebrate apostles took the first steps of preaching with the coming of spring" [Rohl, heavens' (Heb 4.14); and goes to the with due solemnity this festal day." about spiritual matters, about the gifts, p.210]. Biblical commentators debate Father to make atonement for the human the powers, the promise of good things whether the "forty years" have a race…." to come" [See also NET-FN, Note H, p. literal or symbolic meaning, or both. 964]. The validity and annulment of vows to The brutality of the slaughter at The confusions that can arise in the taking Rather than puzzle over right and wrong, Augustine advises: "If you start judging the Lord are set out (30.1-16; cf. Deut Midian is understandably seen by of vows are considerable. "Presumably, in sin and retribution in Num 30-31, let us yourself … if you start being displeased 23.21-23). All the Midianite men are modern readers of the OT as the centuries that led up to the NT, the pray with St Theophan: "We are sinners in with yourself, God will come along to slaughtered in battle, but the Israelite disturbing in view of "the role that legal decisions on vows became even more everything, in word and deed and thought show you mercy…. All who repent and do soldiers permit the women and children warfare plays in this account of God's complex. The words of Jesus that one is to and in all our feelings. But we are sorry penance well are punishing themselves. to live (31.1-12). Moses orders that all dealings with His people." However, avoid complication connected with oaths and we pray to God to be merciful to us They [are] severe with themselves, so the women (who have led the Israelite such conflicts "can only be understood (Matt 5.33-37) are liberating" [NASB note, sinners! If Your all-seeing eye sees that our that God may be lenient with them." [See men into sexual immorality at Peor) in the context of the history of p. 220]. The words of Jesus were: "You hearts are hard and resolution to do better also The OSB note, p.715; and NET-FN, should be killed, as well as all male redemption unfolding in the have heard that it was said to the men of is weak: do You Yourself send us true Note C, p. 966]. Of v. 10-14 Augustine children, with only young girls to be Pentateuch, with its interplay of divine old, 'You shall not swear falsely, but shall contrition and strengthen our sagging wills. writes: "We are then truly free when God 29-Oct Numbers 30-31 spared (31.13-20). Rules are set out for: grace and judgment" [NASB note on p. perform to the Lord what you have sworn. 'O God be merciful to us sinners.' We do Ps 50 (51) ordered our lives, that is formed and (1) the purification of Israelite men after 271]. "Just how sinful many Canaanite But I say to you, Do not swear at all… Let not demand speedy deliverance, we dare created us not as individuals-this he has combat (31.21-24); (2) the division of the religious practices were is now known what you say be simply 'Yes' or 'No'; not say it [should] be a day, a week, even a already done-but also as good people, remaining Midianite children and young from archeological artifacts and from anything more than this comes from evil." year; but yielding wholly to thy will, we which he is now doing by his grace, that women and livestock (31.25-47); and (3) their own epic literature…. Their make one prayer: 'God be merciful to us we may indeed be new creatures in further gifts to the Israelite officers 'worship' was polytheistic and sinners.'" [p. 39]. Christ Jesus." (31.48-54). included child sacrifice, idolatry, religious prostitution and divination" [NASB note on p. 25].
The tribes led by Reuben and Gad The covetousness of the leaders of the In Lk 12.15 Jesus Christ faces a similar Of Num 32 Paterius writes: "By analogy Of v. 8/10 ("I am like a green olive tree in coveted the land of Jazer and Gilead for tribes of Reuben and Gad later leads situation to Moses in Num 33 when many people, although they are believers, the house of God") Nicodemus of the their cattle and asked Moses for them into idolatry and being someone comes to him and asks him to are occupied with present cares, as if they Holy Mountain writes that those "who permission not to cross the Jordan (32.1- conquered by the Assyrians [see 1 make "his brother divide the inheritance were feeding flocks across the Jordan. show mercy and generosity [will] 5). Moses calls them "sinful men," but Chron 5.23-26]. A note in NASB on Lev with me." However, Jesus refuses to act as Contrary to the faith they expressed at experience greater joy than the one who reluctantly agrees provided they help 33 suggests that this "list should be "a judge or divider" between the brothers baptism, they serve perishable things with received the benefit or the mercy. The conquer the land across the Jordan (32.6- taken seriously as an accurate and tells him: "Take heed, and beware of their whole minds and all their desires. But reason for this is simply the fact that one 42). The places where the Israelites recapitulation of the stages of the all covetousness, for a man's life does not …. when a temptation against faith arises, imitates God by doing good (cf. 1 Jn 3.7)." camped in the desert are listed by Moses journey, despite the difficulty in consist in the abundance of his they gird on arms to defend it. They cut Of the same verse Cyril of Jerusalem (33.1-49). The Lord tells Moses that locating many of the sites….As in the possessions." The parable follows of the down the enemies of the faith and advises: "It is God who plants and waters, 30-Oct Numbers 32-33 when the Israelites cross over the Jordan case of genealogies in the Pentateuch, rich man who says to his soul, 'Soul, you conquer them and defend the heritage of Ps 51 (52) but it is yours to bear fruit; God's to into Canaan they are to "drive out all the some factors of ancient significance have ample goods laid up for many years; the land of promise…. [But] they do not bestow the fruit, and yours to receive it inhabitants of the land before you" and may not be clear to us today. take your ease, eat, drink and be merry.' know how clear the eternal light is, and keep it forever. But do not esteem destroy all their idols, because if they "do Ultimately the record is a recital of the But God said to him, 'Fool, this night your because they are blinded by transitory the gift lightly because it is given freely. not drive out the inhabitants of the land Lord's blessing on His people for the soul is required of you….'So is he who lays concerns. And while they take pride in Rather, receive it reverently and guard it before you" they "will trouble you" extended period of their wilderness up treasure for himself, and is not rich earthly things, they shut the door to with care." (33.50-56). experience" [p. 223]. [See also NET- toward God." heavenly light." FN, sn C, p. 338 and The OSB notes, pp. 204-205]. The boundaries of Canaan to be occupied From earliest times the Fertile Eusebius writes in Ecclesiastical History: With the closing of this third book of the Rom 3.10-12 cites Ps 52 (53).1-3. Martin by the Israelites are set out (34.1-13), Crescent was the scene of a fierce "Now, since the genealogy of Joseph is so OT the Hebrews are now poised to move of Braga points out that this psalm with the land to be occupied outside of struggle for land….This coveted area traced, Mary also appears virtually to have into the homeland that has been given concerns "the disease of pride" and that Canaan by the tribes of Reuben and Gad periodically was invaded by peoples… been of the same tribe as he since, them by the Lord. However, this will no good action should be "performed in and the half-tribe of Manasseh who sought a strip of the good earth according to the law of Moses, require considerable leadership from order to gain praise." Paulinus of Nola confirmed (34. 14-15). The leaders who to call their own or who fought to intermarriages between different tribes Joshua, guidance from the Lord and explains that the proud person in this will supervise this allotment are named expand their territory, at the expense were not permitted. For it was courage from the people. This three-fold psalm "is exemplified in the pharisee (Lk (34.16-29). The cities to be given to the of others. Palestine was, by virtue of commanded to join in marriage with one approach to leadership-from the Lord, a 18.10-14) who … was displeasing to God Levites are set out (35.1-8); and cities of its geographical location, inevitably of the same family [i. e. same tribe] and of single leader and a responsive (or because he tore down by pride what he 31-Oct Numbers 34-36 asylum are established (35.9-16), with drawn into the incessant conflict…. the same people, so that the inheritance of rebellious) people-will continue for Ps 52 (53) had built up by his justice; he did not do firm guidelines as to whom can seek Into this dynamic arena came the the race might not be changed from tribe centuries to come. The further challenge this silently but at the top of his voice… refuge there (35.17-28). Murderers can Hebrews. They belonged to … the to tribe." The manner in which the now arises that Canaan itself already has because he wished to be heard by only be found guilty with more than one unsettled elements of society. But Hebrews support their priests from the people within it who do not wish the people." [See NET-FN, Note Z, p. 967; Cf. witness (35.29-34). Further directions are these wanderers were seeking a land, Levite tribe is also the pattern observed in Hebrews to enter. That is a challenge that Ps 14.] We should not seek praise for given as to how the daughters of in order that they might participate 1 Cor 9.14 by which Christians are urged to has continued into the present, as both the doing good. Zelophehad can marry to keep their fully in society and fulfill their support their leaders. Jews and the Arabs strongly believe that inheritance (36.1-13). historical destiny [Anderson, p. 111]. Israel/Palestine is their home.
In contrast to the matter-of-fact The book of Deuteronomy was found There are almost 100 references to the NT Rabbi Jonathan Sacks writes: "Teachers are Of v. 2 ("Hear my prayer, O God") Hilary narratives of Leviticus and Numbers, the by Hilkiah, the high priest during in the book of Deuteronomy [NASB, p. the unacknowledged builders of the of Poitiers points out that "no one knows book of Deuteronomy comes to us from repairs to the Temple about 622 BC 228.] Jesus Christ often treats future, and if a leader seeks to make how [they] ought to pray (Rom 8.26). A Moses' heart in a warm, personal during the reign of King Josiah (4 Deuteronomy as an authority, especially in lasting change, he or she must follow in human being in his weakness, therefore, sermonic manner…. Almost all of Kingdoms/2 Kings 22.3 f.). It had been His confrontation with the devil in Mt 4.1- the footsteps of Moses and become an has no right to demand that [their] Deuteronomy is made up of speeches by placed in or by the Ark of the 11 and Lk 4.1-13. Acts 13.18 notes how the educator. The leader as a teacher-using prayer should be heard; for even the Moses during the final months of his life, Covenant by Moses [see Deut 31.16 Lord "bore with [the Israelites] in the influence rather than power, spiritual and teacher of the Gentiles [St Paul] does not just before the Israelites crossed the and NASB note on Deut 31.9, p. 265], wilderness." When some Israelis did not intellectual authority rather than coercive know the true purpose and intention of Jordan to enter Canaan. [NASB, pp. 228 but then lost for many hundreds of listen to the Lord and fought and lost force-was one of the greatest prayer even after the Lord had provided and on 1.1, p. 230]. In the opening years. "Its discovery was of enormous against the Amorites and then admitted contributions Judaism ever made to the a model. What we are shown here [in verses, Moses states the Lord's words importance: at a time of national their sins, Deut 1.45 states "The LORD did moral horizons of humankind. This can be this psalm] is the perfect confidence of 01-Nov Deuteronomy 1-2 firmly: "You have stayed long enough at unease, of a painful past and an not hearken to your voice or give ear to seen most clearly in the book of Ps 53 (54) Jesus, who alone sees [and knows] the this mountain; turn and take your uncertain future, [because] here, you." This is linked to Jn 9.31 ("We know Deuteronomy, when Moses, for the last Father. Was there ever a person who was journey" (Deut 1.6-7). Deut 1 ends with suddenly was an urgent reminder of that God does not listen to sinners…"). The month of his life, summoned the next pure and patient throughout his life who the defeat of the Israelites by the the Mosaic Covenant. Insistently, manner in which Moses gathers the people generation and taught it laws and lessons was not subject to … human Amorites. Deut 2 continues the these ancient laws spelled out the together and then speaks to them that would survive, and inspire, as long as shortcomings? The only person who wanderings in the desert, with the Lord statutes and commandments which "according to all that the LORD had given there are human beings on earth" [pp. 244- could have confidently desired this [right guiding Moses as to where and when to the people had promised to obey, him" (1.3; cf. 4.10) is linked by Cyril of 245]. It should be noted that leaders in that their prayer should always be heard] move on (2.2-7). After not confronting before Yahweh, at Sinai." [David J. Jerusalem to how Jesus Christ gathered other traditions have also sought to be is one who has not sinned… who never several kings, the Israelites are directed Goldberg and John D. Rayner, The together the people to form the Church. educators. resisted the will of him who ordered it by the Lord to attack Sihon, the King of Jewish People: Their History and Their all…." Heshbon; and they defeat his army (2.26- Religion, pp. 45, 197]. 36). Deut 3 brings the Israelites to the Throughout history Deut 4.24 ("The Origen offers a bold interpretation of the Of 4.33 ("You have never seen his face") Of vv.4-5 ("fear and trembling" facing boundaries of Canaan. Moses pleads LORD your God is a devouring fire") warning in 4.16: "We create other images John Chrysostom writes: "Yet Isaiah, "the terrors of death") Athanasius writes: with the Lord to be allowed to enter but has caused confusion. Origen offers a in ourselves instead of the Savior's image. Jeremiah, Ezekiel and many others say that "Of old, before the divine sojourn of the is firmly refused in 3.26."The Ten balanced interpretation: "God is spirit, Instead of being the image of the Word, or they have seen him. What is it, therefore, Saviour took place, even to the saints, Commandments and other laws given at and those who worship him should of wisdom, justice, and the rest of the that Christ meant here? He was death was terrible, and all wept for the Mount Sinai [are] recorded in Ex 20-24, worship in spirit and in truth (Jn 4.24).' virtues, we assume the form of the devil. introducing them to a philosophical dead as though they perished. But now Leviticus and Numbers. In Deuteronomy Our God is also 'a consuming fire.' Then we can be called 'serpents' and 'a teaching, showing gradually that with the Saviour has raised His body, death is the laws are summarized and Therefore, God is called by two generation of vipers' (Mt 23.33). When we regard to God there is neither voice nor no longer terrible; for all who believe in interpreted, and adjusted to the new, names: 'spirit' and 'fire.' To the just he are venomous, cruel or wily, we have outward appearance; he is superior to Christ … choose rather to die than to specific situation Israel would face in is spirit; to sinners he is fire…. What taken on the character of the lion, the such forms and sounds. Just as by saying, deny their faith in Christ. For they verily Canaan. Thus, Deuteronomy is, in does the God of fire consume?...He snake or the fox. When we are prone to 'You have never heard his voice,' he did know that when they die they are not essence, a covenant renewal (and consumes human sins… devours them, pleasure, we are like the goat…. [Consider] not mean that God utters sound but is not destroyed, but actually live, and become Ps 54 (55) vv. 1- 02-Nov Deuteronomy 3-4 updating) document" [NASB note on 1.5, purges them, as he says in another Deut 4.16-17… 'Because the law is heard, so by saying, 'You have never seen incorruptible through the Resurrection. p. 230]. In this context, laws are set out place, 'I will purge you with fire for spiritual' (Rom 7.14), [that] passage means his face,' he did not mean that God has 11 And that devil that once maliciously about idolatry (4.15-31) and how the purity' (Is 1.25)." As Father Patrick this. Some make themselves into the outward form but cannot be seen…. With exalted in death, now that its pains were Lord has been faithful to the Israelites Reardon has explained in a profound image of a male or a female. One has the regard to God there is neither voice nor loosed (cf. Acts 2.24), remained the only (4.32-40), as well as laws about the cities reflection, "The Holy Eucharist, a Live likeness of birds, another of … serpents outward appearance." one truly dead." Christ has risen and the of refuge (4.41-43). Deut 4 concludes Coal," we should remember that "the [Others make themselves] into the image demons have fallen! with how the Lord has protected and flesh of the risen Christ bears the fire of God." guided the Israelites since the law was of the Holy Spirit" at: given on Mount Sinai (4.44-49). http://ww1.antiochian.org/holy- eucharist-live-coal
The 10 Commandments are repeated 5.3 points out that "The LORD our God There are some 25 references to the 10 Ambrose writes: "Blessed is the mind of Fulgentius of Rusper reflected on this psalm: (5.1-21) with the reminders in 5.6 and made a covenant with us in Horeb [i. Commandments in Deuteronomy in the that [person] who, overstepping the "In your zeal for good works and your 5.15 of the Israelites having been e. Sinai). Not with our fathers did the NT. Augustine writes: "The supreme and bounds of species and race, deserves to contempt for human praise, be careful lest brought out of slavery in Egypt. Moses is LORD make this covenant, but with us, true wisdom is in that first commandment hear what was said to Moses when he you wish to assign the good that you do not given further instructions by the Lord who are all of us here alive this day. [given in 6.5]. From this it follows that stood apart from his people: 'Stand here to the grace of God, but to your own strength…. Accordingly, work out your (5.22-6.3). The great commandment of Eusebius notes: "See how distinctly wisdom is love of God, which is 'poured by me' (5.31)." Of 6.4 Ambrose writes: salvation in fear and trembling. Humble 6.4-5 is given ("Hear O Israel: The LORD [5.3] alludes to this [Mosaic] covenant forth in our hearts,' not otherwise than 'by "The law says, 'Hear, O Israel, the Lord yourself in the sight of God that he may exalt our God is one LORD; and you shall love when he says God did not give the the Holy Spirit who is given to us' (Rom your God.' It did not say 'speak' but 'hear.' you. Ask from him the beginning of a good the LORD your God with all your heart same covenant to their fathers 5.5). But 'the fear of the Lord is the Eve fell because she said to the man that will. Ask from him the effects of good works. Psalm 54(55) vv. 03-Nov Deuteronoy 5-6 and with all your soul, and with all your [Abraham and Noah]….. Holy Scripture beginning of wisdom' (Ps 111.10), and she had not heard from the Lord her God. Seek from him the gift of perseverance…. Ask 12-23 might"). This is followed by instructions testifies that a covenant of some kind 'there is no fear in love, but perfect love [Remember then] the first word [that] God him to show you the way in which you on how the commandment is to be was given both to Abraham and casts out fear' (1 Jn 4.18)." Deut 6.4-9 says to you [is] 'hear.' Ambrose is certainly should walk…. 'Be strong and let your heart implemented (6.6-9) and how the Noah…. And so Moses adds that one known by the Hebrew word for "hear," right that God wishes us to hear Him. take courage, wait for the Lord' [Ps 54/55.22- Israelites should behave when they come 'not the same' was given to their which is Shema, is noted in Matt 22.37-38, However, Eve's exact words were "The 23; Ps 26/27.14]." into Canaan (6.10-19). Earlier fathers. This points to that other Mk 12.29-30 and Lk 10.27. serpent deceived me, and I ate" (Gen 3.13 instructions from Ex 12.24-27 about greater and glorious covenant [in LXX). teaching the children the meaning of Christ], by which all of these were Passover are summarised (6.20-25). shown forth as friends of God." 7.1-11 warns the Israelites that when Augustine advises: "When you have 8.3 ("Know that man does not live by Of 8.10 John Chrysostom reflects: "Do you Of this psalm Augustine reflects: "Surely they come Canaan they must be "a holy received lawful authority, do all this bread alone, but that man lives by see how it is especially appropriate after the fact that we human beings are mortal people." If they are obedient, they will be [in Deut 7.1-5]. Where authority has everything that proceeds from the mouth the enjoyment of food to set a spiritual should serve to teach us our place, not to richly blessed (7.12-26). The great extent not been given to us, we don't do it; of the LORD") is spoken by Jesus Christ to meal for yourself lest the soul, after satiety make us boastful." Of v. 11 ("In God I of God's care in the past is set out (8.1- where it has been given, we don't fail the devil and is cited in Mt 4.4 and Lk 4.4. of bodily food, should lose its zest and fall trust without a fear") Augustine 10), but the people are warned not to to do it. Many pagans have these The recurring theme to be "a holy people into some disaster and make way for the preached: "Although I am fairly feeble, I "ever forget the LORD your God and go abominations on their estates. Do we to the LORD your God" in 7.6 and in 14.2 wiles of the devil, who is always looking for am for all that his instrument. I grasp after other gods and serve them and march in and smash them? The first continues in Titus 2.14 that Christ wishes an opportunity and anxious to deliver us a what I can….May he make good in your worship them, [for if you do] you will thing we try to do is break the idols in "to purify for himself a people of his own blow at a critical moment?" In The Weight minds whatever I have done less well, surely perish … because you would not their hearts. [Then] when they too who are zealous for good deeds," as well of Glory, C. S. Lewis writes of "the evil because … what I do manage to convey 04-Nov Deuteronomy 7-8 listen to the voice of the LORD your God" become Christians, they either invite as in 1 Pet 2.9 where it is Christians who enchantment of worldliness [p. 31]." He Ps 55 (56) to your ears is not worth anything, is it, (8.11-20). Ephrem the Syrian reflects: us to perform this good work [of have become "a chosen race, a royal begins The Screwtape Letters with: "There unless he works the whole work in your "Nourish your soul with the fear of God, breaking their idols] or else they get in priesthood, a holy nation, God's own are two equal and opposite errors into minds?" Ambrose writes: "It is a noble and God will nourish [your] body. Do first with it before us. The thing we people [cf. Ex 19.6]…. Once you were no which [we] can fall about devils. One is to thing to do one's kindness and duties these things, so that what you yourself have do now is pray for them, not get people but now you are God's people…." disbelieve in their existence. The other is toward the whole human race. But it is are unable [to procure] may be given you angry with them." This advice still to believe, and to feel an excessive and even more seemly that you should give by God." applies today in our relationships with unhealthy interest in them. They to God the most precious thing that you non-believers. themselves are equally pleased by both have, that is, your mind." errors" [ p. ix].
As the Israelites prepare to cross over Of Moses fasting for 40 days Of 9.4 and not trusting in our own There is no doubt that you would never Of God's mercy in v. 1 Augustine the Jordan, the Lord warns them that Augustine preached: "[Here] is why righteousness, John Cassian writes: "What have been able to prevail over these if the preached: "So let us call out to him what success in battle will not be due to "your Moses fasting for 40 days, and Elijah, could be said more clearly against the Lord's help had not fortified and protected we have just been singing [v. 1]. Even righteousness" (9.1-7). Moses recounts and the Mediator himself, our Lord pernicious opinion and presumption of you." In The Weight of Glory C. S. Lewis great saints are subject to temptation, how he came down the mountain, found Jesus Chris [also fasted]: because in ours, by which we want to attribute writes: "We can be left out utterly and and however much progress we make in the idol of the golden calf and smashed this time-bound state of ours restraint everything that we do to our free will and absolutely outside-repelled, exiled, God, we live in need of pardon [and His the tablets containing the 10 from bodily attractions and to our own efforts?... When you have estranged [from God]…. On the other mercy]…. All our sins were forgiven us in commandments (9.22). Moses prays to allurements is very necessary…. The enjoyed a notable success in warring hand, we can be called in, welcomed, baptism, and we live in need of pardon. the Lord for the people (9.23-29), Lord spent 40 days after his against the carnal vices and you see you received, acknowledged [by God]. We walk We make progress if our hope is receives the 10 commandments again resurrection with his disciples, to have been freed from their filthiness and every day on the razor edge between nourished in God and strengthened by 05-Nov Deuteronomy 9-10 (10.1-4) and places them in the newly convince them of the reality of his from this world's way of life, you should these two incredible possibilities…. And to Ps 56 (57) his aid to enable us to put a brake on all built ark (10.5). Aaron's death and the risen body. This suggests that in this not be puffed up with the success of the be at last summoned inside would be both covetousness. Let us keep on fighting; journey in the desert is recounted (10.6- life, in which we are in exile away struggle and ascribe this to your own glory and honour beyond all our merits…." our struggles are known to him and he 11). The remainder of Deut 10 sets out from the Lord, the number 40 stands strength and wisdom, believing that you [pp. 41-42]. This was true of the Israelites knows how to be both a spectator and a the Lord's requirements for Israel, … for our need to celebrate the were able to obtain victory over evil spirits in the desert and remains true for us helper." Note that God, not us, makes especially 10.12-13. memorial of the Lord's body, which and carnal vices through your own efforts today. the choice of when to be "a spectator" we do in church until he comes." and applications and free will. [continued and when to be "a helper." in Reflection] The "great work" that the Lord has done The emphasis that Moses places upon Of 13.3 Augustine writes: 'The Lord your Rabbi Jonathan Sacks writes: "Two … key For this psalm Cassiodorus writes: "Some for Israel is set out (11.1-7); and the offering sacrifices and prayers only in God puts you to test that he might know if words of Deuteronomy are love and joy. people raise a question here: they say rewards of faithfulness are listed (11.8- "the place where the LORD your God you love him.' Now this manner of The word 'love' (the root A-H-V) appears that in [this psalm] we are commanded 32). Moses gives guidelines from the will choose" (12.5) is linked to the speaking does not mean that God does not twice in Exodus, twice in Leviticus, not at to judge justly, whereas in the gospel we Lord about: (1) destroying idolatry (12.1- pattern of idolatry that exists in know; rather, [it was said] in order that all in Numbers, and twenty-three times in read: 'Judge not, and you will not be 5, 29-32; 13.1-18); (2) making sacrifices Canaan before the arrival of the people might know how far they have Deuteronomy. The word 'joy' (root S-M-H) judged' (Lk 6.37). But this statement does to the Lord (12.6-14, 26-27); (3) eating Israelites: "Moses stresses the progressed in the love of God-a thing that appears only once in Genesis, once in not deprive us of our freedom to judge; the right food at home (12.15-25); and importance of centralizing the place of is not fully recognized by them except by Exodus, once in Leviticus, once in the phrase, 'Judge not,' is to be applied to (4) listening to the Lord and obeying Him worship as he prepares the people for way of the testings that come about…. The Numbers, and twelve times in those issues which our minds cannot (12.28, 32; 13.18). "Moses continually settlement in the promised land text 'the Father alone know' (Mt 24.36) is Deuteronomy. Moses does not hide the fathom. There are certain open actions Deuteronomy 11- 06-Nov emphasizes the involvement of his where the Canaanites have correctly grasped if understood to say that fact, though, that life under the covenant Ps 57 (58) the motives for which we cannot know. 13 listeners in the Lord's works of established many places of he causes the Son to know, and the text will be demanding. Neither love nor joy They can be done for good or evil, and it providence and deliverance" [NASB note [idolatrous] worship…. Israel was not 'the Son does not know' (Mt 24.36), if can be found in a social setting that does is rash for a person to make a judgment on 11.2-7, p. 243]. The central theme is: able to follow all the procedures of understood to say that the Son causes men not have codes of self-restraint and about them. Here, however, [we are "You shall … love the LORD your God, the sacrificial system during the not to know (i.e., does not disclose to commitment to the common good" [p. being advised] to judge justly matters and keep his charges, his statutes, his wilderness wandering…. Moses was them what would serve no useful purpose 259]. A NASB note on 12.12 reads: "Joy, which are clear-cut." ordinances, and his commandments giving directives for their worship and for them to know)." based on the Lord's blessings, was to be a always" (11.1). way of life when settled in the land" major feature of Hebrew life and worship [NASB notes on 12.5 and 12.8, pp. 244- in the promised land" [p. 245]. 245].
V. 2 notes that the Israelites "are a Kadesh-barnea [probably Petra in John Chrysostom writes of 14.2: "God On the dietary restrictions set out by Of this psalm John Chrysostom preaches people holy to the LORD your God." modern-day Jordan] served as the chooses the holy, for He first makes us Moses in 14.3-21 Clement of Alexandria that God "does not allow the good to Guidelines follow on: (1) what to eat and nurturing ground for the early holy; then we are to continue to be holy in writes: "Among the Jews, frugality was become bad… He threatens [before] he what not to eat (14.3-21); (2) tithing institutions of Israelite civilization-with our manner of life. For one is not saved by made a matter of precept… until finally punishes…This then is a mark of God's (14.22-29); (3) the forgiveness of debts in the exception of the monarchy…. faith alone, but by faith plus a holy manner there were only a few things left fit for great care… Because the Ninevites the Sabbatical Year (15.1-6); (4) caring Here, in the person of Moses, was of life." Cf. 2 Pt 1.5-11. The reason for food [to eat]….[This was ] imposed upon repented, they caused the threat to stop for the poor (15.7-11) and servants developed the paradigm of the rejoicing for seven days during the Feast of them … until the inclination engendered by at words only. Do you wish [God's (15.12-18); (5) the treatment of first- Israelite prophet, the individual Booths is because the Lord has blessed the habits of easy living was broken, because it warning] to be a threat only? You have Deuteronomy 14- 07-Nov born animals (15.19-23); (6) observing through whom God speaks to and acts harvest (16.15); and this sense of rejoicing is difficult for one who indulges in Ps 58 (59) the disposal of that matter. Become a 16 Pascha [Passover]; (7) the Feast of Weeks upon man. The sanctuary, the ark, the is carried forward in the NT with God's pleasures to keep from returning to them." better person, and it stops only at the [Pentecost]; (8) The Feast of Tabernacles priesthood, the tribe of Levi… forms of blessing on persons and events as set out Christians too fast for this reason, as well threat. But if, which be far from you, you or Booths [Succoth] (16.13-17); (9) worship, festivals and sacrifices-these in Jn 3.29, 15.11, 16.24; Phil 2.2; 1 Jn 1.4; as to draw closer to God in prayer at despise the threat, you will come to the appointing judges (16.18-20); and (10) were the beginnings of ancient Israel and 2 Jn 12. specific times of the year. experience of it… May the merciful God respecting the altar of the Lord (16.21- … [Potok, p. 82]. grant that we henceforth, having been 22). brought to sound mind, may obtain those unspeakable blessings." Amen. Rules are set out for: (1) the The Israelites are being prepared to Heb 12.18-24 contrasts Mount Sinai and Of Deut 17, especially the command in The introduction reads: "For the End; for administration of justice (17.1-13); (2) enter Canaan and take possession of Mount Zion. Of the false worship in 17.2-3 17.19 that "the king is to study constantly things yet to be changed." Augustine the appointment and behaviour of a king the land where they will come into Origen insists: "It is clear then that since … all the days of his life," Rabbi Sacks explains: "'The end of the law is Christ' (17.14-20); (3) the care of the Levites power. Rabbi Jonathan Sacks writes: those who live according to the law writes: "Leaders learn. That is the principle (Rom 10.4). Those that are changed [are] (18.1-8); and (4) avoiding false worship "Power, in the human arena, is to be reverence the One who made the heaven, at stake here…. Yes, biblical kings had those who pass from old life into new… and spiritualism, witchcraft and diviners divided and distributed, not they do not reverence the heaven as if prophets … to bring them the word of the The earthly manner of life, therefore, has (18.9-14). Moses states that "the LORD concentrated in a single person or [that place] is God. And in the same way Lord. But those on whom the destiny of been slain, let heavenly life take over. your God will raise up for you a prophet office. In biblical Israel, there were that they do not worship the sun, moon the nation turns may not delegate away 'And as we have borne the image of the like me from among your brethren" kings, priests, and prophets. Kings had and stars and 'the world of heaven.' They the task of thinking, reading, studying, and earthly [i. e. Adam], we shall also bear Deuteronomy 17- 08-Nov (18.15-22). A note on 18.15 in the NASB secular or governmental power. avoid worshiping heaven as such or the remembering…. They [must] take time to Ps 59 (60) the image of the heavenly [i.e., Christ] (1 18 indicates that "verse 16, as well as the Priests were the leaders in the angels in it…. It is quite likely that the familiarize themselves with the world of Cor 15.49)…. David the king was one general context (see especially v. 20-22), religious domain … Prophets were enemy [i.e. the devil and his angels] will ideas. Only thus do they gain the man, but he represented many. indicates that a series of prophets is mandated by God to be critical of the want to induce us by every possible trick perspective to be able to see further and Sometimes … he stood for the Church, meant… [This] is also the basis for corruptions of power and to recall the [to worship] 'the sun and the moon [and clearer than others…. Leaders should consisting of many men…. But sometimes Messianic expectation and receives a people to their religious vocation the stars], all the hosts of heaven." This never stop learning. That is how they grow he was a figure of One Man … Christ unique fulfillment in Jesus" [p. 251]. See whenever they drifted from it" [p. remains true for the NT and for humanity and teach others to grow with them" [pp. Jesus." The OSB note on "Jesus Christ: Prophet, 264]. today. 263-267]. Priest, and King" [p. 234].
Regulations are given for: (1) the An ancient stone pillar "locates Israel In 21.6 the washing of hands is a claim of Chaim Potok writes of this period when Of v. 3 ("From the end of the earth I cried preparation of three cities of refuge in Palestine" at this time, "but speaks innocence here and by Pilate in Mt 27.24. the Israelites were at Kadesh-barnea: "This out to you when my heart was (19.1-8) and three further cities of refuse only of a people and "would seem to Deu 19.21 ("life for life, eye for eye, tooth was a time when all along the fringes of discouraged") Gregory Palamas prayed: if the territory expands (19.9-13); (2) have the Children of Israel in or near for tooth…" is cited by Jesus Christ in Mt the Fertile Crescent nomadic tribes from "O Lord, our God,… who became man for property boundaries (19.14); (3) Palestine, but not yet a settled 5.38, when he rejects this approach in the infinite sand oceans of the Arabian and the salvation of sinners … hear from witnesses in a controversy (19.15-21); (4) people" [Anderson, p. 131]. This favour of reaching out to others in need. A Syrian deserts were growing increasingly heaven and become merciful to all those warfare and who will be excused from would be in keeping with these NASB note on Ex 21.23-25 points out that restless…. The Arameans had begun to who cry out to you with a broken heart…. military service (20.1-20); (5) unsolved chapters of Deuteronomy in which the harshness of the law of retaliation was press forward. In the midst of this Behold mercifully our lowliness and show murders (21.1-9); (6) the treatment of Moses is preparing the people to meant "to limit the punishment to fit the Aramean restiveness were the people now us how to rise above both the visible and Deuteronomy 19- 09-Nov women captured in warfare (21.10-14); settle in Palestine with a carefully crime. By invoking the law of love, Jesus encamped at Kadesh-barnea, the clans of Ps 60 (61) invisible enemies and the upcoming and 21 (7) the rights of inheritance to the sons defined covenant. A table in NASB sets corrected the popular misunderstanding of Israelites. They lived a seminomadic anticipated sufferings. Place in us a of a man who has two wives (21.15-17); out the "major social concerns in the the law of retaliation" [p. 107]. There is no existence, worshiping their God, pasturing power from on high; encompass us with (8) the treatment of a son who does not Covenant: personhood, false evidence that this law of retaliation in the their flocks-as Bedouins do to this day. your almighty right hand; keep us under obey his father and mother (21.18-21); accusation, woman, punishment, OT or a similar law in the Code of They gazed hungrily at the rich land that the protection of your wings; fortify us and (9) respect and burial of a criminal dignity, inheritance, property, fruit of Hammurapi was ever implemented [NASB had been promised them by their … God…" with love for one another and grant us who has been hung (21.22-23). labor, fruit of the ground, rest on note on 24.20, p, 167]. [p. 79]. unshakable peace." Amen. Sabbath, marriage, exploitation, fair trial, social order, law and animals" [p. 255]. Laws are given for: (1) how to deal with Of 23.8 Rabbi Sacks writes: "The In 24.1-4 (as well as in Lev 21.7, 14, 22.13 Ambrose's reflection applies to 24.10-13: To the opening question in v. 1 ("Shall lost animals (22.1-4); (2) what clothes wisdom of Moses' command not to and Num 30.9) "divorce was permitted and "Riches are the instrument of all vices, not my soul be submissive to God?") John men and women can wear and various despise the Egyptians still shines regulated. [However,] Jesus conditioned because they render us capable of putting Cassian responds: "True patience and situations that may arise (22.5-12); (3) through today. If the people had the law of 24.1 in the Sermon on the even our worst desires into execution." tranquility is neither gained nor retained marital disputes, especially about the continued to hate their erstwhile Mount (Mt 5.31-32) and cited the higher Augustine would concur: "The love of without profound humility of virginity of a woman at the beginning of oppressors, Moses would have taken law of creation Mt 19.3-9" [NASB note on worldly possessions is a sort of birdlime, heart….There is no room for victory a marriage and later sexual purity of both the Israelites out of Egypt but would 24.1-4, p. 257]. The firm treatment of which entangles the soul and prevents it where there is no struggle and conflict: men and women (22.13-23.1); (4) who is have failed to take Egypt out of the sexual sins in the Pentateuch is continued flying to God." Of the many restrictions on for 'Happy is the one who endures to be excluded from and included in the Israelites. They would still be slaves, in Mt 5.27-28, 1 Cor 6.9 and Heb 13.4, but diet, Clement of Alexandria writes that testing, because … he will receive the Deuteronomy 22- assembly of God's people (23.2-23.9); (5) not physically but psychologically. balanced by Jesus forgiving the woman Elijah "offers us an excellent example of crown of life that God has promised to 10-Nov Ps 61 (62) 24 sexual hygiene and sexual behavior They would be slaves to the past, held who committed adultery in Jn 8.5 which frugality when he sat down beneath the those who love him.'" Augustine concurs: (23.10-14); (6) various situations that can captive by the chains of resentment, "altered the law a little [because in the OT] [broom] tree and the angel brought him "In order that you may be enabled to be arise (23.15-25); (7) divorce and unable to build the future. To be free, the manner of execution was not food. 'There was a hearth cake and a humble, 'Pour out your hearts before remarriage (24.1-4); and (8) the you have to let go of hate. That is a prescribed unless the woman was a vessel of water' (1/3 Kg 19.5-8). The Lord him;' and to avoid remaining wrongly resolution of various conflicts and difficult truth but a necessary one…. A betrothed virgin (Deut 22.23-24). And the sent that sort of meal as the best sort for stuck on yourselves, say what comes problems that might arise (24.5-22). good leader knows: hate the sin but law required the execution of both parties him. It seems that we should travel light on next: 'God is our helper'" (v. 9). not the sinner. Do not forget the past (Lev 20.10; Deut 22.22)…." [NASB note, p. our road toward truth." but do not be held captive by it" [pp. 1533]. 269-273].
Various laws are given (25), as well as Rabbi Sacks writes: "There is a 25.4 is cited in 1 Cor 9.9 and in 1 Tim 5.18 Summarising 26.17, Clement of Alexandria Elder Aililianos reflects: "Psalm 62/63 is a how to give thanksgiving for the harvest fundamental difference between to justify that those who preach the writes: "There is an excellent text on the love song, a canticle of desire for God. (26.1-11) and look after "the Levite, the history and memory. History is 'his Gospel should be cared for by the people. subject of the penitent: 'You have chosen For the singer of such a song, God is an sojourner, the fatherless, and the story,' an account of events that 25.5-6 is clarified by Jesus Christ in Mt God today to be your God, and the Lord utterly concrete and compelling reality. widow" (26.12-14). After the giving of happened to someone else. Memory 22.24-30 with parallel passages in Mk has chosen you today to be his people.' And so David speaks to Him, cries to Him, tithes, a prayer is made to the Lord to is 'my story.' It is the past internalized 12.19-25 and Lk 20.28-36. Ex 19-5-6 and God makes his own the person who is and at the same time searches after bless the people (26.15). The covenant of and made part of my identity…. [That Deut 26.19 are cited in 1 Pet 2.9-10. Of eager to serve truth and reality and comes Him…." We can do the same. The elder God with His people is renewed (26.16- is why] 'each person must see himself 25.9 Augustine writes: "The role of holy as a suppliant. Even if he is only one in interprets v. 2/3 ("That I might see Your 19). "Moses and the elders commanded as if he went out of Egypt' (Deut 10.5). women was different in the times of the number, he is honored on equal terms power and Your glory") as "That I might Deuteronomy 25- the people, saying, 'Keep all the Throughout Deuteronomy Moses prophets. Obedience, not concupiscence, with the whole people. He is part of the see whatever it is that reveals You to me 11-Nov Ps 62 (63) 27:10 commandments which I command you warns the people-no less than impelled women to marry for the people. He becomes the complement of … [by] which I perceive that You, my God, this day… And on the day you pass over fourteen times-not to forget. If they propagation of the people of God, among the people once he is reestablished [into] exist…. O Lord, it is only when our hearts the Jordan to the land which the LORD forget the past they will lose their whom the forerunners of Christ were sent his previous position and the whole in fact have been separated from the world that God gives you … build an altar to the identity and sense of direction and in advance…. Holy women were animated takes it name from the part." We are all we can communicate with You, entering LORD your God … and offer burnt disaster will follow. Moreover, not by the pious desire of offspring rather than sinners and suppliants, "eager to serve into the divine darkness of Your offerings … and peace offerings on it to only are the people commanded to by desire." truth and reality" and the Lord, so we can presence" [p. 2]. the LORD your God" (27.1-10). remember, they are also commanded be much encouraged by God's forgiveness. to pass that memory down to their children" [p. 278]. 27.11-26 and 28.15-68 focus on the Chaim Potok writes of the many laws The presence of curses and blessings from Irenaeus writes: "As through a tree we The advice of Elder Aimilianos in Ps curses that will come to those who do set out in Exodus, Numbers and the Lord set out in 27.26 ("Cursed be were made debtors to God, so through a 37/38.4-5 about righteousness and not observe the Lord's laws, whereas Deuteronomy that "opinions differ as [those] who do not affirm and obey the tree we receive cancellation of that debt." repentance applies here to v. 10: "When 28.1-14 sets out the blessings that will to whether or not [this lengthy law words of the law by doing them") is firmly Mt 16.24 reminds us: "If anyone wishes to a person repents, [they] become come to those who observe the Lord's code]… is to be included, together confirmed in Gal 3.10 ("Cursed be come after Me, he must deny himself and conscious of God's love. [They] do not laws. The NASB notes on Gal 3.10 that: with the [10 commandments] in the everyone who do not abide by all things take up his cross and follow Me." The despair, [they] do not become … "Because no one under the law ever content of the Revelation at Sinai, or is written in the book of the law and do French priest and Roman Catholic saint, downcast and depressed. [They] know perfectly kept the Law, God's blessing to be dated [later] in the desert, them"). However, "Christ redeemed us John Vianney (1786-1859), expressed the how to stand before God and say: 'God, has never been earned but has always conquest and pre-monarchy period…. from the curse of the law, having become very Orthodox idea: "You must accept your I'm wrong. Tell me what to do, not so been freely given" (see also Jas 2.10-13) In Biblical law the basic assumption is a curse for us" (Gal 3.13). Of the death of cross; if you carry it courageously it will that I might pay for my crime'-God does [p. 1710]. Yet in both the OT and the NT the infinite worth of human life. God Jesus Christ on the cross, St John carry you to heaven." Andrew of Crete, an not demand such 'payment' from us-but Deuteronomy and today each individual has to choose is the sole author of law and of life. Chrysostom writes: "He received the curse 8th century bishop and saint writes: "If you so that I might be corrected, healed.' 12-Nov Ps 63 (64) 27:11-28:69 whether to seek to discern and obey the Hence the demand of the death instead of being liable to it and through would understand that the cross is Christ 's David acknowledges both his sin and the will of God or to risk the curses that may penalty for murder. The Biblical this lifted the curse. Just as, when triumph, hear what He Himself also said: righteousness of God, and so … he … come from ignoring it. Bede writes: "We recognition of a slave as an individual someone is condemned to death, another 'When I am lifted up, then I will draw all corrects himself and removes the burden must remember that it is God's will, and with rights, though he still lacks the innocent person who chooses to die for people to myself.' Now you can see that of guilt from God, placing it on himself." not our own will, that we must do, for he status of a free man, has no parallel in him releases him from that punishment, so the cross is Christ's glory and triumph." [p. 203] who does His will shall abide forever, the laws of Mesopotamia. The Christ also did…." even as He abides." preoccupation of the Covenant Code with its social and moral values sets it off sharply from all of ancient Near Eastern law [p. 72].
29.1-15 recalls how the Lord has Of history, the present and the future, 30.12-14 is cited (as noted by Origen) in In Blessing or Curse: You Can Choose, Ambrose writes that we are "always with protected the people in the desert and Origen reflects: "Consider if perhaps Rom 10.6-8, while 29.4 is cited in Rom Derek Prince, a Cambridge academic, that good of which the psalmist says [in v. urges them to "be careful to do the all people participate in Him insofar as 11.8; and 29.18 is cited in both Acts 8.23 Christian and Bible scholar has applied the 4/5] 'We shall be filled with the good words of this covenant." 29.16-30 warns He is the Word. This is why the apostle and Heb 12.15, while 30.4 is cited in both teaching on blessings and curses to life things of Your house.' '[Our] citizenship is that "the curses written in this book will teaches us that He is sought within the Mt 24.31 and Mk 13.27. Of 30.14 ("The today. He begins with Deut 30:19 ("… in heaven' [from Phil 2.20]." … We hear Deuteronomy 29- 13-Nov settle upon" any person who commits seekers by those who choose to find word is very near you; it is in your mouth choose life, so that you and your children Ps 64 (65) [in v. 13/ 14] of those singing praise to 30 idolatry. However, 30.1-10 indicates that Him. He says: "Rom 10.6-8…. The and in your heart, so that you can do it") may live…") and links Deut 28.15 with both God to the accompaniment of their harps those who repent and "return to the savior kindly points out the matters Clement of Alexandria writes: "'Anyone present-day and ancestral curses carried [as in] Rev 14.2 [when John hears] 'the LORD your God, you and your children … pertaining to the kingdom of God that who tries to act high-handedly annoys God forward over the generations: "Blessings sound of harpists playing their harps… with all your heart and with all your soul; [everyone] may not seek it outside (Num 15.30),' says Scripture…. For result from hearing God's voice and doing singing a new song before the throne.'" then the LORD your God will restore your themselves or say 'Behold here or [boasting] is a spiritual vice. Scripture tells what He says. Curses result from not Here, as in many other psalms, Church
Moses continues to speak to the people Rabbi Sacks cites in 32.1-6 how Moses 31.6, 8 is cited in Heb 13.5; 32.5 is cited in On the passing of leadership from Moses Augustine reflects that v. 1 ("Shout to about how they shall cross over the looks back on his life and the Phil 2.15; 32.17 is cited in 1 Cor 10.20; to Joshua in 31.7, 23, Rabbi Sacks writes: God, all the earth") refers to "all people Jordan and "the LORD your God himself wanderings in the desert with "vivid 32.21 is cited in Rom 10.19; 11.11 and 1 "Leadership … is complex because it who are on the earth…. not Judea alone, will go over before you." However, he language … and wants his final words Cor 10.22; 32.38 is cited in Rom 12.9 and involves people and people are complex. therefore, you see, brethren, how the will not be allowed by the Lord to go with never to be forgotten." He urges the Heb 10.30; 32.43 is cited in in Rom 15.10, You have to listen, and you have to lead. universality of the Church, spread abroad them, but they will be led by Joshua and people: "Do not blame God when in the LXX in Heb 1.6 and in Rev 6.10 and You have to strive for consensus but in the whole world is set forth… Christ defeat the Canaanites (31.1-6). Then things go wrong. This is what Moses 19.2; 32.35-36 is cited in Heb 10.30 and ultimately if there is none, you must take was crucified, and as the Apostle [Paul] Moses encourages Joshua to "be strong feels so passionately. Do not believe, Rom 12.19. Of the rain in 32.2 Caesarius of the risk of deciding…. It is not the job of says in Rom 11.25, 'A partial hardening and of good courage" because "the LORD [Moses] says that God is there to Arles writes: "The rain is the Word of leaders to give people what they want. It is has happened to Israel until the full Deuterionomy 31- 14-Nov your God … goes with you (31.7-8, 23). serve us. We are here to serve Him God…. All of us wish to have refreshing the job of leaders to teach people what Ps 65 (66) number of the Gentiles has come in.'" 32 Moses gives further laws to the priests to and through Him be a blessing to the waters in our gardens…. How … solicitous they ought to want. But at the same time, Rom 11.26-27 adds: "And also Israel will be read to the people (31.9-13; 32.46- world. God is straight; it is we who are we [should be] for the Lord's garden, that [leaders] must involve people in the be saved, as it is written: 'The Deliverer 47). The Lord warns Moses that he is complex and self-deceiving. God is not is, the church of God, that the dry places decision-making process…. Leaders must will come out of Zion; he will remove about to die (31.14-16a; 32.48-52) and there to relieve us of responsibility. It be watered and the hard places softened be teachers but also learners. They must ungodliness from Jacob…. This is my that the people will break the covenant is God who is calling us to by the rivers of sacred Scripture and the be visionaries and yet have time for covenant with them [Isa 59.20-21], when (31.16b-21) but will be comforted by a responsibility" [pp. 293-294]. streams or fountains of the ancient details. They must push people-but never I take away their sin' [Isa 27.9; Jer 31.33- song (31.22; 32.1-45). Fathers…." too far, never too fast, or they will fail" [p. 34]." 291].
Moses blesses the 12 tribes of Israel The Thummim and Urim in 33.8 were In Acts 1.23-26 the apostles put forward [See Jerome writes of this psalm: "This, (33.1-29), with long blessings for the first placed by Moses in the two names to replace Judas and prayed: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleromancy] indeed, in our petition, that the light of tribes of Levi (33.8-11) and Joseph (33.13- breastpiece of Aaron when he was "You Lord, who know the hearts of all . Thummim and Urim were used only by Your countenance, that is, Your image, 17). Moses concludes: "Happy are you, O anointed as a priest (Ex 28.30; Lev 8.8) men, show which one of these two You Levite priests (see Neh 7.65, Ezr 2.6). This may shine upon us' (v. 1)…. Unless you Israel! Who is like you, a people saved by and then used by Levite priests as have chosen to occupy this ministry…. And was not simply the casting of lots (also cause the light of Your image to shine the LORD ...." Moses ascends "Mount "sacred lots … in times of crises to they drew lots for them, and the lot fell to known as "Pur") as in Es 3.7, 9.24.26; Neh upon us, we cannot know Your way and Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, which is determine the will of God," such as in Matthias who was added to the eleven 11.1; and Jon 1.7. The casting of lots (but know as You know … that Your majesty opposite Jericho. And the LORD showed Num 27.18-23 to decide when Joshua apostles." The NASB notes: "This is the not the use of Thummim and Urim) which is known in heaven, may be known him all the land…." (34.1-4). Moses dies should lead the people "to go out" and Bible's last mention of casting lots" [p. continues in the NT with the selection of also by us on earth…. 'I am the way,' and is buried "in Moab opposite "to come in." [See NASB note on Ex 1573]. Of 34.9 when Moses lays hands on Zechariah "to enter the [Holy of Holies] [Jesus Christ] says, 'and the Truth and the Deuteronomy 33- Bethpeor, but no man knows the place of 28.30, p. 118]. In Prov 16.33 (RSV and Joshua, Cyril of Jerusalem writes: "Note and to burn incense" (Lk 1.9), as well as for Life' (Jn 14.6)…. Scripture now says here: 15-Nov Ps 66 (67) 34 his burial to this day" (34.5-6). The NASB) "the lot is cast into the lap, but the same ceremonial everywhere, both in the clothes of the crucified Jesus Christ (Mt 'among all the nations, Thy salvation' (v. people mourn the death of Moses for 30 its every decision is from the LORD." the OT and the NT…. [Both Moses and] 27.35, Lk 23.34, Jn 19.23, Rom 19.23-24 ) 2), not in one people only, but in all days (34.7-8). Joshua "was full of the An NASB note explains: "Here the lot Peter imparted the Spirit by the imposition and in Acts 1.23-26. The use of Thummim nations without exception…." spirit of wisdom… so the people of Israel may have been several pebbles held in of hands. Upon you also, who are to be and Urim does not lead to random results, obeyed him" (30.9), but "there has not the fold of a garment and then drawn baptized, the grace will come." as is indicated by 1 Sam 28.6 when Saul arisen a prophet since in Israel like out or shaken to the ground. It was receives no answer from the Lord "either Moses" (30.10-12). commonly used to make decisions" [p. by dreams, or by Urim, or by prophets." 915]. [continued in Reflection] The Lord commissions Joshua to "go over The books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel Josh 1.5 is cited in Heb 13.5. For the books Cyril of Jerusalem writes: "Jesus [Joshua] … Of this psalm that begins "Let God arise," the Jordan" and promises him success in King are known as "the Former of Joshua, Judges, Ruth and 1-2 Samuel, was a type of [Christ]:… for when he began Augustine writes: "First, we had to be battle. Joshua organises and encourages prophets"-"all historical in content but "the most significant [commentaries of the to rule the people, he began from the persuaded how much God loved us, in the army and the people (1.10-15). written from a prophetic standpoint" Church Fathers] are the homilies of Jordan; thence also did Christ begin to case … we lacked the courage to reach up Joshua sends out two spies; and they [NASB note, p. 272]. Unlike Moses, Origen…. Since Joshua and Jesus are the preach the gospel after he was baptized. to him. Also, we had to be shown what hide with the prostitute Rahab. She gives who had lived in Egypt as a prince, same word in the Greek language, Origen [Joshua] appoints the 12 to divide the sort of people we are that he loves, in them the vital information that the Joshua knew Egypt as a slave, but assumes throughout his exposition that inheritance (Josh 14.1); and Jesus sends case we should take pride in our own hearts of the people are terrified of the witnessed the miracles during the the name rendered Jesu by Rufinus refers forth the 12 apostles…. He who was the worth … and sink ever more under our Israelites (2.1-14) and then helps them escape from Egypt. His earlier life has not only to Joshua but typologically to type [i.e. Joshua] saved Rahab, the harlot, own strength. So, he dealt with us in such Ps 67 (68) vv. 1- 16-Nov Joshua 1-3 escape (2.15-24). After camping by the been set out in Ex 18.8-13, 24.13-14, Jesus of Nazareth, allowing him to directly who had believed; the true Jesus [said], a way that we could progress rather in Jordan River for three days, Joshua 33.11; Num 14.26-34, 27.18; and Deu and explicitly connect the events Behold, 'the publicans and the harlots are 5 his strength; he arranged it so that the instructs the army to follow 2,000 cubits 31.23, 34.5. "Earlier in his life Joshua concerning Israel and the conquest and entering the kingdom of God before you' power of love should be brought to (about 1,000 yards) behind the Levite was called simply Hoshea (Num 13.8, division of the land narrated in the book (Mt 21.31). With but a shout, the walls of perfection in the weakness of humility…. priests carrying the Ark of the Covenant 16), meaning 'salvation.' But later [of Joshua] with … Jesus and the early Jericho collapsed at the time of the type As he said to Paul, 'My grace is enough (3.1-5). When the feet of the priests Moses changed his name to Joshua, church" [Prof John R. Franke, ACCS OT IV, (Josh 6.20); and because of Jesus [saying], for you, for my power is made perfect in carrying the Ark touch the river, the meaning 'The LORD saves' (or 'The p. xxix]. 'There will not be left here one stone upon weakness' (2 Cor 12.9)." waters stop flowing; and all the army LORD gives victory')" [NASB notes, pp. another' (Mt 24.2), the temple of the Jews cross over safely (3.6-17). 272-273]. … is fallen…."
Joshua tells each tribe to collect a stone Archeological investigations of the Prudentius sang: "… Twelve stones from The fall of Jericho and the faith of Rahab Of v. 6 in which "God gives the desolate [or to remember the Jordan passage (4.1-7); ruin-mound of Tell es-Sultan (the Jordan's bed,/ Left dry when waters are cited in Heb.11.30-31. Of 5.13-15 Isaac lonely or solitary] a home to dwell in," Derek and these stones are later placed at modern name of Jericho) have backward flowed,/ He raised and firmly set of Nineveh writes: "Divine providence Prince writes in Chords from David's Harp, Gilgal (4.15-24). Joshua sets up a further produced no evidence to confirm that in place,/ The types of Christ's apostles surrounds all persons at all times, but it is that "there may be some special barrier in 12 stones in the Jordan (4.8-13), as the a city existed there at the end of the twelve." "As Joshua was exalted before not visible except to those who have your life-whether of sin or of circumstances- that keeps you shut up in the prison of your people "stood in awe of him" (4.14). The Late Bronze Age…. It became apparent those whom he ruled, so Jesus is exalted in purified their souls of sin and think about loneliness. But if so, God is ready to deliver Israelite males are circumcised at Gilgal that none of the cities which the Bible our sight when we perceive his divinity. God at all times. To these it is luminously you…. There is just one kind of person whom (5.1-9). The manna ceases; and the claims were captured and burnt by The change in reverence, from Moses to revealed at that time; because when they God cannot help out of loneliness: the Israelites eat "the produce of the land" Joshua were destroyed at this time…. Joshua, corresponds with the shift in have undergone great temptations for the rebellious….Rebelliousness is a barrier that a (5.10-12). Joshua sees an angel; and In the New Chronology, however, the observance of the law to the gospel" sake of truth, then they receive the faculty person raises up by his own will, and he is 17-Nov Joshua 4-6 Ps 67(68) vv.6-17 Joshua is told to take off his shoes "for Conquest took place during the last [ACAS, OT IV, pp. 21-22]. Of 5.8 Origen to perceive sensibly as if with the eyes of the only one who can take it down…. [A the place where you stand is holy. And phase of the Middle Bronze Age (c. writes: "… to be circumcised by our Jesus is flesh also when necessary, even palpably, possible response to this psalm in prayer is:] Joshua did so" (5.13-15). The Lord tells 1440-1353 BC). At this time all the this: … to put aside wicked habits … to cut according to the kind and cause of the Lord, if it is rebelliousness that keeps me a Joshua the battle plan, which Joshua cities conquered by Joshua and the off filthy and rude customs and whatever temptation, as if for greater lonely person, help me to take that barrier implements; and the walls of Jericho fall Israelites were indeed destroyed recoils at the rule of honesty and piety…. encouragement. So it was with Jacob … down" [p. 111]. (6.1-21). Jericho is destroyed; and only according to the archaeological We are truly said to be healed when, Joshua … Peter and others to whom the Rahab and her father's household are record…. The archaeological evidence lacking vices, we instill a virtue in our form of a man appeared to encourage saved (6.22-27). is unambiguous…. [Rohl, p. 216]. nature by its new use." them and to console their faith." A soldier, Achan, disobeys the Lord and Of 7.6, "Joshua's dismay (and that of Origen brings 8.34-35 into the NT: "I The tragic story of Achan … stands in sharp Maximus of Turin interprets v. 18 ("Thou takes "some of the devoted things" from the people of Israel), as indicated by certainly think that whenever 'Moses is contrast to the story of Rahab… She didst ascend the high mount, leading Jericho. "The anger of the LORD burned his prayer, arose from his recognition read' to us and through the grace of the abandoned Canaan and its gods… [Achan captives in thy train, and receiving gifts against the people of Israel" (7.1). The that the Lord had not been with Lord 'the veil of the letter is removed' (2 disobeyed the Lord. This] is also a story of among the rebellious, even among the Canaanites defeat the Israelites (7.2-5). A Israel's troops in the battle [of Ai]. And Cor 3.15-16) and we begin to see that 'the how one man's sin adversely affected the rebellious that the LORD God may dwell there") as: "This phrase is to be understood dismayed Joshua asks the Lord why; and without the Lord the whole venture law is spiritual' (Rom 7.14), then the Lord entire nation. Throughout this account (as in this way-that the captivity of the human the Lord tells him of the breaking of the for which Israel had crossed the Jesus reads that law to us…. Those whom often in the OT) Israel is considered a being, whom the devil had captured for covenant (7.6-15). Through the casting of Jordan would be impossible. [the Lord] sets apart by the name of corporate unity in covenant with and in himself, the Lord captured for himself by lots, Joshua finds Achan, who admits his Moreover, the Canaanite would now 'women or infants or proselytes' (Heb the service of the Lord. Thus even in the rescuing him, and this very captive, as it disobedience (7.16-21). Achan and his judge that neither Israel nor her God 5.12), let us understand them to be acts of one (Achan) or a few (the 3,000 says, he took to the heights of heaven. Both Psalm 67(68): vv. 18-Nov Joshua 7-8 family and his livestock are killed (7.22- was invincible. They would pour out of persons who still 'need milk'… Even John, defeated at Ai), all Israel is involved (see captivities are called by the same name, but 18-35 26). The Lord tells Joshua how to defeat their fortified cities, combined forces perceiving similar things about these 7.1,11; 22.20) [NASB note, p. 282]. John … the devil's captivity subjects a person to the king and people of Ai (8.1-9). The and descend on Israel in the Jordan separate groups, writes and determines in Chrysostom's insights are summarised as: slavery, whereas Christ's captivity restores a plan is carried out (8.10-29). Joshua Valley, from which Israel could not his epistle which deeds are peculiar to Christians in troubled times must heed the person to liberty." builds an altar on Mount Ebal, gives escape across the flooding Jordan" which individual ages [1 Jn 2.12-14]…. For example of history, which testifies that burnt offerings to the Lord, and teaches [NASB note, p. 282]. Like Moses, divine Scripture does not know how to calamity results from impiety" [ACAS, IV, p. the people the law of Moses (8.30-35). Joshua speaks to the Lord about how make a separation of men and women 41]. "Your great name" (7.9) will not be according to sex [i.e. gender]. For indeed respected (Num 14.13-16, Deut 9.28- sex is no distinction in the presence of 29)" [NASB note, pp. 282-283]. God…."
The Gibeonites trick Joshua into believing Chaim Potok writes: "Surprise attacks, Preaching on Josh 9, but continuing to Origen compares "those five kings who Cassiodorus writes: "This psalm accords they are "from a far country," although clever stratagems, careful planning, reflect on how Jesus Christ reads the law fight the Gibeonites [in 10.12-21] … to with the Lord's passion.... [The title of Ps they live close by and make a covenant the ruse of drawing combatants out of to us, Origen writes: "Jesus himself is the carnal persons" and reflects: "We have 68 (69) is]: 'For Them that shall be with Joshua (9.1-15). Joshua keeps the their city into an Israelite infantry one who recites these things in the ears of often said that the battle of Christians is Changed.' This change … points to the covenant, even after he learns he has ambush-this was the war waged by all the people, admonishing that we not twofold. Indeed, for those who are Christian people who have abandoned been deceived, but the Gibeonites Joshua and the Israelite clan he led, follow 'the letter that kills' but that we perfect, such as Paul and the Ephesians, it the wickedness of the old man, and have become servants of the Israelites (9.16- according to the Bible. They were hold fast [to] 'the life-giving spirit' (2 Cor was not, as the apostle himself says, 'a been changed by the gift of a new birth… 27). The Amorite kings attack Gibeon, aided by the inability of the 3.6). Therefore, Jesus reads the law to us battle against flesh and blood but against We have listened to a psalm … in which it but Joshua keeps the covenant and goes chronically suspicious and when he reveals the secret things of the the principalities and authorities, against is clear that the power of His divinity is to defend them" (10.1-11). Joshua independent Canaanite kings to form law. For we who are of the catholic [i.e. the rulers of darkness in in this world and matched by the humility in His humanity. Ps 68 (69) vv. 1- 19-Nov Joshua 9-10 defeats the five Amorite kings and kills permanent alliances among universal] church do not reject the law of spiritual forces of iniquity in the heavens' We read in the Gospel 'They gave me gall them, when in some way "the sun and themselves. It was a brutal territorial Moses, but we accept it if Jesus reads it to (Eph 6.12). But for the weaker ones and 12 for my food, and in my thirst they gave moon stand still" on the battlefield war. The Israelites wanted land-as had us, so that when he reads we may grasp those not yet mature, the battle is still me vinegar to drink' (cf. Mt 27.48); and (10.12-21). As a note in the NASB states, the Amorites one thousand years his mind and understanding. Therefore, waged against flesh and blood, for those elsewhere: 'The zeal of Thine house hath "The fact is we do not know what earlier around the time of Abraham. should we not think that he had are still assaulted by carnal faults and eaten me up' (Jn 2.17). Then too the happened, except that it involved divine The twelfth chapter of the Book of understood this mind who said 1 Cor 2.12- frailties." As Christians today, we still Apostle Paul says: '… Let their eyes be intervention" (p. 287). Joshua continues Joshua lists thirty-one Canaanite cities 13 and … those who were saying Lk 24.32 engage in these two battles-to purify darkened, that they may not see…' (Rom to defeat all the Canaanites (10.22-43). captured by the Israelites under the and Lk 24.27?" ourselves and to engage in spiritual 11.9). These verses, watchful reader you leadership of Joshua" [p. 83]. warfare. will find in this psalm [ vv. 21, 9, 23]…." The Canaanite kings unite to fight Joshua Of 11.23 Origen writes: "'And the Origen writes of 13.1-8: "You see how Augustine writes of 11.14 ("they did not Of the distress or affliction that draws the and the Israelites, but are defeated earth rested from wars' [cannot be] many swarms of opposing powers and leave any [person] alive that breathed"): psalmist down in v. 18, Gregory of Nazianzus soundly and killed (11.1-23; 12.1-24). The utterly truthfully concerning [Joshua], malicious demons may be stirred up "One should not think at all that it is a writes: "We are engaged night and day … Lord instructs Joshua to conquer the when the earth never entirely rested against Jesus [Joshua] and the Israelite horrible cruelty that Joshua did not leave either secretly or openly … [in] an eternal remainder of the land and to divide it from wars in his time… This is fulfilled army. Before the coming of our Lord and anyone alive in those cities that fell to him, warfare within ourselves … against the tide which tosses and whirls us hither and among the tribes (13.1-14; 14.1-5). Caleb in my Lord Jesus Christ. Consider Savior, all those demons, undisturbed and for God himself had ordered this. thither, by the aid of our senses and other asks for an inheritance from Joshua; and yourself-you have come to Jesus secure, were occupying human spirits and However, whoever for this reason thinks sources of the pleasures of this life … and he receives Hebron (14.13-15). "Joshua's through the grace of baptism [and] ruled in their minds and bodies. But when that God himself must be cruel … judges as against the law of sin, which … strives to success should be measured in the light have attained the remissions of sins; 'grace appeared' in the world, the mercy perversely about the works of God as Psalm 68 (69) vv. destroy the royal image within us…. And 20-Nov Joshua 11-14 of the specific orders of given by God, and now in you 'the flesh' does not 'of God our Savior' (Tit 2.11-14) instructs [they] do about the sins of human beings. 13-24 before a man has, as far as possible … which he carried out fully, rather than by 'fight against the spirit and the spirit us to live piously and purely in this world, Such people do not know what each purified his mind … I do not think it is safe the total area that eventually would have against the flesh' (Gal 5.17). Your land separated from every contagion of sin, so person ought to suffer. Consequently, they for him to be entrusted with the rule over to be occupied by Israel" [NASB note, pp. has ceased from wars if you still 'carry that each soul may receive its liberty and think it is a great evil when that which is souls, or the office of mediator (for such I 290-291]. An estimate of the time these around the death of Jesus Christ in the 'image of God' (Gen 1.27) in which it about to fall is thrown down and when take it, a priest is) between God and man." conquests took is seven years [NASB your body' (2 Cor 4.10) so that you was created from the beginning. mortals die." note, p. 290]. may be made 'peaceable' and you may be called 'a child of God'" (Mt 5.9).
As in 15.1-12 and 15.20-63 which set out Of Caleb's inheritance in 14.13-15 Origen applies 15.63 to us today: Origen continues: "But now, even though Of seeking God in v. 32, Augustine reflects: the inheritance of the tribe Judah, and in Origen writes: "Hebron means 'union' "Concerning Jerusalem we have frequently we make great progress and improve "Let us direct the mind's gaze and, with the 16.1-17.13 which give the inheritance of or 'marriage.' Perhaps this can be said that it means 'a vision of peace.' If, ourselves with the utmost zeal, Lord's help, let us search out God…. Let us the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, expressed by Hebron because the … therefore … the vision of peace has been nevertheless I do not think that anyone seek him who is to be found, let us seek him "much of chapters 13-21 reads like cave purchased by the patriarch established in our heart and we always turns out to be so pure of heart that [they] who has been found. He has been hidden so that he may be sought for and found; he is administrative documents" setting out Abraham is there, and he remains of contemplate and retain in our heart Christ, are never defiled by the contamination of immeasurable so that, even though he has land boundaries [NASB note, p. 291]. the fathers and their wives lie there: who is 'our peace' (Eph 2.14)-if indeed we a contrary thought. Therefore, it is still been found, he may be sought for. For this "Judah's priority is anchored in the oracle Abraham with Sarah, Isaac with are so fixed and firm in this vision of peace certain that Jebusites dwell with the sons reason it is said elsewhere, 'Seek his face of Jacob (Gen 49.8-12) and upheld in the Rebecca, and Jacob with Leah. Thus that absolutely no evil thought or of Judah in Jerusalem. On the contrary, we always' (Ps 105.4). For he fills the seeker as Psalm 68 (69) vv. 21-Nov Joshua 15-17 history of the nation (2 Kin 17.18)" [NASB Caleb deserved to receive the remains consideration of some sin ever rises up in must be amply concerned and must far as [they] have capacity. And he 25-36 note, p. 294]. 15.13-19 tells of how Caleb of the fathers for an inheritance, our heart, if this could be so done, we attempt daily to cast them from Jerusalem; [encourages] the finder … [to] seek again to dealt with his inheritance. In 17.14-18 because no doubt through the wisdom would be able to say that we are in but, just as it is written, we cannot cast all be filled when [they] have begun to increase the tribe of Joseph (i.e. the tribes of that was in him, and by which he had Jerusalem and no one else dwells with us out at the same time." As Christians, with [their] capacity." Ephraim and Manasseh, see v.17) flourished both under Moses and except those who are holy [continued in peace in our hearts, we still have to complain to Joshua they need more Jesus [Joshua], he had understood the Reflection]. recognise that the battle to seek purity, in space; and Joshua gives to them "the hill nature of the union itself….[in which both body and mind, occurs again and country" with its forests. each patriarch lay there with only one again, even as we draw closer to the Lord. wife]." The inheritances of land for seven The cities of refuge "provided an Origen writes that like Joshua … "even our Who do you think among us are fruit- John Cassian reflects of v. 1 ("Be pleased, further Israelite tribes are set out (18.1- elementary system of government, Lord Jesus Christ asks us for a place he may bearing mountains, in whom Jesus may O God, to deliver me! O LORD, make 19.51). The decision about the specifically a system of regional courts build and in which he may live and that we dwell? Surely those in whom exist 'the fruit haste to help me!"): "This verse, I say, is inheritance each side will be given is to deal with capital offenses … [as] a ought to become so clean of heart, and so of the Spirit: joy, peace, patience, love' necessary and useful for each one of us determined by "casting lots" with the safeguard against the easy miscarriage sincere of mind, so holy in body and spirit, (Gal 5.22)…. Those, therefore, are the fruit- in whatever condition we may live. For Urim and Thummim (18.6) supervised by of justice (with its potential for that he may … accept this place in our soul bearing mountains who produce the fruit whoever desires to be helped always and Eleazar, the son of Aaron, as high priest endless blood feuds) when retribution and to build it and dwell in it….Perhaps no of the Spirit and who are always lofty in in all things shows that [they] need God [see Deut 33, Josh 14.1 and NASB note, for manslaughter was left in the hands individuals can be capable of this, but can mind and expectation. And although few as a helper not only in hard and sad p. 293]. The Levites do not receive land of family members. The cities chosen the whole people and all the church are able to be like this, nevertheless, even affairs but also and equally as much in 22-Nov Joshua 18-20 because "the priesthood of the LORD is were among those also assigned to together barely be capable of receiving the if they are few, the Lord Jesus, who is the Ps 69 (70) favorable and joyful ones, so that just as their inheritance" (18.7). Joshua as well is the Levites, where ideally the law of Lord Jesus in themselves so that he may 'true light' (Jn 1.9) dwelling in them, will [they] may be snatched from the former given an inheritance-the city for which he Moses would be especially honored" dwell in them? Let us see, therefore, what send forth the beams of his light also upon [they] may abide in the latter [and] know had asked, "Timnathserah in the hill [NASB note on 20.1-9, p. 300]. The is this place in which Jesus is bound to all the rest, those whom he has not yet, in that in neither instance can human frailty country of Ephraim; and he rebuilt the gate of the city in 20.4 was "the dwell. 'In Mount Ephraim,' it says [in this first round, judged worthy of his endure without his assistance." city and settled in it" (19.49). The Lord traditional place for trials, where the 19.50], that is, in the fruit-bearing habitation. tells Joshua to establish cities of refuge elders sat to hold court (see Ruth 4.1 mountain" [continued in Reflection]. (20.1-9). and Job 29.7)" [NASB note on 20.4, p. 300].
The Levites request and receive from the Chaim Potok writes: "There is little Of the altar "Witness" (22.34), Origen Of 22.1-9 and the returning tribes, Origen Of v. 2 ("In thy righteousness deliver me Lord, through Moses, "cities to dwell in, reason to doubt that some of the preached: "Let us see what sacrament lies preached: "This seems to indicate the and rescue me; incline thy ear to me, and along with their pasture lands for our Canaanite cites whose ashes for this within this deed….[This altar is a sign] not mystery that 'when the fullness of the save me") Cassiodorus writes: "When cattle" (21.1-41). There is peace "on period have been uncovered by that … [there is] some division and nations will come in' (Rom 11.25), they [the psalmist David] says 'in your every side…" (21.43-45). Joshua calls archeologists were put to the torch by separation ..between us and those who receive from the Lord Jesus what was righteousness [or justice],' he seeks together the Reubenites, and the Joshua…. The ease with which some of were righteous before the coming of promised to them, those who had been divine mercy, for it is the role of divine Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, the Canaanite cites fell may have been Christ, but that they [i.e. the righteous taught and instructed by Moses and who justice to spare the suppliant, since it has thanking them for their faithfulness in the happy result of help given to the Israelites] might reveal themselves to still by prayers and entreaties brought aid to us pleased [the Lord's] fairness to pardon helping to secure Canaan; and he sends Israelites by people inside them who be our brothers even if they existed before who are placed in the contest. They have Ps 70 (71) vv. 1- the person known to condemn [their] 23-Nov Joshua 21-22 them across the Jordan, back to their had no stomach for battle-or who the coming of Christ. For although they not yet 'attained the promises' (Heb 12 own actions… When [the psalmist] says families and land (22.1-9). The returning were Hebrews, descendants of the possessed an altar then before the coming 11.39), waiting so that our calling might 'incline,' he proclaims that he is lowly and tribes find that their people have built an families who had not gone to Egypt of the Savior, nevertheless, they knew that also be fulfilled, as the apostle says (2 prostrate. Unless God's grace inclines to altar, which the Israelites at first think is and who saw the attacking tribesmen it was a form and figure of what would be Thess 1.11). But now at last with the gifts deliver us, we cannot attain by our own a sacrilege and threaten war (22.10-20). as their own kin. This conjecture the true altar (Heb 10.11-12)…. They are they receive from Jesus they may attain merits the mercy for which we long. No However, the altar was built in good faith would explain why so many cities are made 'one flock and one shepherd' (Jn the perfection that had been deferred for person's merit touches the Lord unless in and is "named Witness …[as] a witness listed as captured for which there 10.16), those former righteous ones and them so that each one may dwell in peace his mercy he bends low to reach sinners." between us that the LORD is God" (22.21- exists no record of a battle" [p. 85]. those who are now Christians." with every war and every battle ceasing." 34). The elderly leader Joshua gathers the Anderson views chapter 24 as "one of A key message from the book of Joshua These final chapters of the book of Joshua This psalm mentions praise to the Lord six people together for two farewell the most important chapters in the applies to the NT and to us today. As conclude the first six books of the OT. Six times. "At the center (v. 14…) stands a addresses. In 23.1-14 Joshua urges the OT," because at Shechem, Joshua's Origen preached: "Mysteries are dimly leaders-Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (also confident confession of hope…. The whole people to keep the covenant with the challenge to the Israelites to serve the shadowed in these words … that … truly known as Israel), and then Joseph, Moses [of the psalm] is framed by an appeal for Lord, who has given the Israelites so Lord "was put with the urgency that indicate to us that we ought not to leave and Joshua-gather and guide their help (vv. 1-4) and a vow to praise in anticipation of deliverance (vv. 22-24). The many blessings. However, if they disobey was later voiced by the prophets: any of those demons deeply within, whose followers to teach them that God is One- intervening verses are linked by references his covenant and intermarry with Today you must decide!...This was not dwelling place is chaos … but to destroy not many as the Egyptians, Babylonians, to the troubles the king has experienced and Canaanites they shall "perish quickly off the initiation of the covenant them all. We slay demons but we do not Romans, Greeks and many other references to old age" [NASB note, p. 810]. the good land" (23.15-16). Then at relationship, but a reaffirmation of the annihilate their essence. For their work civilizations falsely believed. Stressing that The theme of v. 10 ("For my enemies have Shechem, a sacred site "where Abraham sacred covenant that was made at and essence is to cause persons to sin. If victory in battle is due to righteousness, spoken against me") can be linked to those had rested beneath the oak tree and Sinai [and] … a reaffirmation of the we sin, they have life, but if we do not sin, Gregory of Nyssa quotes 23.10: "Faithful is Ps 70 (71) vv. who spoke against Jesus Christ in Mt 27. The 24-Nov Joshua 23-24 where Isaac had built a shrine to El- Mosaic belief that for Israel there can they are destroyed. Therefore, all holy he who has promised that 'a thousand theme of v. 21 ("May You increase my 13-24 shaddai" [Rohl, p. 222], Joshua reviews be only one God." Joshua may well persons kill the inhabitants of Ai [Josh 8]; shall be chased by one' and that 'ten greatness and turn to comfort me") is Israel's history (24.1-14). He states: "As have also been addressing the Leah they both annihilate and do not release thousand shall be put to flight by two' implemented in Isa 12.1 and 49.13 (The for me and my house we will serve the tribes, of Jacob's six sons by Leah, who any of them. There are doubtless those (Deut 32.30), victory in battle being due LORD has comforted his people, and will LORD;" and the people agree to "serve had settled earlier in the Shechem who guard their heart with all diligence so not to numbers but to righteousness." have compassion on his afflicted"). the LORD" (24.15-16). Joshua dies and is region, seeking to draw them away that evil thoughts do not proceed from buried in Timnathserah (24.29). Eleazar, from idolatry." pp. 144-145]. it…." the son of Aaron, dies and is buried at Gibeah (24.33).
The tribe of Judah seizes Jerusalem and The title [of the book] describes the None, but Gregory the Great writes: Rabbi Jonathan Sacks describes the Jewish This psalm ends the second of the five much of Canaan (1.1-20). However, the leaders Israel had from the time of the "There are two main types of vision of leadership as being characterized major divisions of the Book of Psalms northern tribes do not drive out the elders who outlived Joshua until the compunction. The penitent thirsting for by "service, … taking responsibility, … [Anderson, p. 545; NET-FN, Note F, p. Canaanites (1.21-36). An angel of the time of the monarchy [NASB note, p. God feels the compunction of fear at first; [being] vision-driven, … teaching, … 990]. Of v. 15 and its prayer for gold to Lord appears at Bochim and warns the 307]. However, this was a very later on, he experiences the compunction [leaders having] faith in the people he or be given to the king, Cassiodorus reflects: people of their apostasy (2.1-3). different type of leadership than of love. When he considers his sins, he is she leads, … [with] a sense of timing and "We read in Scripture [in Lk 16.19-31] Although the people wept there and earlier, linked in large part to Israel's overcome with weeping because he fears pace; [and the awareness that] we are all that the rich person does not enter the "sacrificed to the LORD" (2.4-5), they did disobedience and subsequent desire eternal punishment. Then when this fear summoned to the task." This description kingdom of heaven, yet the patriarchs not repent, but turned to idolatry (2.6- to return to the Lord, as well as how subsides through prolonged sorrow and certainly applies to the Pentateuch but Job, Abraham, Isaac and Joseph also had 13) after the death of Joshua (2.8). the Lord dealt with both the repentance, a feeling of security emerges would not fit the period of the Judges. abundant wealth. So the business people 25-Nov Judges 1-2 Therefore, "the hand of the LORD was disobedience and the repentance. from an assurance of forgiveness…. Once However, "heroes and heroines of faith" Ps 71 (72) who are reckoned as accursed are those against them … and they were in sore Chaim Potok writes: "All the saviors in we envision the choirs of angels and fix our did emerge who would meet Rabbi Sacks' who have no thought whatsoever for the straits" (2.14-15). Even when "the LORD the Book of Judges were judges in the gaze on the company of saints and the challenge that no matter "how small we Lord's justice…. in my view, the meaning raised up judges" the people kept turning normal sense of that word: dispensers majesty of an endless vision of God, the are," [nor] how great is the task to which to be embraced here [in this verse] is to idolatry (2.16-20), so the Lord tested of justice, magistrates; but not all the thought of having no part in these joys we are called … example[s emerge that] something like this: 'My mouth has Israel by not permitting the Canaanites to judges were saviors. The Hebrew makes us weep more bitterly than the fear can light a flame in each of us, leading us proclaimed your justice, because I have be driven out (2.21-23). word for judge in the Book of Judges- of hell and the prospect of eternal misery to strive for …. those great ideals of love not known the worldly business that is shofet-means an arbitrator or a court did before." and truth and service…." [pp. 303-309]. polluted by evil actions.'" justice as well as a deliverer" [p. 92]. The testing of the Israelites begins both The Israelites "settled down and None, but the Great writes: "There are "The Israelites of the Judges period were Ambrose reflects of v. 1 ("Truly God is to teach war to those "who had not attached [themselves] to Canaan's two main types of compunction [that is, essentially nomadic pastoralists living in good to the upright"): "Growth in moral known it before" and to see "whether peoples, morals, gods, and religious guilt and regret]. The penitent thirsting for semi-permanent communities. The perfection is evident as a theme from the Israel would obey the commandments of beliefs and practices as readily as to God feels the compunction of fear at first; political structure of the tribal confederacy beginning of the psalm. Indeed, no one the LORD" (3.1-6). The Israelites lapse Canaan's agriculture and social life" later on, he experiences the compunction was a fairly haphazard affair, based on the can truly proclaim that God is good but into idolatry and are sold into slavery … [NASB note, p. 307]. Chaim Potok of love. When he considers his sins, he is covenant to Yahweh and an undertaking to one who knows that goodness is not before Caleb's younger brother, Othniel, agrees with this assessment: "The first overcome with weeping because he fears defend each tribal territory from outside from [their] own successes and profits rescues them … until his death (3.7-11). contact with the high culture of eternal punishment. Then when this fear aggression. The Judges were the thread but out of the depth of the heavenly Another deliverer, Ehud, kills Eglon, King Canaan, its material wealth and subsides through prolonged sorrow and who held this loose weave together. Their mysteries and the height of God's plan. Ps 72 (73) vv. 1- 26-Nov Judges 3-4 of Moab; and … peace follow (3.12-30). complex cult, was seductive, and repentance, a feeling of security emerges roles varied with the circumstances of For [moral perfection] is to be weighed Another deliverer arises, Deborah, who much cultural borrowing no doubt from an assurance of forgiveness…. Once their times. Some were consulted as 14 not by the appearance of things present accompanies Barak to defeat Sisera (4.1- followed…. In the absence of we envision the choirs of angels and fix our people or renown within the community but by the advantage of things to come… 10). An Israelite woman, Jael, permits the centralized authority or institutions, gaze on the company of saints and the for both political and religious matters; The person who has not struggled or fleeing, defeated Sisera to enter her tent each [Israelite] tribe was ruled by its majesty of an endless vision of God, the others were war-leaders who came to the been tried in the combat of various and then kills him by driving a tent peg judges. Under certain critical thought of having no part in these joys fore in order to save Israel from military contests will not be able to hope for into his skull (4.11-24). conditions some of those judges makes us weep more bitterly than the fear threats. [Almost] all were leaders [Rohl, future rewards." became extraordinary leaders- of hell and the prospect of eternal misery pp. 229-230]. deliverer judges, charismatic leaders." did before."
The Song of the victorious Deborah and Again and again, wise judges deliver Of 5.3 ("Hear, O kings") Origen preached: Of Deborah's leadership, John Chrysostom Barak in 5.1-31 is "one of the oldest the Israelites in battle, but when there "[Deborah] names them 'kings' who are preached: "Indeed, nothing-nothing, I Augustine linked the four classic virtues of passages of poetry in the OT" [Anderson, is no judge the people lapse into called together to hear the word of God…. repeat-is more potent than a good and prudence, fortitude [that is, uncomplaining p. 196]. A thunderstorm and the idolatry. Deborah is the only woman It is not as just any people that you are prudent woman in molding a man and courage in pain or misfortune], temperance resulting mud trap the chariots of Sisera, who becomes a judge; and Ambrose called to hear the word of God, but as a shaping his soul in whatever way she and justice to v. 28 ("But for me it is good to leading to their defeat with the Lord writes that she is a widow, and as "a king, for to you it was said, 'You are a desires. For he will not bear with friends, be near God") because this is what "will portrayed as the leader of the Israelite mother in Israel" (2.7) possibly Barak's royal, priestly race, people for God's or teachers, or magistrates in the same constitute the perfect and eternal wisdom, forces. Yet again, the Israelites without a mother: "And so one widow both possession' (1 Pet 2.9). Because you are way as with his wife… Therefore, I beseech as it will constitute the truly happy life, judge lapse into idolatry and are ruled many thousands of men in king, therefore, Christ our Lord is rightly women to carry this out in practice and to because to attain it is to attain the eternal and supreme good, and to stick close to God defeated by the Midianites (6.1-10). An peace and defended them from the called the 'King of kings and the Lord of give their husbands only the proper advice. Ps 72 (73) vv. 27-Nov Judges 5-6 forever is the sum of our good. Let this be angel of the Lord selects the warrior enemy…. It is not sex [i.e., gender] but lords' (1 Tim 6.15; Rev 19.16). However, … For, just as a woman has great power for 15-28 Gideon as the new judge and deliverer valor which makes strong." Thus, the you are [only] made a king if Christ reigns good, so also she has it for evil…. called prudence because it will cling most (6.11-18). He sacrifices a young goat and tension throughout the book of Judges in you… If also in you, therefore, the soul Furthermore, Deborah and Judith and providentially to the good that cannot be lost, and fortitude because it will cling most unleavened cakes to the Lord which is continues with the movement of the reigns and the body submits, if you put the innumerable other women directed the stoutly to the good from which it cannot be consumed on a rock by fire (6.19-24). Israelite tribes back and forth from concupiscence [i.e., strong sexual desires] success of men who were generals (2 Sam parted, and temperance because it will cling Gideon and 10 of his servants pull down obedience to the Lord toward of the flesh under the yoke of your 13; Job 2.9-10; 1 Sam 25; Esther 7-8)…." most chastely to the good in which there is his father's altar of Baal; and Gideon succumbing to Canaanite social and command, if you subdue every kind of no corruption, and justice because it will receives a sign from the Lord of victory in religious influences. vice… then you who know how to reign are cling most uprightly to the good to which it is battle (6.25-40). also rightly called a 'king.'" deservedly subject." Gideon arrives at the spring of Harod Historically speaking, it is simply a Origen preached of 7.3: "Does not the Different interpretations are offered about with an army of 32,000 but the Lord has matter of perspective-biblical or leader of our army, the Lord and Savior the 300 men who did not kneel down to Augustine writes: "The title of this psalm him reduce the army to 300, so that the [Egyptian]. The Israelites perceived Jesus Christ, call out now to his soldiers drink water in 7.5-8. Evagrius of Pontus [is] 'Of understanding; for Asaph'… The Israelites will know that it is the Lord, not the barren hill country where their and say, whoever is 'fearful and anxious of writes: "Limiting one's intake of water meaning of Asaph in Hebrew … is their own strength that will win the great ancestor Abraham had lived as a heart,' let him not come to war with me? helps a great deal to obtain temperance. 'synagogue' [so the psalm] pertains to the battle with the Midianites (7.1-8). Gideon land overflowing with milk and For this is also what he says in the Gospels This was well understood by the 300 people of Israel … but of what sort of and his men with their torches, trumpets honey…. But the Egyptians had no in other words but with the same Israelites accompanying Gideon just as Jews …? For they are not of the chaff, but and jars terrify the Midianites who flee interest in the region occupied by meaning: 'Whoever does not take his own they were preparing to attack Midian." probably of the grain (cf. Mt 3.12), not of (7.9-25). Gideon chases other Midianites their former slaves. Pharaoh's cross and come after me is not worthy of Augustine suggests: "In this number [300] the broken branches, but probably of and defeats them, although several interests lay in the lucrative trade me' (Mt 10.38; Lk 14.27), and again: is the sign of the cross because of the those that are strengthened. 'For they Ps 73 (74) vv. 1- 28-Nov Judges 7-8 tribes refuse to help him (8.1-18). Gideon routes to and from the great powers 'Whoever does not renounce all that he letter T [tau], which signifies 300 in the are not all Israel, which are of Israel' 14 has the Israelites give him "the [golden] of the Mesopotamian north…. To has cannot be my disciple' (Lk 14.33). Is Greek numeral characters." NASB notes (Rom 9.6)…. There are certain Israelites earrings of his spoil;" and Gideon makes ensure the Israelites did not terrorise not Christ thus culling out the fearful and propose that "the 300 remained on their to whom [Christ] referred, saying 'Behold a pagan idol from the gold (8.19-28). The the main highways … along those vital anxious and sending them away from his feet, prepared for any emergency" [p. an Israelite in whom there is no guile' [Of Israelites seek to make Gideon and his trading arteries, the Egyptians made camp?... But don't let such a life of warfare 322]. Perhaps all three explanations have Nathaniel in] (John 1.47)…. If we son their king, but he refuses, saying Israel's neighbours strong enough to turn you away; there really is nothing merit. The key point is simply that the Lord distinguish between the two Testaments, "The LORD will rule over you" (8.23). continuously threaten the tribal difficult, nothing arduous or impossible in wished to show the Israelites they should Old and New, there are not the same Gideon dies; and the Israelites turn again confederacy in the hills [Rohl, p. 251]. it." rely on Him, not numerical superiority in sacraments, nor the same promises; to Canaanite idolatry (8.29-35). battle. nevertheless, the same commandments for the most part."
Abimelech [had been] proclaimed king Abimelech [had been] proclaimed king None, but Basil's words are apt: "Prudence John R. Franke writes: "The most On this psalm Augustine continues: "If we before Joshua's great covenant stone [at before Joshua's great covenant stone must precede every action that we influential version of the OT was a Greek distinguish between the two Testaments, Shechem]. So began three years of brutal [at Shechem]. So began three years of undertake; for, if prudence be wanting, translation of the Hebrew Bible known as Old and New, there are not the same oppression by Israel's first elected brutal oppression by Israel's first there is nothing, however good it may the Septuagint (LXX)…. The early Christian sacraments, nor the same promises; monarch… [But then] the elders of elected monarch… [But then] the seem, which is not turned into evil." Of church inherited the LXX from the Jewish nevertheless, the same commandments for the most part…. When examined, they are Shechem soon began to see their error in elders of Shechem soon began to see Jotham's parable of the trees, Anderson tradition as its own Bible. The writers of either all found to be the same, or there are raising a megalomaniac as king over the their error in raising a megalomaniac writes: "Seeking for a king to rule over the NT commonly quoted the OT from it, hardly any in the Gospel which have not central tribes… [However,] the King as king over the central tribes… them, the trees ask the olive, the fig, and and the early Christian fathers generally been spoken by the Prophets…. Grace [was summoned his Habiru mercenaries and [However,] the King summoned his the vine in turn, [but] finally had to settle regarded the LXX as the normative form of given] because there is fulfilled through love killed people ruthlessly, before he too Habiru mercenaries and killed people for the bramble….The implication was that the OT and rarely consulted the Hebrew that which by the letter was being was killed. "Israel's first abortive ruthlessly, before he too was killed. Abimelech's rule, like the inflammable text, believing the LXX was inspired by [commanded]: Truth, because there is being experiment with kingship was at an end. "Israel's first abortive experiment with bramble, would be a tinderbox for the fires God. The Christian adoption of the LXX, Ps 73 (74) vv. 15- [given] that which was promised. This Asaph 29-Nov Judges 9-10 It would be another 157 years before the kingship was at an end. It would be of revolution. In this pointed attack on along with concerns that it was too free in 28 [meaning 'synagogue' in Hebrew] has Israelites once again asked for a king to another 157 years before the Abimelech's kingdom, Joachim was its rendering of the Hebrew, led Jewish therefore understood…. This same rule over them." Archeological Israelites once again asked for a king expressing the attitude toward the scholars to produce several other Greek congregation [God] has called 'the rod of the excavations have confirmed many of to rule over them." Archeological monarchy that prevailed in the translations that they regarded as more inheritance' [Ex 4.1-3]…. To what did the these battles [Rohl, pp. 252-255]. excavations have confirmed many of conservative circles of the Israelite consonant with the Hebrew Bible. Thus, serpent persuade man? To death (cf. Gen these battles [Rohl, pp. 252-255]. Confederacy" [p. 203]. while the LXX was generally accepted as 3.1). Therefore, death is from the serpent. If the standard form of the OT, the Fathers death is from the serpent, the rod in the serpent [in the hand of Moses] is Christ in were aware of these other versions and death." sometimes referred to them" [ACAS, OT IV, p. xxx]. The Israelites gathered at Gilead select The elders chose … Jephthah as None. For historical context on why the Anderson writes: "The moving story of Of v. 2 ("God says, 'At the set time, [or the warrior Jephthah to be their leader; commander of the army because of Israelite tribe of Ephraim rose up against Jephthah's sacrifice of his daughter (11.29- 'when I seize the opportunity'] I will and he agrees (11.1-11). Jephthah seeks his many years of experience leading a Jephthah, Roth writes: "In these bloody 40) in fulfillment of his religious vow, is judge with equity"), Jerome reflects: "The to persuade the King of the Ammonites band of adventurers on raids in times the tribes of Israel were rarely one of the most tragic texts of Scripture" Lord is not judge now, but will be later. If not to fight him, but the king will not Amorite territory [Roth, p. 255]. united and often at each other's throats… [p. 198]. The same might be said of how He were judge now, sinners would not be agree to peace (11.12-28). Jephthah Anderson notes how "deeply [After Jephthah's victory and] until the Abimelech had killed 70 of his brothers on arrogant and gain the wealth of the vows to the Lord that if he wins the Canaanite rites and conceptions had unification of the tribal confederacy under the sacred stone of Yahweh in Shechem. world…. Does it scandalize you that battle "then whoever comes forth from infiltrated Israel," as well as "how King Saul, the Gadites controlled the Only Gideon (Jerubbaal)'s youngest son, wickedness reigns in the world? Hear the the doors of my house to meet me … I Israel's strength in time of crisis was Jordan crossing points and prevented Jothan, was hidden and escaped (Judg 9.5). Lord [then in v. 2]. The time for judgment will offer [that person] up for a burnt connected with a revival of a vigorous traders from Ephraim entering the lands to Jothan cursed Abimelech (9.20); and the has been set aside. The present world is 30-Nov Judges 11-12 sacrifice" (11.29-33). His daughter comes faith in Yahweh, the God of the the east of the river…. Then, in 1081 BC, curse was carried out (9.57). Over the Ps 74 (75) not the time for judgment, but of out to meet him; and Jephthah fulfills his covenant" [p. 199]. Anderson's after nearly thirty years of relative peace, centuries Jews and Christians and many contest. 'For the Father does not judge vow with his daughter's agreement analysis was linked to Gideon and how the final and most devastating oppression others have learned the wisdom of Rom anyone, but has assigned all judgment to (11.34-40). The Israelite tribe of Ephraim he tore down his father's altar to Baal emerged from the west in the form of 12.9-21, especially v. 14: "Bless those who the Son (Jn 5.22)'… [The Son] renders rise up against Jephthah, but he defeats (Judg 6.25-32), but this conflict early Israel's greatest foe-the Philistines" persecute you; bless and do not curse." judgment for the simple reason that He them and continues as a judge until his between faith in the Lord and the lure [p. 256]. Chaim Potok notes that: [Many] received judgment." death (12.1-7). of Canaanite culture continued judges are listed who 'arose to save the throughout the time of the Judges, as land'-but we are not told of their exploits" indicated by Jephthah sacrifice of his [p. 95]. daughter.
Manoah's wife (who is not named in the Samson marries a Philistine woman 13.4-5 Both the wife of Manoah in 13.4-5 Of 13.1 Ambrose writes: "For many years Augustine divides this psalm into three Bible) "was barren and had no children," (14.1-4), kills a lion, sets a riddle for and Zechariah in Lk 1.15 are told by angels the Philistines held the Hebrews in sections: (1) "where the name of the Lord but an angel of the Lord appears to her the Philistine men waging his life to raise their sons as Nazarites. The subjection after their surrender for they has become widely known through the and tells her she "shall conceive and bear against theirs (14.5-14), tells the manner in which the boy Samson "grew had lost the prestige of faith by which their declaration of his powers [vv. 1-5]; (2) a son" whom she is to raise as a Nazarite, answer to his wife who betrays him; and the LORD blessed him" in 13.24 is fathers had gained victory. Yet the mark of [of] … the Lord's wonderful deeds [vv.6- who drinks no wine, eats nothing and then he kills 30 Philistine men, similar to how the young Jesus Christ was their election and the ties of their heritage 9]; [and] (3) [Where the Lord] … counsels unclean, and whose hair remains uncut leaves his wife and returns to his blessed in Lk 2.40 and in Lk 2.52. An NASB had not been entirely obliterated by their the committed ones never to cease (13.1-7). The angel appears a second parents' home (14.15-20). Both note on 14.4 ("It was of the Lord") Creator. But because they were often offering gifts to the God who inspires fear time to Manoah's wife who summons Anderson [pp. 200-201] and Roth [p. explains: "The Lord uses even sinful puffed up by success he delivered them for and who purifies the hearts of princes her husband; and the angel confirms his 257-258] are highly critical of weaknesses of men to accomplish His the most part into the power of the enemy [vv. 10-12]." Jerome sees the need "to earlier words (13.8-14). Manoah and his Samson's behaviour, as were his purposes…. (Gen 45.8, 50.20; Acts 2.23, so that with … dignity they would seek face the hard and cruel necessity of 01-Dec Judges 13-14 wife sacrifice a baby goat and a cereal parents, especially his determination 4.28; Rom 8.28-29). [p. 333]. Bede from heaven the remedy of their ills. We Ps 75 (76) death, [and to be] comforted by this offering to the Lord and the angel to marry a Philistine woman. preached: "Jacob, the patriarch Joseph, submit to God at a time when we are consolation that we shall shortly see ascends in the flame of the offering However, Ambrose writes that Samson … [and it could be added, John the overwhelmed by other reverses; success again those whose absence we now (13.15-23). Samson is born "and the boy perhaps they "did not realize that Baptist] all had … [mothers who were] for puffs up the mind. This is proved … mourn. For their end is not called death grew, and the LORD blessed him" (13.24- [Samson's] purpose was to see that, if a long time barren in body but always especially in that change of fortune by but a slumber and a falling asleep [for 25) [Continued in Historical Context]. the Philistines refused her to him, he fruitful in virtues. In this way their dignity which success returned again from the which we should not] sorrow (1 Thes would become very angry, [and] that would be known from the miraculous Philistines to the Hebrews." 4.13)." … if thy gave their consent, [he] would nativity of those who were born…." be bringing an end to the wrong treatment of the conquered [Israelites]." The husband of Samson's Philistine wife The Philistine lords encourage Delilah None. Anderson views "the Samson stories Ambrose agrees with Roth by reflecting on Elder Aimilianos reflects: This psalm is gives her in a bigamous marriage to to find out the secret of Samson's as more legendary than any other material 15.14-16 when Samson killed many "concerned with the search for God and another Israelite (15.1-2). Samson takes great strength; and after several preserved in the book of Judges" [p. 201]. Philistines with the jawbone of a donkey: "I the experience of His presence." The revenge by destroying the harvest of deceptions he tells her it is his uncut However, a note on 16.30 in the NASB wish that [Samson] had been as controlled opening phrase "For the end" refers to many Philistine fields (15.3-5). In hair (16.5-17). Delilah arranges for points out that "Samson pushed the in victory as he was strong against the "the conclusion of an agonizing struggle retaliation, the Philistines kill Samson's Samson's hair to be cut while he is wooden pillars from their stone bases. enemy! But, as [often] happens, a soul … which seemed like it would end in Philistine wife and her family (15.6). asleep; the Philistines seize him, blind Archaeologists have discovered a Philistine unused to good fortune, which ought to utter failure. However, contrary to all Samson kills many Philistines; and they him and put him in prison; but then temple with a pair of closely spaced pillar have attributed the outcome of the expectations, it resulted in the victory of again seek revenge. The fearful men of his hair begins to grow again (16.18- bases" [p. 336]. Thus, there is some engagement to God's favor and protection, the one who seemed defeated…. When Judah bind Samson and hand him over to 22). The Philistines bring Samson to a historical validity to the story of Samson. attributed it to himself saying 'With the does our spirit experience sorrow?... the Philistines (15.7-13). Samson breaks pagan temple for a festival, but he Roth's analysis is also sound: "Viewed jawbone of an ass I have destroyed … a When it understands that something 02-Dec Judges 15-16 the ropes and kills many Philistines with pulls down two pillars killing many theologically, the story of Samson's tragic thousand men.' He neither erected an altar Ps 76 (77) separates it from God; when it feels the the jawbone of a donkey (15.14-17). people and himself (16.23-30). His demise portrays what happens to a person nor sacrificed an [animal] victim to God, dividing wall standing between itself and Samson thirsts and asks water of the family bury Samson's body in the filled with charisma [that is, a divinely but failing to sacrifice [he took] the glory to God (cf. Eph 2.14)." However, in v. 4 the Lord, who splits open a rock for him to tomb of his father Manoah, after he bestowed talent or power] who disregards himself…." psalmist "remembered God and was drink (15.18-20). Samson terrorizes the had ruled as a judge for 20 years the guidance of Yahweh in a time of crisis glad" [pp. 324-330]. Philistine village of Gaza and then goes to (16.31). The Philistines continue to to pursue personal whims of the moment" live with another Philistine woman, the rule over the Israelite tribes. [p. 201]. prostitute Delilah (16.1-4). [continued in Historical Context]
Micah returns a large amount of money The events narrated evidently took None. Ephrem the Syrian's Hymns on In the light of how the Israelites kept Anderson writes: "This hymn of praise is he had stolen from his mother; and she place fairly early in in the period of the Paradise offers a balanced reflection on falling away from and then returning to part of a genre that focus on "God's uses part of it to make an idol which the judges. They illustrate the religious the life of Samson, looking forward to the Lord under the judges, Ephrem the greatness and goodness manifest in Israelite Micah, his son and his mother and moral degeneracy that Christ: "Satan the tyrant outwitted Samson Syrian's reflection under "NT References" deeds of history and creation" [p. 548]. worship (17.1-7). Micah takes into his characterized the age-when there was …, the same tyrant outwitted Adam …: is a fitting reminder of "the presence of This is true; however, the insights of home a travelling Levite priest (17.8-13). no king in Israel' and 'every man did Samson had to grind at the mill, Adam had Christ in the OT." Father Eugen J. Pentiuc Clement of Alexandria are also important Five men from the Israelite tribe of Dan what was right in his own eyes' (17.6; to labor wearily on the soil; Samson prayed writes in Jesus the Messiah in the Hebrew that: "the Lord's reprimand is very seek and are given the Levite's blessing 21.25). Writing at a time when the to be released, whereas we pray to grow Bible: "Adam [as the first of] the primeval beneficial…. God's righteousness cried for their journey (18.7). These men monarchy under the Davidic dynasty old in our misery. Blessed is he who human collective can be considered as the out: 'If you will come to me be righteous, return with many others and persuade had brought cohesion and order to delivered Samson, releasing him from the first Messiah….[Then] humanity ultimately … I will deal with you justly. If you walk the Levite priest and Micah and his the land and had reestablished a grinding. Samson is a type of the death of becomes the fallen Messiah. This Ps 77 (78) vv. 1- treacherously, I will do so also [i.e., 'walk 03-Dec Judges 17-19 family to come with them, along with center for the worship of the Lord, the Christ the high priest: Samson's death fallenness precipitates the requirement of 18 treacherously' with you], says the Lord of their household idols (18.8-21). author portrays this earlier era of the returns prisoners to their towns, whereas the rising Messiah [Jesus Christ] who hosts (Ps 18.25-26; 17.26-27 LXX). [God] However, then the Danite men threaten judges as a dismal period of national the High Priest's death has returned us to atones for humanity's errors and restores is suggesting that he will punish the Micah; and he returns to his home, decay, from which it was to be our heritage." it to the godly relationship…. The rising treacherous ways of hardened sinners…." leaving the priest and household idols rescued by the house of David" [NASB Messiah is that mysterious figure See NET-FN, Note V, p. 996. with the Danites who "set up for note on 17.1-21.25, p. 336]. prophesied in the Hebrew Bible (OT), and themselves Micah's graven images" interpreted by the early church as Jesus of (18.22-31). the gospels" [pp. 1-2]. [continued in Judg 19-21, NT References] A Levite and his concubine are reconciled The other tribes of Israel had vowed Father Eugen continues: "After God Throughout Judges the fundamental issue Augustine preached that Christ "is himself and travel to the town square in Gibeah, that none of their men would "give his refashioned humanity by splitting, or is the lordship of God in Israel-i.e., Israel's the bread of heaven that came down from in the territory of the tribe of Benjamin daughter to Benjamin in marriage," reshaping it into the dynamic man-woman acknowledgement of and loyalty to His heaven.… This bread was also signified by (19.1-16). They are taken in for the night but later they did not want to see the relationship (Gen 2.18-23), and [then with] rule [NASB note, p. 307]-or their rejection manna of which it was said, 'He gave them by an old man, but are then surrounded tribe destroyed (21.1-7). One Israelite the two first humans' act of disobedience, of that rule when they do not have wise the bread of heaven; people ate the bread of angels" (vv. 24-25). Who can the bread of by men demanding homosexual acts tribe from Jabesh-gilead had not come the need for a rising Messiah was gradually judges. Roth writes that even Samson "was heaven be, but Christ? But for people to eat from the Levite (19.17-22). Just as Lot in to the later assembly, so they were felt…. The apostle John reports Jesus' first still unable to bring down Philistine the bread of angels, the Lord of angels Sodom in Gen 19.5-8, the old man and brutally punished in keeping with "the miracle and associates it with the marriage overlordship over the Israelite tribes. The became a human being. Because if he had the Levite send out the Levite concubine, covenant bond between the tribes" at Cana in Galilee (John 2)…. John implicitly lords of Philistia continued to dominate not become this, we would not have his who is raped and killed (19.23-26). The (21.8) [NASB note, p. 343]. Then the connects the revelation of Christ as the the highways from their garrison forts and flesh; if we did not have his flesh, we would Levite returns to his home, cuts up the elders of the other Israelite tribes Messiah with the venerable institution of exact dues from the poor farmers and Psalm 77 (78) vv. not eat the bread of the altar [i. e., the 04-Dec Judges 20-21 dead body of his concubine into 12 permitted the men of Benjamin to marriage. This is meant to signify Christ's shepherds of the central hill country" [p. 19-36 Eucharist]…. This is where you are going…. pieces and sends one piece to each of "catch his wife from the daughters of role as the mediator of the restoration of 258]-while the Israelite tribes often fought You come through Christ to Christ. How the tribes of Israel (19.27-30). All of the Shiloh" (21.12-25). Chaim Potok humanity's relationship with God (through often among themselves. With the rise of through Christ to Christ? Through Christ the Israelite tribes unite against the men of writes: "There were no judges in that conjugal unity)" [pp. 2-3]. Father Eugen's Samuel, the next and final judge of the man to Christ the God, through the Word Gibeah, who are defended by the tribe of bitter civil war. It is told in the Book of reflections offer an appropriate antidote to Israelites, humanity, in a sense, recovers made flesh to the word which in the Benjamin, but the Benjamites lose in a Judges in order to present us with a the way many men treated woman in the from the atrocities of the period of the beginning was God with God (Jn 1.1, 1.14). viscous three-day battle (20.1-48). picture of a tribal league in disarray Book of Judges. Judges and journeys toward a closer [continued in Historical Context] and to prepare us for the coming of relationship with and respect for the Lord. the monarchy" [p. 96].
Elimelech, an Israelite living in Moab Chaim Potok writes: "The period of Isidore of Seville sees Ruth as "a type of Ambrose writes: "Ruth entered the church Basil's words in On the Holy Spirit are linked because of famine, died, leaving behind the judges was not a blood-filled the church… because she is a stranger and was made an Israelite, and [she] to these verses in this psalm: "The Spirit his Israelite wife Naomi and two sons darkness of unending crises. The from the Gentile people who renounced deserved to be counted among God's speaks with the authority of the Lord (Acts who had taken Moabite wives; but both idyllic Book of Ruth, written during the her native land and all things belonging to greatest servants; chosen on account of 10.20; Acts 13.2; Is 48.16; and Is 63.14 LXX). sons died (1.1-5). Naomi decided to early period of the monarchy, reflects it. She made her way to the land of the kinship of her soul, not of her body. Do not try again to convince me that this 'leading' by the Spirit is some lowly service. return from Moab to Bethlehem and much of the gracious and genteel Israel…. For the church was called to God We should [imitate] her because, just as Scripture testifies that it is the work of God leave her Moabite daughters, but Ruth quality of life that was probably the from the Gentiles in just this way: leaving she deserved this [privilege] because of (Ps 80.1/79.2 LXX: 'Give ear, O Shepherd of stayed with Naomi and said, "Your backdrop to the outbursts of violence. her native land (which is idolatry) and her behavior, to him who, like Paul or any Israel, thou who leadest Joseph like a flock'). people shall be my people" (1.6-22). Ruth The crises were not everywhere at giving up all earthly associations…." In 2 other bishop, calls us to worship God, Therefore, when you hear that 'the "happened to come to the field of Boaz, one time, there was peace here while Tim 1.16 Paul gives a blessing to 'Your people are my people, and your God Comforter will bring to remembrance all that who was of the family of Elimech" and there was war there" [p. 94]. "The Onesiphorus similar to Naomi's words to is my God.' (Ruth 1.16)." Isadore of Seville I have said to you and I will guide you into all Psalm 77-78 vv. 05-Dec Ruth 1-2 gathered wheat left after the reapers 'closest relative,' also known as a her daughters-in-law in Ruth 1.8. In Acts cites Deut 32.43(LXX) "Rejoice, you nations truth' (Jn 14.26; 16.13), do not quibble over (2.1-3). Boaz found out who she was and kinsman-redeemer, was responsible 21.14 the apostles ceased to argue with with his people, (that is people of the 37-54 the meaning"[ACAS, OT VIII, p. 133] fed her and encouraged her to return to for protecting the interests of needy Paul, just as Naomi in Ruth 1.18 who when Gentiles), pour forth what you believe; glean in his fields (2.4-16). Naomi told members of the extended family,… she "saw that [Ruth] was determined to go [rejoice] with those who were first chosen Ruth that Boaz was her relative; and Ruth [so] Naomi is encouraged when she with her … said no more to her." In Mt for eternal joy," which is also cited in Rom continue to glean "until the end of the hears that the Lord has led Ruth to the 21.10 "all the city was stirred" when Jesus 15.10. barley and wheat harvests; and she fields of a relative who might [marry Christ enters Jerusalem, just as the people continued to live with her mother-in- her]…. This moment of Naomi's of Bethlehem were stirred by Naomi's law" (2.16-23). awakened hope is the crucial turning entry to Bethlehem in Ruth 1.19. point of the story" [NASB note on 2.20]. Naomi advises Ruth to lie down at night Naomi's actions are guided by Mosaic Boaz, Obed, Ruth and Jesse are noted in Of 3.1-4 Theodoret of Cyr writes: "When Of God's choice of David and Joseph in the on the threshing floor beside Boaz, which law in which "the continuity of each the genealogy of Jesus the Messiah in Mt Ruth heard her mother-in-law saying, 'Our concluding verses of the LXX ("And He chose she does (3.1-7). Boaz is startled to find family and the decentralized control 1.5-6, with all the men in Lk 4.32. In Acts neighbor is a true man,' she was reminded David His servant, and took him up from the her and recognises that she is asking him of land through family ownership 13.22 Paul refers to King David as "the son of his great kindness and thought to want flocks of sheep…. to shepherd Jacob His as next-of-kin to marry her (3.8-11). were basic to the Mosaic economy" of Jesse." Is 11.10 ("the root of Jesse") is him [to be] married to her in law, so that servant, and Israel His inheritance"), Bishop Nicholai Velimirovich (1880-1956) writes: However, there is another man who is a [See Deut 25.6 and NASB note on that cited in Rom 15.12. Theophylact writes: she might keep up the memory of the "God will be with the just man…. You are the closer relative, so Boaz goes to talk to verse, p. 258]. However, Ruth's "Ruth was a foreigner, but nevertheless dead…. [Naomi] suggests to [Ruth] that she justice of the just, O Living God. His justice is him in the presence of the elders of his request to Boaz for marriage "does she was married to Boaz. So, too, the sleep at Boaz's feet, not that she might sell not to be found in the laws of men, laws tribe (3.12-4.2). Although the other man not refer to the Sinai covenant but to church is from among the Gentiles. For like her body (for the words of the narrative which people write hastily but implement is keen to purchase the land Naomi is marriage as a covenant" [See NASB Ruth, these Gentiles had been foreigners signify the opposite); rather, she trusts the lazily. Your presence is his [i. e., David's] selling, he declines to marry Ruth, notes on Ruth 3.9, p.350 and Ezek outside the covenants, yet they forsook man's temperance and judgment. Psalm 77 (78) vv. justice and Your every breath is his new 06-Dec Ruth 3-4 because it would "impair my own 16.8, p. 1175, supported by Mal 2.14]. their people, their idols and their father, Moreover, the actions corroborate the 55-72 (77 LXX) law…. Who is a just man besides those who inheritance" (4.3-6). Boaz purchases the Anderson writes: "Yahweh's presence the devil. And so Ruth was wed to Boaz of words." Naomi was well aware of the bear God within them? No one, Lord" [cited land; and Ruth becomes his wife (4.7-13). … was veiled in the ordinary course of the seed of Abraham, so too was the danger of Ruth being molested in the fields by Manley-P, p. 289]. Ruth gives birth of a son, Obed, whose human events, in which actions have church taken as bride by the Son." (2.23), so Naomi, like Ruth, are both name means "servant" or possibly consequences…. With the story of showing great trust in Boaz as a person of "servant of the Lord" [NASB note on Ruth … the divine purpose becomes integrity, respectful of the covenant of 4.17] who is "the father of Jesse, the evident … subtly in the drama of marriage. father of David" [4.14-22]. human relations" [pp. 244, 177].
Elkanah has two wives, Hannah who has Eli's sons were "worthless" and did not Of 1.5 ("The LORD had closed [Hannah's] This hymn of lament is part of a second Of God's anger in this psalm, Gregory of no children, and Peninnah who has observe the laws of sacrifice (2.11-18). womb") John Chrysostom preached: "Let genre of those psalms that focus on the Nazianzus writes: "Whatever you do children (1.1-2). Each year Elkanah Hannah has five more children; and us learn … from this the highest values "suffering and distress" of the Israelite according to your will is perfect. 'You are makes a pilgrimage to Shiloh and gives a "the boy Samuel grew in the presence [that] when we fall foul of some disaster, community. Although "fully one-third of angry, and we have sinned,' someone much smaller portion of his animal of the LORD" (2.19-21). Eli is visited by even if we are suffering grief and pain, the Psalter consists of [these] laments … said long ago, in making confession. Now sacrifice to Hannah than to Peninnah (1.3- "a man of God" who warns him of the even if the trouble seems insupportable to the surprising thing is that [there is] so it is time for me to say the opposite, 'We 8). Hannah vows to the Lord that if she death of his sons and that "a faithful us, let us not be anxious or beside little whining and self-pity … and that the have sinned, and you are angry;' has a son she will give him to the Lord priest" will be raised up (2.22-37). ourselves but wait on God's providence. praise of Yahweh reverberates through therefore 'we have become a reproach to (1.9-11). The High Priest Eli at first thinks Meanwhile, the Philistines "began to He is well aware, after all, when is the time human sorrows (cf. Martin Buber, The our neighbors.' You turned your face 1 Kingdoms (1 07-Dec Hannah is drunk, because "only her lips take the territories of the tribes … for what is causing us depression to be Eclipse of God)" [Anderson, p.552]. Ps 78 (79) from us, and we were filled with Samuel) 1-2 moved and her voice was not heard," but raided Israelite granaries" and exerted removed-which is what happened in Although divine activity is described in this dishonor. But stay, Lord; cease, Lord, then blesses her (1.12-18). Hannah has a increasing control over the Israelites. [Hannah's] case as well…. What was most psalm in human terms, Augustine explains forgive, Lord; deliver us not up forever son whom she names Samuel and brings The Philistines "were a martial people, remarkable of all, showing in particular her that "names derived from human because of our iniquities [that is, sinful him at the age of three to stay with Eli in superb fighters, well equipped and love for God, was the fact that she was not experience [are applied as far as we can] … acts]…. [May we] learn wisdom from the the religious sanctuary at Shiloh (1.19- skilled with the chariot and the inept simply anxious to have this very child for as a nonfactual, mental picture… to trials of others." 28). Hannah sings to the Lord of her joy Israelite troops could not stand up to herself but to dedicate the fruit of her aspects of God." (2.1-10) [continued in Historical Context]. them in combat" [Potok, p. 97]. womb to God…." The Lord calls Samuel three times, but Of the battle between the Israelites Of the battle between the Israelites and With the capture of the ark, John Of God's punishment and the people's Samuel thinks it is Eli and goes to him and the Philistines, Roth writes: "The the Philistines, Roth writes: "The Philistines Chrysostom writes that: "God wanted to plea for mercy in vv. 3-7, Caesarius of (3.1-8). Eli finally realizes it is the Lord Philistines were too powerful, with were too powerful, with their heavy teach the enemies of the Jews that the Arles preached: "If a person knows [they] and tells Samuel "if he calls you again, their heavy chariots and calvary, chariots and calvary, whilst Israel's defeat was not due to God's weakness but have committed some serious sin, [they] you shall say, 'Speak LORD, for thy whilst Israel's strength did not lie in strength did not lie in fighting set-piece to the transgressions of those who should have recourse to the remedies of servant hears'" (3.9). The Lord tells fighting set-piece battles on open battles on open ground. They had worshiped him." 4.13 ("Eli's heart was repentance while there is still time and it Samuel of the destruction that will soon ground. They had forgotten how the forgotten how the earlier judges had trembling for the ark of God") indicates it is within [their] power to do so. Indeed, fall on the House of Eli; and Samuel tells earlier judges had employed both the employed both the terrain and surprise is possible that "Eli had sufficient spiritual conversion in the present life and Eli (3.10-18). "And all Israel … knew that terrain and surprise guerrilla tactics to guerrilla tactics to defeat Israel's strongest sensitivity to be aware of the danger penance that is fruitfully performed Samuel was established as a prophet of defeat Israel's strongest enemies" enemies" [Roth, p. 260]. With the capture inherent in the sinful and presumptuous at brings a swift cure to wounds of this kind, the Lord" (3.19-21). The Philistines [Roth, p. 260]. With the capture of the of the ark and the Lord having abandoned of taking the ark of God into battle. And he for repentance not only heals a past defeat the Israelites soundly on the first ark and the Lord having abandoned them, the Israelites were in a dire seems to have been even more concerned wound but also guards the soul against 1 Kingdoms (1 08-Dec day of their battle, so the Israelites bring them, the Israelites were in a dire situation. Chaim Potok writes: "The ark for the ark than for his sons" [NASB note, Ps 79 (80) further injury through sin…. [For those Samuel) 3-4 the Ark of the Covenant onto the situation. Chaim Potok writes: "The had been the focus of the tribal league. p. 363]. However, Isaac of Nineveh who continue to sin] the amount of battlefield (4.1-9). However, the ark had been the focus of the tribal Crushed beneath the relentless pressure of disagrees, suggesting that "wrath and punishment [will] be measured according Israelites are again soundly beaten; the league. Crushed beneath the the Philistines, the ark now captured, the death [came] upon the house of the priest to the manner, number and measure of Ark of the Covenant is captured by the relentless pressure of the Philistines, sanctuary [at Shiloh soon to be] destroyed, Eli … because … he loved [his sons] more sin…. Every person will then reap the Philistines; and both of the priest-sons of the ark now captured, the sanctuary the judges helpless-the Israelite federation than the statutes of the Lord." Caesarius of things [they] sought in this life by sinning Eli are killed (4.10-11). Eli is told and dies, [at Shiloh soon to be] destroyed, the of twelve tribes began to disintegrate" [p. Arles writes: "I fear and shudder at the more or less." as does his daughter-in-law in giving birth judges helpless-the Israelite 97]. example of Eli, the priest, for when he to Ichabod (4.12-22). federation of twelve tribes began to heard that his sons were committing disintegrate" [p. 97]. adultery [1 Sam 2.22] … [he] only gently admonished them."
The Philistines place the captured ark of At this time the 'Asiatic Plague'-what Of 7.2 Gregory the Great writes: "Because Augustine writes in City of God 17.7: "We This psalm begins with the words "For God in the temple of their god Dragon in we today call the bubonic plague-was we relate the perfection of the ark to the may be sure that the very aim of those the end" which Elder Aimilianos explains Ashdod, but twice find that the stone idol spreading like wildfire amongst the perfection of the contemplative life, the who pass over [from Israelite to Christian] "is a phrase usually associated with the falls down before the ark (5.1-5). Then northern empires of the Middle East…. ark of God remained in Kiriath-jearim … for is transformed from the old to the new, so most important psalms, which as a rule the people of Ashdod are afflicted by the The plague quickly began to ravage 20 years [and] the number 20 [stands for] that the aim of each is no longer the were performed by the lead musicians Lord with tumors and mice; and the the Philistine cities, carried by rats on the delight in the things to come…. The attainment of material felicity but spiritual [and] … speak of God's future Philistines return the ark to the Israelites board the trading ships from the more richly the elect minds of those who happiness. That explains the action of the manifestation on earth, either in (5.6-6.21). After some 20 years, Samuel north. The superstitious citizens of contemplate gazed on the thoughts above, great prophet Samuel himself, before he expectation of His advent in the flesh or urges the Israelites to put away the idols, Ashdod, Gath and Ekron perceived the the more fully they would be adorned with had anointed King Saul. [In 7.9 when] His Second Coming. In these psalms we gathers them at Mizpah, prays to the onset of the pestilence as a sign of the glories of the spiritual virtues…. The Samuel cried out to the Lord on behalf of can therefore expect to encounter God … Lord for them; and they fast and admit Yahweh's anger against them for height of the perfection of the elect does Israel, and God heard him, [Samuel then in in the midst of the liturgical assembly…. 1 Kingdoms (1 their sins (7.1-6). The Philistines again taking the Israelite god away from his not consist in the might of a good work but 7.12] … took a stone and set it up between The immediate cause for joy [in v. 1] is 09-Dec Ps 80 (81) Samuel) 5-7 attack the Israelites, but the prayers of people. They therefore resolved in the virtue of contemplation… To rest the old and the new Mizpah…. That … not anything that God has done or will Samuel are answered, when the immediately to return the Ark of the after the Lord is to cling to the imitation of stone is the mediation of the Savior, do, but rather God Himself…. The 'new Philistines are soundly defeated; the Covenant to Israel [Roth, p. 261]. The the Redeemer with invincible love…. The through whom we must pass over from gods' [of v. 10] are the idols fashioned by Israelites regain their territory from the plague may well have influenced the higher the contemplative individual the old Mizpah to new, that is, from the man. They are, in fact, projections of man Philistines (7.7-14); and Samuel travels to Philistines to return the Ark of the [Israelite] was carried into divine matters, aim which looked for material bliss … to himself, who has put himself in the place major Israelite cities and administers Covenant to the Israelites, as the the further they … held [human affairs] the aim which looks for spiritual bliss in the of God. Man's gods and idols are his justice from there, as well as from his Biblical account notes in 6.4; however, mightily in check and so by no means could kingdom of heaven…." thoughts; his self-will is the god he home in Ramah (7.15-17). how Dragon fell down before the Ark they be conquered." worships." [pp. 113-127]. was also an important influence. An elderly Samuel makes his sons judges The Canaanite populations of the A NASB note on 9.13 on p. 368 points out Of Saul's humility before Samuel in 9.21 Of v. 8 Gregory of Nazianzus reflects: over Israel, but they are unjust (8.1-3). coastal plain and Jezreel valley were that just as Samuel blessed and prayed John Chrysostom writes of how wrong it "Often were the righteous given to the The elders of Israel request "a king to prospering as they took full advantage over "the sacrifice on the high place" would be for Saul ever to say later "'Did I hands of the wicked (Job 9.24), not that govern us;" and the Lord tells Samuel to of the Middle East's burgeoning before the people would eat, so Jesus greedily run and rush after the kingdom the latter might be honored but that the agree to the request, because the people trading network. The hill country Christ gave a blessing before the feeding of and sovereign power? I wished to lead the former might be tested; and though the "have not rejected you, but they have continued to be a political the 5,000 (Jn 6.11,23) and at the Last undisturbed and peaceful life of ordinary wicked come … to an awful death (Job rejected me from being king over them" backwater…. It was obvious to many Supper (Mt 26.26-27). Furthermore, this men, but you dragged me to this post of 9.23), nevertheless for the present the (8.4-9). Samuel warns the people of how why Israel was failing to participate in practice of giving thanks to God before honor. Had I remained in my low estate, I godly are a laughing stock, while the a king will treat them but is told by the the Late Bronze Age trading eating is affirmed in 1 Tim 4.3-5 in which should easily have escaped all these goodness of God and the great treasuries Lord to anoint Saul as King of Israel, revolution: they were not regarded by "those who believe and know the truth" stumbling blocks….' But all such arguments of what is in store for each of them which Samuel does (8.10-10.1). Samuel Egypt or their neighbours as a are to acknowledge that "foods which God are weak as excuses, and not only weak hereafter are concealed. Then indeed then tells Saul of how "the spirit of the kingdom or a unified country with a created [are] to be received with but perilous, in as much as they rather word and deed will be weighed in the 1 Kingdoms (1 10-Dec LORD will come mightily upon you" (10.2- recognised head of state. In other thanksgiving" before eating. "For kindle the wrath of God. For he who has Ps 81 (82) just balances of God, as he arises to judge Samuel) 8-10 8), to go to Mizpah, and in seven days all words, they did not have a king…. Only everything created by God is good, and been promoted to great honor by God … the earth … revealing what he had kept the tribes of Israel will come to proclaim if Israel were to become a kingdom, nothing is to be rejected if it is received should make God's special favor toward sealed up. Of this let the words and him as king (10.9-20). Saul feels with a monarch at its head, would it with thanksgiving; for then it is him the motive for further improvement… sufferings of Job convince you, who was a unworthy to be made king (9.21) and be recognised by Pharaoh and his consecrated by the word of God and by We ought to be … ambitious at all times to truthful, blameless, just God-fearing hides himself among the baggage, but vessels [Roth, pp. 265-266]. This is a prayer." make the most of such powers as we have, man…." the Lord reveals his hiding place; and the purely economic and political analysis, and be reverent both in speech and people shout, "Long live the king" (10.21- but it is helpful as long as one also thought." 27). sees that Israel's troubles are primarily ignoring the Lord and his guidance in the Covenant when they do not have a wise judge.
The Ammonites threaten the Israelites; Chaim Potok writes: "Anointing was a Paul quotes the words of 13.14 in Acts John Chrysostom preached of how Saul's Of v. 1 in LXX ("O God, who can be and Saul leads an army to attack and sacred act designed to indicate that 13.22 in the synagogue at Antioch. There is disobedience of Samuel in 13.8-12 was the likened to You?") Athanasius writes: defeat them; and Saul is made King of the spirit of God had entered the no mention of fasting in these chapters of first step in Saul's descent into witchcraft "Albeit we cannot become like God in Israel at Gilgal (11.1-15). Samuel tells the anointed one, that his leadership was 1 Samuel; but fasting is noted in 1 Sam 7.6 at Endor in 1 Sam 28.7-25: "Mark it, he essence, yet by progress in virtue [we people he has been a just judge; and not only for the duration of the crisis and 31.13; and Gregory the Great links [the devil] desired to bring Saul into [the] can] imitate God, the Lord granting us they agree (12.1-5). Samuel warns the but for the length of his life. [With the Saul's dividing the people into three parts superstition of witchcraft. But if [the devil] this grace, in the words, 'Be merciful, people to obey the Lord or face serious anointing of Saul,] this was the first "so that they might reveal the fruit and had counseled this at the beginning, [Saul] even as your Father is merciful' (Lk 6.36), consequences (12.6-25). Saul goes to time in the history of Israel that an dignity of sacred fasting. By fasting we are would not have given heed…. Therefore, 'Be perfect, as your heavenly Father is Michmash to wage war against the individual had been anointed leader of called back to the contemplation of the gently and by little and little [the devil] perfect' (Mt 5.48)…." Athanasius Philistines, but when Samuel does not the people. Anointment of kings was a Holy Trinity, which we lost by eating the leads [Saul] on to it. For when he had acknowledges that "God is truly come within seven days, Saul foolishly fairly common practice in Canaan … forbidden fruit [in the Garden of Eden]. disobeyed Samuel and had caused the unchangeable," so we cannot "be 1 Kingdoms (1 11-Dec offers sacrifices (13.1-9). Samuel tells but not in Mesopotamia [from which The people were also divided into three burnt offering to be offered … he felt as Ps 82 (83) identical with [God]," yet we can grow Samuel) 11-13 him his kingdom "shall not endure [with Abraham had travelled] …. The words groups because this act commended the though he had done nothing. Again, God closer to Him. Of v. 2 Jerome preached: his sons]; [and] the LORD has sought out 'anointed' and 'messiah' are synonyms- fasts of the law, the prophets and the gave him he commands about the "If you ever have anything against a man after his own heart" (13.10-15). the first is the translation and the gospels … [with] Moses [Ex 34.28] … Elijah Amalekites, but he transgressed these too another … and you are humble for the The Israelites have no swords or spears, second is the transliteration [that is, [1 Kg 19.7-8] … and our Lord and Savior [1 Sam 15.17-23]. Then [Saul] proceeded sake of Christ while your opponent is because the Philistines have not the replacement of the characters of a Jesus Christ [Lk 4.2] …" to his crimes about David, and thus haughty for the sake of the devil, you are permitted any blacksmiths to work in the word with the nearest equivalent of slipping easily and little by little he did not imitating [Jesus Christ] who says: 'Learn territory of the Israelites (13.16-23). the characters of another alphabet] of stop, until he came to the very pit of from me; for I am gentle and lowly in the identical Hebrew word mashiach" destruction and cast himself in." heart' (Mt 12.29)." [p.97]. Jonathan and his armor bearer boldly Chaim Potok notes that: Saul "spent Jesus Christ approves of the words of Jerome writes: "Good people have always Elder Aimilianos writes: "We are told [in attack the Philistines and send them into his entire reign in combat. He fought Samuel in 1 Sam 15.22 ("to obey [the Lord] sorrowed for the sins of others. Samuel of the introduction to the psalm] that the confusion (14.1-23). Jonathan eats Philistines, Moabites, Ammonites, is better than sacrifice") to a Jewish lawyer old lamented for Saul because he text is 'a psalm,' which means that it honey, not knowing that his father Saul Edomites, Amalekites…. He lived in his in Mk 12.33. The limits of sacrifice (which neglected to treat the ulcers of pride with deals not merely with historical events, has ordered a fast and pronounced a hometown of Gibeah in what was do not remove sins) are also cited in Heb the balm of penitence (1 Sam 15.25). And but with the life of the soul. It is a lyrical curse of death on anyone who eats more a crude fortress-measuring one 10.1-10, because "we have been sanctified Paul wept for the Corinthians who refused poem expressing religious feelings and (14.24-30). Saul cast the lots of Urim and hundred by two hundred feet-than a through the offering of the body of Jesus to wash out with their tears the sins of spiritual experiences. To be sure, in Thummim, revealing Jonathan as the palace, had no harem, no court, no Christ once for all." Origen writes: "When fornication (2 Cor 2.4)." John Cassian Psalm 84 we have all the necessary person who has unwittingly broken the administrative machinery. His chief different prophets or different apostles writes of Saul: "Although each person's supplies and provisions for our journey." fast, but the people save Jonathan from officer was a kinsman named Abner… should give to those who sin the counsel end may be known to God before [they] Of v. 3 ("My soul longs and faints for the Saul's curse (14.31-46). Saul continues to The tribal army could not be kept by which they can correct or amend the were born, he so disposes everything with courts of the Lord") the elder reflects: 1 Kingdoms (1 12-Dec defeat those who attack the Israelites permanently in the field. Each soldier sin, they rightly will seem to have sold order and reason … that he determines all Ps 83 (84) "[This] movement in a particular Samuel) 14-15 (14.47-53). The Lord orders Saul to equipped himself at his own expense, rams to them for sacrifice. But how much things not by his power or in accordance direction … is a turning to, and an destroy the Amalekites and not spare a brought his own food and arms.… The do they charge the buyers? It is, I think, with his ineffable foreknowledge but, embrace of God… a passage, a person or an animal (15.1-7). However, few wealthy landed proprietors the cost of reading zealously, of hearing based upon the deeds of human beings at progression, a pilgrimage to the dwellings Saul spares Agag, the King of the brought fine weapons. But the earth with vigilance the word of God, above all, I the time, either rejects them or draws of God, indeed to God Himself. In the life Amalekites and the best of the animals had to be plowed and sown. After a think [giving the Lord] the most diligent them or daily pours out grace upon them of the soul, moreover, this is an endless (15.8-9). Samuel tells Saul that because specific campaign the levies [i.e., taxes obedience…." or turns them away. The choosing of Saul movement, an endless search; an endless of his disobedience, the Lord "has on the people to fund wars] would … demonstrates that this is so." longing to be with God." rejected you from being king over Israel" return…. But the wars were endless" (15.10-31). Samuel kills King Agag (15.32- [p. 98]. 33).
Samuel is told by the Lord to go to In David and Goliath: Underdogs, The Lord's advice to Samuel not to Of the evil spirit that came upon Saul Of v. 11 ("Mercy and truth met Bethlehem to the family of Jesse and Misfits and the Art of Battling Giants consider the outward appearance of (16.14) Tertullian writes: "The devil has together") Cassiodorus reflects: "Through anoint one of his sons; and he goes (16.1- Malcolm Gladwell writes that Goliath Jesse's sons (16.7) is echoed by Jesus power that might be called his own, only the Lord's gift, the two Testaments [Old 10). Samuel anoints David, Jesse's was suffering from … acromegaly… Christ in Lk 16.15 and Lk 2.25. As Gregory over such as no longer belong to God…. and New] have been united in an youngest son (16.11-13). An evil spirit [with a] tumor [that] causes an of Nazianzus preached: "Humans look on Otherwise, he may do nothing by his own interlinked chain. In the NT comes mercy, comes upon Saul; and his servants seek overproduction of human growth the outward appearance, but the Lord right against those who dwell in the house by which the human race is freed out David to come to him and soothe him hormone … with … vision problems…. looks on the heart." Considering David, of God….The right to tempt a person is through grace; in the Old comes truth, in by playing the harp (16.14-23). The Why was Goliath led onto the valley Amos, Daniel, Peter, Paul and Matthew, granted to the devil, either for the sake of which the Law and proclamation of the Philistines prepare for battle and send floor by an attendant? Because the Gregory the Great writes: "I wish to a trial… or for the purpose of the prophets are contained…. These two 1 Kingdoms (1 out their champion Goliath of whom the attendant was his visual guide. Why analyze the nature of the workman, the [rejection] of a sinner, who is handed over have met each other not to maintain 13-Dec Ps 84 (85) Sanmuel) 16-17 Israelites are terrified (17.1-31), but does he move so slowly? Because the Holy Spirit. But I fail in my analysis. The to the devil as an executioner. This was the their opposition, but to fulfil the grace of David goes to fight him and kills him with world around him is a blur…. In reality, Spirit filled a boy who played upon a harp case with Saul." Gregory the Great writes: promised perfection; for it is clear that a stone from his slingshot (17.32-51). The the very thing that gave the giant his and made him a psalmist…. What a skillful "What is symbolized by Saul but the pride what was seen to be divided by eras has Israelites chase and kill the Philistines size was also the source of his greatest workman this Spirit is! There is no question of the mighty and what by David but the become one… The two states, justice and (17.52-54); and Saul brings David to him weakness. There is an important of delay in learning…Its very touch is lowly life of the saints?" peace, [have] lastingly entered into (17.55-57) [See notes in the OSB, NASB lesson [here] in … battles with all kinds teaching. It changes a human mind in a reciprocal harmony of a kind of loving and NET Bible]. of giants. The powerful and strong are moment to enlighten it…." embrace…." not always what they seem" [pp. 14- 15]. Jonathan, the son of Saul, hears David Potok writes: "[The] account of Saul Reflecting on Saul's anger, Tertullian Symeon the New Theologian applies Of v. 2 ("Save your servant who trusts in speak to his father and becomes deeply that we have in the Bible was written writes: "How does it come to pass … that David's question in 18.18 ("Who am I …") you") Clement of Alexandria reflects: attached to him (18.1-5). Saul becomes during or soon after his reign; there is this woman or that man, who were the to us and our relationship to God: "As "The Word is our educator who heals the jealous of David and tries to kill him, but about it a relentless mirroring of truth, most faithful, the most prudent and the [David] looks on the greatness of God's unnatural passions of our soul with His the people love David (18.6-16). Saul an almost cruel beat of authenticity, most approved in the church, have gone lovingkindness, he is struck with counsel. The art of healing, strictly offers first his older daughter Merab, and as if the writer himself had witnessed over to the other side?.... Saul, who was amazement. He considers himself with all speaking, is the relief of the ills of the then his younger daughter Michal, to the battles and the rages, seen the good beyond all others (1 Sam 9.2), is his soul to be unworthy of the vision of body, an art learned through human David in marriage if David kills 100 javelin hurled in jealousy, sensed the afterwards [corrupted] by envy. David, a such goodness and does not wish to look wisdom. Yet, the only true divine healer Philistines, which he does and marries melancholy of defeated greatness, good man 'after the Lord's own heart' (1 closely at them or fully understand them. of human sickness, the holy comforter of 1 Kingdoms (1 Michal (18.17-30). Saul seeks to kill witnessed the unsuccessful pursuits … Sam 13.14), is guilty afterwards of murder He is constrained by trembling, fear and the soul when it is ill, is the Word of the 14-Dec Ps 85 (86) Samuel) 18-21:1 David, but with the help of Jonathan and of the young officer accused on and adultery (2 Sam 11). Solomon, reverence to cry, 'Who am I, Lord, and Father… The healer, by [their] art, cures Michal, David escapes to Samuel in wanting to steal his throne, watched endowed by the Lord with all grace and what is my father's house, that you should the body of its diseases, but it is wisdom Ramah (19.1-24). Jonathan protects the encroaching madness take slow wisdom is led to into idolatry by women (1 reveal such mysteries to me, unworthy as I that rids the spirit of its ills…. The good David despite Saul's anger; and David possession of an embittered man who Kg 11.4). For to the Son of God alone was am, and have wondrously made me not educator … the Word of the Father who and Jonathan part in peace, swearing to had … gone for a walk through the it reserved to persevere to the last without only to have a vision of such good things, created human beings… heals both body be friends themselves and between their hills and valleys of his tribe in search sin (Heb 4.15)." but even to participate and share in them." and soul." descendants (20.1-40). for his father's donkeys and had returned as a king" [pp. 100-101].
A desperate and hungry David Anderson writes: "The tragedy of When the Pharisees accuse the disciples of In Robert Browning's poem "Saul," David Of v.4 ("I will make mention of Rehab and approaches the High Priest Abimelech [Saul's] career revolves around his Jesus Christ of "doing what is not lawful on pleads to God: "Interpose at the difficult Babylon to those who know Me") and asks for bread; but Abimelech has alienation from two persons: Samuel, the Sabbath" because they "began to pluck minute, snatch Saul the mistake,/Saul the Augustine reflects: "Rahab was a harlot only the holy altar bread which he gives who represented the old order, and heads of grain (Mk 2.23), they cite David's failure, the ruin he seems now,---and bid who secretly admitted the spies of David, having confirmed that David and David, who represented the new…. eating the consecrated bread and stress him awake/From the dream, the Joshua when they visited Jericho, and let his men "have kept themselves from Saul himself belonged more to the old "the God-given purpose of the Sabbath-a probation, the prelude, to find himself them out by another exit so that they women" (21.1-6). David flees to Achish, period than to the new age that was day intended for … spiritual, mental and set/Clear and safe in new light and new should not be captured (cf. Jos 2.1 f.). King of Gath, and pretends to be insane coming…. But Saul's rejection by physical restoration" [NASB note on Mk life,---a new harmony yet/… By the pain- Her name means 'pride.'… She is a type 1 Kingdoms (1 (21.7-15). David escapes to the cave of Samuel put him outside the sanctions 2.27, p. 1422]. "It is always 'lawful' to do throb, I triumphantly winning intensified of the 'church, which takes in souls 15-Dec Samuel) 21:2- Adullam and gathers military support and supports of the old regime; and good and to save life (even on the bliss,/ And the next world's reward and Ps 86 (87) endangered by the vice of pride, and lets 23:27 (22.1-5). Saul goes after David and kills David's popularity was a constant Sabbath), [so] both David and the disciples repose, by the struggles in this./ In the first them out by another route, the way of the priests who have helped him (22.6- reminder that Saul could not enter the were within the spirit of the law (see Is is the last, in thy will is my power to humility and patience. Babylon is the city 23). The Philistines are attacking Keilah, new. Caught between these two 58.6-7; Lk 6.6-11, 13.10-17, 14.1-6)" [NASB believe./ I believe it! I believe it! 'Tis thou, of the world, and means 'confusion.' It "robbing the threshing floors;" and David worlds, Saul's life became the arena note on Mk 2.25, p. 1422]. God, that givest, 'tis I who receive." indicates the people of this world … who and his men slaughter the Philistines on which was waged an intense through the Lord's mercy were (23.1-6). psychic conflict-a conflict that enlightened and became Christians." eventually destroyed him" [p. 214]. Saul seeks unsuccessfully to find and kill Roth writes: "David "gave Israel None, but Bede writes of the cave in 24.3 The opening introduction to Psalm 56 (57) Elder Aimilianos reflects: "The dilemma David (23.8-14). Jonathan finds and victory after victory, as he raided ff.: "The... Word teaches … by this story states that David composed this psalm of the psalmist … is something that we makes a covenant with David (23.15-18). Philistine territory and harassed their that the one who excels in virtue does not "when he fled from Saul, in the cave." [share]…. [His] salvation hinges on a Saul withdraws to repel a Philistine raid settlements with his band of fight bravely against those of his own race David seeks God's mercy and continues to single decision, namely the acceptance or (23.19-29). Saul unknowingly enters the [nomadic] mercenaries. As a result, but fights against the passions. The anger trust the Lord. Of v. 8/10 (Ready is my rejection of his suffering.… Initially, God cave alone where David is hiding, but the people hailed him as their in both men, then, was destroyed by such heart, O God, ready is my heart") Bishop and I are separate, in such a way that my David spares his life (24.1-7). David tells champion. [Saul] now grew jealous of excellence as David had … when he Nicholai Velimirovich writes: "A heart that self, my narrow self-concern, leaves no Saul how his life has been spared; and his protégé. A clash between the two destroyed his own wrath by means of is ready means a heart healed of all room for God…. There cannot be two Saul goes home (24.8-22). David has his was inevitable and it soon came, with reason and quenched the urge to take restlessness, cares and fears, and Gods, and so it is either God or the self… 1 Kingdoms (1 men seek food for a feast day from [David] and his band of guerrillas vengeance, and … when Saul put to death strengthened and encouraged by the It is precisely the mistaken, negative 16-Dec Ps 87 (88) Samuel) 24-25 Nabal, whose sheep David has protected; escaping the king's wrath and heading his evil against David because of the presence of God's grace…. The attitude toward suffering that constitutes but Nabal churlishly refuses (25.1-12). into the barren hills of Judah. In effect clemency he had experienced." However, preparedness of [a person's] heart lies in the separation between [me] and God. David resolves to kill Nabal and all his Israel had fallen into civil war within a Saul quickly tries again to kill David; and this: [their] following of the will of God But if 'I' cease to exist, if my attitude to men, but Abigail, Nabal's wife, brings year of becoming united under its first the fact that David and his men "went up with joy and …being in no way distracted suffering changes [and I accept it], then I provisions to David; and David withdraws king…. [Meanwhile,] Crown-prince to the stronghold"-that is, an inaccessible by [their] own thoughts and desires…. Oh, can be united to God. This union depends (25.13-35). Nabal dies soon afterwards; Jonathan was playing a dangerous place-indicates that David rightly did not my brethren, let us strive that our hearts on the denial of my self, so that He can and Abigail becomes David's wife, Saul game associating with a potential rival trust Saul [see NASB notes, p. 391]. may soon be ready for God…" [cited by come into my life." [pp. 100-109]. having given away Michal (25.39-44). to the throne and enemy of his father Manley-P, p. 202]. the king" [p. 281].
David sneaks into Saul's camp while he is Anderson writes: "Saul's desperate None, but in Robert Browning's poem, Of 28.12 and the medium a NASB note This psalm ends the third of the five sleeping and takes his sword and water efforts to find himself again and to "Saul," David turns to Christ: "I know that states: This can be interpreted as: (1) God major divisions of the Book of Psalms. Of jug, but does not harm him (26.1-12). recover his kingly prestige proved my service is perfect. Oh, speak through permitted the spirit of Samuel to appear to v. 7 and a God who is feared, John The next day from afar David tells Saul futile…. Panic-stricken at the sight of me now! Would I suffer for him that I the woman; (2) The woman had contact Chrysostom preached: "O such strictness and Abner what he has done, returning the large [Philistine] army love? So wouldst thou---so wilt thou! … He with an evil or devilish spirit in the form of toward the righteous! O such abundant the sword and spear (26.13-25). David concentrated in the valley below, Saul who did most, shall bear most; the Samuel by whom she was deceived and forgiveness toward the sinner! He find so flees to the Philistines; and Saul no made one last effort to inquire of strongest shall stand the most weak. 'Tis controlled; (3) By using parapsychological many different means, without himself longer pursues him (27.1-12). The Yahweh; but no answer came by any the weakness in strength, that I cry for! my powers such as telepathy or clairvoyance changing, to keep the righteous in check Philistines led by their king, Achish, go of the usual channels-either through flesh, that I seek in the Godhead! I seek the woman was able to discern Saul's and forgive the sinner, by usefully out to fight the Israelites; and Achish the sacred lot (Urim and Thummim), and I find it. O Saul, it shall be a Face like thoughts and picture Samuel in her own dividing his rich goodness. And listen 1 Kingdoms (1 Ps 88 (89) vv. 1- 17-Dec trusts David to join in the attack as his dreams, or prophetic oracles (1 Sam my face that receives thee; a Man like to mind. Whatever the explanation … the how. If he frightens the sinner who Samuel) 26-28 bodyguard (28.1-2), as David has been 28.5-6). Even though he had banned me, Thou shalt love and be loved by, for medium was used in some way to convey 13 persists in sins, he brings him to falsely claiming that he had been raiding mediums from the land, Saul made a ever: a Hand like this hand shall throw to Saul that the impending battle would desperation…. If he blesses the righteous, Israelite towns. Saul goes to a witch, a clandestine visit to a necromancer at open the gates of new life to thee! See the bring death … [and] a devastating defeat of he weakens the intensity of his virtue and medium, who foretells that he and his Endor, hoping to hear a word from Christ stand!''" Israel…. And this would come, as Samuel makes him neglect his zeal, since he sons will die tomorrow (28.3-24). Yahweh through Samuel's ghost, had previously announced (15.26, 28), considers himself already blessed. For which was summoned from the because of his unfaithfulness to the Lord" this reason he is merciful to he sinner underworld. This story (1 Sam 28.8- [p. 397]. and frightens the righteous…." 25) … gives a moving portrayal of Saul's last hours" [p. 220]. The lords of the Philistine Army, unlike Potok writes that David "was a David's division of the spoils equally In 1 Kg (1 Sam) the governance of the David still suffered after his anointing in King Achish, mistrust David and insist he profoundly devout man and would between those who fought and those who Israelites has changed from a tribal v.20, so Maximus the Confessor writes: does not fight with them against the never have raised a hand against rested from the battle (30.21-24) is confederacy led by judges to a nation led "What is long-suffering? … Perseverance in Israelites, so he leaves the next morning [Saul] the anointed one of YHWH. But followed in the parable from Jesus Christ in by a king. The spiritual leadership has adversity, endurance of evils, to abide to the (29.1-11). David and his men find that he possessed an uncanny ability to Mt 20.11-12. Of 30.11-17 Gregory the changed from Eli to Samuel. The political end of temptation, not to let one's anger out by change, not to speak a word in folly…. the town of Ziklag has been burned by read events, to anticipate the future, Great preached: "The Egyptian servant is and military leadership moves from the These then are the marks of long-suffering. the Amalekites and all the women and to move toward it and patiently await left behind on the road sick, because all anointed Saul to the soon-to-be anointed Yes, and to reckon oneself the cause of young people, including David's two its coming. [And] he waited now in sinners, once they begin to grow weak David. During this period from about 1400 temptation also belongs to long-suffering…. wives, have been taken away as hostages Hebron. The elders of Judah … and from the situation of the world soon come BC to 1000 BC [See Roth, pp. 229-317], In fact, many of the things that befall us, (30.1-6). David consults the Urim and other southern clans as well-gazed to be despised by worldly minds. David those whom the Lord anointed changed in befall us for our training, either to do away 1 Kingdoms (1 Ps 88 (89) vv. 14- 18-Dec Thummim; and then attacks and defeats northward at the void left by the found him and provided him with food and relation to how they responded-with love with past sins or to correct present neglect 27 Samuel) 29-31 the Amalekite raiders, bringing back all death of Saul. They gazed at Hebron at drink…. When [you] bring Christ to the and care or with sin and selfishness-to the or to check future sinful deeds. He then who the hostages and livestock unharmed the small army of David. One imagines hearts of sinners, it is as if [you] are challenges of leadership. The Lord's reckons that temptation has come upon him (30.7-31). Saul and his three sons are the meetings of those elders, the talk leading David upon the enemy…. Because anointed is Jesus Christ; and we participate for one of these reasons is not vexed in its killed in battle with the Philistines, placed as each spoke his mind. Should they by the Lord's power [you] overthrow all in Christ's life, so we should each ask attack, especially as he is conscious of his on a wall in Bethshan, but recovered and take the unprecedented step of the proud who had despised [the weak] in ourselves: What has God anointed and sin" [cf. Lk 21.19]. buried by the Israelites (30.1-13). ignoring the elders of the northern the world." blessed me to do? How does that shine out clans and seeking separate of me? leadership? [continued in 2 Kg (2 Sam) 2 Historical Context].
A young man, an Amalekite, tells David of [continued] The elders of Judah Just as David and all his men tore their Anderson writes of how: "The death of On the mercy of God in vv. 31-34, Ambrose the death of Saul and Jonathan (1.1-4). "offered David the kingship of Judah, robes in 1.11 on learning of the death of Samuel and Saul marked the passing of an advises: "Let the soul that would advance in When David questions him, the young and he accepted. The Philistines Saul, so Paul and Barnabas also tore their era…. Under Saul's charismatic rule the virtue first bruise and thresh out its man tells him how he fulfilled Saul's looked on untroubled. Their own man robes at Lystra in Acts 14.14 to express tribes were held together in the loose superfluous passions that at the harvest it request to kill him before the Philistines had now become king over the their anguish when the priest of Zeus union of the Confederacy…. Despite may have fruits to show. How many weeds choke the good seed! These must first be found him; and the young man brings troublesome tribe of Judah and the sought to offer sacrifice at his temple. John military reverses and his preoccupation rooted out, so that they will not destroy the David Saul's crown and bracelet (1.5-13). various other tribes in its territory. In Chrysostom cites 1.20, when David urged with David's maneuvers, Saul was able to fruitful crop of the soul. The careful guardian However, David has the young man killed the north ruled a surviving son of Saul silence about the death of Saul, as an preserve the unity of Israel and the of the soul then sees how he may restrain because he had "slain the Lord's [Ishbosheth] … [who] had been made example to Christians not to spread affection of his countrymen. But with [the soul] in its pleasures and cut off its 2 Kingdoms (2 anointed" (1.14-16). David mourns for king by Abner, [the] … commander of rumors "even among ourselves for fear David we see the transition from Ps 88 (89) vv. 28- desires to prevent it being overwhelmed 19-Dec Samuel) 1-2 Saul and Jonathan. (1.17-27). David is [Saul's army], who had managed to that our enemies may hear it and rejoice charismatic leadership to a centralization 41 with delight in them…. No one who is instructed by the Lord to go to Hebron; escape from the carnage of the battle [and] for fear that our own may learn of it of power in the crown. From a tribal chastened and corrected need lose hope, for and it is there he is anointed as "king near Mount Gilboa. But the north was and fall. We must hush it up and keep it league, Israel was transformed into a one who loves his son chastises him. No one over the house of Judah" (2.1-4). Abner a floundering wreckage of tribes, and guarded on every side. Do not say to me, 'I miniature empire modeled after the should despair of a remedy." and David's men fight; and many are [Ishbosheth] was an inept weakling. told so-and-so.' Keep the story to yourself. surrounding nations. David's problem was killed, despite Abner's attempt at Inevitably war broke out between If you did not manage to keep quiet, to maintain the tribal unity of the old reconciliation (2.5-32). those who were the followers of David neither will he manage to keep his tongue Confederacy under the new nation-state" and those still loyal to Abner and the from wagging." [p. 222]. house of Saul" [Potok, p. 103]. David married four additional wives and The writer does not offer any direct Of David's words to the tribes of Israel in Ambrose's words to an emperor after a Of v. 49 ("Where are thy ancient mercies O had six sons (3.1-5). Abner transfers his criticism of [David's] polygamous 5.1 ("[I am] your bone and flesh") John major sin apply to any sin we commit: Lord…." LXX) Augustine notes that the psalm loyalty from Saul's household to David practice, either here or in 5.13 (NASB Cassian writes: "The word flesh is used in "Even David, when he was in possession of is attributed to Ethan (a musician in King and arranges for Michal to return to note on 3.2-5, p. 406]. However, much holy Scripture with many different his kingdom and … an innocent … Abner David's court) and reflects: "Now the David (3.6-21). Joab kills Abner in family conflict ensues. Roth writes: meanings: for sometimes it stands for the was slain by Joab, the leader of his army, question can justly be raised whether this represents the complaint of those Israelites revenge for Abner having killed his "The political and military whole person, that is, for that which said, 'I and my kingdom are innocent now who longed to receive the fulfillment of the brother; and David mourns (3.22-39). maneuverings were complex. consists of soul, as 'The Word was made and forever of the blood of Abner (3.22- promise made to David; or is it rather the Two of Saul's men kill Saul's son Everyone was jockeying for position in flesh' (Jn 1.14) and 'All flesh shall see the 39)…, and he fasted in sorrow…. [May] the appeal of Christians who are Israelites not by Ishbosheth, but when they tell David he the chaotic world of a Canaan ruled salvation of our God' (Lk 3.6). Sometimes it example of kings stir you to remove this physical descent but by spiritual kinship?" kills them (4.1-12). Having already been over by an indecisive pharaoh far off is used for sins themselves as 'But you are sin from your kingdom … by humbling your Augustine proposes that the psalm "would 2 Kingdoms (2 Psalm 88 (89) vv. 20-Dec anointed as King of Judah, David is now to the south…. Jerusalem has been left not in the flesh, but in the spirit' (Gen 6.3) soul before God. You are a [person], you not have been put in this form … unless this 42-52 Samuel) 3-5 anointed as King of Israel (5.1-5). David vulnerable…. The vacuum left by the [and] 'Flesh and blood shall not inherit the have met temptation-conquer it. Sin is not prophecy assumed the person of those who and his men defeat the Jebusites in death of Israel's first king had kingdom of God' (1 Cor 15.50)… removed except by tears and were to come long afterwards, for whom the Jerusalem (5.6-12). David's polygamy completely destabilized the region…. Sometimes [as with David] it stands for repentance….It is God himself who alone period when those promises were given to continues (5.13-16). David and his men The region had become so unsafe that unity and relationship…. We must can say, 'I am with you' (Mt 28.20); if we David would be 'ancient times.'" The psalm defeat the Philistines, consulting the Lord city rulers who had tried to reach therefore inquire in which of these four have sinned, he does not forgive us unless could apply either to David's time or to those on when and how to fight (5.17-25). safety without an escort had ben meanings we ought to take the word flesh we do penance." Jews who later accepted Christ. murdered at Egypt's very frontier in this place." post" [pp. 301-303].
David brings the ark out of the house of Potok writes: "The ark of YHWH had 7.14 ("I will be his father, and he shall be David's words in 7.18 ("Who am I, O LORD Of vv. 16-17, Elder Aimilianos advises: Abinadab (6.1-5). When the oxen remained neglected all these years in my son") is cited in Heb 1.5. Oecumenius God, and what is my house, that thou has "History is written, the people are led, stumble Uzzah "put out his hand" to the village of Kiriath-jearim. Now writes: "Let this … show how the Father brought me thus far?") applies to all of us and the soul makes progress, only to the steady the ark, but he immediately dies; David had it brought in joyous accomplished the birth of the Son in the who have been blessed with faith in Christ. extent that God's presence is manifest. "and "David was afraid of the LORD that procession to Jerusalem He himself flesh. For the word 'I will be' clearly is We will not know the future blessings that For it is God Who undertakes to write the day," and left the ark in the home of a led the procession and danced before spoken about the incarnation." Gregory of that will come to us from God, as David story of my life, to form and fashion my Gittite, who were blessed by its presence the ark in uncontrollable ecstasy. The Nyssa writes that: "David describes the was told, but we can be confident that if being, which is not fashioned at some (6.6-11). David brings the ark to city of Jerusalem-his city-was raised to establishment of his kingdom, not as we persevere in faith, so God will particular moment, but is being Jerusalem and "danced before the LORD the rank of a cultic center of the though he were not a king, but in the view persevere in blessing each of us. However, continually fashioned. Whatever has not with all his might," places the ark in a united monarchy. City, clans, ark, and [of his] humiliation to the [state] of a it should be noted that God's promise to been made by God, that is, whatever I 2 Kingdoms (2 21-Dec tent and feasts all the people, "both men kingship were now linked. David has a servant to which the Lord submitted by David (and to us) in 7.14 ("I will be his Ps 89 (90) make, even if it's with all the power of Samuel) 6-7 and women" (6.12-19). David's wife powerful army, a capital city, a united way of dispensation [that is, special father, and he shall be my son") includes my will, with all my good intentions, is Michal criticizes him for "uncovering land. He proceeded to take the exemption], [so that David's kingdom] was punishment for sins, but God does not take nothing more than a cobweb…The himself." (6.20-23). David wishes to build remaining Canaanite regions…. It is taken up and absorbed into the majesty of away his "steadfast love" as he blesses and experience of the ages tells us one thing: a house for the Lord, but Nathan stops inconceivable that David would have [God's] kingdom [as in] Ps 2.7…." punishes. Belief in an ensuring Messiah is spiritual life is a struggle with God, him, while telling of the Lord's blessing … [allowed] enclaves of hostile indicated in 7.13, 16 [See Sanders, p. 276, figured in the wrestling of Jacob (cf. Gen on him; and David prays and give thanks Canaanites in his midst." [pp. 106- note 10]. 32.24-30)." to the Lord (7.1- 29). 107]. David and his army defeat the Philistines A NASB note on 9.1-20.26 states: None, but Casiodorus writes: "We must David's generosity to the house of Saul Cassiodorus writes: "This psalm has and numerous enemies (8.1-18). David "These chapters together with 1Kg 1.1- realize that these wars are a description in even after Saul's death is a sign of both his marvelous power and routs impure seeks to "show kindness … to any one 2.46, are often referred to as the figure of the Lord Savior's victories which humility and his discernment of how to spirits. The devil retires vanquished from left of the house of Saul," and learns 'Court History of David' and hailed as he wins throughout the whole world over bring his people together. Of David's us through the very means by which he from Ziba of Jonathan's son, one of the finest examples of pagans and the faithless. It is … [the words integrity, Ambrose writes: "What more sought to tempt us, for that wicked spirit Mephibosheth, who is crippled in both historical narrative to have been of] Psalm 59 (60) [they] will utter, so that should I say? He did not open his mouth to is mindful of his own presumption and of feet (9.1-3). David brings Mephibosheth produced in the ancient world. Their when truly dislodged from their old those planning deceit… When he was God's victory. Christ by His own power into his house and blesses both intimate and precise detail marks superstitions they may deserve to be spoken of evilly, he prayed. When he was overcame the devil in His own regard, Jonathan's son and Ziba, returning Saul's them as the work of an eyewitness" changed through the grace of the new cursed, he blessed. He walked in simplicity and likewise conquers him in ours. So, land to Mephibosheth and assigning Ziba [p. 415]. Anderson concurs: "The man." This psalm is a plea for help, both of heart and fled from the proud…. this psalm should be recited by us when 2 Kingdoms (2 22-Dec to cultivate it (9.4-13). David seeks peace Court History portrays the king in his for the nation and the individual: "O grant Worthily, then, was he called for by all the Ps 90 (91) night sets in after all the actions of the Samuel) 8-10 with the Ammonites, but they humiliate strength and his weakness. No us help against the foe, for vain is the help people…. And why should I say more about day; the devil must realize that we his messengers, hire Syrian soldiers and attempt is made to depict him as of man! With God we shall do valiantly; it him of whom the word of the Lord has belong to [Christ] to whom he come out to battle (10.1-8). David's either better or worse than he actually is he who will tread down our foes (vv. 11- gone forth to say: 'I have found David remembers that he himself yielded." [See commander, Job and his brother, Abishai was, or to suppress or distort the facts 12). according to my heart' (Acts 13.22; cf. 1 NET Notes O, Q, R and S., p. 1013]. cleverly defeat them (10.9-14). The in the interests of theological bias" [p. Sam 13.14)." Syrians return in force, but David again 228]. The battle in 10.15-19 was defeats them (10.15-19). "David's last major campaign against combined foreign powers" [NASB note on 10.19, pp. 416-417].
David sees the beautiful Bathsheba These two chapters portray vividly None, but Augustine points out that: "Just By simply saying to David, "I am with child" Augustine asks: "What does this psalm bathing, brings her to him and makes her two quite different sides of David as a as Matthew, presenting Christ the king as (11.5) "Bathsheba leaves the next step up teach us? … to confess unto the Lord … pregnant (11.1-5). David has her husband person: his excessive sexual desires if descending for the assumption of our to David. The law prescribed the death both in your sins, because you have done Uriah brought back from the battlefield, and willingness to sin (11), contrasted sins, thus descends from David through penalty for both David and Bathsheba (Lev them, and in your good works, … because but Uriah observes the rules of purity to his ability to repent (12). [See Roth, Solomon [in Mt 1.6-7], because Solomon 20.10; Deut 22.22), as they well knew" He has done them…. If you seek the during warfare and does not sleep with p. 321; Anderson, p. 228; and Potok, was born of her with whom David had [NASB note on 11.5, p. 417]. John Name of God, He also seeks your name; his wife; and David then has Uriah killed p. 110]. Potok writes: "The Davidic sinned, so Luke, presenting Christ the Chrysostom compares David to a drunken but if you have neglected the Name of (11.6-27). The prophet Nathan enables covenant was a private promise … and priest as if ascending after the destroying charioteer: "When the charioteer becomes God, He also blots out yours…. What is it David to see his sin and its consequences had been given to one family…. The of sins, ascends through Nathan to David drunk, the chariot moves in an irregular, to tell of the truth of God in the night? 2 Kingdoms (2 that the Lord "will raise up evil against Mosaic covenant required of each [in Lk 3.31], because Nathan the prophet disorderly manner. What the charioteer is [v.3 LXX]. Not to accuse God because you 23-Dec Ps 91 (92) Samuel) 11-12 [David] out of [his] own house" and "the family that it establish a certain had been sent, and by his reproof the to the chariot, the soul is to the body. If suffer anything evil, but to attribute it to child that Uriah's wife bore to David" will relationship with YHWH; the Davidic penitent David obtained the annulling of the soul becomes darkened, the body rolls your own sins [and] His correction; to tell die (12.1-15). David fasts but the child covenant was a move in the direction his sin." This is a rather innovative in mud… As long as the soul is sober and of His loving-kindness early in the dies (12.16-23). David and Bathsheba of making the king and the state comparison of the genealogies of Jesus vigilant, this very body remains in purity. morning and of His truth in the night. have a son, Solomon (12.24-25). Joab intermediate between the people and Christ as given by the Gospels of St However, when the soul is darkened, this When you do this, you do always praise and David defeat the Amorites at Rabbah YHWH. It became dogma in the south Matthew and St Luke, but quite thought- very body rolls in mud and lusts." God, always confess to God and sing unto (12.26-31). and a target of loathing and derision in provoking [cf. NASB note on Lk 3:23-38, p. His name…." the north" [p. 109]. 1467]. Amnon, a son of David, rapes Tamar, his In the wicked acts of Amnon and None, but Barrois writes in The Face of Chaim Potok writes: "We have now This psalm is entitled "For the day before half-sister and the sister of Absalom, Absalom, David's oldest sons become Christ in the OT: "There are three ages of entered the cycle of events that will lead the Sabbath," which Augustine interprets another son of David (13.1-21). Absalom guilty of sexual immorality and OT messianism. First, the age of the to the succession of Solomon…. David is as: "God made man in His own image on takes revenge by ordering his servants murder, as their father had before promise to the Fathers, God's blessing heartbroken by [Amnon's] rape of [Tamar] the sixth day; so … our Lord Jesus Christ kill Amnon (13.22-29). Absalom flees; them. With the murder of Amnon, upon Abraham and his posterity…. Second, and the death [of Amnon], but longs for came into the sixth age, that man might and the king misses Absalom (13.30-39). Absalom not only avenged the rape of the royal messianism, when the covenant [the return of] Absalom, whom he deeply be formed anew after the image of God Joab sends the woman Tekoa to convince his sister but also secured for himself with the Fathers is transposed into God's loves. To love and to be loved-these were … The first day was from Adam until David with an elaborate ruse to bring the position of successor to the throne sworn fidelity to David and his dynasty. the greatest needs and the deepest faults Noah; the second … unto Abraham; the Absalom home (14.1-17). David (see 3.3; 15.1-6) [NASB note on 13.28, The third age … [when] the messianic in the lyric and granite nature that was third … unto David; the fourth … unto the 2 Kingdoms (2 perceives that Joab has sent Tekoa but p. 422]. Potok writes that although triumph is postponed to the last day of David…. There were those whose loyalties [exile in] Babylon; … the fifth … unto the 24-Dec Ps 92 (93) Samuel) 13-14 agrees that Absalom can return to "the empire of Judah and Israel history, in the apocalyptic vision of a new were still with the house of Saul and preaching of John. The sixth day … lasts Jerusalem but must not live with the king prospered… there was much heaven and a new earth. The incarnation [Jonathan's son, Mephibosheth]…. Others to the end. And after the sixth day, we or "come into his presence" (14.18-24). discontent…. In the time of the of the Son of God, [the] Messiah, son of were angered at the census conducted by reach our rest…." [See NET-FN, Note B, p. Absalom has his servants burn Joab's monarchy, the authority of the [tribal] David according to the flesh, inaugurates in David, which had tightened control over 1015]. field to force Joab to ask the king to see elders started to wane. With David in his death and resurrection the kingdom the land for the purpose of taxation and him (14.25-30). The king sees and kisses Jerusalem, loyalties were directed which has no end" [p. 37]. conscription. Resentment was now general Absalom (14.31-33). toward court and throne-and elders in the land-north and south" [p. 110]. seethed" [p. 110].
For years Absalom seeks the loyalty of Roth writes: "In 988 BC (David's None, but Cyril of Jerusalem writes: "After Anderson writes: "In one sense, David was The psalmist urges us to place our visitors to Jerusalem (15.1-6) and then twenty-fourth regnal year) king and Absalom's rebellion, when David was in a victim of his own greatness, of an confidence in the Lord; and Augustine goes to Hebron and leads a revolt against crown-prince [Absalom] were flight, he chose to make his escape by the indomitable will that urged him to scale reflects: "Dearly beloved, … the devil is David (15.7-12). David flees Jerusalem reconciled … but Absalom was already Mount of Olives [15.30], as good as the tempting heights of power…. In a always either raging or lying in ambush. with his family, servants and supporters plotting to overthrow his father and invoking in his own mind the Deliverer deeper sense, however, David was So, [let us] be always prepared by (15.13-23), but sends back to Jerusalem seize the kingdom. He departed for who should from there ascend into the involved in the conflict with the God … keeping our hearts fixed on the Lord…. the Ark of God with Zadok the priest, as David's old capital of Hebron where he heavens. And when Shimei cursed him with whose covenant law he had to reckon Let us live as he commands us, and when well as his friend Hushai (15.24-37). gathered his allies. Four years later, bitterly he said, 'Let him be' (16.11). For he in the practical affairs of daily life…. If we stumble and stagger in this life, let us There is much confusion about who will with many of the tribal leaders having knew that forgiveness is for those who David was serious in his conviction that call on him as the disciples called on him serve David and who will serve Absalom gone over to him, Absalom was ready forgive…. As then, brothers, you have Yahweh, enthroned on the Ark, had when they said, 'Lord, increase our faith' 2 Kingdoms (2 (16.1-19). Absalom comes to Jerusalem to strike. In 985 BC he declared many examples of people who have sinned entered triumphantly into the capital of (Lk 17.5)." Augustine links the 25-Dec Ps 93 (94) Samuel) 15-17 and accepts the advice of Ahithophel to himself king of Hebron and marched and then repented and been saved, [so] the kingdom … he had to be ready to hear encouragement in v. 19 ("When the cares go to his father's concubines to indicate to Jerusalem. David, realizing that all you also [can] make confession to the Lord the word of Yahweh spoken by … [Nathan] of my heart are many, thy consolations "a definitive and irreversible declaration the tribes of the central hill country with all your heart, so as to receive pardon that brought David's power under cheer my soul") to Rom 12.12, "Rejoice in of the break between father and son" were against him, abandoned his own of all your sins of the past and be judgment. Faith in Yahweh's kingly rule your hope, be patient in tribulation, be [NASB note on 16.21, p. 427]. Hushai capital and fled across the country to accounted worthy of the heavenly gift and prevented Israel from following the constant in prayer'" which continues in v. warns David of Absalom's attack; and Mutbaal's old palace at Mahanaim, inherit the heavenly kingdom with all the ancient Near Eastern practice of making 18, "If possible, so far as it depends of David escapes (17.15-29). accompanied by his most loyal forces- saints in Christ Jesus…." the royal power absolute and-as in Egypt- you, live peaceably with all." mostly made up of foreign warriors…" of deifying the king" [pp. 229-230]. [p. 326]. David's army defeats the men of Israel The causes of the disagreement None, but Cassidorus writes: "When In The OT in Eastern Orthodox Tradition, This psalm is a call to worship; and vv. 7- led by Absalom (18.1-8). Absalom is between the men of Judah and the Absalom was cruelly attacking his father Father Eugen Pentiuc writes: "The reader 11 are cited in Heb 3.7-11. The rebellion caught in the branches of an oak tree; men of Israel are not clear. "It seems David, the speed of his mule caused him to is encouraged to approach [the OT] … as it at Meribah and Massah in v. 8 f. refers to and Joab orders that he be killed, which that the Jordan was a kind of collide with a thick oak tree, and the was conceived and delivered: as a text that Ex 17.1-7, Num 20.1-13 and Deut 6.16, is done by his armour-bearers (18.9-18). psychological border to the land of branches wound round his neck so that he stirs the imagination, and a pure invitation 9.22 and 33.8 [See NET-FN, Notes V and David is deeply distressed by Absalom's Israel…That being the case, the was suspended high in the air. This was a to further, deeper analysis…. It remains my W, p. 1016]. Fulgentius of Ruspe links this death (18.19-19.4). Joab convinces David protest of the Israelites may be that prefiguration of the Lord's betrayer. Just as hope that someday, someone will find the psalm to Ecles 5.3/4, "When you make a to stop mourning and to show himself to the Judahites had not waited for all Judas ended his life in the knot of a noose, time, energy, and passion to build upon vow to the Lord do not delay to pay it." his people at the gate in Jerusalem (19.5- Israel to assemble before bringing so also David's persecutor breathed his last [my] initial soundings and discover Of v. 6 Augustine writes: "Do no lift 8). David leaves Jerusalem, crosses the David across the Jordan, thus leaving through the pressure on his throat." It is of additional interesting data and solid yourself up above God; submit yourself 2 Kingdoms (2 26-Dec Jordan, and forgives many people who the Israelites in a bad light-as though interest that mules were "apparently the conclusions…. To the Orthodox, Scripture Ps 94 (95) to God, worship, prostrate yourself, Samuel) 18-19 come to him confessing their sins and they were reluctant to receive the normal mount for royalty in David's represents no simple transcript of God's confess to the one who made you; pleading loyalty to him (19.9-40). David is king back there (see v. 43)" [NASB kingdom (see 1/3 Kg.33, 38,44)" [NASB self-disclosure, but-more significantly-a because nobody can recreate you except once again king of both Judah and Israel, note on 19.1, p. 432]. Potok believes note on 13.29, p. 422]. means of communication with the source the one who creates; nobody can make but there is much quarreling, "for Israel that "suddenly [there was] bickering of life" [p. 321]. We too can see "God's self- you new but the one who made you in had fled every man to his tent (19.9-10). between northern and southern disclosure" in both the OT and the NT as the first place." forces about who would lead David in our very own "source of life." triumph to Jerusalem" [p. 111].
Sheba, supported by Amasa, leads a Potok writes: "The Benjamite [Sheba] 22.50 is cited in Rom 15.9 in the context Origen writes that David's song in chapter This psalm is expanded in 1 Chron 16.8- revolt against David; Joab kills Amassa was pursued to a town deep in the that "the Gentiles [i. e., the nations] might 22 is "when 'David spoke to the Lord the 35 when David placed the ark inside the (20.1-12). Then the people of Beth- north [Beth-maacah], whose glory God." Of 21.17 John Chrysostom words of this song on the day when the tabernacle. Of vv. 11-13 John of maacah, led by a wise woman's advice, inhabitants had no stomach for preached that spiritual leaders such as Lord delivered him from the hand of all his Damascus explains: "Let no one maintain kill Sheba (20.1-26). The remainder of 3 rebellion. They tossed the rebel's head David "are appointed for your advantage, enemies and from the hand of Saul.' He that the heavens or the heavenly bodies Kg (2 Sam) "contains additional materials over the wall, and the troops went and for your interests are concerned… For said, 'The Lord is my rock, and my fortress, are animate, for they are inanimate and (without concern for chronology) relating home. The aged king seemed your enemy is violent. For each of you and my deliverer; my God will be my without feeling. So, even though sacred to David's reign" [NASB note on 21.1, p. incapable of choosing his successor. indeed anxiously thinks of [their] own protector.' If then, you prove able to Scripture says 'Let the heavens rejoice, 434]. Saul had killed seven Gibeonites Perhaps he loved all his sons; perhaps interests, but [spiritual leaders think of] examine the enemies David defeats and and let the earth be glad' (96.11), it is despite a covenant with them; and now he dreaded losing the love of those he the concerns of all together. [They] stand overthrows in First and Samuel [or Kings] really calling on the angels in heaven and David agrees with the request that seven would not choose. The empire was in the part of the battle that is pressed on. and how he was made worthy of deserving the people on earth to rejoice. Of course, 2 Kingdoms (2 27-Dec sons of Saul should be killed; however, controlled by his troops; the tribal The devil is more violently armed against the Lord's help and of being delivered from Ps 95 (96) Scripture can personify inanimate things Samuel) 20-22 he spares Mephibosheth (21.1-9). David territories, divided into twelve us…. See how anxious [the people] were to enemies of this kind, then you will be able and talk about them as is they were buries the bones of Saul and Jonathan districts, were efficiently spare the old man. I am greatly in need of to sing this … song yourself." As Jewish and alive…. [For example,] 'the heavens show (21.10-14). David again fights the administered; but the court, the house your prayers. Let no one … from an Gentile followers of Christ and His Church, forth the glory of God' (Ps 18.2/17.3 LXX) Philistines but is saved from death by of the king, seethed with intrigue" [p. excessive humility deprive me of this we can learn from the challenges that not by speaking in voice audible to Abishai (21.15-22). David's song 111]. Anderson notes that "Yahweh's alliance and succor…. If our teaching flows faced David. sensitive ears but by manifesting to us celebrates his victories as a warrior king word through Nathan came to abundantly, the riches will rebound to through their own greatness the power (22.1-51). dreadful fulfillment: 'Behold, I will you." of the Creator…." raise up evil against you out of your own house' (2 Sam/2 Kg 12.11)" [p. 229]. In 23.1-7 "David portrays the ideal Anderson writes: "David succeeded in David's words in 23.3 ("The Spirit of the In these books of Samuel (1 and 2 Kg) the Of this psalm Augustine reflects: "'Be theocratic king-to be fully realized only in transferring the traditions of the Lord spoke by me") are noted in Mt 22.43 people of Israel have moved through five holy, because I the Lord your God am the rule of David's greater son, Jesus Confederacy to Jerusalem: the Ark, and confirmed in 2 Pet 1.21 ("men moved patterns of governance in which leadership holy' (Lev 19.2); … for God is a lover of Christ" [NASB note on 23.5, p. 437]. The the Tabernacle, the priesthood. But in by the Holy Spirit spoke from God"). The was provided by: (1) the prophet Samuel; nothing but holiness, justice and piety; do list of soldiers from many kingdoms who this change something happened to presence of an angel who can bring God's (2) tribal judges; (3) King Saul; (4) King only what God seems to love…. Let us fought for David concludes with Uriah, the character of 'Israel,' to the wrath (24.16) is noted in Acts 12.23 when David; and (5) King Solomon. These love freely and without any strings the Hittite, husband of Bathsheba (23.8- structure of the community … [which] an angel brings death to Herod. Cyril of changes in governance occurred from attached. It is God, after all, whom we 39). That Uriah was not an Israelite but changed from the people of God, Jerusalem compares how the Holy Spirit about 1400 BC about 970 BC when David love. We can find nothing better than insisted on observing the Israelite laws of bound together on the basis of came upon Samuel and David to the died and Solomon began his reign until 931 God. Let us love him for his own sake, purity in the midst of holy war (see 11.8- covenant allegiance to Yahweh at the experience that catechumens can expect: BC. [See Roth, pp. 229-356; Potok, pp. 96- and ourselves and each other in him, but 13) is a strong affirmation of his integrity, central sanctuary [to being] bound "In Moses' day the Spirit was given by the 118]. During this period of nearly 500 still for his sake. You only love your friend 2 Kingdoms (2 28-Dec just as David's facilitating Uriah's death together politically, on the basis of a imposition of hands; and Peter imparted years God had continually sought to bring Ps 96 (97) truly, after all, when you love God in your Samuel) 23-24 (see 11.14-27) is a disturbing indication contract between king and people (2 the Spirit by the imposition of hands. Upon His people into unity with His purposes. friend, either because God is in [them] or that at times David's concupiscence was Sam/2 Kg 5.3)…. Throughout the you also, who are to be baptized, the grace People did not always respond to God's in order that God may be in [them]. That stronger than his respect for the Lord. A history of the monarchy there was a will come … [but] I do not anticipate the direction. However, when necessary, God is true love and respect…. 'You that love census is taken (24.1-14). A plague fills deep-seated conflict between these proper time…. [Samuel and David] by the did bring His people, both as a community the Lord hate evil' (cf. v.10)…. How can the land, but Jerusalem is spared, as two conceptions of 'Israel.'… More Holy Spirit prophesied and were leaders of and as individuals, into an awareness of you love God, when you still love what David seeks forgiveness from the Lord and more, [Israel] lost its distinctive the prophets (Ps 51.11/50.11 LXX and sin, punishment for those sins and a God hates?" and buys the threshing floor of Araunah character and faced the danger of 143.10/142.10 LXX)." commitment to repentance. to build an altar (24.15-25). being swallowed up in the power struggle and cultural stream of the ancient world" [p. 234].
An elderly, sick David is comforted and Potok writes: "[David] was old now, The death of David in 1 Kg (3 Sam) 2.10 is In ACCS Vol V OT Marco Conti writes: "In Peter Chrysologus asks: "Why is it that, warmed by a young woman, Abishag, but confined to his bed, chilled and cited in Peter's sermon in Acts 2.29. the books of Samuel and Kings, modern after God gave commandments so great, they do not have sexual intercourse (1.1- withered-this feeble man who had Augustine writes in City of God 17.8: "It scholars have … emphasized how the so terrifying and so awesome, he now 4). Adonijah makes himself king, but once been a fighter and poet, the makes no difference how long was the covenant, which God has made with the invites the earth to a shout of joy [v. 1]? Nathan convinces David that Solomon remnant of the greatness called David. lapse of time [between David and]… the people of Israel, is clearly regarded as a … The awesome God later on chose the should be king (1.5-27); and that is A palace intrigue almost put another destined coming of Jesus Christ. The thing reciprocal engagement, and any role of a very gentle shepherd. He agreed with support from Bathsheba, son, Adonijah, on the throne. But that is beyond questions is that he who infringement of this covenant is necessarily assumed this character in order to act as Zadok the priest and Benaiah (1.28-37). Nathan the prophet favored Solomon- was promised in such terms to King David and severely punished by God while a merciful shepherd and gather together, Solomon is anointed as King, and the and it was Solomon whom David was destined to come after his death, the obedience is rewarded with blessing. In like straggling sheep into one fold, those people rejoice (1.38-40). Adonijah finally designated as heir… [As very same who was to build a house for this regard, contemporary biblical wandering people, those straying pledges allegiance to Solomon (1.41-53). Solomon came to the throne] the God such as we rejoice to see rising up scholarship has recognized that Kings nations, those tribes scattered far and 3 Kingdoms (1 29-Dec David instructs Solomon and dies (2.1- people may have cheered, but few today, a house not fashioned of timbers conforms to the theology and ideology of Ps 97 (98) wide…. Briefly, he desired to make them Kings) 1-2 12). Adonijah asks for Abishag to come to could have attributed an inspiring and stones but of human beings. It is these Deuteronomy, where these terms of once more truly humble sheep. 'All the him, which would strengthen his claim to nature to this new monarch. It is not people, believers in Christ, whom Saint covenant are expressed for the first time…. earth sing joyfully to God,' he says, and the throne; and Solomon refuses and has recorded that he was separately Paul addresses in these words: 'Holy is the The book of Deut has a central role in 2 Kg, by this command he imposes his Benaiah kill him (2.13-27). Joab and anointed in the north. He had the temple of God, and this temple you are.'" where the biblical narrative describes its shepherdly control on all the earth. The Shimei are also killed by Benaiah on army and the empire. He was king. It discovery in the temple during the reign of resounding trumpet draws the soldier orders from Solomon (2.28-46). is estimated that there were Josiah (2 Kg 22.8-20; 2 Chron 34.15-28)" forth to war: just so does the sweetness somewhat fewer than one million [p. xvii]. of this jubilant call invite the sheep to Israelites in the land at this time" [p. pasture." 111]. Solomon marries a daughter of pharaoh. The marriage between Solomon and Solomon's dream of the Lord in 3.5 is Of Solomon's prayer to the Lord in 3.9, Of v. 1 ("The LORD reigns; let the people He offers sacrifice at "the great high pharaoh's daughter indicates similar to the visit of an angel to Joseph in Isaac of Nineveh writes: "Do not be foolish tremble! He sits enthroned upon the place" at Gibeon. "The LORD appeared to "Egyptian recognition of the growing a dream telling him "do not fear to take in the request you make to God, otherwise cherubim; let the earth quake") Jerome Solomon in a dream by night; and God importance of the strength of the Mary your wife, for that which is you will insult God through your ignorance. preached: "As long as the earth is said, 'Ask what you wish me to give you'" Israelite state…. The marriage alliance conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit" (Mt Act wisely in prayer so that you may undisturbed, it cannot be healed. The (3.1-5). Solomon asks for "an enabled both Solomon and the 1.20) and the visit of an angel to Joseph in become worthy of glorious things. Ask for psalmist is not speaking of the understanding mind to govern thy pharaoh to accomplish important another dream telling him to take Holy things that are honorable from him who earthquake in which we see the earth people, that I may discern between good economic and political objectives" Mary and the baby Jesus "and flee to will not hold back so that you may receive violently shaken and every kind of living and evil;" and God gives Solomon "a wise [NASB note on 3.1, p. 452; see also Egypt" (Mt 2.13). The principle that honor from him as a result of the wise creature in terror, but of our own and discerning mind" (3.6-15). Two Roth, pp. 332-336]. Potok writes: Solomon is following is set out in Jn 15.7: choice your free will has made. Solomon earthliness that cannot be healed as long 3 Kingdoms (1 30-Dec woman argue over who is the mother of "There is no indication that [Solomon] "If you abide in me, and my words abide in asked for wisdom-and along with it he also Ps 98 (99) as [we are] complacent. When [that Kings) 3-5 a child; and Solomon decides wisely (3.16- ever took part in a military campaign. you, ask whatever you will, and it shall be received the earthly kingdom, for he knew earthliness] is disturbed and trembles, 28). Solomon consolidates his power (4.1- He saw it as his task to maintain and done for you," as well as in 1 Jn 5.14: "And how to ask wisely of the heavenly king, then [we] will regard [our] health." An 34). Solomon begins to build the Temple, exploit the Israelite peace won by his this is the confidence that we have in him, that is, for things that are important." NASB note on vv. 1-3, p. 841 states: "The but with much forced labour, as Hiram, father's troops. This he did by that if we ask anything according to his will Asking God for what is important in our God enthroned in Zion is ruler over all King of Tyre, agrees to send cedars from establishing alliances with near and he hears us." However, it could be added lives requires considerable discernment the nations-let them acknowledge him. Lebanon in exchange for food (5.1-18). distant nations and by turning the that it can be challenging to know the will and much prayer. [See also NET-FN, Notes J, L and V, p. empire into an emporium [that is, a of God (either for Solomon or for us) and 1018]. large shop that sells a wide variety of requires much prayer. goods]."
Details of Solomon's Temple are given in Roth writes: "Construction of the The "chains of gold across the front of the Barrois writes in Jesus Christ and the Cassiodorus reflects: "This … psalm is 6.1-38 and of his palace in 7.1-12, with a Temple began in 968 BC and was inner sanctuary" (3/1 Kg 6.21) were where Temple that: "The general plan of the concerned with the two forms of full description of the work of the completed seven years later…. "the curtain covering the entrance to the temple will be easily grasped by Orthodox confession. The first is when we lament craftsman Hiram from Tyre (7.13-47). Although the Solomonic buildings in most holy place was probably hung" [NASB Christians, seeing that the tripartite over sins, proclaim ourselves "The golden altar and the golden table Jerusalem still lie buried beneath note on 6.21, p. 458]. This was the curtain division of the 'house' was adopted for blameworthy and guilty, and with for the bread of the Presence [of the modern occupation and under the that "was torn in two from top to bottom" most of our church buildings: [1] porch or devoted tears beg that the Lord's mercy Lord]," as well as the many holy objects paving stones of the Temple Mount, when Jesus Christ was crucified (Mt 27.51) narthex, [2] the church of the faithful and may be granted to us. The second is are listed, including "the things which we can still inspect a fine example of and is also noted in Heb 6.19 as "a sure [3] isolated behind the iconostasis and the when we praise the blessings bestowed David … had dedicated" (7. 48-51). NASB the king's impressive architecture at and steadfast anchor of the soul, a hope veil of the royal door, the altar standing in on us, or with great joy revere those pictures on pp. 458 and 460 show the Megiddo where… [a] gate of Stratum that enters into the inner shrine behind the middle of the sanctuary…. The imparted to others…. This psalm has 3 Kingdoms (1 Temple and its furnishings with the VIII stands, in some places to a height the curtain, where Jesus has gone as a furnishings of the temple, corresponding offered wonderful instruction on both 31-Dec Ps 99 (100) Kings) 6-7 reflection that: "By its cosmological and of over three metres…. [pp. 336-340]. forerunner on our behalf, having become a to those of the tabernacle, are described forms of confession, teaching us both …. royal symbolism, the sanctuary taught Anderson writes: "Eighty-thousand high priest for ever after the order of as permanent fixtures, instead of the to lament the wounds of our sins without the absolute sovereignty of the Lord over Israelites were reported to have been Melchizedek" (see Gen 14.18; Heb 5.6, 10; moveable pieces of furniture … during the interruption [and] … to sing eagerly with the whole creation and His special put to work in the stone quarries, and 7.1, 10-17). years of wandering…. The Holy of Holies jubilation to the Lord…. Both are headship over Israel." 70,000 toiled as burden-bearers. Thus …stood alone in the inner sanctuary necessary in this world, so that the the great Temple was completed at a (debîr), containing nothing but 'the two person who is God's servant should cost far greater than the financial tablets of stone which Moses put there at neither despair through melancholy nor outlay-the cost of the life and liberty Horeb.'" [pp. 55-57]. become puffed up in mind through of exploited people" [p.240]. prosperity." This is a beautifully balanced insight. At the dedication of the Temple "the ark Caesarius of Arles challenges all future Ephrem the Syrian writes: "Now notice In Jesus Christ and the the Temple, Barrois Augustine links the "mercy and of the LORD, the tent of meeting, and all generations with this interpretation of that Solomon did not only pray for his writes: "The theology of the temple had judgment" of the Lord in v. 1 LXX) to the the holy vessels that were in the tent" Solomon's prayers: "Two altars were people but also for the foreigners and the remained basically the same as the Gospel when "not all who were called were brought up by "the priests and the set up in the temple built by Solomon, strangers who distrusted the nation of theology of the tabernacle. The central wanted to come, or could those come Levites" in the midst of many sacrifices of one outside and one within. On the Israel and were often hostile to it, so that dogma was the presence of Yahweh in the who did come except they were called sheep and oxen (8.1-9). "And when the one outside, the sacrifice of animals the son of David might show the God of midst of his people: Yahweh resides in the (Lk 14.16-24). Accordingly neither should priests came out of the holy place, a took place, while on the one inside, David to everyone in general, by praying sanctuary, whether it be the tabernacle of those who came give themselves the cloud filled the house of the LORD, so the burning of incense was offered. for his enemies and by speaking ahead of Exodus or the debîr of Solomon's temple. credit, for they came by invitation, nor that the priests could not stand to Let us see, brothers [and sisters], time for us those future words: 'But I say From the earliest days onward, should those who did not want to come minister because of the cloud; for the whether there are two altars set up in to you, love your enemies and pray for supernatural phenomena had made blame it on another, but only on 3 Kingdoms (1 glory of the LORD filled the house of the ourselves, the one that of the body those who persecute you' (Mt 5.44)." evident the reality of the invisible. The themselves, for they had been invited to 01-Jan Ps 100 (101) Kings) 8 LORD;" and Solomon prayed at the altar and the other that is of the heart. God Clement of Alexandria notes that Solomon, 'glory', kâbôd, filled the sanctuary, as it come of their free will. Therefore, before inside the Temple (8.10-21). Then … asks a twofold sacrifice of us: the praying both for the Temple "and for the had filled the tabernacle. But the theology merit, the calling determines the will. For Solomon prayed before the altar outside one, that we be chaste in body; the church that was to rise up… says expressly, of the court and of temple circles strove this reason, even if someone called takes the Temple, blessed the people, offered other, that we should be pure of 'Will God in very deed dwell with humans toward a more refined way of expressing the credit for coming, [they] cannot take further sacrifices to the Lord, and held a heart. For this reason good works are on earth' (8.27)?...Thus also the blessed God's presence in the temple. On the day the credit for being called. As for [those] feast for all the people (8.22-62). offered on the exterior altar, that is, Peter does not hesitate to say, 'You also as of the dedication, Solomon … prayed in who are called and do not come, just as our body… and let us continually do living stones, are built up, a spiritual house, these words [3/1 Kg 8.13, 27-29; 2 Chron [their] calling was not a deserved reward, what is pleasing to God on the altar of a holy temple, to offer up spiritual 6.12-21]… [ p.61]. so [their] neglecting to come when called our heart … and with a good sacrifices." lays the foundation for a deserved conscience." punishment…."
The LORD appeared to Solomon a second Potok writes: "The visit of the Queen None, but Augustine points out: "[God] It is important to appreciate that "although Of the repentant sinner in v. 10 who "ate time and gave him both a promise of of Sheba from distant southeastern promised that something everlasting David committed grievous sins, he was ashes like bread…" Augustine writes: future blessings "if you will walk before Arabia-… roughly the area of today's would spring from David's seed. Then repentant, and [unlike Solomon] he was "[How] then is this medicine of me," as well as a warning of the disaster Yemen-was a business trip. She had Solomon was born, and he became a man never involved in idolatrous worship" repentance … made up? First, of the that would befall him if "you or your spices, jewels, and gold; Solomon of such profound wisdom that everyone [NASB note on 11.6, p. 469]. A close condemnation of our own sins, 'Mine children … do not keep my controlled the caravan routes; supposed God's promise concerning reading of the OT does not support certain iniquity have I acknowledged, and my sin commandments and my statutes" (9.1- kingdoms in Mesopotamia and David's offspring had been fulfilled. But no, legends. For example, "there is no basis in have I not hid.' (cf. Ps 31/32.5) … 9). Solomon built both the Temple and Anatolia wanted those spies and Solomon fell and so made room for people fact for the idea sometimes suggested that Secondly, of great humbleness of mind: his palaces, using slave labour (9.10-25). jewels. Queen and king no doubt to stretch their hope toward Christ. God [the Queen of Sheba] desired offspring for it is like a golden chain: if one has The Israelite kingdom prospers under came to a lucrative business deal…. can neither be deceived nor deceive us, so fathered by Solomon and left Jerusalem hold of the beginning, all will follow, Solomon; and the Queen of Sheba is Wealth poured into [Jerusalem]… The we can be certain that he did not ground carrying his child" [NASB note on 11.24, because if you confess your sin as one 3 Kingdoms (1 impressed (9.26-10.13). Solomon's many once small mountain [stronghold] was his promise in Solomon, for he knew pp. 469-470]. Anderson writes: "Ambitious Ps 101 (102) vv. ought to confess, the soul is humbled. 02-Jan Kings) 9-11 wives "turned away his heart" after now an opulent international center Solomon would fall. The divine purpose and selfish by nature, [Solomon's] lavish 1-14 Conscience turning [confession] on itself pagan gods (11.1-8). This angers the of culture and commerce…. But the was that after Solomon's fall you would court in Jerusalem … reflected the glory causes [sin] to be subdued… [To this] Lord, who will "tear way the kingdom … price paid for the grandiose world of look to God and earnestly press him for and reputation of the great king of Israel. must be added … 'A heart that is broken out of the hand of your son," leaving only Solomon was very high…. It was what he had promised…. What you The law in Deut 17.14-20, which specifies and humbled God will not despise' (Ps "one tribe to your son" in Jerusalem always so when monarchs ruled: only promised stands absolutely firm, O God, that an Israelite king … shall be guided by 50/51.17)… And …there is need of (11.9-13). Solomon dies; and God's a few shared the wealth and culture of for you have not taken your anointed right the Torah of Yahweh must have been intense prayers [and] of many tears… warning is fulfilled (11.14-42). a royal court…. In the end Solomon away from us, but only put him off [until composed with Solomon in mind" [p. 236]. [and] of much almsgiving, for this … himself fell prey to the pagan world he the coming of Jesus Christ]." especially gives strength to the medicine had brought to Jerusalem" [pp. 113- of repentance." 118]. Rehoboam, a son of Solomon, becomes Roth views Rehoboam as "a vain and None, but Origen writes: "When the nation Of Rom 9.6 Diodore writes: "Because the Heb 1.10-12 applies vv. 25-26 to Christ. Of v. king of Israel; and Jeroboam returns from totally inept fellow;" and Jeroboam as was divided by Jeroboam … into two parts, promises which had been given to the 25 Tertullian writes: "[Recognise that] so Egypt (12.1-2). King Rehoboam treats his "an able king hated by the south and the ten tribes constituted under him were Jews had been transferred to the Gentiles, many vast substances [including the people harshly; his taskmaster, Adoram, its writers of Biblical history." (pp. 118- called Israel, while the other two, with Paul wanted to avoid the charge that God heavens] … [were formed by God by his own is stoned to death; and the king flees to 119]. Anderson [pp. 256-261] strongly which was also the tribe of Levi … were had lied about his promises, and so he energies. For this is proved by Jeremiah when he says, "God has made the earth by Jerusalem (12.3-18). The Israelites make agrees with this analysis, as well as named Judah, in which Jerusalem was the shows how God remains faithful. The his power; he has established the world by Jeroboam their king (12.19-20). Roth's insight that the golden calves metropolis; it is called a metropolis as a Scriptures make it clear that it was not his wisdom and has stretched out the Rehoboam assembles an army and were not "objects of worship but as kind of mother of a great many cities…. those who were Israelites according to the heaven by his understanding (Jer 51.15). prepares to fight the Israelites (12.22- pedestals for the invisible God of Although all these facts are the case, the flesh but those whose godliness showed These are the energies by the stress of which 24a). They follow his guidance; and war Israel; no ancient Semitic people ever holy apostle [Paul], wishing us to lift our that they were worthy to be Israelites who he made this universe. His glory is greater if 3 Kingdoms (1 between the Israelites and the Judeans is represented a high god in animal understanding and raise it somehow from were called children of Abraham." Psalm 101 (102) he labored." Of v. 26 Tertullian writes: "All 03-Jan Kings) 12 averted. Jeroboam rules the 10 tribes form. [Jeroboam] could have done this earth, says in one place, 'Consider Israel Ambrosiaster writes: "Isaac was born as a vv. 15-28 figures of speech necessarily arise out of real from Shechem and then Penuel (12.24b- in the Mosaic north only if there according to the flesh' (1 Cor 10.18). By type of the Savior by the promise. Thus, things… I return therefore to the principle 25). To avoid the Israelites going to existed some kind of tradition this he means that there is another Israel, whoever believes that Christ Jesus was that defines that all things that have come Jerusalem to worship in the Temple, King permitting this form of worship-and which is not according to the flesh but promised to Abraham is a child of from nothing shall return at last to nothing." Jeroboam initiates worship before two we have preserved for us a clear according to the Spirit. And in another Abraham and a brother of Isaac. Abraham golden calves (12.26-33). indication of such a tradition … [with] place he says, 'For not all who are from was told that all the nations would be the golden calf at Sinai" [pp. 118-119]. Israel are Israel' (Rom 9.6)." [See OSB note, blessed in his offspring" (Gen 18.18, However, the earlier golden calf was p. 1537]. 22.18). clearly idol worship.
Jeroboam is warned by a prophet from At times, the Biblical account and later The danger of a false prophet in 13.18 is With Psalm 102/103) Elder Aimilianos Elder Aimilianos writes: "By now it should Judah that the altars he has built will be historical perspectives diverge, as with echoed in Mt 7.5, Gal 1.8, 1 Tim 4.1-2 and challenges us by writing: "I glorify God be clear to us that David was a man who torn down (13.1-6). The prophet has Omri "who receives strong censure" in 1 Jn 4.1. On the removal of idols in 15.12 because I have understood that God is a lived close to God. We have seen how he been told by the Lord not to eat or drink the Biblical account but possibly led Augustine notes Cicero's principle of the Father and that I am his son [or daughter] sought to [hold a conversation] with God until he returns home, so he refuses the Israel to considerable "stability and "ideal of the most devoted citizen" in The and created; I glorify Him because I am every day, and how the psalms are the invitation of the king, but is then tricked prosperity" [Anderson, pp. 265-266]. Republic; and Augustine urges that "in nothing without Him, because He is my poetic expressions of his spiritual by the lies of an elderly prophet in Bethel Anderson links individual churches in growing numbers all over the 'beginning and my end' (cf. Rev 21.6). experiences. The psalmist begins by with whom he eats; and the Judean "personalities and ideas … [to] the world ... [we are taught and learn] above Psalm 103 is thus a hymn of love to God. expressing his strong desire to praise prophet is killed by a lion (13.7-32). corporate experiences of Israel in the all, the devotion by which the true and The closed heaven opens, God is revealed, God. We discover the meaning of our Jeroboam "did not turn from his evil drama of history." However, he insists truth-giving God is worshiped, who not and I know that He is love (1 Jn 4.8), existence only when our life becomes an way;" and the prophet Ahijah tells that "there is a very thin line between only commands [Cicero's] principles [of because this is something that I feel, that I act of worship, a gift of praise offered in Jeroboam's wife of the disaster that will 'story' and 'history….' The biblical frugality and temperance and fidelity to sense deeply within myself. I experience gratitude and love to God…. The 3 Kingdoms (1 04-Jan come upon his household (13.33-14.20). story is not history if 'history' means a the marriage bond] to be kept but also this revelation as the activity of grace Ps 102 (103) psalmist's soul is filled with feelings of Kings) 13-15 In Judah, King Rehoboam establishes detached report of events. But neither gives them fulfillment [with worship of within my heart. God is present to me as worship and praise, and this interior idolatry; and disaster comes to his reign is biblical history story, if 'story' means God in the churches]. It is by these active and acting, and everything that I am disposition is externalized through the as well (14.21-31). Rehoboam dies; a tale spun out of the imagination. We [principles and this worship] that the experiencing is the result of His activities. power of speech: 'Bless the Lord, O my Abijam becomes king but continues to are dealing with a history-like story, or human mind is prepared and made fit for At the same time, I come into full soul.' To 'bless' another person means to sin, dies; and his son, Asa, becomes king a story-like history…." [pp. 14, 19]. It the divine society and for its habitation in possession of my self; I acquire knowledge speak well of [them] or to wish or pray and makes some attempt at spiritual should be noted we are also dealing the eternal heavenly country. Hence [God] of myself as created and-with God's grace- that [they] might receive something renewal (15.1-24). Four further kings, with God's attempts to draw humanity has foretold that the images of the many as renewed and refashioned…." [p. 294]. good. With respect of God, however, to concluding with Omri, continue to sin to His purposes, as well as human false gods would be overturned and has 'bless' means to praise and glorify Him" and die (15.24-16.28). responses to God and to other people. commanded them to be overturned. [pp. 262-263]. 16.1-28 sets out the reigns filled with evil With the Lord's command to Elijah in That Elijah was sent to the widow in the Potok writes that the pagan wife of Ahab, In On the Establishment of Creation, and idolatry of five kings of Israel-Baasha, 17.3, "God withdrew His prophet from Phoenician town of Zarephath, not to the Jezebel, "brought to Samaria priests of Jacob writes of how "through visible Elah, Zimri, Tibni and Omri-covering the His land and people to leave them many widows in Israel, is cited in Lk 4.24- Baal…. Her husband did not resist her things the world might learn who is its years from 908 BC to 874 BC. Then, from isolated from His word and 26. The drought in 17.1-3 can be linked to efforts…. [Others] resisted. Prophets Lord (Rom 1.20), And what Moses 874 BC to 853 BC Ahab came to power in blessing…." The drought was not only Rev 11.4-6 with the powers of the two traveled about the land, preaching against omitted from his account, and what was Israel and "did more to provoke the a divine judgment on a nation that olive trees and two lampstands "that no the pagan queen. Jezebel, enraged, had not written, David expressed in the book LORD … to anger than all the kings of had turned to idolatry, but also a rain may fall during the days of their some of them slain. For the first time in of his psalms. 'He made his angels and his Israel who were before him" (16.19-35). demonstration [that] … Baal … the prophesying." The cry of the widow in the history of the land, prophets were ministers of fire and wind [103/104) v. 4 Elijah tells Ahab that "there shall be lord of rain clouds … was powerless to 17.18 when her son has died, "What have being killed for preaching loyalty to YHWH. LXX].' Thus David caused to be written in neither dew nor rain" for years to come give rain" [NASB notes on 17.1, 3, p. you against me, O man of God?" has some The prophetic movement splintered. his excellent book of Psalms So that the 3 Kingdoms (1 Psalm 103 05-Jan "except by my word;" and Elijah is told by 484]. A chart on pp. 478-479 of NASB similarity to the cry of the demoniacs in Mt Prophets, out of weakness and dread, world might learn that angels too were Kings) 16-17 the Lord to "depart from here" (17.1-3). lists the 40 kings of the divided 8.29, "What have you to do with us, O Son entered the service of the court and spoke (104) vv. 1-18 created works. And with the created Elijah is fed by ravens, then goes to kingdom of Israel and Judah from 930 of God?" as well as the cry in Mk 1.24 of only what the king and queen wished to things they come to birth from the Zarephath where a widow brings him BC to 586, covered in 3/1 Kg 12.1-4/2 the man in the synagogue with an unclean hear. This bitter antagonism between the Creator…." This psalm has been retold water and her last piece of bread (17.4- Kg 25.30 and 2 Chron 10.1-36.21. Roth spirit, "What have you to do with us, Jesus prophets of the court and those individuals and illustrated by Dorrie Papademetriou 13). But then she is blessed with links these years to Egyptian history of Nazareth?" and the response of Jesus who claimed to be the sole spokesmen of in a beautiful children's book, Psalm 104: continuing oil and flour, as well as the and archeological remains [pp. 359- Christ to Holy Mary in Jn 2.4 at the YHWH continued until kingship came to an Celebrate the Earth [SVSP, 2000]. raising of her son from the dead (17.14- 434]. Anderson considers the lives wedding in Cana, "O woman, what have end in Israel" [p. 123]. 24). and words of the prophets [pp. 256- you to do with me?" 466].
Elijah is told by the Lord to visit King Roth writes: "The Israelite prophets James 5.16 states that "the prayer of a Of Psalm 103/104.14b ("The earth shall be Augustine preached: "These [the sun, the Ahab. Elijah meets Obadiah, who is in were rather different to the prophets righteous man has great power in its satisfied with the fruit of Thy works") moon, the earth] are the things in which God charge of Ahab's palace, but is hiding of other cultures and civilisations in effects," giving Elijah and his prayer for Bishop Nicolai Velimirovich writes: "You is to be praised, the Maker to be blessed. prophets from Queen Jezebel (18.1-16). the ancient world … [which] had rain as examples. Obadiah's feeding the brim with blessings, O Lord, and every 'How magnificent are your works!' we say, Elijah meets Ahab and then challenges soothsayer priests who used prophets bread and water in 18.4 is creature is filled with might and power, 'in wisdom you have made them all' (v. 24). They are yours, You have made them all. the prophets of Baal at Mount Carmel, astronomical portents to predict the encouraged in Mt 10.40-42. Rom 11.2-4 after You have come to visit. Water, which Thanks be to you! But you have made us who are unable to call fire down on their future… Israelite prophets like Elijah, cites Elijah's fear in 3/1 Kg 19.14-18 that used to be able to wash only the body, over all of them. Thanks be to you! For we sacrifice of a bull. However, the Lord on the other hand, are portrayed as he alone is left to follow the Lord, with the obtained the power to baptize the soul-in are your image and likeness. Thanks be to sends fire to consume Elijah's sacrifice; individual, lone figures wandering Lord's reply that 7,000 are still faithful to Your name, O Lord! (cf. Jn 3.5-6). Oil, you! We have sinned, we have been sought and Elijah has the prophets of Baal killed over the landscape. However, … [it Him. This is then linked in Romans to the which used to be able to glisten only on a [by you]. Thanks be to you! We have been (18.17-40). Elijah ends the drought should be noted that the OT does Jewish people in first-century Palestine of healthy face, obtained the power to give negligent, we have not been neglected. (18.41-46) but then flees from Jezebel indicate] Israelite colleges of lesser whom "at the present time there is a strength to the sick-in Your name, O Lord! Thanks be to you! When we despised you, 3 Kingdoms (1 Psalm 103 (104) 06-Jan (19.1-4). Elijah is near death from prophets hidden in the shadows of the remnant, chosen by grace" who follow the (cf. James 5.14). Bread … obtained the we were not despised; in case we should Kings) 18-19 starvation, but an angel feeds him; and outstanding prophetic figures of the Lord (Rom 11.5). Jesus Christ, referring to power to nourish life with Your life-in Your vv. 19-35 have forgotten your divinity and should lose Elijah fasts for 40 days as he travels to Bible. For instance, we hear of the the prophecy in Mal 4.5 tells the Jewish name, O Lord! (cf. Jn 6.32-59)…. Words you, you even took upon yourself our Mount Horeb (19.5-8). In a cave on the 'brotherhood of the prophets living in people that "if you are willing to accept it, have become a cure, and signs have humanity. Thanks be to you! When and mountain the Lord speaks to him, telling Bethel' and the 'brotherhood of the [John the Baptist] is Elijah who is to come" become a defense-in Your name, O Lord! where can there not be thanks?" him to anoint Hazel to be king in Syria, prophets living in Jericho,' suggesting (Mt 11.14). See NASB note on 11.14, p. (cf. The name of Christ and the sign of the Jehu to be king in Israel, and a farmer, communities of prophets in several 1383 that "John was not literally the Cross [cited by Manley-P, pp. 394-395]. Elisha, to "to be prophet in your place." major religious centres…. Over fifty [of reincarnation of Elijah, but he did fulfill the (19.9-18). Elijah "casts his mantle" on the Jericho prophets] witnessed function and role of the prophet." Elisha who follows him (19.19-21). Elijah's crossing of the River Jordan before his ascent into heaven (4/2 Kg 2.3-15)" [pp. 389-390]. Twice the Lord delivers King Ahab from Anderson writes: "Ahab wanted to The prophet Micaiah's words to King Ahab NASB Intro., p. 441 explains that: "1 and 2 Of v. 15 ("Touch not my anointed ones the superior forces of Benhadad, King of purchase the vineyard of Naboth, in 3/1 Kg 22.17 ("I saw all Israel scattered [3 and 4] Kings (like 1 and 2 Samuel and 1 [or 'my christs'], do my prophets no Aram in Syria (20.1-32). Benhadad then which adjoined his palace in the city of upon the mountains as sheep that have no and 2 Chronicles) are actually one literary harm") Cyril of Alexandria writes: "There pleads for mercy, but Ahab does not Jezreel (his second capital)…. but shepherd") are echoed by Christ in Mt 9.36 work, called in Hebrew tradition simply are many who have been called 'christ,' grant him clemency (20.33-43). Ahab Naboth refused to sell for one reason: ("When he saw the crowds, he had 'Kings.' The division of this work into two from having in various ways been covets the vineyard of Naboth, but it was a family estate. Properly compassion upon them, because they books was introduced by the translators of anointed by God. For some have been Naboth refuses to give or sell him the speaking, it was not Naboth's 'private were harassed and helpless, like sheep the Septuagint (the Greek translation of anointed as kings; and some as prophets; vineyard (21.1-4). Jezebel plots to kill property' to dispose of as he without a shepherd"). The manner in the OT) and subsequently followed in the while others, having received salvation Naoth and has him stoned to death (21.5- pleased…. Naboth was only which Ahab is deceived into going out to Latin Vulgate and most modern versions…. by Christ who is the Saviour of all, even 16). Elijah learns of the behaviour of reaffirming the ancient basis of Israel's fight and die in battle in 3/1 Kg 22.20-22 is Together Samuel and Kings relate the we ourselves, obtain [the name] of christ, Ahab and Jezebel, cursing them both; land tenure…. [Jezebel's] Baal religion similar to God's battle with satan in 2 Thes whole history of the monarchy, from its as having been anointed by the Holy however, when Ahab repents and fasts, placed no limitations on the exercise 2.11 in which "God sends upon [those who rise under the ministry of Samuel to its fall Spirit…. Having been 'baptized into Christ' 3 Kingdoms (1 Ps 104 (105) 07-Jan Elijah delays punishment to the sons of of royal power…. Here we see the Baal do not believe] a strong delusion, to make at the hands of the Babylonians…. The and 'put on Christ' (cf. Gal 3.27), you Kings) 20-22 Ahab (21.17-29). False prophets in the religion and the Yahweh faith in them believe what is false, so that all may narration of the ministry of Elijah … for the vv. 1-22 have been made comformable [that is, court of Ahab predict victory in a new opposition, not in a dramatic contest be condemned who did not believe the most part appears in 1 [3] Kings (chs. 17- agreeable] to the Son of God; for God war, but Micaiah predicts defeat (22.1- [as] on Carmel but in the field of social truth but pleasure in unrighteousness." 19). However, his final act of judgment and having 'predestined us into the adoption 28). Ahab is defeated and dies in battle relationships…. The Baal religion John Chrysostom reflects: "Always look the passing of his cloak to Elisha at the of children' (Eph 1.5), made us 'to be (22.29-40). Jehoshaphat continues to be tended to support the status quo, with into the decrees of God before you moment of his ascension to heaven in a fashioned like unto His glorious body' King of Judah (22.41-50); and Ahaziah, the aristocracy on top. But the consider the nature of your own actions. whirlwind are contained in 2 [4] Kings (1.1- (Phil 3.21)…. There is only one Christ and Ahab's son, becomes King of Israel (22.51 Yahweh faith, as revived by the Whenever you find something that accords 2.17)." Son, who is the Lord made man, the Only ff.). prophet Elijah, supplied the energy for with his decree, approve that-and only Begotten of God made flesh…." a protest against the evils of a that." commercial civilization and for social reform" [pp. 277-278].
Ahaziah, King of Israel, is seriously Rohl writes: "The prophet Elijah died In Lk 9.51-56 the disciples of Christ offer NASB note on 1.10, p. 498, explains: Of the cloud in v. 39 Bede writes: "'And injured in a fall and sends messengers to at around this time (c. 847 BC) and "to bid fire come down from heaven and "Jesus' rebuke of His disciples for when Moses had gone up, a cloud covered ask a foreign god if he will recover; was succeeded by his protégé Elisha. consume" the Samaritans who have suggesting that fire be called down from the mountain (Ex 24.15).' Just as the however, Elijah meets the messengers Once more the Levant was struck by rejected Him, as Elijah did in 1.5-12; heaven to destroy the Samaritans (Lk 9.51- mountain on which Moses received the law and tells them the king will die (1.1-4). famine and, this time, the drought however, Christ rebukes them [See 56) is not to be understood as a designates the height of perfection that was written down in that law, so does the cloud Twice the king sends armed men to ask lasted a full seven years. Documents Reflection for the reason]. In Rev 11.5 and disapproval of Elijah's action, but as an that covered the mountain suggest the grace Elijah to come to him, but they are from the reign of Ramesses III (863- 20.9 fire does come down and consume indication that that the disciples failed to of divine protection, which is enjoyed more "consumed by fire" (1.5-12). The captain 832 BC) [pharaoh in Egypt], found at the enemies of the Lord. The clothing and discern the difference between the issues and more the higher one ascends in order to of a third group pleads for his life to Thebes, tell of similar hardships which appearance of Elijah in 1.8 is similar to at stake in Elijah's day and the unbelief of search out the wonders of God's law, as the Elijah; and the prophet goes to see the led the workmen in the Valley of the John the Baptist in Mt 3.4 and Mk 1.6. the Samaritans in their own day." Elijah's eyes of one's heart are opened. For surely king and informs him he will die (1.13- Kings … going on strike and rioting Elijah's going up to heaven in a whirlwind telling Elisha that it would be "a hard the cloud covered not only the mountain on 4 Kingdoms (2 Psalm 104 (105) 08-Jan 16). The king dies; and Jehoram, his because they had not received their (2.11) is repeated in Rev 11.12 with "two thing" to receive "a double portion" of his which Moses was went up, but also the Kings) 1-2 brother becomes king (1.17-18). Elijah food rations for months. The whole of holy witnesses." With reference to 2.10 spirit "clearly showed that the issue rested vv. 23-45 people who were traveling through the and Elisha walk through Israel to the the ancient world was in similar when Elisha sees Elijah taken up to solely with the Lord's sovereign good wilderness. They were by no means able to Jordan River (2.1-8). Elijah goes up to turmoil" [p. 396]. Potok writes: heaven, this experience of seeing a living pleasure" [NASB note on 2.10, p. 499]. It ascend to the higher regions, but the cloud heaven in "a chariot of fire," which Elisha "Jehoram proved inept … and was person lifted up to heaven is repeated for should also be noted that "Elisha was not sent from heaven overshadowed them sees and then receives "a double share" slightly wounded in battle. He the disciples when they see Jesus Christ expressing a desire for a ministry twice as nevertheless (Ex 13.21-22)…." of Elijah's spirit" (2.9-14). Elisha cleans returned to Jezreel to recuperate from lifted up to heaven in Acts 1.10. great as Elijah's, but he was using terms the polluted water, has boys killed who the wound. Jezebel, ruling as queen derived from inheritance law to express his taunt his baldness and returns to Samaria mother, was the true royal power and desire to carry on Elijah's ministry… (see (2.15-25). controlled the land through her son" Deut 21.17)" [NASB note on 2.9, p. 499]. [p. 396]. Jehoram, King of Israel, and Jehosaphat, Rohl confirms the Biblical account Elisha's insistence in 2.18 that providing Of 3.26-27 Ephrem the Syrian writes that Augustine linked v.6 ("Both we and our King of Judah, march to war against the with further details: "The Israelite water for an army is "but a slight thing in the Moabite king was imploring "the fathers have sinned") to the woman Moabites who are in rebellion against campaign began with a series of the sight of the LORD" is echoed in Lk 1.37 mercy of the God of Israel by means of accused of adultery: Jesus "was granting Israel (3.1-8). However, their armies run military victories which led to King by Archangel Gabriel to Holy Mary ("For extraordinary sacrifice [of his son following pardon; but while he was granting it … out of water; the kings plead with Elisha, Mesha being chased all the way back with God nothing will be impossible") and Abraham who started to make the] [he] said [to her], 'Has no one stoned who prays and fills the streams with inside the walls of his capital, Kir- by Jesus Christ in Mk 10.27 ("All things are offering of his son." This is true. However, you?' And she did not say, 'Why? What water, even though there is no wind or haresheth. There the Moabite ruler possible with God"). The manner in which it is important to understand the approach have I done, Lord? I am not guilty, am rain (3.9-20). The Moabites are losing the employed the weapon of last resort in the widow in 4.5 pours oil miraculously of Zoltan Fischer in "Sacrificing Isaac: A I?....What she said was, 'No one, Lord' (Jn battle, but their king sacrifices his son; these superstitious times. Mesha into many vessels is echoed with the New Interpretation" in which he argues 8.2)…. She confessed, because the Lord and the Israelites withdraw (3.31-27). proceeded to sacrifice his eldest son pouring of water that turns into wine in convincingly that "God wanted to hear an was aware of her guilt but was Elisha provides oil in many vessels atop the walls of the citadel, in full many vessels at the marriage feast in Cana argument put forth from Abraham's ethical nonetheless seeking her faith and her miraculously for a widow to avoid slavery view of the enemy. This was the (Jn 2.7). The practice of Elisha when he nature, that side of him that had many confession…. 'No one, Lord.' 'No one'- 4 Kingdoms (2 Ps 105 (106) 09-Jan for her children (4.1-7). A wealthy ultimate offering to his god Chemosh "shuts the door" upon himself and the problems with human sacrifice. God also that is a confession of sins; and 'Lord'- Kings) 3-4 Shunammite woman is kind to Elisha; in a desperate plea for divine dead child to pray in 4.33 is urged by Christ wanted to make the statement once and vv. 1-16 that is pardon of the punishment she and he promises her that she will bear a intervention. The Israelites were taken as a general guideline for prayer in Mt 6.6. for all that He does not want human deserved. 'No one, Lord, I acknowledge son, even though her husband is elderly. aback by this terrible drama being Also, Heb 11.35 notes that in the OT sacrifice…. [Also, Sarah's] entire happiness both things. I know who you are, I know This happens, but some years later the carried out before their eyes and "women had received their dead by …[was] part of the high stakes…. Had the who I am. It is to you I am confessing." child dies; and his mother comes feared the vengeance of the god of resurrection." sacrifice not been stopped, she and We too can confess to the Lord, immediately to Elisha at Mount Carmel the Moabites. [The Israelites and Abraham, and the Israelites' claim to be an whatever our past sins, and "go, and do to protest (4.8-28). Elisha brings her son Judeans] retreated back across the ethically advanced society would have not sin again" (Jn 8.11). back to life (4.29-37). Elisha purifies food Jordan, leaving Mob to its been utterly destroyed." See Jewish Bible and nourishes people in the midst of a independence " [p. 395]. Perhaps it Quarterly, Vol 35, No 3, 2007 available famine (4.38-44). was the true God who permitted the free online at: Moabites not to be killed. https://jbqnew.jewishbible.org/assets/Upl oads/353/353_akedah.pdf
Naaman, the Syrian commander, is In the midst of the many battles Lk 4.27 notes "there were many lepers in Ephrem the Syrian sees the four lepers of Augustine preached of this psalm: "O you suffering from leprosy. An Israelite between Israel and the Syrians and Israel … and none of them were cleansed, 7.3-15 as a metaphor for the four holy who sin grievously and despair of salvation, servant of Naaman's wife urges that he Assyrians, the books of Kings focus on but Naaman the Syrian." The instructions evangelists because "we symbolically and think that because of the magnitude of should go to seek a cure from Elisha (5.1- the prophets rather than the military, to Naaman that he will be healed by recognize in them the fact that they your sins you cannot obtain pardon, I 5). He goes and is cured by bathing in the economic or political events. washing in the Jordan are echoed in the announced goods for the inhabitants of admonish you-rather [David] admonishes you-to give thanks to the Lord, for He is River Jordan (5.6-14). Elisha refuses all However, it is clear that the Israelites instructions of Jesus Christ to the man their city…. Indeed, we must bear in mind good. Great are your sins, but great is the gifts from Naaman and pardons him have built up a powerful state that born blind to "go wash in the pool of that through their looks the face of our Lord who has pity on you. Confess your sins because "he will not offer burnt offering other nations respect, but the Siloam" (9.7). The words of Elisha to his Savior and source of life Jesus Christ was to the Lord; do penance and do not despair or sacrifice to any god but the LORD Israelites lose numerous battles as servant in 6.16 ("Do not fear, for those known, and freedom was given to all of your salvation for the Lord is (5.15-19). Gehazi, a servant of Elisha, well. Potok notes that evidence of who are with us are more than those who people according to his divine plan. And so compassionate…. It is not possible for 4 Kingdoms (2 Psalm 105 (106) 10-Jan goes after Naaman and seeks gifts from these conflicts, such as "the Black are with them") are echoed in Rom 8.31 those whose flesh was leprous shone in anyone in hell to be sorry for [their] sins. vv. 17-32 Kings) 5-7 him, but is then stricken by leprosy (5.20- Obelisk of Shalmaneser III … can be ("If God is for us, who is against us?"). In their interior look with the splendor of While you are still in this world, I beg of you 27). Elisha miraculously recovers an ax seen in the British Museum" [p. 127]. 5.16 Elisha refuses to take any financial their righteousness… [These four lepers] to repent. Confess and give thanks to the head from the Jordan (6.1-7). The King of Anderson notes that the story of the award from Naaman, just as in Mt 10.8 represent [the apostles] in the fact that Lord, for in this world only is He merciful. Syria sends a great army to capture Israelite servant of Naaman having Jesus Christ instructed his disciples not to their interior was adorned with righteous Here, He is able to be compassionate to the Elisha, but they are blinded; so, the King faith in Elisha to heal Naaman (5.1-14) accept any gifts for healings in which they behavior because the old man has been penitent, but because there, He is judge, He of Syria stops raiding Israel (6.8-23). "shows how people could believe, participated. transformed by the coming of the Holy is not merciful…." There is famine throughout Samaria, but even under the trying conditions of Spirit and renewed…." it is ended by the prayer of Elisha (6.24- war, that the enemy was included 7.20). within the sovereignty of Yahweh" [p. 279]. The woman whose son Elisha had Rohl writes of how after "a series of Ephrem the Syrian sees Philistia to which Anderson notes: "Israel's prophets Augustine preached: "So did my two wills, brought back to life is instructed by him military defeats and loss of the vassal Elisha sent the Shunammite woman to attacked the tolerant syncretism [that is, one new, the other old, one spiritual, the to leave Israel to avoid the famine; and states had made the Israelites weak … escape the famine (8.1-2) as a place the merging or attempted reconciling of other carnal, fight within me and by their when she returns her land is restored to it was time for a new, strong leader to "symbolically far from the Lord … a figure the beliefs and practices of different discord undo my soul." As Bede wrote, our her (8.1-6). The King of Aram, Benhadad, take control. Elisha sent a of the world. And the people [there] religions or philosophies] of the time and personal present goal is clear: "We must remember that it is God's will, and not our sends his officer, Hazael, to ask Elisha priest[/prophet] to Ramoth-Gilead to detested the people of God and ill-treated insisted on an ardent devotion to Yahweh. own will, that we must do, for [those] that whether he will recover from sickness. anoint one of the generals still the children of Israel who feared God…. It has been rightly observed [by T. J. Meek] doeth His will shall abide forever, even as He Elisha tells Hazael to inform the king he stationed there. Jehu, a tough, The world hates the saints and constantly that 'intolerance in religion was not a abideth forever." John Chrysostom will recover, but that in fact the king will uncompromising warlord, was persecutes them. And even after our Lord characteristic of ancient peoples, and was encourages all of us: "How should Our Lord 4 Kingdoms (2 Psalm 105 (106) 11-Jan die, and Hazael will become king (8.7- proclaimed king of Israel by his troops has defeated it and its prince (the devil) only introduced into Israel by the fail to grant His graces [and love] to [those] vv. 33-48 Kings) 8-9 13). Hazael follows the instructions of and headed for Jezreel to seize the has been thrown out, these two [i. e., the prophets.' The flame of their conviction who ask for them from [their] hearts when Elisha, but then kills the king (8.14-15). throne" where he begins his killing of world and the devil] never cease from was kindled at the ancient sources of the He confers so many blessings even on those The evil in the reigns of Joram and the kings and their families, especially fighting against the servants [of God], Mosaic faith, and burst forth like a who do not call on Him? Ah, He would not so Ahaziah are set out (8.16-29); and Elisha Jezebel [pp. 399-400]. Anderson grabbing and destroying the idle and the consuming fire at a time when the nation urge … us to pray to Him if He had not a sends a prophet to anoint Jehu as king notes: "With Jehu's rise to power, the ignorant." This is a warning that even was in danger of being engulfed by most eager desire to bestow His graces on (9.1-13). Jehu kills Joram, Ahaziah and Omri dynasty was brought to an end though Christ defeated the devil, he and Canaanite culture…. [pp. 280-281]. us." Jezebel (9.14-37). in a terrible bloodbath, and a new the world still fight against us if we are idle chapter in Israel's history began" [p. or ignorant. 279].
Jehu ruthlessly kills members of the Potok writes: "Jehu slaughtered the None. Father Theodore G. Stylianopoulos Father Theodore continues: "Historical This psalm begins by urging us to "give house of Ahab, as well as all priests of entire family of Ahad, destroyed the writes in Encouraged by the Scriptures: realism [that is, accepting things as they thanks unto the Lord" (v. 1), and ends Baal (10.1-27). However, he does not pagan temple and its priests, and "The primary aims of the Church fathers really are] and [the importance of] with a question: "Who is wise and will "walk in the law of the LORD, the God of cleansed the land of worshipers of were to advance the gospel of Christ and precision in doctrinal disputes, as well as keep these things, and will understand Israel, with all his heart" (10.28-31). Baal. It was the bloodiest act in the to serve the practical needs of the Church. wisdom in practical teaching and guidance, the loving kindness of the Lord?" (v. 43). Hazael defeats the Israelites in many history of the north, which, unlike the Their ideal was to achieve a synergistic necessitated movement toward contextual The closing words of the book of the small battles (10.32-34). Jehu dies (10.35- conservative south, always swung harmony [that is, a combined unity] grammatical exegesis [that is, Biblical prophet Hosea echo these words: 36). Jehosheba saves Joash/Jehoash, the wildly between the extremes of between [1] the Old and New Testaments, interpretation that sought the full meaning "Whoever is wise, let [them] understand son of Ahaziah; and later the priest rampant paganism and zealous [2] grace and free will, [3] personal faith of a passage] …. The universality of these things; whoever is discerning, let Jehoiada anoints Jehoash as King of worship of YHWH…. The land of Israel and good works, [4] scripture and Christian truth compelled engagement him know them…." Theodore of Judah (11.1-21). Jehoash seeks to follow was in a torpor [that is, numb; unable tradition, and [5] the Church's doctrine and with contemporary intellectual currents … Mopsuestia writes: "A wise and 4 Kingdoms (2 12-Jan the Lord but permits Canaanite sacrifices to move], drained by its blood purge. the gift of reason…. From Judaism the The Church fathers never lost sight of the Ps 106 (107) understanding person is the one … with Kings) 10-12 in the high places (12.1-3). With some The entire court and most of the high Church fathers inherited a high view of mystery of the living God behind the zeal for the things by which it is possible difficulty, the king has the priests repair officials had been slain, leaving the scripture, yet they developed an witness of scripture, nor did they forget for people who avoid evil and zealously the house of the Lord, but not all of the country perilously bereft [that is, awareness of its human language, that authentic exegesis involved practice good to be established in holy vessels (12.4-16). Jehoash bribes dangerously deprived] of character, and limitations, thus passing charismatic activity-that is, it required a freedom from lower things and in Hazael, King of Syria to stop an attack on administrative leadership… But the down a dynamic [that is, full of energy and spiritual vision (the?ria) in which the Holy enjoyment of higher things … stemming Jerusalem (12.17-18). Jehoash is killed by Mosaic covenant had been vindicated; new ideas], rather than a mechanistic [that Spirit actualized the transformative power from re-pentance as a stimulus to his servants; and his son Amaziah the land was purified. Prophets no is, routine], view of inspiration and of biblical truth in the interpreter and in virtue…. becomes King of Judah (12.19-21). doubt exulted [that is, were intensely revelation" [pp. 20-21]. the life of the Church" [p. 21]. joyful]" [pp. 126-127]. Jehoahaz, King of Israel, reigned in sin Of Elisha's illness in 13.14 a NASB note The return to life of the dead man who Of 13.21 John Chrysostom preached: "Not This short psalm is about remaining but then turns to the Lord, who enables explains: "Chapter 9 contains the last was tossed into Elisha's grave (13.20-21) is the bodies only but also the very "steadfast" in faith in God (v. 1). There is the Israelites to escape from the Syrians; previous reference to Elisha….. There a precursor [that is, a sign of an sepulchers of the saints have been filled an awareness that "with God we will do however, their sins continue; and is at least a 43-year period in which approaching event] in Mt 27.52-53 when with spiritual grace. For if in the case of valiantly" because "it is He who will tread Jehoahaz dies (13.1-9). The new king of we are told nothing of Elisha's "many bodies of saints … were raised Elisha this happened, and a corpse, when it down our foes" (v. 13). The emphasis is Israel, Jehoash, continues the sinful ways activities. Based on Elisha's [from the graves after] … the resurrection touched the sepulcher, burst the bands of on perseverance. In The Life of St of his father before he dies and is relationship with Elijah, he must have [of Jesus Christ]. Of "the Lord's arrow of death and returned to life again, much Anthony, Athanasius writes: "Anthony succeeded by Jeroboam (13.1-13). Elisha been born prior to 880 and he must victory" that Joash shot in 13.17 Ephrem rather now, when grace is more abundant, entreated the vision that appeared, becomes sick and dies (13.14-20). have lived to be more than 80 years the Syrian writes that this arrow clearly when the energy of the spirit is greater, [it saying, 'Where were you? Why didn't you Hazael, King of Aram/Syria, and his son old" [p. 518]. The dating and events signifies our Lord and Savior hanging from is] possible that one touching a sepulcher, appear in the beginning, so that you Benhadad continue to harass the throughout the Middle East are set the wood and giving up his spirit. In his with faith, should win great power. On this could stop my distress?' And a voice 4 Kingdoms (2 13-Jan Israelites, but Jehoash defeats them "and out by Rohl [pp. 400-415]. Anderson spirit he descends into the fortresses and account God allowed us by them to the Ps 107 (108) came to him: 'I was here, Anthony, but I Kings) 13-15 recovers the cities of Israel" (13.21-25). writes that "the policy of peaceful the castle of Sheol and delivers the same emulation [that is, to the same waited to watch your struggle. And now, Amaziah, the son of Joash, becomes King collaboration [between Israel and righteous, who were imprisoned here, and imitation or better] and to afford a kind of since you persevered and were not of Judah and seeks to follow the Lord. Judah] enabled Judah to recover from after his resurrection, he subdues the haven and secure consolation for the evils defeated, I will be your helper forever, Then there is war between Israel and the enervating civil wars… But Judah entire universe through the holy apostles that are ever overtaking us…. Coming here and I will make you famous Judah; Judah is defeated; and much is was still the weaker of the twin and gives new life to those who believe in and beholding this [unnamed] saint [will everywhere.'" Sometimes we too must taken from the Temple, as well as kingdoms…. Toward the end of the his name." persuade your] own soul … not … to be struggle and wait on the Lord, because hostages (14.1-14). Numerous kings Jehu dynasty, the star of Israel lifted up by any self-conceit." He is often our helper, without making us follow in both Israel and Judah, but none reached its zenith of glory, only to famous. follow the Lord fully (14.15-15.38). plunge like a meteor into oblivion" [pp. 280-281].
Ahaz becomes king in Judah but does not Potok writes: "During the ten years None. A NASB note for 17.7-23 offers "a Rohl writes: "Although, over the centuries, follow the Lord, sacrificing his own son [after the death of King Jeroboam] theological explanation for the downfall of the two kingdoms had occasionally (16.1-4). There is civil war between five kings sat on the throne of Israel…. the northern kingdom. Israel had quarreled and gone to war with each This psalm is a heartfelt plea to God from Judah and Israel, with no clear victor. Each time an army marches and cities repeatedly spurned the Lord's gracious other, the people of Israel and Judah still someone who believes they have been Ahaz seeks help from the king of Assyria are besieged and regions are subdued, acts, had refused to heed the prophets' saw themselves as Israelites with a falsely accused. Yet in the midst of and then builds a pagan altar in Judah people are maimed, mutilated [and] warnings of impending judgment (vv. 13- common heritage. Now with the Northern struggling they can say, "But I am in (16.5-18). Ahaz dies and his son Hezekiah killed…. We look on with a blackness 14, 23) and had failed to keep her Kingdom kingless, much of its population prayer" (v.4). This is the depth of prayer becomes king (16.19-20). Hoshea of dread in the heart, for a civilization covenant obligations (v. 15). The result deported and an Assyrian governor of which Augustine writes: "Usually becomes king in Israel, but stops paying is coming to an end…. Who was king? was the implementation of the covenant resident in Samaria, the two co-regent prayer is a question of groaning rather tribute to the king of Assyria, who Who was not king? In Israel no one curse precisely as it had been presented to rulers of Judah-Ahaz and Hezekiah felt than speaking, tears rather than words. defeats the Israelites and takes them to was king. The land [became] a the Israelites by Moses before they isolated…. The … Assyrian empire [was] … For He sets our tears in His sight, and our groaning is not hidden from Him who 4 Kingdoms (2 Assyria (17.1-18). The king in Assyria province of Assyria. Israel ceased to entered Canaan (Deut 28.49-68; 32.1-47)" ready to strike at any moment. Ps 108 (109) vv. 14-Jan made all things by His Word and does not Kings) 16-17 sends people from many other nations to exist, and her kingship was carried off [p. 527]. Potok writes: "Archeologists Preparations were hastily made to shore 1-15 live in the Israelite kingdom (17.19-40). to the Assyrians…. Archeologists tell us recently discovered in Jerusalem two caves up Jerusalem's defences and [defend] … ask for words of man." In the 13th Some of these people "feared the LORD" that Jerusalem, which had remained a … in the southeast corner of the enclosure the outlying Judahite cities. Hezekiah century the Franciscan theologian of the Israelites, but they "also served relatively sleepy town since Solomon's around the temple of YHWH … with began work on a tunnel [to] divert the Bonaventure agreed: "No matter how their [own] graven images; their children death, abruptly began to grow…. I figurines and fragments of little sculptures waters of the Gihon spring into the city so much our interior progress is ordered, likewise, and their children's children" take no dangerous leap of the of horses … miniatures of the horses of the that Jerusalem had access to plentiful nothing will come of it unless by divine imagination if I assume that sun … god Shamash, who was worshiped supplies of drinking-water during a aid. Divine aid is available to those who northerners poured into the city while by the Assyrians" [p. 131]. prolonged siege." [p. 417]. seek it from their hearts, humbly and the Assyrians savaged Israel" [pp. 129- devoutly; and this means to sigh for it, in 130]. this valley of tears, through fervent prayer." A new and righteous king, Hezekiah, ends A mysterious epidemic [see 2/4 Kg None, but it was at this time that the pool A note in ACAS OT Vol 5, p. 207, suggests Of the fasting in v. 23 Bishop Nikolai all idol worship (18.1-7). The Assyrians 19.35], perhaps bubonic plague, laid of Siloam to which Jesus Christ sent the that in Discourses against Judaizing Velimirovich writes: "Abstaining from food attack Israel; and Hezekiah pays them waste to Sennacherib's army…. blind man in Jn 9.7 was constructed: Potok Christians 1.6.7 John Chrysostom "uses this will not save me. Even if I were to eat only tribute (18.8-37). Hezekiah and his Sennacherib limped away with the writes: "Two teams of diggers started historical testimony in the second [or the sand from the lake, You would not come advisers humbly seek advice from Isaiah remnants of his army and the Judeans toward each other on opposite sides of the fourth] book of Kings to explain the cruelty to me, unless the fasting penetrated deeper into my soul…. I have brought fasting into (19.1-5), who tells them, "Do not be celebrated a remarkable hill and cut their way through about twelve of the Jews in condemning Christ. His my mind, so that it might [throw out] the afraid," (19.6-8). Hezekiah is warned by deliverance…. Byron's poem, "The hundred feet of solid rock… after six or position revealing an extreme form of anti- world and prepare to receive Your Wisdom. the King of Ethiopia that he and his Destruction of Sennacherib" at: seven months the two teams, working Semitism must be interpreted in the And I have brought fasting into my heart, so people will be destroyed by the Assyrians https://www.poetrybyheart.org.uk/po without a compass or sophisticated context of rhetorical amplification and that it might [overcome] all passions and (19.9-13). Again, Hezekiah prays and ems/the-destruction-of-sennacherib/ directional aids of any kind-perhaps they exaggerated emotionality, which [change] worldly selfishness…. I prescribe fasting for seeks advice from Isaiah, who promises concludes: "And the widows of Ashur followed a fissure [in the rock]-… met in the actual historical testimony. In its my tongue, to break itself of the habit of idle Hezekiah that Jerusalem will not be are loud in their wail, And the idols the heart of the hill. It is one of the most unpleasantness and incorrectness, this is chatter…. And I have imposed fasting on my 4 Kingdoms (2 Psalm 108 (109) 15-Jan taken (19.14-34). This happens; and are broke in the temple of Baal; And astonishing feats of engineering in the an existing component of ancient biblical worries so that it might blow them all away Kings) 18-20 Sennacherib is then killed by his sons the might of the Gentile, unsmote by ancient world…. One of the workers left exegesis." However, in defense of St John, vv. 17-31 … lest they stand like a dense fog between (19.35-37). Hezekiah is told by Isaiah that the sword, Hath melted like snow in behind an inscription … [which] … a young it should be noted that he was determined me and You [Lord], and lest they turn my he will soon die, but then Hezekiah's the glance of the Lord!" David J. student architect discovered … in June to stop the Jewish converts to Christianity gaze back to the world…. And [fasting] has prayers lead to 15 further years of life Goldberg and John D. Rayner write in 1880" [and is now at: in his churches returning to Judaism. instilled in me courage, the likes of which I (20.1-12). The king of Babylon sends The Jewish People: Their History and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Arc Furthermore, in other writings and never knew when I was armed with every envoys to Hezekiah, who imprudently Religion, p. 43: "Our major historical haeology_Museums in the Museum of the sermons he reached out to Jews with sort of worldly weapon" [cited in Manley-P, p. 419]. shows them the riches of the Temple; sources for this period-2/4 Kg 21-25 Ancient Orient in Istanbul, with an humility and discernment. and Isaiah warns Hezekiah that his and 2 Chron 33-36-are supplemented unrelated stone representation of Holy wealth and people will be taken to by the writings of the prophets… Mary in prayer] [p. 133]. Babylon (20.13-19). Hezekiah dies; and especially Jeremiah, Ezekiel, his son Manasseh becomes king (20.20- Zephaniah, Nahum and Habakkuk." 21).
Hezekiah's son, Manasseh, promotes idol Goldberg and Rayner write: "Although None, but John Chrysostom preached of Huldah is mentioned only in 2/4 Kg 22.14- NASB note on v.1 states: "Because of the worship throughout Judah and in the there were now but fifty years left Manasseh that although he had committed 21 and the parallel passage in 2 Chron manner in which [this psalm] has been Temple; but he repents before his death before the destruction of the kingdom long and "great wickedness, he washed 34.22-28; however, she is a person of interpreted in the NT-especially by Jesus (21.1-19). Manasseh's son, Amon, of Judah, Josiah was to prove her most away from himself all these things. How spiritual significance, as her (see Mt 22.43-45; Mk 12.36-37; Lk 20.42- returns to idol worship until he is killed important king [after David and and in what manner? By repentance and comprehensive and accurate word to the 44), but also by Peter (see Acts 2.34-36) by his servants, at which time his son Solomon] …. Captivity and exile; that self-examination. For there is no sin that king indicates. Jerome writes: "We need and the author of Hebrews (see Josiah becomes king in Judah (21.20-26). was the fate of Judah and its people, does not yield and give way to the power not wonder that Huldah, the prophet and especially Heb 1.13; 5.6-10; 7.11-28)- Josiah reigns righteously; and Hilkiah, the as it had been of the northern of repentance, or rather to the grace of wife of Shallum, was consulted by Josiah, Christians have generally held that this is high priest finds the lost book of kingdom a century and a half Christ. Since if we would but only change, king of Judah, when the captivity [and the most directly 'prophetic' [of the Deuteronomy by the ark in the Temple previously. Unlike the ten lost tribes, we have him to assist us. And if you are exile] was approaching and the wrath of coming of Jesus Christ] of all the psalms." where it had been placed by Moses (see though, Judah's citizens were to desirous to become good, … there is one God was falling on Jerusalem: since …. Elder Aimilianos agrees: "Why is the Deut 31.26), which indicates to Josiah survive, and were to spread their to hinder us, the devil, yet he has no when … men fail…. it is the rule of word 'Lord' used twice?... The first Lord is 4 Kingdoms (2 16-Jan that they "have not obeyed the words of message of Judaism wherever they power, as long as you choose what is best Scripture … to praise women to the Ps 109 (110) God the Father. The second Lord is Christ Kings) 21-23:27 this book" (22.1-13). Josiah sends Hilkiah settled. They had lost their Temple, and so attract God to your aid." reproach [that is, to express their the Son. Why then does David refer to to the prophetess Huldah, who indicates the dwelling place of their God; but Constitutions of the Holy Apostles 2.23 disapproval] of men." Ishodad of Merv both the Father and the Son by the same that evil will come upon Judah, but Josiah they [once again] had His words concurs: "There is no sin more grievous agrees: "'They went to the prophet title? To show that God [the Father] and himself "shall be gathered to [his] grave enshrined in their written law, a law than idolatry, for it is an impiety against Huldah,' and not to Jeremiah, even though Christ are one, that they are two Persons in peace" (22.14-20). Josiah has Hilkiah that was not dependent on any God, and yet even this sin has been he was already well known as a prophet, in one nature, that they are one God…. cleanse the Temple and the land of all physical location…. Most scholars now forgiven, on sincere repentance." This has probably because Jeremiah was not there The Word is truly the Son of God, for He idols and kills all priests who worshiped agree that the law-book found in the been true for thousands of years, and is at the moment, or maybe because this is one in essence with God the Father" [p. Baal or Molech (23.1-27). Temple was a version of the book of still true for each of us today. woman surpassed him with the power of 54]. Deuteronomy (a view first put forward her prophecy." … by Jerome and other Church Fathers)" [pp. 44-48]. Josiah is killed in battle with Pharaoh With reference to the Ark of the None. Of the destroyed Jerusalem, Potok The guiding thesis of [3,4/] 1,2 Kings is that A key verse for us and for Biblical Neco of Egypt; and his son Jehoahaz Covenant that had been in the writes: "A near-contemporary poet the welfare of Israel and her kings commentors, both ancient and modern, becomes king (23.28-30). However, the Temple, 2 Maccabees 2.4-8 sets out lamented the loss of the city of David: depended on their obedience to their is v. 10: "Fear of the LORD is the pharaoh has a different son, how Jeremiah hid it in a cave on 'Lonely sits the city once great with obligations as defined in Mosaic beginning of wisdom." Tertullian writes: Eliakim/Jehoiakim, made king (23.31-36). Mount Nebo, but later his companions people…. Bitterly she weeps in the night, covenant…. [A covenantal] rather than a "Where the fear of God is, there is Jehoiakim initially is subservient to were unable to find it. The presence her cheeks wet with tears…. Jerusalem has social or political or economic assessment seriousness, an honorable and yet Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon (who of the ark in heaven is noted in Rev greatly sinned, therefore she is an of [the] reigns of [many kings is given]…. thoughtful diligence …a safely guarded has defeated Egypt) but then rebels 11.19. See also the Live Science outcast…. See, O Lord, my misery…. See, O The kings who received the most attention communion … [and] a united church " In against him, before he dies and is website at: Lord, and behold, how abject I have in [3, 4/] 1, 2 Kings are those during whose Chords from David's Heart, Derek Prince succeeded by his son, Jehoiachin (24.1- https://www.livescience.com/64256- become!' Jerusalem was a heap of roofless reigns there was either notable deviation writes: "The psalmist … points out that … 9). The Babylonian king and his army ark-of-the-covenant-location.html. For buildings infested with rats. Jackals from or affirmation of the covenant (or a wisdom and understanding … each … has attack and conquer Jerusalem, sending maps of Nebuchadnezzar's campaigns prowled through her dead streets. Large significant interaction between a king and a moral foundation. The foundation for 4 Kingdoms (2 17-Jan many Judeans into exile in Babylon, against Judah, see NASB, pp. 544-545. areas of Judah were devastated. A God's prophet)…. The history of the Ps 110 (111) wisdom is the fear of the Lord. The Kings) 23:28-25:30 including Jehoiachin (24.10-17). Of the first Babylonian sack of wretched rabble scratched about in the kingdom is not presented as a chain of foundation for understanding is following Nebuchadnezzar makes Zedekiah king in Jerusalem in 598 BC, Rohl writes: "Ten ruins of the destroyed land. Seven chance occurrences or the mere interplay the Lord's precepts. We need to observe Jerusalem, but Zedekiah rebels against thousand men of high rank were force- hundred years had passed since the time a of human actions but as the unfolding of a distinction between wisdom and him (24.18-20). In 587 BC marched into exile, along with military different rabble had fled from slavery in Israel's historical destiny under the understanding on the one hand, and Nebuchadnezzar utterly destroys personnel and skilled artisans such as Egypt" [p. 145]. Anderson writes: "The fall guidance of an omniscient and omnipotent cleverness and intellectual education on Jerusalem and the Temple, sending many metalworkers. Only the poorest of Nineveh and the victory at Carchemish God … who rules all history in accordance the other… Too long the devotes of more people into exile in Babylon (25.1- citizens were left behind in Judah's made it clear that Baylonia was the new with His sovereign purposes (see [3/] 1 Kg secular humanism have worshiped at the 26). A new king in Babylon, capital… [In the second attack in 589- ruler of the world" [p. 388]. 8.56; [4/] 2 Kg 10.10) [NASB Intro., pp. 441- shrine of the intellect. It is time for us to Evilmerodach, releases Jehoiachin from 587 BC] the rest of the population 443]. lay again the moral foundations of true prison, but keeps him in Babylon (25.27- were carried off into slavery" [pp. 430- wisdom and understanding" [p. 159]. 30). 431].
The genealogies in the opening nine Just as the author of Kings had None. Unlike some Biblical commentaries, Goldberg and Rayner write that: "The Augustine writes: "The mention of 'man' chapters of Chronicles "succinctly show organized and interpreted the data of NASB Intro, p. 549 defends the author of chronicler's approach is Priestly rather implies 'woman' [with the word] vir being the restored community's continuity with Israel's history to address the needs of Chronicles: "He did not invent, but he did than Deuteronomic: he focuses on the used here for homo ('human being'). the past" [NASB, note on 1.1-9.44, p. the exiled community so the select, arrange and integrate his sources to Temple rather than the Monarchy (except 'Blessed is the man (vir) who fears the 554]. Five genealogies are given: (1) from Chronicler wrote for the restored compose a narrative 'sermon' for postexilic that he idealizes David), and he virtually Lord' (v. 2) … obviously includes the Adam to Abraham (1.1-27); (2) the sons community. The burning issue was the Israel as she struggled to reorient herself ignores the northern kingdom" [p. 203]. women who fear him." Of v. 6 Augustine of Abraham, Isaac and Ishmael and their question of continuity: Is God still as the people of God in a new situation." Anderson notes that historians such as the preached: "The just person will be held in descendants (1.28-1.54); (3) the twelve interested in us? Are his covenants However, NASB does acknowledge that Chronicler "were primarily interpreters of eternal memory…. The reason, you see, 18-Jan 1 Chronicles 1-3 sons of Jacob (Israel) (2.1-8); (4) a long still in force? Now that we have no "the Chronicler has idealized David and the past who selected the materials that Ps 111 (112) that holy church celebrates the genealogy of David (2.9-55); and (5) a list Davidic king and [have been] subject Solomon. Anything in his source material were relevant to their own time" [p. 512]. anniversary of the last days of the just of David's children (3.1-24). [first to Babylon and then] to Persia, (mainly Samuel and Kings) that might and holy people who have departed from do God's promises still have meaning tarnish his picture of them is omitted" [p. this world is not thereby to increase the for us [NASB Intro., p. 549]. 551]. honor enjoyed by these just persons but to set before us an example to be imitated." The genealogies continue with the sons Theodoret of Cyr writes: "The None. Rohl writes: "Life in the ancient Potok writes of this time at the end of the Bede preached: "There [on Sinai], after of Judah (4.1-23), the sons of Simeon Chronicles … speak about the world was bloody and cruel as different exile: "There were Jewish communities all the legal decrees had been heard, the (4.24-43), the sons of Rueben (5.1-26) tabernacle [in 1 Ch 6.32, 6.48, 16.39, groups of human civilization vied to control scattered throughout the vast empire of entire people answered with one voice and the priestly line of the sons of Levi 21.29, 23.26] because [then] a temple the earth's limited resources…. But is any Persia. It was to be the only time in its [in] Ex 24.3. Here [in the upper room], (6.1-81). An NASB note on 4.9-10, p. 558 of the Lord had not yet been built by [of the OT] true?... The biblical stories are history of exile that all the many fragments after the assembly of the church, which explains that: "The practice of inserting either Samuel or David…." This was an basically true-but only when they are of this people would be found in a single was being born, had received the short historical notes into genealogical appropriate encouragement to the placed in their correct archaeological world obedient to a single ruler. But … the enlightenment of the Spirit, they spoke of records is amply attested in non-Biblical Israelites in exile who had lost their timeline downwards by several centuries unity of the empire [first Babylonian and the wonders of God in all the languages genealogical texts from the ancient Near temple that it was both essential and so that the events described in the Bible then Persian] enabled the people to work of the countries…. The observance of the 19-Jan 1 Chronicles 4-6 East as well as in other Biblical possible to worship the Lord even find their proper historical context. That out a sense of unity-in-dispersion that Ps 112 (113) law was given to only one nation, that of genealogies (Gen 4.19-24; 10.8-12)" though the Temple had been revision has become known as the 'New deepened as the civilizations of Greece the Jews, while the word of the gospel … destroyed. Chronology'… bringing the Bible story from and Rome dominated the world. Each [and]the proclamations of the Christian the shadows of myth out into the light of community retained its autonomy; at the faith were to be spoken to all peoples, history" [pp. 436, 440, 447]. This New same time, all [Jewish] communities fulfilling the prophecy [in this psalm in vv. Chronology has been confirmed by looked to Jerusalem as the center of 3-4]. Such is the catholic church, our true archeology. Jewish faith" [p. 180]. mother, the true consort of that bridegroom [Christ]."
he genealogies continue with the sons of Anderson writes: "We are left … with None. Potok writes that Cyrus "was Potok continues: "Then came centuries of Augustine preached: "When Jesus was Issachar (7.1-5), Benjamin (7.6-13), two major works that recount the tolerant of all religions. He believed that if morning twilight, the interface between entrusting Peter [that is, giving him Manasseh (7.14-19), Ephraim (7.20-29), history of Israel. The Deuteronomist the conquered people could worship as two Jewish civilizations. The Babylonian responsibility for] with his sheep, he was Asher (7.30-40) and then end with History begins with the last days of they wished … it would ease the burden of bondage was at an end. Almost all who entrusting him with us. When he was Benjamin again (8.1-40), indicating "the Moses and its final form concludes rule. All through the empire he had gone into captivity about fifty years entrusting Peter with us, he was importance of this tribe and the with the fall of the nation and the encouraged the reconstruction of ancient before were no longer alive…. The entrusting the church with its members. Chronicler's interest in Saul, Judah, exile of the people. The Chronicler's temples. Whenever he issued an edict for newcomers from Babylon, regarding So, Lord, … let your church entrust itself Simeon and … Benjamin [in] territory Work begins essentially with the rise a new temple he would respectfully use themselves as the only true Israel … would to you. After, we say, 'Not to us, Lord, not largely comprised [of] the restoration of David and carries the story into the accepted tradition and claim the god of the have nothing to do with the indigenous to us, but to your name give the glory' province of Judah in the Chronicler's own post exilic period to about 400 BCE temple had charged him to rebuild it. population. Hostility grew and deepened Ps 113 (114/115.2). I mean, what are we 20-Jan 1 Chronicles 7-9 time" [NASB note on 8.1-40, p. 564]. [pp. 183-184; 510-520]." With the When he issued the edict to the exiles between those who had lived on the (114,115:1-3) without you? Only Peter when he denied Genealogies are given for the people of accurate New Chronology that links from Judah in 538 BCE permitting them to ruined land and those who had come to you three times….-and he wept. Peter Israel, concluding with the ancestry and Biblical events to archaeological rebuild their temple in Jerusalem he was reclaim it. In the years that followed there washed away his fault with his tears; he descendants of Saul (9.1-44). remains, Babylon fell to the Medes not certain what part of the universe they was crop failure and famine. [This first] poured water from his eyes and baptized and the Persians and King Cyrus in 539 believed their God ruled. He called him attempt to rebuild the temple ended in his conscience." Teach us, Lord, how to BC [Rohl, p. 433]. Cyrus permitted the YHWH, the God of Heaven" [p. 152]. failure" [p. 155]. baptise our consciences in order that we Jews to return from exile in 538 BC can serve you more completely. "and to rebuild their temple in Jerusalem" [Potok, p. 152]. Saul and his three sons die in battle with Unlike the earlier books of Samuel and None, but of fasting Augustine preached: Of 11.1-9 on the rise of David, Augustine Athanasius considers the proper celebration the Philistines (10.1-13). David is Kings, David's unifying of Israel is "The observance of Lent [can wrongly writes: "What we have established from of Pascha in v. 18: "The festival of Easter anointed king at Hebron (11.1-3). Led by reported in 1 Ch in a few sentences. become] not the curbing of old passions Scripture in the books of Kings and does not consist in pleasant conversation at Joab, the Israelites take Jerusalem from Potok writes: "Negotiations resumed but an opportunity for new pleasures. Chronicles … [is] that when God wills the meals, or splendor of clothing or days of the Jebusites; and David lives there (11.4- between David and representatives of Take measures in advance with as much accomplishment of something which ought leisure but in the acknowledgment of God and the offering of thanksgiving and of 9). The leaders of David's army are listed the elders of the north. At the end the diligence as possible to prevent these not to be done except by people who will praise to him. Now this belongs to the saints (11.10-14, 20-47). David longs for water, elders came to Hebron and attitudes from creeping up on you. Let it, their hearts will be inclined to will this, alone, who live in Christ, for it is written, but when three of his men risk their lives covenanted with David, 'and they frugality be joined to fasting. As satisfying with God producing this inclination, who in "The dead do not praise the Lord…" For to to get it from the camp of the Philistines, anointed David king over Israel' [1 Ch the stomach is to be censured, so a marvelous and ineffable way works also praise and bless God belongs to those only David then "pours it out to the LORD," 11.3]. He was thirty years old. He had stimulants of the appetite must be is us that we will," concludes Augustine. who live in Christ, and by means of this they Ps 114 (115:4- 21-Jan 1 Chronicles 10-12 repentant that he had selfishly put the reigned in Hebron over Judah seven eliminated. It is not that certain kinds of Note that the word "ineffable" can mean go up to the feast; for the Passover is not of 18) lives of brave men at risk (11.15-19). and a half years. Now north and south food are to be detested but that bodily either "unable to be described or the Gentiles or those who are yet Jews in the Further men join David's army "until were united in his person; he was king pleasure is to be checked…. And holy King expressed in words" or "not supposed or flesh but of those who acknowledge the there was a great army, like an army of of the two lands of Judah and Israel…. David repented of having excessively not allowed to be said, especially because truth in Christ, as he declares who was sent God" (12.1-37). The soldiers gather at The richness of detail, the deft desired water" [11.15-19]. of being perceived as too sacred." to proclaim such a feast: 'Our Passover [or Hebron "with full intent to make David touches that made the early history of Augustine is using the word in the first 'Our paschal lamb'], Christ, is sacrificed' (1 king" over a united Judah and Israel David an unforgettable encounter sense here. Cor 5.7)." (12.38-40). with human beings and their emotions… now fade behind a chronological haze." [p. 106].
An earlier NASB note on 10.13-14, p. 567 An Orthodox scholar, Prof Georges A. None, but of Psalm 96.1 cited in part in Ch Of the soul John Chrysostom writes: "The This important psalm urges, "Return O explains that "the Chronicler is obviously Barrois, writes in Jesus Christ and the 16 Augustine writes: "O sing unto the Lord soul stands midway between the body and my soul, to your rest" (v. 7). Of v. 2 ("He writing to an audience already familiar Temple: "The transfer of the ark of the a new song; sing unto the Lord, all the the spirit, and so can either drag the body has inclined his ear to me") Basil with Samuel and Kings." This certainly covenant to Jerusalem opened a new earth.' If all the earth sings a new song, it is down to base pleasures, or draw the spirit preached: "The divine ear [that hears us], applies here with 13.1-14 and 15.1-29 phase in the history of Israel, an thus building while it sings; the very act of up to God, and thus David charges his soul indeed, does not need a voice for covered in 2 Kg [2 Sam] 6; and 14.1-17 intensive institutionalization, political singing is building, but only if it sings not to 'bless the Lord' (Ps 102/103.1)" [cited by perception; it knows how to recognize in covered in 2 Kg [2 Sam] 5.11-25. The and religious, with its inherent the old song. The lust of the flesh is the old Father Maximos Constas in Elder the movements of the heart what is Chronicler does emphasize the presence dangers: in the midst of a growing song; the love of God sings the new. Hear Aimilianos, Psalms and the Life of Faith, p. sought…. The presence of good works is a of the Levites. A NASB note on 15.27 prosperity brought about by the why it is a new song: the Lord says, 'A new 263n.]. Augustine writes in Death as a loud voice before God." Basil continues indicates that: "Apparently the coherent policies of the kings, the commandment I give to you, that you love Good 3.8: "Death … is the freeing of the by linking v. 7 to St Paul in 2 Tim 4.7-8 Chronicler viewed David as a priest-king, prophets had to denounce political one another' (Jn 15.12). the whole earth soul from the body. And so we have taught and urges: "Since you have fulfilled a kind of Messianic figure (see Ps 110; and social abuses and religious then sings a new song: there the house or what was written by the apostle [St Paul]: sufficiently the course of this life, turn Psalm 114 22-Jan 1 Chronicles 13-16 Zech 6.9-15)." Much of the psalm of formalism; the tension between their God is built… For there [in the ancient ['For to me to live is Christ, and to die is henceforth into your rest 'for the Lord thanksgiving here in 16.8-36, is given in religion of moral Yahwism and the temple] what was old was destroyed, that gain' (Phil 1.22) and] 'by far the better to (116) vv. 1-9 has been bountiful to you.'" However, large part in Psalms 95 (96), 96 (97) and religion of the priests-a polarization, what was new might be built up." be dissolved and to be with Christ (Phil continuing the previous verses from St 104 (105) to 106 (107), but does not not a contradiction-would never be 1.23). And what is the effect of that Paul in Phil 1.21: "If it is to be life in the appear in the book of Samuel. Origen resolved until the coming of [Jesus dissolution? The body is released and at flesh [i.e. to continue life on earth] that writes that it is "in 1 Ch [that] David first Christ] who, as a man, was Priest, rest, while the soul returns to its place of means fruitful labour for me. Yet which I established Asaph and his brothers for Prophet, and King" [p.45]. Barrois repose and is free; if it is devout, it is going shall choose I cannot tell. I am hard praising the Lord" as Temple musicians. opens here a fascinating area of study- to be with Christ." pressed between the two… But to remain how the priests, prophets and kings in the flesh is more necessary on your throughout the OT related to each account…." other in Israel and in other cultures. Chapter 17 with the prophecy from Chaim Potok writes: "The Israelites None, but Eusebius writes that Nathan's Goldberg and Rayner write: "It is Of v. 12 ("What shall I render [that is, Nathan to David not to build the Temple saw each of the crucial encounters prophecy in Chapter 17 refers to Christ, impossible to construct a precise give] to the LORD for all his benefits to has been covered in 2 Kg/2 Sam 7. between God and man through the not to Solomon: "There is no doubt that sociological outline of the prophetic me?") Augustine preached: "To begin Chapter 18 on the victories of David is filtering vision of covenant Solomon … first built the temple of God in calling, because our biblical data are with, I was nothing, and he made me; I covered in 2 Kg/2 Sam 8. Chapter 19 on relationships... Neither Noah, Jerusalem, and perhaps the Jews incomplete, of varied sources, and had gotten lost, and he looked for me … the wars against the Ammonites and the Abraham, nor David incurred any new understand him to be the subject of the tantalizing sparse …. It is clear, though, and found me…. 'What shall I render to Arameans is covered in 2 Kg/2 Sam 10.26- obligations as a result of God's prophecy. But we may fairly ask whether that as in every profession, prophets came the Lord?' You haven't got anything you 31. Chapter 20 on the overthrow of promise. To the contrary, God the oracle applies to Solomon, which says, in a variety of shapes, sizes and quality. can [give him]…. But wait. There is Rabbah and the victories over the obligated Himself to remember…. 'And I will set up his throne forever' There were those who functioned as something [else] the psalmist wants to Philistines is covered in 2 Sam 12.26-31. Ancient Near Eastern royal land grants [17.12] … And the words, 'I will be to him a members of a group [and] those who say…. He looks around everywhere for Anderson writes that: "It would be may have served as models for this father, and he shall be to me a son [17.13]' walked alone. Some were attached to the something he can [give to the Lord], and interesting to compare in parallel kind of covenant relationship. It is an how can this apply to Solomon?... Hear the court, as was Nathan [while] others, …what does he find? 'I will take the cup Ps 115 (116:10- 23-Jan 1 Chronicles 17-20 columns the Deuteronomistic History and altogether different sort of indictment against him [how] … he took Nathum [or 'Nahum.' See his book in the of salvation' [v. 13]…. You won't find I and II Chronicles. (The remainder of the relationship from the one that acts as many strange wives … from the nations of OT], for example, were cultic prophets. 19) anything you can pay back…. Christ loved Chronicler's history-Ezra, Nehemiah-is a scaffolding for the Mosaic covenant whom the Lord said to the children of Certain prophets attracted disciples; you before you existed; he created you… not paralleled at all in the and its later Joshua echo in Shechem, Israel [they should not marry] (1 Kg/1 Sam others scorned the idea of prophetic [and] through the agency of your father Deuteronomistic History, which with its deep anchoring in historic 11.1).'… And his heart was not right with orders and broke with them. The earliest and mother, he has reared you. It is not concludes with the Exile.)…. The events, its warnings and threats, and the Lord his God…. Therefore, we require prophets were ecstatically fired, acting our your parents, you see, who made you, Chronicler's Work relied not only on its collective acceptance by a grateful someone else…. But there was no other their prophecies mimetically; the later though they hand on to you their family Samuel-Kings, but also on source vassal people forever obligated to born of him … save only our Lord and prophets delivered their messages in the characteristics… Give him back what he material that either was not included in their suzerain, YNWH, for saving them Savior Jesus the Christ of God…." form of sophisticated poetic oracles, often has made. Give him back yourself, his the Deuteronomistic History or was not from slavery and murderous chariots" of the highest literary quality" [p. 39]. creation, not your perversion [that is, available at the time it was written" [pp. [p. 109]. your distortion of what He has created]." 512-513].
David orders a census of who can fight Origen writes: "As a man of blood, Bede writes: "David had been preparing … Chaim Potok writes: "The Solomonic (21.1-7). The Lord is angry with David; David is prevented from constructing [to] build a house [for the Lord]… It is temple was devoid of images. Israelites Of vv. 10-14, Pachomius advises: "When David repents, but a plague is sent upon [the Temple]." Jerome clarifies the appropriate that this place should be on were called upon to offer sacrifices to their a thought oppresses you … put up with it the land (21.8-17). David purchases the reference to "a man of blood" as: "The the threshing floor of Ornan … because the all-powerful and invisible God … whose in courage, saying, 'They swarmed threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite to reference is not, as some think to his church is customarily designated by the promise to the patriarchs had clearly been around me …, but I drove them back in build an altar to the Lord and offers wars, but to the murder [of Uriah]." term 'threshing floor,' as John says of the fulfilled-as evidenced by the empire of the the name of the Lord.' Divine help will sacrifices to the Lord (21.18-26). The "Although the story of David's census Lord: 'His winnowing fork is in his hand, united monarchy and the glittering arrive … immediately, and you will drive Lord withdraws the plague (21.27-30). is quite similar [here to 2 Kg/ 2 Sam and he will clear his threshing floor' (Mt splendor of Solomon's new Jerusalem. them away from you, and courage … and Ps 116 (117) David begins the preparations for the 24], … in Samuel the account begins 3.12). Ornan [the Jebusite], whose name They were to offer their sacrifices in the glory of God will walk with you" (Cf 24-Jan 1 Chronicles 21-23 and 117 (118), building of the Temple and tells his son and ends with the Lord's anger against means 'enlightened' … signifies the Jerusalem in times of famine, drought, .Is 58.11). For the ways of God are vv. 1-14 Solomon to build it (22.1-19). David Israel during the reign of David Gentiles …who were to be enlightened by war; for sins; during festivals. The temple humility of heart and gentleness…. If you makes Solomon king of Israel, assembles because of actions by her kings…. The the Lord … to whom the apostle [Paul] of Solomon was a religious and political move ahead in the ways of the Lord, he "all the leaders of Israel and the priests Chronicler … [includes] it in order to rightly says, Eph 5.8. Jebus is the same city undertaking that deepened the will watch over you, and … He will and the Levites," assigning specific tasks account for the purchase of the as Jerusalem [but] Jebus means 'trampled relationship between the city of David and deliver you from the devil, and in your to specific people (23.1-32). ground on which the temple would be on' [and] Jerusalem [means] 'the vision of the people of Israel…." [p. 114]. dying day he will grant you his peace." built….." [NASB note on ch. 21, p. peace.'" See also Elder Thaddeus, Our Thoughts 578]. Determine Our Lives. These chapters list 24.1-31 lists the Goldberg and Rayner write that None, but prayer was important then as Of Ps 117 (118) Augustine preached: "So In Christ the Educator 1.7.61 Clement of priests (24.1-31), the musicians (25.1- Solomon failed "to recognize that by now. In The Way of Christ: Gospel, there were sheep from among the Jews, Alexandria writes: "Consider the carefulness 31), the gatekeepers (26.1-19), the building the Temple he had sown the Spiritual Life and Renewal in Orthodoxy, and many sheep. But not the only ones. and wisdom and the power of this Educator: keepers of the Temple treasures (26.20- seeds of his dynasty's downfall…. The Father Theodore Stylianopoulos writes: The Lord had others among the Gentiles. 'He shall not judge according to appearance 28), the family and tribal leaders and Temple's work-force had only been "Prayer is both a 'holy art' and 'holy work'- These two peoples coming … from or [condemn] according to gossip, but he shall render judgment with humility and army officers (27.1-24), those who are to provided by means of forced labour … a gift and a task. As a gift, prayer is the different directions are also represented shall [condemn] the sinners of the earth' (Is be in charge of the king's storehouses [including] free-born Israelites…. power of God's grace raising us to the by two walls…. They are joined together in 11.3-4). And through the lips of David, he (27.25-31), the counselors to the king- Hostility [from this unpaid labour] was realm of God's life. As a task, prayer is the Lord. That is why the Lord is called the says Ps 117/118.18. Indeed, the very act of the king's cabinet, composed of compounded by the increasingly unceasing struggle to walk Christ's straight cornerstone. Thus the psalm says v. 22. being chastised and being educated by the Jonathan; David's uncle, Ahithophel; heavy taxes Solomon laid on his and narrow path, to bring our whole life And the apostle [Paul] says Eph 2.20). Lord as a child, means deliverance from Jehiel who tutored the king's sons; subjects…. Such measures increased under His lordship, to let Him change us Where there is a corner, two walls Psalm 116 (117) death. Again, he says through [David]: 'You 25-Jan 1 Chronicles 24-27 Archite, the king's friend; Jehoiada; the tension between royal authority and our ways …. Writing and reading about connect; two walls do not meet in a corner and 117 (118) vv. shall rule them with a rod of iron' (Ps 2.9). Abiathar; and Joab, commander of the and tribal independence, between the prayer may be inspirational, but can soon unless they come from different 15-29 Similarly, the apostle [Paul] exclaimed when army (27.32-34). The Chronicler is old [association of neighbouring be forgotten. Only the actual 'work' of directions…. There are many places in he was aroused by the Corinthians: 'What is indicating the state of the kingdom as states] and the new order…. and there prayer, both private and corporate [that is, Scripture where the two peoples are to be your wish? Shall I come to you with a rod, or Solomon is about to succeed him. The were many who placed loyalty to as a community], and connected with the understood (Mt 20.30; Lk 5.7)-but they are in love and in the spirit of meekness?' (1 Cor implication is that David is passing to his Yahweh higher than loyalty to their whole course of life, can become the 'gift' one thing in Jacob." 4.21)…. son a kingdom that has been well- earthly ruler…. Solomon saw out his of prayer releasing the grace and power of organised and can continue to prosper days without serious disturbance. It God" [p. 89]. and serve the Lord. was his successor who reaped the whirlwind" [p. 32].
These final two chapters of 1 Ch offer An NASB note on p. 586 reads: "The David's prayer in 29.12 is echoed in Rev Potok writes: "The Israelites who came on Bede preached: "'If you know these David's advice to the leaders, to the account of the transition from the 5.13. Jerome applies David's words to pilgrimages to Jerusalem from their hill things, you will be blessed if you do people of Israel and to Solomon about reign of David to that of Solomon is Solomon in 28.9 to each of us: "Do you villages in the north probably stared in awe them' (Jn 13.17). This statement of our building the Temple. David tells Solomon, one of the clearest demonstrations of know that you are the temple of God and and bewilderment at this house of YHWH. Savior is very helpful for salvation, and "If you seek [the LORD], he will be found the Chronicler's idealization of their that the Spirit of God dwells in you? If The temple was a visible focal point of we must ponder it attentively. We will be by you, but if you forsake him, he will reigns when it is compared with … 1 anyone destroys the temple of God, him culture confrontation. Its architecture and blessed if we know the heavenly cast you off forever…. (28.1-10). Careful Kg/1 Sam 1-2. [There is] no mention of will God destroy (1 Cor 3.16-17)." John of decorative motifs were expressions of the commands, yet still more so if we eagerly instructions follow from David to the infirmities of the aged David (1 Kg Damascus writes: "'Remember your core of Canaanite cult and myth: the pursue in our works the things that we everyone about the building of the 1.1-4), the rebellion of Adonijah and leaders, those who spoke to you the Word cyclical lives of their fertility gods; the know. One who neglects to keep his Temple and holy items to be placed the king's sons (1 Kg 1.5-10), the court of God; consider the outcome of their life battles and passions that pervaded their known commandments is not capable of within it" (28.11-19) with a further intrigue to secure Solomon's and imitate their faith' (Heb 13.7)…. pantheon; their view of creation, man, life, being happy…. The psalmist agrees with exhortation to Solomon (28.20-21). David succession (1 Kg 1.11-31) or David's Political prosperity is the business of death…. [However,] in its encounter with Ps 118:1-13 this…. Everyone loves happiness but few 26-Jan 1 Chronicles 28-29 acknowledges that Solomon is "young charge to Solomon to punish his emperors; the condition of the church is the core of Israelite faith, the Canaanite (119:1-13) ask where it is, he clearly testified as to and inexperienced," but insists that he enemies after his death (1 Kg 2.1-9). the concern of shepherds and teachers. cosmos was [now] emptied of divinity; the what is the greatest happiness of human has been chosen by God; and David has [The] transition of power … is smooth Any other method is piracy, brothers. Saul heavens, until now studded with gods, beings in this life saying v. 1. And lest it "provided for the house of God" and peaceful and receives the support tore Samuel's cloak, and what was the became the handiwork of YHWH; the be supposed that this way of the numerous items (29.1-9). David blesses of 'all Israel' (29.25)…. Instead of the consequence? God tore the kingdom away [Canaanite] gods died…. forms were filled undefiled and blessed can be laid hold of the Lord; Solomon is anointed a second bedridden David who sends others to from him and gave it to David the meek with new content…." [p. 114]. Cf. indiscriminately by the ignorant and the time as king; and Zadok is anointed as anoint Solomon (1 Kg 1.32-35), David (1Kg/1 Sam 15.27-28)." Anderson [p. 237]. untaught, he subsequently continued and chief priest (29.10-25). David dies (29.26- himself is present and in charge of the said v. 2." 30). ceremonies (1 Ch 23.2)." Solomon sacrifices on the altar at the Potok writes that at this time "cultural None, but John Chrysostom writes of Of Psalm 118 (119) v. 19-20 ("I am a Jerome writes: "[Listen] that I may tell Temple (1.1-6). That night "God contact yielded rich fruit. Serious Solomon's request to God in 1.10 that like stranger on earth…") Derek Prince writes: you how you are to walk in the holy appeared to Solomon and said to him, Israelite literary creativity began…. Solomon: "You also therefore should ask "To almost every one of us there comes Scriptures…. 'Open my eyes,' says David, 'Ask what I shall give you.'" Solomon asks What started with writers and scribes nothing worldly, but all things spiritual, such a moment of truth when we, too, 'that I may behold wondrous things out for wisdom to rule the people. The Lord under the patronage of the merchant and you will surely receive…. Two things must acknowledge that this present world of your law.' Now, if so great a prophet agrees (1.7-11) and gives him "riches and king of Judah and Israel [i. e., now … should be in one who prays: asking is not our home. People or things that we confesses that he is in the darkness of wealth and honour" as well (1.12-17). Solomon] would in time become a earnestly and asking what he ought, But leaned on are suddenly taken away. ignorance, how deep, do you think, must Solomon organizes the building of the tidal wave of creativity…. And [it was] [for] what [should you ask]?... Seek the Everything around us appears … be the night of misapprehension with Temple and negotiates with Huram, the creation of a certain kind-narrative things spiritual … to forgive them who impermanent…. [Some] people react to which we … are enveloped!...To the king of Tyre to send cedars from Lebanon history structured so as to yield have trespassed and so to draw near to this [by turning] to the pursuit of pleasure Ps 118:14-26 multitudes the Savior spoke only in 27-Jan 2 Chronicles 1-4 (2.1-16). Solomon takes a census "of all meaning and … clarity [to] the ongoing forgiveness; 'to lift up holy hands without and entertainment, but find little of true (119:14-26) parables and, to make it clear that his the aliens in the land" and recruits them relationships between YHWH and His wrath and doubting' (1 Tim 2.8). If we thus satisfaction. Others bury themselves in words had a mystical meaning, said, 'He as slaves to help build the Temple (2.1- chosen people. The people had been ask, we shall receive…. 'What then,' said work, never [asking of its value] … David, who has ears to hear, let him hear' (Lk 18). Measurements for the Temple (3.1- born out of a historic event-the one, 'if I ask even spiritual things, and do however, turned to … God's laws…. The 8.8). Unless all things that are written are 17) and for the altar and holy objects are exodus from Egypt. In the time of the not receive?' You did not surely knock with evidence of his success is that …. 3,000 opened by him 'who has the key of David' set out (4.1-22). united kingdom, when ancient Israel earnestness; or you made yourself years later countless men and women still [i. e., Christ] (Rev 3.7) … no one can undo began to sense its oneness, it began to unworthy to receive; or did quickly stop find abiding comfort in the psalms of the lock or set them before you." shape with words [the] complex asking…." David" [p. 165]. [patterns] of its past" [p. 117].
The encouragement of non-Israelites to Potok writes: "It seems to me that Solomon's prayer in 6.23 is echoed in Rom Leo the Great preached: "Renounce Of vv. 33-40 Johanna Manley writes: come to the Lord and pray in the Temple there is no way we can understand 2.6-9 where God will "render to every man pleasure, turn away from uncleanness, "Here is what has to be done. Seek from in 2 Ch 6.32 links with Isaiah's what an Israelite of that time thought according to his works: to those who by dispel luxury, flee unrighteousness, resist God the outline of the godly way (v. 33), encouragement to Gentiles to come to [as they] … stood gazing at the huge patience in well-doing seek for glory and falsehood. When you see that you are knowledge (v. 34) and strength (v. 35). the Lord in Is 56.3-8. See also NASB note basin … about fifteen feet in diameter honour and immortality, he will give waging a battle on many fronts, then you But … [recognize that] you will not get it on 2 Ch 6.32, p.595 on how "the and seven feet high-inside the eternal life; but for those who are factious must also, in imitation of the martyrs, if you do not apply your own efforts. prophets also envisaged the Gentiles as temple… that held two thousand [that is, quarrelsome and disruptive] and pursue a many-sided victory. Every time Therefore, seek (v. 33), safeguard (v. 34) coming to Jerusalem to worship the Lord baths. Did [they] see Yam, the do not obey the truth, but obey we die to sins, the sins die in us, and this and long for (v. 35) the way through the (Zech 8.20-23; 14.16-21; cf. Ps 87)." Just primeval waters of the Canaanite wickedness, there will be wrath and fury. 'death of his holy ones is precious in the joint application of freedom and the as the building of the Temple was set out myth, or did [they] see-a large water There will be tribulation [that is, sorry and sight of the Lord,' (Ps 116/117.15) because grace for a true and godly life. Compel in 1 Kg/1 Sam 6-7 and the sacred basin constructed so that visitors misery] and distress for every human being a 'human being' dies 'to the world' not by yourself to every good deed, take care Ps 118:27-40 28-Jan 2 Chronicles 5-7 furnishings of the Temple were explained could cleanse themselves upon their who does evil, the Jew first and also for the destruction of senses but by the death that your intentions are pure and in 1 Kg/1 Sam 7.13-51, so in these entry into the sanctuary? When [they] the Greek, but glory and honour and peace of vices." St Leo is pointing out that a (119:27-40) unselfish (v. 36); do not get carried away chapters the transport of the ark is looked at the tall freestanding pillars, for every one who does good, the Jew first martyr is not only someone who accepts by vanity (v. 37), let the fear of God explained in 2 Kg/2 Sam 6.1-11, did [they] envisage … the fertility and also the Greek. For God shows no death as an act of witness to their faith, animate you. However, sinful thoughts Solomon's consecration of the temple in symbols … of Canaanite paganism, or partiality." This is true throughout the OT but a person who engages in "a battle on will slip through; therefore, let 1 Kg/1 Sam 8.12-53 and the subsequent did [they] see only beautifully and the NT. many fronts" for truth and for the Lord. repentance be the background of your celebration and appearance of God in 1 designed pillars? We have no way of life (v. 39). Having done all this put Kg/1 Sam 8-9. knowing" [p. 114]. For what Potok yourself into God's hands, striving only to believes we can know see this OT please God (v. 40) [p. 474]. Study Guide for 1 Ch 21-23, 1 Ch 28- 29 and 2 Ch 1-4. The linking of 2 Ch with 1 Kg/1 Sam This narrative of the building of the None, but just as the building of this Of Ps 111 (112) vv. 6-9 Clement of Of vv. 49-50 Derek Prince writes: "[David] continues with 2 Ch 8.1-17 being linked Temple in Chronicles is characterized Temple engaged many people, so the Alexandria writes in Christ the Educator says, in effect, 'I am holding on to Your to 1 Kg/1 Sam 9, 2 Ch 9.1-28 being linked by: (1) "Bezalel and Oholiab (Ex 35.30- relationship of Jesus Christ to the second 3.6.35: "In my opinion, he [or she] who promise, Lord. It is my only source of to 1 Kg/1 Sam 10, 2 Ch 9.29-31 to 1 Kg/1 36.7) … provide the Chronicler's Temple indicated the importance of where possesses things of higher value is the one, hope. I am looking to You for its Sam 11.41-43, 10.1-19 to 1 Kg/1 Sam 12 model for the relationship of Solomon and how worship to God should be and the only one, who is truly wealthy, fulfillment.' Many times in the Bible, God and 2 Ch 11.1-23 to 1 Kg/1 Sam 12, 14.21- and Huram-abi (2 Ch 2.13) … [with conducted. In Mt 21.12-13 "Jesus entered without passing for such. A gem is not shaped the lives of His servants by the 31. For the differences in these two Solomon as] the new Bezalel….; (2) the temple of God and drove out all who worth much, nor is silver, nor clothes nor specific, personal promises that He gave accounts, see NASB notes on these The plans for both tabernacle and sold and bought in the temple… He said to beauty of body, but virtue is, because it is them. This was true of Abraham, Joseph, chapters, pp. 597-601. The Chronicler temple are given by God (Ex 25.1- them, 'It is written, 'My house shall be reason translated into deeds under the Moses and many others…. We [too may] focuses more on worship and portrays 30.37; 1 Ch 28.11-19); (3) The spoils of called a house of prayer…' (Ex 30.13, Lev guidance of the Educator …. [Proverbs receive a promise and hold it in our Solomon in a more favourable light in 2 war are used as building materials for 1.14)." The quotation is drawn from Is 8.11] says, 'Receive instruction, and not hearts-perhaps for many years-but it Ps 118:41-56 29-Jan 2 Chronicles 8-11 Ch than the corresponding verses in 1 both tabernacle and temple (Ex 3.21- 56.7: "My house shall be called a house of money, and choose knowledge rather than remains dormant, like seed beneath the Kg/1 Sam. "The Chronicler has used the 22; 12.35-36; 1 Ch 18.6-11); (4) The prayer for all people." Of Jesus Christ gold. For wisdom is better than precious (119:41-56) soil. Then, at a moment of the Holy Pentateuchal history [with an emphasis people contribute willingly and throwing out the money changers, Origen stones, and all that is priceless cannot be Spirit's prompting, we reaffirm to God on Moses] as a model for his account of generously to both structures (Ex 25.1- writes: "He found in the temple, which is compared with it.'… It is not [those] who our faith in what He has promised us. the reigns of David and Solomon. 7; 36.3-7; 1 Ch 29.1-9); and (5) [As also said to be the house of the Savior's possess and retain wealth who are wealthy This … releases the power of God within Similarly, the Pentateuchal record of the indicated in both Kings and Samuel] Father, that is, in the church or in the but [those] who give; it is giving, not the promise to bring about its fulfillment. building of the tabernacle affects his the glory cloud appears at the proclamation of the sound message of the receiving, that reveals the happy person. At the same time, it imparts new life and account of the building of the temple [as dedication of both structures (Ex church, some who were making his Generosity is a product of the soul; so, true strength to us…. For us also today, set out in the Historical Context]" [NASB 40.34-35; 2 Ch 7.1-3)" [NASB Father's house a house of merchandise." wealth is in the soul." [learning] to respond to God's promises is Intro. to 2 Ch, p. 589]. Introduction, p. 589]. [a] key to the fulfillment of His plan for our lives."
Rehoboam reigns as king of Israel, but The events of this period are None, but Cyprian applies the situation of Of Ps 118 (119) v. 57 ("Thou art my Johanna Manley writes: "[David speaks "he forsook the law of the LORD, and all described in detail in 1 Kg 11 and 12. Asa to that of Christians in third-century portion, O Lord; I said that I would keep here] about how a sinner frees himself Israel with him" (12.1). Shishak, king of Anderson notes that: "For fifty years- Carthage: "We must press on and Thy law") Hilary of Poitiers writes: "Rare from its bondage, and what means he Egypt threatens Jerusalem with a large ever since the split of Solomon's persevere in faith and virtue and in are those who have sufficient assurance to uses to stay on the right path…. The army; Rehoboam and his colleagues kingdom-civil war had gone on completion of heavenly and spiritual grace, dare to say that God is 'their portion' [that sinner is taken at that very moment humble themselves, so the Lord does not between Israel and Judah. Egypt was that we may attain to the palm and the is, what has been allotted to them]. It when awakening from sin he resolves to destroy them, but makes them servants continuing to interfere and new crown. In the book of Chronicles [we read], requires renunciation of the world and all stop sinning. Before him are the world of Shishak, who takes away all "the dangers from the North were 'The Lord is with you so long as you also its affairs for God to be our portion for us. with its delights and the Lord with His treasures of the house of the LORD" beginning to be felt … [especially are with him, but if you forsake him, he But should ambition come to monopolize commandments. Having considered (12.2-14). Rehoboam dies; and his son from] Syria (Aram)… The trouble will forsake you' (2 Ch 15.2)." Jerome cites us, the care of money occupy us, the [both], he chooses the law (v. 57). Abijah becomes king (12.15-16). started during the reign of Asa of the same words from 2 Ch and asks attraction of pleasures seize us, the However, old habits are not easily Jeroboam attacks Abijah but is defeated Judah… [who] was interested in provocatively: "Where is the person, do administration of our affairs stop us, then overcome, and he asks help from God (v. Ps 118:57-64 30-Jan 2 Chronicles 12-15 in "a great slaughter" (13.1-22). Abijah religious reforms … and he probably you suppose, in whom as in a shrine and God will not be our portion if we are 58). Having received God's forgiveness, dies; and his son Asa becomes king and helped to halt the tendency toward sanctuary the purity of Christ is permanent monopolized by the cares and vices of this (119:57-64) he considers a new life (v. 59), yet this "did what was good and right in the eyes syncretism which had been and in whose case the serenity of the world that possess us. [Note that Moses decision does not make him a different of the Lord" and prospers (14.1-8). Zerah encouraged under the reigns of temple is saddened by no cloud of sin?... was told of the Levites that] 'the Lord person on the spot; he has to withstand the Ethiopian comes up against Asa, but Solomon and his immediate But the enemy [i.e., the devil and his Himself is their inheritance' (Deut 10.9) [as and overcome sin (v. 60), and drop his Asa prays to the Lord and defeats them successors….. [Asa] shook himself free angels] assail us, and when conquered he was] Aaron (Num 18.20) … and Peter had former sinful friendships (v. 61). [David] (14.9-15). The prophet Azariah warns Asa from the control of his mother… [and does not depart but is ever lying in no portion of property among men when offers powerful means to achieve this: to follow the Lord and remove all idols; banned] the worship of Asherah, the ambush, that he may secretly shoot the he replied to those who asked for alms nightly prayer (v. 62), contact with God- and he largely obeys (15.1-19). Canaanite mother goddess that the upright in heart." (Acts 3.6)…." fearing people (v. 63), and the handing queen mother had sponsored (1 Kg/1 over of one's fate to the mercy of God Sam 15.13). But Asa had other (v.64). See also Ps 72, 82,83" [p. 480]. problems-problems that could not be solved by religious reform" [p. 262]. Baasha, king of Israel, mounts a siege of 1 and 2 Kings/Samuel featured the None, but Micaiah's prophecy to Ahab in Anderson writes of Micaiah (not to be Johanna Manley writes: "Mud means Jerusalem against Asa, king of Judah confrontation between Elijah and 18.16 that "all Israel [will be] scattered confused with the later and better-known dirt, but mud can be used for healing and (16.1). Asa turns, not to the Lord, but to Jezebel, the wife of Ahab; but Jezebel upon the mountains, like sheep that have prophet, Micah): "He proclaimed God's out of clay are made useful vessels. In a Benhadad, king of Aram (Syria), who is not mentioned in 1 and 2 no shepherd" is echoed in the words of judgment against the king-a message of similar way the Lord fashions the soul helps him in return for gold and silver Chronicles; and Elijah does not appear Jesus Christ to His disciples in Mt 9.36 doom [in 18.16]-which in time was through various means. They are: [1] (16.2-6). The prophet Hanani tells Asa (other than in a genealogy) until 2 Ch when He "saw the crowds [who] were recognized as one of the badges of a true God's grace and word (v. 65, 66), [2] a that this was a serious mistake; and Asa 21.12. Both Chronicles and Kings set harassed and helpless, like sheep without a prophet of Yahweh (Jer 28.8-9). With sorrowful or [3] happy life (v. 67, 68), [4] puts Hanani in prison (16.7-10). Asa out historical events from the reign of shepherd," as well as in Mk 6.34 where the Micaiah, prophecy was no longer the echo with the Lord's consent, persecution becomes ill but seeks help from David to the end of the Babylonian "great throng … were like sheep without a of nationalism or the servant of the from men (v. 69, 70), and [5] the physicians, not the Lord; and he dies exile; however, the two accounts shepherd." The spirit in 18.19-22 who political establishment. Here we have a conviction that all this is under God's (16.11-14). Jehoshaphat, Asa's son, differ in their interpretation (or becomes "a lying spirit in the mouth of all break with the professional prophets-a direct influence, and as such, the highest Ps 118:65-72 31-Jan 2 Chronicles 16-18 becomes king in Judah and follows the omission) of many events. Yet, [Ahab's] prophets is a reminder of the break that became sharper later when good for man (v. 71, 72). In the preceding Lord (17.1-19). The Chronicler portrays Goldberg and Rayner write that the words of Jesus Christ in Jn 9.31-47 in Amos disavowed any connection with the (119:65-72) [verses 57 to 64] it has been shown how Jehoshaphat more favourably than in key theme of all these books is: "The distinguishing between those Jews who 'sons of the prophets' (Amos 7.14). But in a a sinner is pulled away from sin and turns Kings [See NASB notes on p. 606]. Ahab one all-powerful, holy, righteous God, believe in him and "are truly [His] deeper sense, prophets of Micaiah's type to God, here it is shown how man's inner encourages Jehoshaphat to join him in Creator of heaven and earth disciples" and those who reject Him and did not break with Israel's true prophetic perfection is fashioned by the Lord war. All the court prophets agree, but [exercises] His guiding and redeeming "are of your father the devil." tradition; they were indeed more sensitive through the external circumstances of Micaiah warns them they will be activity in the history of mankind in to that tradition than the [court-based] life" [p. 483]. Yet we are often unaware defeated (18.1-24). Ahab puts Micaiah in general and Israel in particular; and ecstatic prophets themselves…." [pp. 268- at the time when and how the Lord is prison (18.25-27). Ahab is killed in battle the way of life He demands from 271]. acting in our lives. (18.28-34). those who would worship Him and do His will" [pp. 203-204].
The king of Judah, Jehoshaphat, is Rohl writes: "In 849 BC Jehoshaphat None. In Encouraged by the Scriptures, Father Theodore then turns to "the Of v. 74 Augustine writes: "Let them warned by the prophet Jehu that he has was succeeded in Jerusalem by his son Father Theodore G. Stylianopoulos writes: traditionalist period": "The legacy of the understand by the hands of God the not trusted the Lord, just as Jehu's father Jehoram…. The new king of Judah's "The patristic exegetical tradition … Church Fathers exercised tremendous power and wisdom of God, both of which had warned Jehoshaphat's father (19.1- first act was to form a military alliance developed a distinct transformative view impact on the subsequent tradition…. The titles are given to Christ (cf. 1 Cor 1.24), 11). Judah is invaded, but the king leads with Joram of Israel so that the two of salvation as deliverance from the meditative reading of the Bible, especially who is also understood under the figure, the people in prayer (20.1-13) and forces might work together to recover powers of sin, Satan, corruption, and death in monasticism and through its influence, Arm of the Lord (cf. Is 53.1)…. 'For on Thy achieves victory (20.14-25). Jehoshaphat the Israelite tribal lands lost to the through union with Christ and the continued as a pillar of spirituality…. words have I set my hope,' that is, the makes an improper alliance; he dies, and Moabites over the previous six indwelling of the Spirit-that is, salvation is Worship featured ample readings from the things which You have promised so they his son Jehoram becomes king (20.26- years…. [However,] the Israelites true participation in the divine grace and Old and New Testaments. Numerous may be the sons of promise, the seed of 21.3). Jehoram kills his brothers and is failed to recapture Moab [see 2 Sam/2 life, the basis of humanity's glorification feasts celebrating biblical events and Abraham, in whom all nations are defeated by the Edomites (21.4-11). Kg 3.27 and OT Study Guide]…. [This] (the?sis, or 'divinization')…. The personages, especially the life and work of blessed (cf. Gen 12.3 and 26.4). Who are Elijah tells the king of great national failure to crush the Moabite rebellion universality of Christian truth compelled Christ, generated countless hymns and those who fear God and whom will they Ps 118:73-88 01-Feb 2 Chronicles 19-22 calamity and his personal illness, both of was seen as a sign of weakness by the engagement with contemporary prayers…. In terms of actual exegetical see and be glad, for on His words has he which happen; and the king dies (21.12- other vassal states of the old Davidic intellectual currents…. However, … the output, this long traditionalist period [from (119:73-88) set his hope? Whether it be the body of 20). Jehoram becomes king, but does empire. The Edomites were the next Church fathers never lost sight of the 787 to the beginning of the Modern Period Christ, that is, the Church, whose words evil, is wounded in battle and then to break away from the kingdom of mystery of the living God behind the in the 19th century] shows a paucity of these are through Christ, or within it, and possibly killed by Jehu (22.1-9). Ahaziah's Judah and gain their freedom. The witness of scripture, nor did they forget material as a result of a structural shift concerning it, these are as it were the mother saves Jehoram's youngest son, southern and eastern tributary that authentic exegesis involved from direct engagement with the words of Christ concerning Himself…." Joash (22.10-12). nations were severing their ties with charismatic activity-that is, it required a scriptures to overwhelming reliance on the the 'House of David' one by one…." spiritual vision (the?ria) in which the Holy Church fathers, a shift already evident in [pp. 395-396]. Spirit actualized he transformative power the Christological controversies of the fifth of biblical truth in the interpreter and in and sixth centuries…." [E-pp. 21-22]. the life of the Church" [E-pp. 20-21]. The priest Jehoiada organizes the Resistance on the part of the priests to None. Father Theodore turns to the Father Theodore continues: "In the Greek Johanna Manley writes of how these soldiers to make the boy Joash king of the reassignment of the temple modern period that began in the 19th Orthodox Church, the traditional use and verses teach us "to learn to understand Judah, to kill Athaliah-the wife of revenues [away from their own use] century, explaining that there was "a interpretation of the Bible has been God's will and to act in accordance with Jehoram-and to destroy any symbols of for repair work may be the underlying creative, albeit tense, encounter between qualified by three creative, if stressful, it. In heaven and on earth everything idolatry (23.1-21). Joash is guided by cause of delays in repair work [NASB traditionalism and the 'new learning' of challenges. First, the translation of the complies with the will of God (v. 89-91), Jehoiada and then insists that the priests note on 24.5]. Then as now, money liberal ideologies and critical Bible into modern Greek, although not in and we should do likewise. Acting thus, repair and restore the Temple (24.1-14). can be either enabling or corrupting. methodologies derived from the West. The principle objectionable according to we will not perish under humbling Jehoiada dies; and Joash is then drawn Of the "gloomy" situation in Judah, as most vigorous interaction first occurred in Orthodox theology, was associated with circumstances (v. 92); behaving in away from the Lord and murders the son the reign of Joash comes to an end, Russia, where extended contact with Protestant proselytism and provoked accordance with God's statutes we will of Jehoida, and the prophet Zechariah Goldberg and Rayner write of the Western traditions led to systematic violent traditionalist reactions….Second, be quickened [that is, stirred to life with (24.15-22). The king's servants murder "atmosphere of religious unrest, theological studies on the basis of critical the establishment of the Brotherhood of God] (v. 93); seeking [those statutes] we him; and Amaziah, the son of Joash, bitterness and failure…. The eighth standards in numerous universities and 'Zoe' (1907) … [with its] evangelical will feel God's protection over us (v. 94). Ps 118:89-96 02-Feb 2 Chronicles 23-25 becomes king (24.23-27). Amaziah is century [BC] did not dawn propitiously academies. These were cut short by the preaching, systematic publication of The understanding of God's testimonies defeated in war by the Syrians and then for either Israel or Judah. External Bolshevik Revolution (1917). In Greece, catechetical material for children and (119:89-96) will teach us how to avoid enemies (v. murders the servants who killed his events brought about a sudden after its political independence from four adults [and] the establishment on ongoing 95), and at last the entry upon the path father (25.1-4). In 25.5-24 the Chronicler change of fortune. For a brief period, hundred years of Ottoman rule (1830) and Bible study groups … exercised widespread of God's will give [us] spaciousness and changes the order of events as given in both kingdoms were to enjoy power he establishment of two universities in impact on Greek society… Third, the freedom (v.96). Also see Psalms 77/78, 4/2 Kg 14 to emphasise how obedience and prosperity unequalled since the Athens (1837) and Thessaloniki (1926), a academic study of scripture by specialists 78/79, 79/80" [pp. 489-490]. to the Lord brings victory, but idolatry days of David and Solomon. The cause significant tradition of theological trained in critical standards….has leads to defeat, whatever the size of the was the war between Assyria and scholarship, including biblical successfully established biblical scholarship different armies [See NASB note on 25.5- Damascus" which led to the recovery interpretation developed and has as a field in its own right" [E-pp. 23-24]. 16]. Amaziah "turned away from the of most of Israel's lost territory [pp. 37- continued until today" [E-p. 23]. Lord" and is murdered (25.25-28). 38]. However, disaster was soon to follow.
A son of Amaziah, Uzziah, is made king in John Cassian writes of how Uzziah was None. Father Theodore writes: Father Theodore continues: "The burning Of v. 98 Didymus the Blind writes: "The Judah. Initially, he follows the Lord and is first "praised in all things by the "Contemporary Orthodox hermeneutical issue concerns what is peculiarly invisible enemies that oppress me seek rewarded with success in battle and in witness of the Scripture … [but later] discussion usually begins with [Father] 'Orthodox" about Orthodox biblical with great zest to make me prefer agriculture (26.1-15). However, Uzziah was cast down by the pride of Georges Florovsky's concept of 'neo- studies…. The exposition of a specifically pleasure. This pleasure provokes burned "incense on the altar of incense"- vainglory…. You see how dangerous patristic synthesis.' According to Florovsky, Orthodox approach to scripture must be malcontent before all arduous work, to an act restricted to priests-and "leprosy the successes of prosperity generally the 'neo-patristic' task of Orthodox pursued in terms of a [rich] hermeneutical the point that one even plans to abandon broke out on his forehead" and remained are, so that those who could not be theology must combine inseparable model that both differentiates and the divine commandment…. But stronger there until his death (26.16-23). Uzziah's injured by adversity are ruined … by aspects of doctrinal integrity and of integrates the functions of historical than pleasure and our enemies which are son, Jotham, becomes king of Judah and prosperity, unless they are careful …." creative theological vision rooted in the life exegesis, doctrinal interpretation, and extolling it, is that which has been given follows the Lord, but the people continue Cyprian points out that King Uzziah of faith (i.e., recovering the 'mind' of the spiritual appropriation of scripture's by God if one is wise in Thy to live with idolatry (27.1-9) [cf. 4/2 Kg was "branded by the Lord's anger on Church fathers rather than merely quoting transformative power. A holistic Orthodox commandment, while pleasure is of short 15.32-38]. A son of Uzziah, Ahaz, that part of his body [i.e., the them). Although Florovsky himself did not hermeneutic will reflect the classic duration and transient" Of v. 101 Ps 118:97-112 03-Feb 2 Chronicles 26-28 becomes king and actively promotes idol forehead] on which those who win the pursue … [this] in its modern context, his patristic interdependence between Didymus writes: [The psalmist indicates] worship, so "therefore the LORD his God Lord's favor are sealed." Pseudo- proposal helped to anchor the use of scripture and tradition, granting (119:97-112) the free character of his will when he gave him into the hand of the king of Dionysius reflects on Uzziah's historical and critical standards in both the particularly needed attention to the says: 'I have restrained my feet.' He … Syria … and the hand of the king of behaviour: "This, then, is what must patristic and biblical fields. All Orthodox authority of scripture for the Church. The [sees] that it is in his power to set his feet Israel" (28.1-7). The prophet Obed stops be said whenever someone acts out of biblical scholars have in principle affirmed ecumenical persuasiveness of Orthodox on a walk astray [i.e., away from the the Israelites from enslaving their place, even when he seems to be the value of critical literacy and historical biblical interpretation will depend on the Lord]. That is in accord with [Ps 33.14]: kinspeople from Judah (28.8-15). Ahaz doing something right, for no one may methodologies according to international continued growth of biblical studies in the 'Turn away from evil, and do good,' for becomes "yet more faithless to the get out of line in this way…. The Word standards, on the basis of which they Orthodox Church and these studies' he who distances himself from evil, LORD," dies and is succeeded by his son of God bars anyone who has taken conduct a full range of scholarship within essential evangelical impact on both the restrains his feet 'from every way that is Hezekiah (28.16-27) [cf. 4/2 Kg 16]. over a task that is not for him. It broad doctrinal parameters" [E-p. 24]. Church's theology and life" [E-pp. 25-26]. evil,' so that effecting the good, he might teaches that everyone must remain keep the words of God." within the order of his ministry…. (Num 7.5)." Hezekiah begins his reign as king of Judah Anderson writes: "The accession of None. In Encouraged by the Sciptures Father Theodore continues: "(4) There Johanna Manley writes of vv. 113-120: by restoring Temple worship and urging Hezekiah in 715 B.C.E. marked a Father Theodore Stylianopoulos writes of must be fidelity to the Holy Spirit, by "Here is a discussion of dispositions [that the Levites to "sanctify [themselves] and turning point in Judean affairs. Ahaz how "the interpretation of the Bible … whose grace alone is the ultimate goal of is, tendencies] and decisions of the will … the house of the LORD" (29.1-11). The had been a weak king, a servile and achieves its proper goal through the the reading of scripture and the that serve as a support of a God-pleasing Levites obey their king; and a great frightened vassal of Assyria. Hezekiah, application of [four] interrelated, appropriation of its spiritual efficacy life. The first such prop is the decision to animal sacrifice and worship follows however, was a wise and vigorous foundational principles. (1) There must be accomplished in faithful and obedient love the law (v. 113), followed by the (29.12-36). Then Hezekiah writes letters leader, whose policies brought about fidelity to the witness of scripture as the hearts-that is, the experience of the always ready assistance of the grace of "to all Israel and Judah …and also to a religious reformation and a word of God, the primary record of mystery of God in his holy presence and God (v. 114). Firm determination and Ephraim and Manasseh that they should stiffening of Judah's attitude toward revelation, and thus the supreme source of renewing power, the primary subject God's grace give boldness and make a come to the house of the LORD at Assyria…. One of Hezekiah's knowledge pertaining to God, human matter of scripture. The integration and strong [person] out of a weakling (v. Jerusalem to keep the Passover (30.1-9). accomplishments was his great beings, creation, and salvation. (2) There practice of the above principles [listed 115). Trust, however, is not based on At times, some people, especially in religious reform which led to the must be fidelity to the ancient Church's here in this Study Guide] form an authentic one's own strength, but on the assistance Ps 118:113-128 04-Feb 2 Chronicles 29-30 Ephraim and Manasseh, "laughed them suppression of local shrines ("high classical doctrinal tradition of apostolic and comprehensive interpretative of God's grace (v. 116). These mainstays to scorn," but "the hand of God was … places"), the centers of the truth, centered on the gospel of Christ and perspective that variously places readers, (119:113-128) of a God-pleasing life are upheld by upon Judah to give them one heart to do Canaanized popular religion that had enacted in the life of the Church through hearers, and interpreters of the Bible, and prayer (v. 117), the remembrance of what the king and the princes threatened Israel's faith from the very worship, proclamation, teaching, practice, their spiritual quest, in unity with the God's non-sparing of sinners (v. 118), the commanded by the word of the LORD" first…. Hezekiah's religious reform had and mission. (3) There must be fidelity to communion of saints, and in particular cheerlessness of their lives (v. 119), and (30.10-12). Any idols in the land were certain political implications…. earnest and critical study through the use with the prophets, the apostles, and the especially by the fear of God and the destroyed; and a great Passover Hezekiah's purification of worship, of reason as a gift of God, yet this study great Christian teachers of the past, the remembrance of God's judgments (v. celebration was held in which the Lord including no doubt the removal of must operate [with] … active faith and … Church fathers, all faithful servants and 120)" [p. 494]. Thus, Johanna Manley "healed the people" and "there was Assyrian cult objects from the Temple, [seek] the transcendent realities testified authoritative witnesses of God's marvelous beautifully turns negative possibilities great joy in Jerusalem" (30.13-27) [cf. was a stimulus to Judean nationalism, by the biblical texts" [E-p. 26]. works for the salvation of the world" [E-p. into opportunities for positive, personal 4/2 Kg 18-20]. for he was virtually declaring 26]. renewal. independence from Assyrian domination…." [p. 341].
Hezekiah finishes the destruction of all John Cassian writes of Hezekiah: "He, None. Of Father Theodore's first On this first foundational principle, Father Of vv. 137-144 Johanna Manley writes: the idols and then appoints the priests who at the suggestion of pride, had foundational principle, fidelity to Holy Theodore continues: "The primacy of "Here are indications of various sides, and Levites, as well as organizing fallen from so great a height of Scripture, he writes: "The scriptures scripture entails that nothing in the life of aspects or facets of the commandments appropriate sacrifices (31.1-21). excellence, could only mount again to constitute 'the oracles of God' (ta logia tou the Church must contradict the biblical … expressed by a specific disposition. Sennacherib, king of Assyria invades the height he had lost by the … steps Theo, Rom 3.2) communicated through message and its spirit…. But the nature of Four of such dispositions are mentioned: Judah but is defeated and is then killed of humility." John Chrysostom writes: inspired men and women 'in many and scripture also necessarily involves the [1] Faith, the certainly that by his sons on his return home (32.1-23). "Manasseh … having shut up the diverse ways' (Heb 1.1), by words, deeds, paradox that the oracles of God are commandments are the truth and the Hezekiah becomes seriously ill but temple and caused the deceit of laws, rites, narratives, dreams, visions, communicated through the words of immutable [and unchangeable] verity (v. humbles himself before the Lord and is idolatry to flourish and having become symbols, images and parables. By such human beings who spoke and wrote in 137, 138), [2] zeal derived from such firm granted many further years of life until more ungodly than all [the kings of various means God chose to disclose Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. This paradox conviction and the desire to carry it out his death, when his son Manasseh Judah] who were before him, when he knowledge of his will, his saving wisdom, is an indispensable aspect of the nature of and the love of the commandments (v. becomes king (32.24-33). However, afterwards repented was ranked his summons to human beings, and revelation itself that does not occur in a 139, 140), [3] humility with hope (v. 141, Ps 118:129-144 05-Feb 2 Chronicles 31-33 Manasseh returns the land to idol among the friends of God. Now, if ultimately personal knowledge of himself, vacuum, but rather involves free, willing, 142), [4] endurance of anything that worship (33.1-9); the Assyrians defeat looking to the magnitude of his own in order freely to draw humanity to be his thinking, and acting human agents…. (119:129-144) happens on account of faithfulness to the Judeans and take Manasseh to iniquities, he had despaired of covenant people. The supreme expression Grappling with the paradox of scripture's commandments (v. 143, 144). Here is a Babylon in chains (33.10-11). Manasseh restoration and repentance, he would of God's self-disclosure is through the divine and human character is a necessary complete program, and the bread of repents, returns to Jerusalem and have missed all that he afterwards incarnation, life, death, resurrection, part of the interpretive task, a matter that spiritual life is eaten in the midst of great restores "the altar of the Lord and obtained; but as it was, looking to the ascension, and awaited glorious can neither be ignored through pietism spiritual effort. See also Psalms 59, 68, offerings upon it" (33.12-16). boundlessness of God's tender mercy appearance of his Son, Jesus Christ, 'the [that is, an exaggerated show of 69" [p. 500]. "Nevertheless, the people still sacrificed instead of the enormity of his Lord of glory' (1 Cor 2.8), who forms the devoutness] nor evaded through clever at high places, but only to the LORD their transgressions, and having broken in center of revelation and marks the unity of answers by … defenders of strict forms of God" (33.17). Manasseh dies and his son two the bonds of the devil, he rose up the Old and New Testaments" [pp. 26-27]. verbal inerrancy [that is, avoiding all Amon becomes king, followed by his son, and contended with [the devil] and errors]" [E-pp. 27-28]. Josiah (33.18-24) [See 4/2 Kg 18-21]. finished the good course." The child Josiah grows into a righteous NASB note on 36.20-21 states: "The None. Father Theodore concludes on Father Theodore writes of his second Of v. 145 Origen writes: "[A person's] cry king who follows the Lord, removing idols conclusion of the two Biblical histories fidelity to Holy Scripture by writing: "The foundational principle, fidelity to tradition: is made a powerful noise by the and repairing the Temple (34.1-13). is interestingly different: The writer(s) challenge [now] is how, by means of "…Scripture as a holy book cannot be importance of its message to God. The During the repairs of the Temple the high of Samuel and Kings had sought to interpretative discernment, to keep in disjoined from the communal context in righteous does emit a strong sound priest Hilkiah finds the book of show why the exile occurred and had balance the divine and human aspects of which it originated, took shape, and was towards God when [they] demand great Deuteronomy; and Josiah sees that they traced the sad history of Israel's the mysteries of Christ and scripture. variously used-namely, Israel, and Church. and celestial things. It is as when the just had not been following the law (34.14- disobedience to the exile, the time in Interpreters must do so on the basis of and The very idea of biblical revelation … Abel speaks from his death: 'The voice of 21). The king seeks the word of the Lord; which the writer(s) of those books in harmony with the internal evidence of [requires] active human partners [and] thy brother brother's blood cries to Me and the prophetess Huldah tells him that lived…. He could still show God's the sacred texts themselves, according to means that God's self-disclosure [creates] out of the ground' (Gen 4.10)…. And because of his prayers and his humility faithfulness to His promises to David their intrinsically bonded theological and covenant relationships and covenant (God) says to Moses pursued by the he would be "gathered to your grave in (4/2 Kg 25.27-30). The Chronicler historical testimony. This task cannot be community. [Before] the composition of Egyptians: 'Why criest thou to Me?' (Ex peace, and your eyes shall not see all the whose vantage point was after the fulfilled apart from a dynamic view of texts, God's revealed words and deeds 14.15). As for us, when we become Ps 118:145-160 06-Feb 2 Chronicles 34-36 evil which I will bring upon this place and exile, was able to look back to the inspiration that takes into consideration were proclaimed and interpreted by saints, we have this cry within us: for the its inhabitants" (34.22-28). The king exile not only as judgment, but also as not only the rich variety of authors and communal leaders and prophets. They (119:145-160) Spirit present in us cries, 'Abba Father' continues his good works and observes containing hope for the future. For texts themselves, but also the community were then received and transmitted by (Rom 8.15). And again, it is in this fashion Passover again (34.29-35.19), but is killed him the purified remnant has returned of faith in which the biblical books were oral tradition in the community of faith, that I hear the word: 'Jesus stood and in battle with Neco, king of Egypt, at to a purified land (vv. 22-23), and a generated, then gradually gained the and eventually recorded in documents. In cried, saying, 'If any man thirst, let him Carchemish (35.20-27). For the reigns of new age was beginning. The exile was status of sacred text. For another definitive Israel … [and] in the early Church, diverse come unto Me and drink' (Jn 7.37). Jehozhaz, Jehoiakim and Jehoiachin see not judgment alone, but also blessing aspect of the nature of the Bible is its claims concerning God's revelation had to [Who] is it then that cries to God? [Those 4/2 Kg 22-24. 2 Ch concludes with Cyrus, for it allowed the land to catch up on communal and traditional character" [E-p. be tested within the life of the community who] implore Him for great things and do king of Persia, proclaiming that the its sabbath rests (Lev 26.40-45). And 29]. that possessed the discerning and thus not clamor for trivia." Temple should be rebuilt and the exile of God had remembered His covenant normative criterion of true and false the Jews in Babylon ended (36.22-23). (Lev 26.45) and restored His people to prophecy" [E-pp. 28-29]. the land."
In ACCS OT Vol V Marco Conti notes that Anderson writes: "It is a tribute to None. But Bede, the primary commentator Cassiodorus links his commentary on Joanna Manley writes: "What means of "Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah … share Israel's tenacity and vitality that the of Ez and Neh, writes: "The Lord made Psalm 95 (96) to the rebuilding of the protection are given to a person who a perspective that differs from the Mosaic faith not only survived this Cyrus similar to his only-begotten Son, our Temple in Jerusalem after the return from wants to live by the commandments of Deuteronomistic vision, one that has transition [from Palestine to Babylon] God and Lord Jesus Christ. Just as Cyrus, exile in Babylon, noting that in Jerome's God? Fear of transgressing the law (v. been labeled the Chronicler's History. but was immeasurably deepened and after destroying the empire of the Vulgate translation the title of the psalm is 161), hope for the blessings resulting This has been observed in a common enriched thereby. In Babylonia, many Chaldeans, freed the people of God, and "'A canticle of David, when the house was from its fulfilling (v. 162), love of the law vocabulary and ideas, such as the Jews must have capitulated to the sent them back to their homeland and built after captivity'…. [Let us] investigate it (v. 163)." This protection leads to many building and worship of the temple, pressures of culture and were soon ordered them to rebuild the temple, which in the spiritual sense. A destroyed house is blessings, including walking with God (vv. priestly service and the restoration of absorbed into the general population. had been set on fire in Jerusalem, taking built up when a soul following the captivity 165-168). Here … are signs by which one Israel "[p. xvii]. Ez 1.1-4 states again that But others were bound more closely care that his edict was proclaimed of sin begins to return to an understanding can determine whether one is walking … King Cyrus of Persia has ended the exile to their Jewish tradition and to the everywhere through letters, so that of the truth through the generosity of the in the right way…. A soul devoted to God and approved the return of the Jews to Jewish community. Indeed, it is Jeremiah's words [in Jer 29.10-14] might Lord. This house, which is the universal … has learned to pray, to seek Ps 118:161-176 07-Feb 1 Ezra 1-2 Judah and Israel, along with the return of phenomenal that the faith of Israel be fulfilled, through which he had church in which Christ dwells, is always understanding and help from God (v. the holy objects (1.5-11). The names of was preserved with great purity and predicted what would have happened in raised up on living stones, because every (119:161-176) 169, 170), [leading to ardent] prayer and those returning, including priests and zeal in the Babylonian exile, in the future; so the mediator between God day it gains increase in building from its praise to God … (v. 171), and … Levites are noted (2.1-60). The Persian contrast to the Egyptian exile, where and humanity [Jesus Christ], after confessors and does not cease to be built [declaring] God's ways to other people (v. Governor searched the records carefully the religious heritage was corroded destroying all over the world the kingdom up until the number of the predestined is 172)… [This] gives daring and increases and excluded certain applications on the with alien ideas and practices…. In the of the devil, called back from that tyranny attained at the end of the world. We must zeal for salvation (v. 173, 174), as … [the grounds that their genealogies were not Exile, then, the people realized that his elect, who had been scattered, and store this psalm in our minds as … soul] fills … with assuredness that God registered [See Num 16.39-40]. they could worship anywhere with the now gathers them in his church." proclaiming the first and second coming of will help unto the end (v. 175)…. [David] confidence that God would hear their the Lord." humbles himself before God and appeals prayers and would be their sanctuary to His mercy (v. 176)" [pp. 507, 509]. in a foreign land (see Ezek 11.16)" [pp. 448-449]. Zerubbabel and the priest Jeshua "built Goldberg and Rayner write: "We know None, but of Ps 121 (122) v. 2 ("Our feet Interpreting Psalm 119.163-165 John of Of 120 (121) v. 8 ("The LORD will keep the altar of the God of Israel, to offer that Cyrus's … permission for the have stood in thy courts, O Jerusalem"), Damascus advises how to implement your going out and your coming in from burnt offerings upon it" (3.1-6a). "But the Judean captives to return home was in Bishop Nicholai Velimirovich writes in David's insights: "Obtain [prayer that is this time forth and for evermore") foundation of the temple of the LORD keeping with the enlightened Prayers by the Lake XLVII: "Come closer to proper and prayed directly to God] for Augustine preached: "'Reckon it all joy, was not yet laid," so they gathered the colonialism with which he ruled his me, closer still, O majestic Son of God. yourself … for it is able to raise you from my brothers [and sisters], when you fall craftsmen and paid for the work to be territories. A large army, efficient Descend deeper into my heart than any earth to heaven. You will not advance in it into various trials' (Jas 1.2). There you done (3.6b-7). The foundations are laid; posts and communication, and a emotion, or desire, or passion of the world without preparation or by chance. First are, you have heard about the entrance; the Levites are appointed; and there was complex bureaucracy … enabled him can descend into it. Protect my heart from cleanse your soul of every passion and now find the exit. It is easy enough to go much joy and much weeping "so that the to govern with a loose rein and to the countless merchants, from the wipe it as clean of every evil as a newly in [to trials]; coming out is the big thing. people could not distinguish the sound of allow a fair degree of autonomy to his numerous buyers and sellers, who are cleansed mirror. Remove far from you But do not worry: 'God is faithful-because the joyful from the sound of the people's subject nations. It suited him to have forever swarming in legions around my every recollection of wrong and anger, you have gone in, you are naturally weeping" (3.8-13). However, when the an enclave [that is, a distinct racial or young and inexperienced heart. And teach which most of all prevents our daily Ps 119, 120, thinking about getting out-'God is faithful 08-Feb 1 Ezra 3-4 Samaritans approached Zerubbabel and cultural group isolated within a my heart not to be crazy about the motley prayers from reaching God. Also remove 121 (120, 121, and does not allow you to be tempted sought to help build the Temple, their country] of grateful Jews in Palestine, illusions of people and things. Take up from your heart the offenses of everyone 122) above what you are able to bear, but help was rejected (4.1-3). Others in strategically close to the Egyptian Your abode in the bottom of my heart … who has ever sinned against you. Giving with the temptation he will also make a Canaan sought to hinder the building and frontier…. Work on restoring the my beloved Son, and be a merciless judge wings to your prayer with mercy and way out' (1 Cor 10.13). What is the way wrote to the Persian king Artaxerxes Temple appears to have started and a sagacious counsellor. Once purity of compassion for the poor, approach God out? 'That you may be able to endure' (1 warning of rebellion; and he agreed that immediately… But the initial soul and sagacity [that is, wisdom and with fervent tears…. Let my prayer draw Cor 10.13). You have gone in, you have the building of the Temple should stop enthusiasm soon faded…. Promises of good judgment] occupy my heart … [it] will near to you, Lord; enable me to fallen in, you have endured, you have (4.4-25). aid from the Persian court did not be filled with an ineffable heavenly peace, understand your word (see Ps 119.27)." come out." materialize. Tension between the and will glorify God in chorus with the returning exiles and their native cherubim and the seraphim" [cited by kinsmen were exacerbated by Manley-P, p. 522]. religious differences…" [p. 53].
The prophecies of Haggai and Zechariah See: None. Augustine writes in Confessions Of Ps 124 (125) v. 4 Augustine writes: Of Ps 125 (126) v. 7 Bishop Nicholai led Zerubbabel to resume building the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_o 10.43: "Lord, I cast all my troubles on you "[Let] those who are upright of heart … Velimirovich writes in Prayers by the Lake Temple (5.1-2). Tattenai, the governor in f_Cyrus for a photo of Cyrus' tomb. and from now on 'I shall contemplate the those who follow the will of God, not their LVIII: "Those who search for life and truth Jerusalem, questioned on what authority Bede writes that Cyrus proposed wonders of your law' (Ps 118/119 v. 18). own will, reflect upon this. But those who have one destination and one direction…. they were building. Zerubbabel replied "from his own ideas … the You know how weak I am and how wish to follow God, allow Him to go before Do not set out in the ways of your on the authority of God, with a decree measurements and arrangement" for inadequate is my knowledge: teach and and themselves to follow-not themselves thoughts, for they lead you one thought issued by Cyrus (5.3-5). Therefore, the Temple; however, both Bede and heal my frailty. Your only Son, 'in whom to go before, and Him to follow. And in all to the next, and they know of no Tattenai sent a letter to King Darius in modern scholars doubt whether the whole treasury of wisdom and things they find Him good, whether destination or way outside themselves. Babylon requesting a search in the Cyrus' plans were followed fully [ACCS knowledge is stored up' (Col 2.3), has chastening, or consoling, or exercising, or Do not set out in the ways of your archives for that decree (5.6-17). The OT Vol 5, p. 317n]. Goldberg and redeemed me with his blood. 'Save me crowning, or cleansing, or enlightening. As imaginations, for they allure you to level decree authorizing the rebuilding of the Rayner write: "The small nation, from the scorn of my enemies,' the Apostle [Paul] says: 'We know that all river beds until they suddenly plunge into Temple was found; and Darius ordered precariously existing in a few square (118/119.122), for the price of redemption things work together for good to them that Ps 125, 126, an abyss beneath the earth…. The way to 09-Feb 1 Ezra 5-6 the governor in Jerusalem not only to miles around its rebuilt Temple, was a is always in my thoughts. I eat it [that is, love God' (Rom 8.28). Let us now come to 127 (126, the kingdom of blessedness … is [when] permit the rebuilding to continue, but to sub-district of the Persian empire, an the Blood of Christ] and drink it and the heritage itself, brethren, for we are 127,128) … Life and Truth have been born in your pay the costs in full, which they did (6.1- extra on the stage of world history … minister it to others; and as one of the sons [and daughters]. What shall we soul, rejoice and be glad, for the Way has 13). The Temple was rebuilt and where the irresistible onward march poor I long to be filled with it, to be one of possess? … Peace… Peace is Christ: … Since been born in it as well (cf. Jn 14.6)…. dedicated with appropriate sacrifices. of Darius was only halted at Marathon those who 'eat and have their fill' (Mk we are sons [and daughters], we shall have Whoever draws near to gaze upon My Passover was kept with joy (6.14-22). by the Athenians…. [p. 54]. A NASB 7.27). 'And those who look for the Lord will an inheritance." light within himself [or herself] will not note on Ez 5.6-17 states that "texts cry out in praise of him' (Ps 22.26; 21.27 be scorched" [cited by Manley-P, p. 533]. found in the royal city of Persepolis LXX). vividly confirm that such inquiries were sent directly to the king himself." In this seventh chapter of Ez 1, the The returning Jews moved slowly [see None, but of 8.32 Bede writes: "The three None. Of Ps 118 (119) v. 37 ("Turn my eyes Of Ps 130 (131) v. 2 Augustine writes that prophet makes his appearance in the OT NASB note on 7.7-9]. Potok writes: days [wait] in Jerusalem [indicates] the from looking at vanities; and my life in thy the sacrifices we should offer to God are book named for him, as he and many "Ezra was accompanied by fifteen excellent virtues of faith, hope and love … ways"), Augustine writes: "Vanity and truth … 'a troubled spirit: a broken and contrite others return from exile in Babylon to hundred people-priests, Levites, (1 Cor 13.13). Teachers … must … manifest are directly contrary to one another. The heart' [for that] O God, shall Thou not Jerusalem (7.1-10). King Artaxerxes of singers [and their parents and these in themselves and only then [teach desires of the world are vanity: but Christ, despise' (Ps 50.17). It is good for [one] Persia issues a decree offering financial children] and others who could and educate others]…. When the holy who frees us from the world, is truth. He is who grows and is thus taken away from and moral support to Ezra and his fellow participate in the [worship] of YHWH. church finds that [our catechists] are the way, too, wherein this man wishes to milk, but the same is hurtful for one who Jews (7.11-26). Ezra blesses the king for In his hands he carried official sound in faith and action, it is as if, on be quickened, for He is also the life: Jn is still upon his mother's breast. We must his generosity (7.27-28). Those authorization of King Artaxerxes I of weighing the vessels that we offer in the 14.6 are His own words…. If it be a vain therefore beware, my brethren, and be accompanying Ezra-a descendent of the Persia to appoint judges and enforce temple through the hands of the priests, thing to do good works for the sake of fearful, lest anyone be taken away from High Priest Aaron-are named (8.1-20). the law of the God of Heaven. We do [the Church] discovers them to be both of men's praises, how much more vain for the Ps 128, 129, milk before [their] time…. Let [them] not 10-Feb 1 Ezra 7-8 Ezra leads a fast and prayer before not know how he obtained that pure metal and of perfect weight…. [This sake of getting money, or increasing it, or 130 (129, 130, therefore wish to lift up [their souls], starting the journey, which is concluded authorization; he may have been the indicates that the teachers] … themselves retaining it, and any other temporal 131) when perchance [they are] not fit to take safely (8.21-32). The holy objects and highest official of the Jewish are strong in faith, sublime in hope and advantage which comes to us from meat, but let [them] fulfil the silver and gold are placed in the Temple; community in Babylon and fervent in love and show that their hearers outside?... God establishes His word, so commandments of humility…. Do not and appropriate sacrifices are offered to represented his people before the … stand out as though they were vessels that they may fear Him in those to whom seek out the things that are too hard for the Lord (8.33-35). The governors in king…. In Babylon [Ezra] and other consecrated to God though the spiritual He gives the spirit of the fear of Him…." you, and do not search for things that are Judah follow King Artaxerxes' instructions leaders of the Jewish community had gifts in themselves…." The humility of St Augustine is a model for above your strength, that is, the things to help the returning Jews (8.36). no doubt been involved in the each of us. you are not as yet fit to understand." preservation of the scrolls on which was written the law of Moses…." [p. 177].
Ezra is informed that "the people of Goldberg and Rayner write: "Two None. Of Ps 118/119.62 John Chrysostom Anderson writes: "Although this The opening verses of Ps 132 (133) are Israel and the priests and Levites have months after his arrival in Jerusalem, preached: "Let us condition ourselves to experience of [exile] seemed bitter to spoken by every Orthodox deacon, priest not separated themselves" from the … Ezra read to the assembled people not be easily distracted from the task of many at the time, they came to realize that and bishop in vesting prayers as they pagan people of the land, with the men from the law … from daybreak until approaching God constantly with our in it God was working for good. As robe with the stole. Horsiesi, a 4th marrying their women, and the women noon, and his assistants translated the prayers day and night, especially at night. prophets like Hosea prophesied, Yahweh century monk, writes: "We read … in the marrying their men (9.1-2). Ezra is Hebrew text into Aramaic, so that Night is the time when there is no one to led the people of Israel into the wilderness- Acts of the Apostles 4.32-33. The appalled, fasts, tears his garments and everyone could fully understand. The hinder us, when there is great peace of not just the desert but the 'wasteland' of psalmist is in agreement with these pulls hair from his head and his beard response of the crowds was mind, when there is complete repose…. I despair-in order to speak to their heart[s]. words when he says: 'Behold how good (9.3-5). He prays and asks forgiveness immediate. They were moved to bitter mean, if blessed David, king … as well as Had it been possible to bypass this journey- and pleasant it is when brothers dwell in from the Lord who has left "a remnant tears as they realized how abjectly inspired author and beset with so many this new pilgrimage 'round about by way unity!'… We know that the cross of our and [given] us a secure hold within his they had neglected their religious worries… could say v. 62, what should we of the wilderness' [Ex 13.18]-Israel's life is also the foundation of our doctrine Ps 131, 132,133 11-Feb 1 Ezra 9 holy place" (9.6-14a). Ezra concludes his heritage…. Ezra now moved against … say who … do not even do the same as political situation might have been better and that 'we must share Christ's prayer: "[Be not] angry with us … [and] serious violations … [especially] the he?... Through these prayers [David] was at the time, but its faith would have been (132,133, 134) sufferings' (Rom 8.17), and we must consume us, so that there should be no high rate of intermarriage [with the successful in wars…. He enjoyed, you see, immeasurably impoverished. For although realize that without trials and difficulties remnant, nor any to escape. O LORD the pagan population]…. Ezra induced the an invincible weapon, an ally from on high the nation had been robbed and no one attains victory. 'Happy the one God of Israel, thou art just, for we are conscience-stricken people to propose sufficient not merely for battles conducted plundered by conquerors, Israel's who endures trial' (see Acts 14.22), for left a remnant that has escaped, as at themselves that such marriages by human beings but also for the cohorts experience of historical tragedy fertilized when he has proved himself, he shall this day. Behold, we are before thee in should be terminated. Three months of demons." Morning prayer is also and deepened [its] religious receive the crown of life' (Jas 1.12)." our guilt, for none can stand before thee later a commission appointed by Ezra essential, as St John notes. understanding" [p. 467]. because of this" [9.14b-15]. completed its investigations and all mixed marriages were dissolved" [p. 56]. The 10 chapters of 2 Ezra are not part of Bede writes: "The ancient histories … None. Anderson writes: "On arriving in Potok writes: "Just as the first exodus Because God created the world and all the canon of Protestant or Roman relate that Cyrus, king of the Persians, Jerusalem, Ezra's first task as to ensure the [from Egypt] about eight hundred years things within it (v. 7), Maximus of Turin Catholic Bibles. See after [joining] with Darius, king of the strength of the family, an institution which earlier had brought on a culture war urges: "What human being, then, would https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra for Medians, destroyed the empire of the has always been fundamentally important between their ancestors and the not blush [that is, be ashamed] to end clarification of the numbering and Babylonians and killed their last king, for maintaining a sense of Jewish identify Canaanites so would this second exodus the day without praying the Psalms, presentation of Ezra. This OT Study Guide Balthazar, and razed and ransacked and for preserving the traditions of Israel. bring on a similar war between their when the birds themselves burst out with follows The OSB approach. However, as their capital. And therefore, Cyrus, Accordingly, he took stern measures descendants and the civilization of tribes the sweetness of the Psalter in order to the content has been covered in both knowing that the kingdom of Israel against intermarriage with foreigners, that had settled … along the north central give pleasure…. Imitate, then, the Kings (Kingdoms) and Chronicles had been entrusted to him by God, as especially mixed marriages involving non- rim of the Mediterranean-… [comprising] smallest birds, brother, by giving thanks (Paraleipomenon) this Study Guide will soon as he defeated [the Babylonians Jewish women. His authority for executing the villages and city-states of Greece. In to the Creator morning and evening. And focus primarily on key themes and the who] had captured the people of this unpopular policy was derived from the latter half of the sixth century BCE if you are more devout, imitate the 12-Feb 2 Ezra 1-3 insights of the Church Fathers. 2 Ezra Israel and kept them in bondage, gave two sources. First, he had the backing of Athens and Jerusalem and their Ps 134 (135) nightingale which, since the day alone is begins with the Persian king Cyrus' order the Israelites permission to return to the Persian government in the surrounding territories were small in size, not sufficient for praise, runs through the to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem (1.1- their homeland and to rebuild the appointment of judges and magistrates about one thousand square miles, and in night hours with wakeful song. And you, 11). A census is taken of those returning house of their God…. [and Cyrus] who enforced the decree; second, and population, about thirty or forty thousand then, binding the day together with your to Judea (2.1-70). The Feast of testified by public voice that he who is more fundamentally he appealed to people. Beginning in 540 BCE, both lands praises, add the course of the night to Tabernacles is observed (3.1-7). The the God of Israel was truly the maker tradition going back to Moses and experienced generations of creative your work and lighten the sleepless work of rebuilding the Temple begins of all kingdoms." It should be noted specifically to Israel's obligations as a cultural achievement and bitter political activity of the toil that you have taken up (3.8-13). that Cyrus encouraged all the peoples people of the covenant" [pp. 527-528]. failure" [p. 155]. with a series of psalms…." he captured to continue to worship their gods.
As set out earlier, there is opposition to Potok writes: "Ezra arrived in None. Bickerman writes: "The Jews of the Bickerman continues: "Of still greater Augustine writes of v. 13 ("To him that the rebuilding of the Temple (4.1-24). Jerusalem as the Royal Secretary for Restoration, like [people] of every significance was another innovation: how divided the Red Sea into parts"): "He also However, this is defeated with the the Law of the God of Heaven; we generation, were entangled in the Torah came to be taught 'throughout … [established that the] same baptism support of King Darius, who reaffirms the today might call him Minister of State contradictions and in conflicting patterns all the cities of Judah' (2 Ch 17.9). Before should be to some unto life, to others earlier order of King Cyrus (5.1-6.14). for Jewish Affairs. He brought with of real life. They were convinced that God the priests had kept to themselves the unto death…. So too He brings out His Elias Bickerman writes in From Ezra to him a royal letter that placed the law set them apart from the nations (Lev decision on matters of ritual and of renewed people through the laver [that the Last of the Maccabees of how of YHWH on the same level as the law 20.24), but they called Him the God of morals…. But the democratization of the is, the bowl used for washing in the "startling for the ancient world was the of the Persian monarch. Offenders Heaven, which was the title of instruction in the Law in the fourth century Tabernacle and the Temple] of idea of proselytism, the appeal to the were threatened with imprisonment, Ahuramazda, the deity of their Persian opened the way to the coming of the regeneration. He quickly destroys both nations to join themselves to the Lord, seizure of possessions, exile, death. rulers…. The Jews imagined that they were scribe, and … compromised the supremacy the sin of His people and the guilt thereof 13-Feb 2 Ezra 4-6 which began with … Isaiah and was The authority of the Jewish scribe Ezra living according to the Law of Moses, [but] of the priest. From now on, the superiority Ps 135 (136) by baptism…, Us too, He leads through repeated by later prophets again and was derived from a pagan king. In the synagogue, unknown to the Torah, of learned argument over authoritative the drought and barrenness of this again… [see Zech 8.23]. So, the postexilic Babylonia he and other leaders of the became a fundamental part of their decree prevailed. The First Psalm presents world…. From us, too, He smites and community establishes the new and Jewish community had no doubt been devotional life. So 'the congregation of the as the model of happiness not the slays the deadly powers of the really revolutionary principle: 'Thus says involved in the preservation of the Lord' became … basic [to] the nation and a officiating priests in the Temple, but rather devil….[Basan [v. 20] means confusion]. the Lord: My house shall be called a scrolls on which was written the law Jerusalemite could not imagine … [a king] the Sage who meditates on the Torah day 'For in our humiliation the Lord house of prayer for all peoples" (Is 56.7)" of Moses-the Greeks would one day acting otherwise than in agreement with and night…" [pp. 17-18]. remembered us' (v.23) … 'And redeemed [pp. 19-20]. call that law the constitution of the the Holy Community" [pp. 16-17]. us from our enemies' (v. 24) by the blood Jews." [p. 177]. of His only-begotten Son…." 2 Ezra continues to follow 1 Ezra closely, Of 1 Ezra 7.6 Bede writes: "Now, Ezra Bede writes: "By his name … which means Bede writes: "Ezra fittingly arranged that Athanasius writes: "When death reigned, with chapter 7 covering Ezra's return to … having restored the Law that had 'helper,' Ezra … was a figure of the Lord, before he began so great a journey, he 'By the waters of Babylon, there we sat Jerusalem as set out in 1 Ezra 8. The been destroyed, rewrote not only the since Ezra led back … the people from the might carefully provide for himself a down and we wept' (v. 1a)…. But now families who returned with Ezra are Law but also … the whole sequence of captivity [in Babylon] to Jerusalem and at sufficient supply of ministers of God's that death and the kingdom of the devil listed (2 Ezra 8.1-20). Before leaving sacred Scripture that had likewise the same time conveyed money and house in order to carry out those things is abolished, everything is entirely filled Babylon, Ezra proclaims a fast (8.21-23) been destroyed by fire, in accordance vessels consecrated to God for the glory of that were necessary for the needs of the with joy and gladness. And God is no and assigns responsibility to named with the way that seemed to him to his temple….The fact that Ezra … [and the temple when he arrived in Jerusalem." Of longer known only in Judea, but in all the leaders to deliver specific gifts and holy meet the needs of readers." We will Jews go] up from Babylon … signifies the 1 Ezra 8.17-20 Bede writes: "It is worth earth…. [Therefore,] … we should articles to the Temple (8.24-30). They never know precisely how much of the merciful provision of our Redeemer [Jesus noting here that … as a result of the approach such a feast … [having] put on arrive safely in Jerusalem, pause to pray Law of Moses Ezra rewrote; but Bede Christ] by which appearing in the flesh, he captivity [of the Israelites] by the Assyrians our Lord Jesus (cf. Rom 13.14)…. Israel of 14-Feb 2 Ezra 7-8 for three days and then place the gifts is making an important point-that entered into the 'confusion' of this world and [Babylonians], the descendants of Ps 136 (137) old, having first, as in a figure [that is, a and holy articles in the Temple (8.31-35). writing for a different generation (or though he himself was free from the Israel have reached as far as the region of form in outline], striven for the victory, The officials in Jerusalem support them culture) requires a translation that can confusion of sins so that, when he Casiphia, since Ezra sent to that place for came to the feast, for these things were (8.36). Bede's reflections in the Historical communicate to new listeners and returned, he might free us from all ministers of the Lord's house to be brought then foreshadowed and typified [in the Context of this OT Study Guide are based new readers. This "translation" is not a 'confusion' and lead us with him into the to him." Casiphia (or Hamath) is in the far OT and then revealed in the NT]. But … in part on apocryphal sources. linguistic challenge, but a cultural one restfulness of celestial 'peace.' north of Babylon. let us go beyond the types, and sing a that all of us also face in reading and new song of praise." praying the Bible and studying the Church Fathers.
The emphasis upon the Law is far Anderson writes: "During the early Bede writes: "The silver and gold and the Goldberg and Rayner write: "Ezra was Of v. 2 Augustine writes: "What is the stronger in 1 Ezra than in 2 Ezra, where centuries of the Christian era, the vessels that were being sent from Babylon venerated by succeeding generations as place where God is to be worshipped?... the concluding chapters focus on how standard text (called the Masora or to Jerusalem designate souls that are second only to Moses, the original 'The temple of God is holy,' says the the Israelites have intermarried with 'tradition') was meticulously converted to the Lord …. So it is fitting that lawgiver…. Pause here and consider the Apostle [St Paul], 'and that temple you foreigners and that those intermarriages preserved by Jewish scholars known Ezra entrusts vessels of this kind to the nature of the reforms that Ezra instituted. are' (1 Cor 3.17b). But assuredly,… God must now be dissolved. As the marriages as the Masoretes, who counted the priests to convey them to Jerusalem, It must be remembered that the dwells in the angels. Therefore, when our were long-standing with many children, words in order to be sure that no one because all who desire to join the repopulated Judean state was in no sense joy, being in spiritual things, not in this would have been an extremely would ever add or take away a single community of the holy church must be a restored Davidic kingdom. It was a earthly, takes up a song to God, to sing painful experience for many people of all one…. [This count] indicated that the washed in baptism and consecrated to the dependency of the Persian empire, before the angels, that very assembly of ages, but the Biblical accounts in both 1 exact middle of the account of Ezra Lord through the hands of priests. Equally, granted that degree of religious and angels is the temple of God; we worship 15-Feb 2 Ezra 9-10 and 2 Ezra focus on the necessity of and Nehemiah was at what we would those who by sinning have been drawn administrative autonomy characteristic of Ps 137 (138) toward God's temple. There is a Church repentance, rather than the emotional designate as Nehemiah 3.32. This … is away from the church's fellowship into the Persian rule; but it was impotent-unlike below; there is a Church above also. The trauma. As the Israelites were the only the middle of … the single book Ezra- devil's servitude… and the captivity of the the pre-586 kingdom-to pursue its own Church below is in all the faithful; the people in the world worshipping God at Nehemiah, which was one scroll.... king of Babylon, must be reconciled to the foreign policy…. [The] Temple had been Church above, in all the angels…. 'I will this time, intermarriage with Canaanites Since we are dealing with a single holy church by doing penance through the rebuilt. But this was no triumphant worship towards thy holy temple.' I and other cultures threatened the book, we can understand why the office of a priest…." expression of the might and potency of mean, not the temple made with hands, survival of true worship. story of Ezra is found partly in our Israel's national God, as the first Temple but that which Thou [Jesus Christ] hast book of Ezra and partly in Nehemiah had been" [p. 57]. made for Thyself." (Neh 7.73b-10.39)" [pp. 510-511]. Hanani (or Hananiah) is probably Biblical scholars disagree whether Ezra Bede writes: "We have plainly learned Of Nehemiah's inspection of Jerusalem in Of vv. 5-6 Basil preached: "In truth, to Nehemiah's brother who governed or Nehemiah arrived first in from the teaching of Isaiah how Cyrus, the 2.11-13 Bede writes: "He wanders around know oneself seems to be the hardest of Jerusalem between Nehemiah's first and Jerusalem. The traditional view is that first king of the Persians, represents a inspecting the various parts of the things. Not only our eye … does not use second terms as governor (1.1-2) [See Ezra came first, but an alternative figure of the Lord Savior because he ended devastated city and examines carefully in the sense of sight on itself, but even our NASB notes on 1.2 and 7.2]. Nehemiah, view is that Nehemiah came first. The the captivity of the people of God and his mind how each of these should be mind, which contemplates another's sin, who is in Babylon, learns of the distress NASB notes follow the traditional decreed that the temple be restored (see repaired. Similarly, it is fitting for spiritual is slow in the recognition of its own of the Jews in Jerusalem and prays to view: "As the [Biblical] text stands, Is 44.28; Ezra 1.1-4). So too, we can teachers also to get up regularly at night defects. Therefore, even … our speech, God (1.3-11). Nehemiah's prayers are Ezra arrived before Nehemiah and properly take the successor of this same and inspect with careful scrutiny the state after eagerly investigating matters answered, as King Artaxerxes agrees they are found together in Neh 8.9 (at empire, Artaxerxes, who with the same of the holy church while others are resting, pertaining to others, is slow and hesitant Nehemiah should go to Jerusalem, the reading of the Law) and in Neh devotion ordered that the city of so that they might vigilantly investigate in the examination of its own nature. Yet 16-Feb Nehemiah 1-3 bringing timber to rebuild the walls of 12.26, 36 (at the dedication of the Jerusalem be rebuilt, as a type of the Lord, how they might repair and rebuild through Ps 138 (139) … [by] intelligently examining [oneself, Jerusalem and the Temple (2.1-8). wall). Ezra and Nehemiah were who builds a city for himself from living [recovering] those things that have been one can] learn to know God better…. [So Nehemiah journeys to Jerusalem and written in a form of late Hebrew with stones (that is, the one church made for all defiled or destroyed in it by the warfare of Basil retranslates verse 6 as:] 'Your finds the walls of the city in ruins and the exception of Ezra 4.8-6.18, 7.12- the elect) through the service of sins. Jerusalem's wall lies in in ruins, and knowledge is become wonderful from urges the people to begin to rebuild (2.9- 26, which were written in Aramaic, preachers. Thus it is appropriate that the the way of life of the faithful is soiled by myself;' that is, having carefully observed 18). (Numerous archeological the international language during the name Artaxerxes means 'a light that tests earthly and base desires…." myself, I have understood the excavations have confirmed the ruins.) Persian period…. Ezra evidently found silently.'" superabundance of wisdom in you." The High Priest Eliashib and the people these documents in Aramaic and begin the work (3.1-32). copied them" [pp. 633, 637].
The local non-Judean officials oppose the Potok writes: "The tenuous existence Bede writes of 4.6-9: "The sole refuge Of 4.16-23 Bede writes: "David and Athanasius writes of "the wicked" as work on the wall and threaten to kill the of this small restored community [in against all enemies of the church is … Solomon were building this same city … demons: "Now these demons, if they see Judeans (4.1-8; 2.19-20). However, Judea]-[facing] continued harassment prayer to God and the zeal of teachers, [which had been] destroyed [because of] all Christians … making progress, first Nehemiah prays for the protection of the from the Samaritans in the north, who meditating … on the law, fortify the wrongdoings [of the people, but was then] attack by attempting to place stumbling Lord, and the people fight back (4.9-23). sporadic drought, increasing hearts of the faithful against the attacks of restored…. The spiritual edifice … [of the] blocks … of filthy thoughts in their way…. The local officials have been charging intermarriages that resulted in the devil and his soldiers by preaching, salvation of souls, is such that, as soon as But there is no need for us to fear…. excessive rates of interest on loans (i.e., children who knew nothing of YHWH- consoling and exhorting." Of 4.15 Bede we are reborn in baptism through the faith Through prayer and fasting and faith in usury) and then taking the people's land had brought on a mood of fearful writes: "In the spiritual edifice too, if we and confession of the Holy Trinity, we are the Lord the demons immediately fall. and their children as slaves, so Nehemiah uncertainty, a dread of mixing with are clothed with apostolic armor (Ephes made, through God's grace, his city and Having fallen, however, they do not stop stops these illegal practices (5.1-19). The outsiders, a hunger to win back the 6.10-18) the stratagem of the devil and his house…; but if after our [baptism] we fall but advance once more with deceit and 17-Feb Nehemiah 4-6 local officials plot to kill Nehemiah, but favor of YHWH by rigid obedience to angels who desire to subdue us will be back into sins through the devil's seduction Ps 139 (140) cunning. Since they have been unable to he avoids them (6.1-10) and ignores the covenant law. The golden world foiled." Of 6.16-19 Bede writes: "So too in and [he] demolishes the defenses of our deceive the heart openly through filthy words of a false prophet (6.11-14). The promised by the [earlier] prophets the holy church, when the sturdy structure virtue with the fire of the vices, it is pleasure, they renew their attacks on us wall is completed; "and all the nations became a distant vision; the real of charity, self-restraint, peace and the necessary for us to repair those buildings by … fabricating apparitions…. round about us were afraid … for they world was gray, bleak. YHWH rest of the virtues is erected, unclean of good works that we have lost through Nevertheless, we need have no fear of perceived that this work had been remained displeased with His people. spirits grow afraid and their temptation … more serious efforts of prayer, their apparitions … especially if each accomplished with the help of our God" Only by doing His will could the people is repelled and makes our victory all the mortification, vigils, alms and a stricter person protects [themselves] with faith (6.15-19). bridge the silence between greater." life…." and the sign of the cross." themselves and their God" [p. 178]. Nehemiah makes sure the gates of Goldberg and Rayner write: Bede writes: "Even today … according to Potok writes: "Abruptly … Ezra the scribe Of v. 5 Augustine wrote to Jerome: "If Jerusalem are carefully guarded (7.1-4). "Nehemiah's social programme had the spiritual meaning, the construction of appeared again in Jerusalem after you have time to read [this], please be A NASB note on 7.3 explains that the found its realization in Ezra's religious the holy city should be followed by divine fourteen years of silence. Either he had completely candid and merciless in your gates are not opened until later in the reforms. The law, accepted by the reading … because it is necessary that been in Jerusalem … working in the criticism. [These verses mean to me] that day "to prevent the enemy from making people in solemn covenant before when a people has been initiated into the background to complete the editing of … the real friend heals me by [their] a surprise attack before most of the Yahweh, became the constitution of heavenly sacraments they should also … be the law of Moses, or he had gone back to criticism, but the false friend merely people are up." Nehemiah orders a the people. In future, the carefully instructed [on] … how they Babylon and now came to Jerusalem when flatters me. I cannot be a fair critic of my census (7.5) which Bede suggests is so distinguishing characteristic of a Jew should live…. It is a holy day of the Lord for he learned that the walls had been rebuilt. own work because I am either too strict that "he might be able to determine would be neither nationality, nor us when we take pains to hear and carry The Persians encouraged codification and or not strict enough. For I sometimes see which [people] should dwell in the city of ethnic origin nor even participation in out his words…. However much outwardly publication [of the laws of their subject my own faults, but I would rather hear a Jerusalem and which in the other cities." the Temple; it would be acceptance we have endured the obstacles of peoples]-one of the ways you published better judge, just in case I begin to flatter 18-Feb Nehemiah 7-9 7.6-73 is set out in Ezra 2. It is of note of, and adherence to, the law of tribulations, we should be 'rejoicing in something in the ancient world was by Ps 140 (141) myself after a harsh bit of self-criticism, that women and older children gather to Moses. The fusion of peoplehood and hope' (Rom 12.12) in keeping with the reading it aloud before people-…. [The because I decide I am too hard on hear the reading of the Law (8.1-4; see religion was achieved. Henceforth, apostle saying in 2 Cor 6.10. On this day Persians] were tolerant of all faiths but myself." Augustine also cited Prov 9.8 NASB notes]. Ezra reads the Law to all whether its followers were gathered we are also [told to] eat [rich] food and wished to have them disciplined by law … ("Reprove a wise man and he will love the people (8.5-12); the Feast of Booths in one land or scattered over the drink sweet wine, that is, to rejoice over to lessen the possibility of quarrels and you") which was preceded by "Do not is restored (8.13-18); and the people globe, whether persecuted or the abundance of good action bestowed insurrection. Even the Egyptians, for whom reprove a scoffer [that is, one who has confess their sins (9.1-5). Ezra blesses the tolerated, the survival of Judaism had on us by God and over the very sweetness pharaoh was god and law, codified their contempt for others and jeers at them], Lord, citing the history of His dealing with been secured" [pp. 56-57]. The Jewish of hearing God's word." laws at about this time" [p. 178]. or he will hate you." His people (9.6-38). authors consider later what they term "the Christian schism within Judaism" [pp. 75-79; 85-87].
The names of those who have signed the Anderson writes: "Syncretism [that is, Of 10.31 Bede writes: "We, too, should With reference to the power of God in Ps Of v. 3b Symeon writes: "Do not run covenant with the Lord are given (10.1- accepting and merging different always keep a spiritual sabbath, … should 134/135.5, John of Damascus writes: "If looking for monks of renown…. If by the 27). The obligations that the people have religions and philosophies] … always make time for and consider that then the Word of God is quick and grace of God you have found a spiritual accepted are explained (10.28-39). The [challenged Israel during] the the Lord is God, so that after such a energizing, and the Lord did all that He father, tell him your thoughts, to him people outside of Jerusalem are now occupation of Canaan. During the Exile Sabbath, when we have been freed from willed, if He said, Let there be light and alone; if you have not [found a spiritual urged to return and many do so (11.1- … the problem was intensified. And in the sins of conscience we may come to the there was light (cf. Gen 1.3), … if the father] raise your eyes constantly to 36). The priests and Levites who have the post-exilic period the threat of sabbath of future glory in heaven. But the heavens were established by the Word of Christ and always view Him as the one returned to Judea with Zerubbabel are cultural assimilation persisted, peoples of the land seek a way to profane the Lord and all the host of them by the spectator of your despondency and listed, but the Ezra listed in 12.1 is not especially with Alexander the Great's our sabbath by bringing in all sorts of breath of His mouth (cf. Ps 32.6), if the affliction…. Send me a man who knows the prophet Ezra (12.1-26) [See the note … effort to absorb all religious and things to sell us on the holy day because heaven and the earth, water and fire and You [i.e., Christ], [so] that by entirely in the NASB]. The practices to be cultural differences into the synthesis unclean spirits try hard to pollute the air and the whole glory of these, and by submitting to his service … and by followed in worship in the Temple are known as Hellenism…. [But] Israel … cleanness of our hearts; and once they grace the most noble creature, man, were fulfilling Your will by doing his, I may 19-Feb Nehemiah 10-12 explained and followed (12.27-47). creatively transformed what was have received the payment of our consent, perfected by the Word of the Lord, if God Ps 141 (142) please You, the only God, and be "Josephus … asserts: 'But Nehemiah, borrowed from others into a vehicle they heap on the enticements of the vices the Word of His own will became man and awarded Your kingdom, even I, a sinner." seeing that the city had a small for expressing its own faith…. in order to defile the day of greatest the pure and undefiled blood of the holy ACCS OT VIII, p. 452 writes of Symeon the population, urged the priests and Levites [Despite] the narrow theological focus holiness …. But we should shun entirely and ever-virginal One made His flesh New Theologian (c. 949-1022): "He to leave the countryside and move to the of Judaism under Nehemiah and merchandise of this sort within the walls of without the aid of seed, can He not then believed that the divine light could be city [of Jerusalem] and remain there' Ezra…. it was this circumscribed our closed-off city, that is, with the make the bread His body and wine and perceived and received through the [cited by NASB note for 11.1]. community that preserved the protection of a more perfected life." water His blood?" practice of mental prayer." spiritual heritage which eventually burst forth with transforming power upon nations and cultures…." [p. 533]. Nehemiah had been King Artaxerxes Nehemiah's "motive throughout his Bede writes: "You also, whatever infidelity Ezra and Nehemiah were both profoundly Bishop Nikolai Velimirovich's words in trusted cup bearer, who tasted his food ministry was to please and to serve his or uncleanness you discover among the humble and deeply devoted to the Lord. Prayers by the Lake XLV can be linked to and wine before the king ate or drank to divine sovereign" [NASB note on faithful, immediately cast it out so that Augustine writes: "Wouldst thou v. 4: "Where can shadows dance except avoid poison; and the king had only 13.31]. Goldberg and Rayner write: "In after the hearts of believers (which are the comprehend the height of God? First in light? Is this light not my mind? Would released him reluctantly to go to the century between Ezra[/Nehemiah] Lord's storerooms, since they are full of comprehend the lowliness of God…. Be the shadows not gradually grow smaller Jerusalem on condition that he promised and Alexander the Great, then, this the riches of the virtues), have been humble for thine own sake, seeing that to the degree that the light of the mind to return. He did indeed return, but again tiny, reconstituted people-not worth a purified, the vessels of the Lord may be God … [humbled himself] for thy sake grows stronger? Yet is not my mind persuaded the king to let him go back to second glance in terms of political brought in-that is to say, those same too…. It was pride that caused the fall of nothing more than a frail shadow of the Jerusalem (13.6). No Ammonite or importance-was engaged in an hearts that just before were vessels of Lucifer and Adam. [Considering] … the mind of God? Alas for me if my mind- Moabite was to the enter the Temple astonishing explosion of religious error through sin may again become ways of God … the first is humility, the after it is separated from the body … is to (13.1-3), but Eliashib the priest had activity and self-definition, as well as vessels of the Lord through correction, and second is humility, and the third is still be left alone in eternity with such a permitted the Ammonite Tobiah to live in literary activity. The prophetic oracles let the sacrifice of good works and the humility…. [There are] other precepts to terrifying tapestry!... O my King [Christ], I 20-Feb Nehemiah 13 the Temple (13.4-5). On his return, of Joel, Zechariah and Malachi were incense of praise be found …(see Jer give, but if humility does not precede all Ps 142 (143) hear your mysterious whisper, and I Nehemiah immediately expelled Eliashib composed shortly before Ezra [and 7.11)…. Clearly, we ought to compare this that we do, our efforts are fruitless." The understand; I see Your light, and I from the Temple (13.7-9). The singers Nehemiah]'s ministry; subsequently, zeal of Nehemiah with that of the Lord Roman Catholic Carmelite nun, Teresa of comprehend (cf. Jn 8.12). And when I and Levites had not been paid and were the historical narratives of 1 and 2 Savior, when finding vendors and buyers in Avila (1515-1582) wrote: "Humility must understand and comprehend, joy brings not exercising their duties, so Nehemiah Chron the religious lyrics of the book the Temple, he made a whip from cords always be doing its work like a bee making tears to my eyes, and I cry: 'My salvation restored their payments (13.10-14) and of Psalms, the Wisdom literature of and drove them all outside (see Mt 21.12; its honey in the hive: without humility all is in my Lord!'" [cited by Manley-P, p. ensured that the sabbath was celebrated Proverbs, the profoundly questioning Jn 2.14-15). Nehemiah, in this as in his will be lost." 598]. properly (13.15-22). Marriages with non- book of Job and the love poems of the other undertakings, aptly conveyed a type Jews were again forbidden (13.23-30). Song of Songs, were all written, or of true consoler and cleanser." received their final form, in the Persian period" [p. 59].
Tobit is taken by Shalmaneser, king of Sever J. Voicu, Editor of ACCS, OT XV None. Tobit is about to celebrate a feast Bede writes: "Orders were given by the Of v. 1 Augustine preached: "There is a Assyria from his home in Thisbe into Apocrypha notes that it is not clear with his wife Anna and his son Tobias king that Tobit be killed … but he with his war a person wages with himself, captivity in Nineveh (1.1-2). Tobit alone precisely when the Book of Tobit was when he learns that a Judean has been son and wife fled…. And the devil did his engaging evil desire, curbing greed, goes each year to worship in Jerusalem composed but "it could be as early as killed and his body "thrown into the utmost to bring about the spiritual death crushing pride, stifling ambition, and gives the prescribed tithes to the the second century B.C." The Greek marketplace" (2.1-6). He again buries the of the people of God through idolatry and slaughtering lust. You fight these battles priests (1.2-8). He marries Anna; and text poses challenges with its "three body and remains outside his home strip them of all the riches of their virtues in secret, and [then] you do not lose they have a son Tobias (1.9). Tobit looks different forms, one of which because he is unclean, but a sparrow drops but could not because there were many them in public!... It is for love of this healthy although he does not eat "the corresponds to the Qumran toilet into his eyes, blinding Tobit; (2.7-10). holy teachers among them who made world … that people slave away at all food of the Gentiles;" and Shalmaneser fragments." Furthermore, "there are Anna is given a goat, but Tobit believes the provision for their life and salvation." Of their affairs. But as for you, make sure makes him "his buyer of provisions" (1.10- considerable differences between the goat has been stolen and does not believe 3.17 Bede writes: "The reason why the you slave away at all your good works, 15). When Shalmaneser finds out that Vulgate and the Septuagint, his wife, causing an argument (2.11-14). Lord's holy angel Raphael (which means not for love of this world but for the sake Tobit has been secretly burying many particularly in the first chapters." The Tobit weeps, prays, and asks to die (3.1-6). 'the healing of God') was sent was to rid of the eternal rest that God promises 21-Feb Tobit 1-3 Judeans whom Shalmaneser had killed, most comprehensive exegesis is from On the same day, Sarah, the daughter of Tobit of blindness and Sarah of the demon. Ps 143 (144) you." Of v. 15 Augustine writes: ""Happy he tries to kill Tobit, so Tobit leaves "in Bede, whose interpretation "is largely Raguel, is unjustly accused by her maids of The Lord, who says of himself, 'It is not the people whose God is the LORD.' That fear" with his wife and son (1.16-20). allegorical" and focuses on "the role having killed seven husbands (3.7-9). Like those who are well that need the physician we may belong to that people and that Shalmaneser is killed by two of his sons. attributed to Israel in the transmission Tobit, she prays to God and asks to die but those who are ill' (Mt 9.12), was sent we may be able to attain to Tobit's nephew, Ahikar, the king's of the OT to the nations … [as well as (3.10-15). God sends the angel Raphael to into the world to redeem both the Jewish contemplation of him and to eternal life cupbearer, intercedes for him; and Tobit on] Israel's future conversion. An heal Tobit's eyes and "to give Sarah …in people from the darkness of unbelief and with him; 'The end of the commandment returns to Nineveh (1.21-27). [continued important element in the exegesis of marriage to Tobias … and to bind the Gentiles from the bondage of idolatry." is charity from a pure heart and a good under NT References] the book is the consideration of the Asmodeus the evil demon" (3.16- conscience and an unfeigned faith (1 Tim nature and role of angels as executors 1.5). 'Faith … and hope and charity' (1 Cor of the Lord's commands" [p. xxv]. 13.13) lead the praying soul to God…." Tobit instructs his son Tobias about how Raphael explains to Tobias that the Several Church Fathers link these chapters Potok writes: "Out of the confrontation V. 3 can be linked to Augustine's to live (4.2-19). These instructions heart and liver of the fish will drive of Tobit to Mt 7.12, 12.35, 25.21, 19.9, with Hellenism came apocalyptic literature- Confessions 1.1: "I shall look for you, contain "a negative formulation of the away demons and evil spirits, while 22.39; Mk 10.18, 12.31; Lk 6.45, 8.15, Jn the word apocalypse means revelation in Lord, by praying to you, and as I pray I golden rule" [Goldberg and Rayner, pp. the gill of the fish (which extracts 1.14, 10.16, 15.11, 15.26; Rom 1.17, 9.5, Greek. This literature flourished from the shall believe in you…. It is my faith that 297-298]: "What you hate, do not do to oxygen from the surrounding water) 10.16; Eph 1.22-23, 5.23; Col 1.15; Heb second century B.C.E. to the second calls to you Lord, the faith that you gave any one" (4.15). While stressing that will heal his father's blindness (6.6-9). 2.14. Bede writes: "The huge fish, which … century C.E. and gave expression to the me…. Of v. 14 ("the LORD upholds all "you have great wealth if you fear God," As they approach the home of Raguel, was killed by Tobias on the angel's Jewish yearning for the renewal of who are falling, and raises up all who are Tobit tells Tobias of "money which he Tobias' close friend in Media, Raphael instructions, represents the ancient prophecy at the end of days which each bowed down") Leo preached: "Whoever had left in trust with Gagiel at Rages in tells Tobias of Raguel's beautiful devourer of the human race, that is, the generation of writers believed would come finds the healing of correction to be Media" (4.1, 20-21). Tobias goes to daughter Sarah, and that he is her devil…. The Lord seized hold of the devil very soon. It was a time beyond history difficult should flee to the mercy of God retrieve the money, with the angel nearest relative and will marry her and by dying caught and conquered the when awesome cosmic forces would wage for help and beg that the chains of evil Raphael as his companion, but "Tobias (6.10-14); and they will both be one who wanted to catch him in death…. a terrifying war, the natural world would habit should be broken away from them, 22-Feb Tobit 4-7 does not know" his companion is an protected from the demon (6.15-17). Now, just as our Lord is the head of his suffer upheavals, and the redeemer would Ps 144 (145) for 'the Lord lifts up all who collapse and angel (5.1-16). Tobit's wife weeps Events begin to happen as Raphael church, and the church is his body, so the come, a superhuman being who would raises up all who have been broken because of the dangers to her son in the has said; and Tobias will not eat until devil is the head of all the wicked, and all assure the final victory of good over evil…. down.'… The prayer of a believer will not face of the journey, by Tobit assures her the marriage agreement is signed (7.1- the wicked are his … members. The reason Apocalyptic literature reflected … despair be empty, since our merciful God 'will their son will be safe, "for a good angel 15). Sarah is frightened that Tobias why the Lord seized the very savage fish by in man's ability to put an end to suffering, accomplish the intentions of those who will go with him" (5.17-21). On the will be killed as were her previous the gill … [and smashed it] to pieces, [was and absolute faith in the miraculous fear him' (v. 19). He will give what has instructions of Raphael, Tobias catches seven husbands, but Sarah's mother that] he openly and boldly exposed the redeeming intervention of God. This been asked for, since he provided the and cuts open a fish, removing "the liver assures her: "Be brave, my child; the devil's capabilities in public and rescued stream of literature [was] a unique inspiration to ask it. Through our Lord and heart and gall of the fish (6.1-5) Lord of heaven and earth grant you from the power of darkness those whom creation of Jews in confrontation with Jesus Christ, living and reigning with the [continued in Historical Context]. joy in place of this sorrow of yours. Be he knew to be children of light." Hellenism and, later, with Rome…." [p. Father and the Holy Spirit forever and brave, my daughter" (7.16-18). 198]. ever."
Tobias follows Raphael's instructions and On nearing Nineveh, Raphael instructs John of Damascus writes: "The angels … Of Raphael's words in 12.8 Gaudentius Of v. 8 Gregory of Nazianzus preached the demon flees (8.1-3). Tobias and Tobias to come ahead with him and take whatever form the Lord may wrote: "It is written that fasting with that his sister Gorgonia owed her Sarah bless the Lord (8.4-9a). When to anoint Tobit's eyes with the gall of command, and thus they appear to people almsgiving is a good thing…. Perhaps you recovery to none other than to [God] …. Sarah's father, Raguel, finds they are the fish, which he does (11.1-4, 10- and reveal the divine mysteries to them. cannot fast … because you do not want to- This will provide a lesson for people in alive, he too blesses the Lord (8.9b-18). 11). Tobit's mother rejoices in his safe They live in heaven and … sing the praises [then] at least give food to someone who the future who exhibit a high degree of Raguel holds a wedding feast and gives return (11.5-9). Tobit regains his sight of God and minister to his sacred will." is hungry. You who cannot fast for three faith in the midst of suffering and Tobias half of his property, with a and holds a wedding feast (11.12-19). Augustine preached: "If some human hours past the usual hour [for a meal] can patience in calamity, but in a still higher promise that the rest of his property Tobit urges his son to give Raphael being, but also any angel, seemingly should certainly understand what someone would degree promise to the righteous 'though would be given to Tobias on his death half of what he has brought back (12.1- wish to tempt you, either through some suffer who unwillingly goes hungry he fall he shall not be utterly broken' (Ps and the death of his wife (8.19-21). 5). Raphael calls Tobit and Tobias to apparition or through a dream … don't because of [their] poverty…. Not out of 37.24/LXX 36.24) has been added [the 23-Feb Tobit 8-12 Raphael travels to see Gabael and him privately, praises the Lord, and believe him (see Gal 1.16)…. As for you, malice but out of providence has God Ps 145 (146) experience of Jesus Christ], 'though he be receives the money that has been kept reveals he is "one of the seven holy stick safely to worshiping the one God who made you rich. He intended that through utterly broken, he shall speedily be raised for Tobit (9.1-6). Tobias' mother mourns angels who present the prayers of the is Father and Son and Holy Spirit. If it is your works of mercy you would again find up and glorified.' For if her misfortune the failure of her son to return home, but saints and enter into the presence of really an angel, he will rejoice at your medicine to treat the wounds of your was unreasonable, her recovery was is comforted by her husband Tobit (10.1- the glory of the Holy One" (12.6-15). worshiping like that, but if he gets angry …. sins…. The rich man was not tormented extraordinary, so that health soon 7). Raguel agrees that Tobias and Sarah Raphael assures them "you will be then you must understand him [not to be because he was rich but because Lazarus replaced the injury and the cure became can return to Tobias' home (10.8-12) safe" and ascends "to Him who sent an angel]…." (cf. 2 Cor 11.14). suffered hunger while he banqueted (Lk more celebrated than the illness." [continued in Historical Context] me" (12.16-22). 16.19-21)." Tobit writes a prayer of rejoicing (13.1- Augustine's word in Confessions An unknown member of those around Cyprian of Carthage writes: "Be to your Of v. 3 Cassiodorus writes: If we wish to 18). He then warns Tobias and his 4.9.14 can be linked to 13.14: Augustine writes of 1 Pet 1.12 about children such a father as was Tobias…. be restored we must make ourselves grandsons that he is about to die and "Everything is loved among friends, "things into which angels long to look": Command your children … 'And now, sons, contrite [that is, deeply sorry for past sin that they should leave Nineveh, because and … the human conscience feels "Will I ever be able to see … what the I command you to serve God in truth, and and resolved to avoid future sin] in a it is about to be destroyed as the prophet guilty before itself if it does not love angels long to gaze on?…. When will I … do justice and almsgiving ….'" most vigorous way. This contrition … is Jonah has warned (14.1-4). Furthermore, one who returns the love and if it does come and appear before the face of the Athanasius writes of 14.6 ("The Gentiles aimed at renewal and leads to a full Tobit foresees that Jerusalem too will be not give love for love, seeking nothing Lord (Ps 42/41.3) … to know the joy of his will praise the Lord"): "See then what recovery.… Those skilled in techniques of destroyed and the Temple burned down, … beyond the signs of good will…. people and to glory in his inheritance (Ps human beings considered the foolishness healing … bind broken and bruised bones but that it will be rebuilt (14.5-5). Then Happy is one who loves God and his 106/105.5)? When will I see that city of of the God because of the cross (1 Cor with linen bandages…. In the same way the Gentiles "will turn to fear the Lord friend in God and his enemy because which [Tobit] said, 'Your squares, 1.18), how this has become above the heavenly physician treats the hearts 24-Feb Tobit 13-14 God in truth, and will bury their idols of God…. No one loses God unless he Jerusalem, will be paved with pure gold, anything else the most honored. For our 146 (147:1-11) of penitents when they are battered with (14.6-7). When Tobias' mother and leaves God. And, [if] he leaves God, and … in all your streets they will say, resurrection is … no longer for Israel alone, heavy affliction. He binds and father die, he buries them; and then he where can he go or flee except from 'Alleluia!' (Tb 13.17-18)? O holy city!... I but … [for] all the nations, as the prophet strengthens them by wrapping them, so and his family leave Nineveh to be with your pleasure to your ire [that is, salute you from afar…. I desire to see you has foretold [in Isa 11.10], [as they] to say, with the bandage of his devoted his father-in-law and his mother-in-law anger]? For where does he not find and to rest in you, but the flesh that holds abandon their idols and acknowledge the love and impels them to the strongest (14.8-13). Tobias dies in Media (14.14 - your law in his punishment? And 'your me back does not let me do so…." true God, the Father of Christ…." hope of recovery…." 15). law is the truth' (Ps 119/118.42) and 'you are the truth' (Jn 14.6)."
King Nebuchadnezzar invites many The book of Judith is a fictional story None. In The OT in the Eastern Orthodox Father Eugen continues: "[With] the Of vv. 12-14 Augustine preached: nations including Judea to join him in war set in Persian times [see Encyclopædia Tradition Father Eugen J. Penituc writes: introduction of the codex, scribes were "Whatever pains and difficulties we may against King Arphaxad, but they refuse Britannica: "The transition from scroll to codex format obliged to decide which books should go have endured in this world … good things (1.1-11). Nebuchadnezzar sends out a https://www.britannica.com/topic/bib [that is, a text bound in book form] around inside the binding …. [Consider also] the are coming that will not come to an end; large army and defeats Arphaxad (1.12- lical-literature/Judith#ref597885]. The the beginning of the second century C.E. confusion that exists between text and it is through toil and troubles that we 16). Then the angry Babylonian king story of how Judith cut off the head of was a necessary step toward scriptural canon. That the Eastern Orthodox Church come to them…. The gates of instructs his commander Holofernes to Holofernes, the Babylonian canonization. Since with the codex all the has always used the Greek text of the Jerusalem are closed; their bars are also lead a large army and take ruthless commander, was possibly inspired by Scriptures were located in one single Septuagint does not mean necessarily that put in place, so that it may be said to that vengeance on those who had not helped how Jael drove a tent-peg through the 'volume' (Teuchos) … it was much easier to she adopted the whole list of books (forty- city, 'Praise the Lord, Jerusalem; Zion, him earlier (2.1-13). Holofernes carries skull of Sisera in Judg 4.17-22. Judith's compare 'canons' (i.e., canonical lists) than nine or so) contained in the Septuagint as praise your God, because he has Ps 147 (147:12- 25-Feb Judith 1-4 out his king's orders even when some courage that saved her people is it had been previously when Scriptures her official canon. Unlike the Roman strengthened the bars of your gates, he countries seek peace (3.1-10). The similar to the courage of Esther that were written on scrolls and preserved Catholic Church where the extent of the 20) has blessed your children with you, he Israelites "were exceedingly afraid of also saved her people and was also set often in jars in various locations … Early canon was contoured by medieval has made peace in your borders.' The [Nebuchadnezzar] and were troubled for in Persian times. Both the Orthodox Christian authors speak of 'canonical' or manuscripts of the Vulgate, the Eastern gates being shut, the bars bolted home, Jerusalem and for the temple of the Lord and Roman Catholic Church accept the 'canonized' books, rather than a scriptural Orthodox Church … has never confounded no friend can go out, no enemy come in. their God" (4.1-3). They prepare for war, book of Judith as part of the canon of 'canon'-a single, closed collection" [p. 105]. the text with the canon, by canonizing the There [in heaven] we are to enjoy true offer sacrifices in the Temple, and pray the OT for its metaphorical meaning, particular make-up of her favorite version" and real security, if here [on earth] we fervently for peace (4.4-15). while Protestants place it in the [pp. 105, 133-134]. have not let go of true reality." Apocrypha. Holofernes is angered by the Anderson writes: "Under Uzziah, None. Father Eugen continues: "When Father Eugen continues: "If the Scripture's Gregory Nazianzus preached: preparations of the Israelites (5.1-4). The Judah reached the very peak of its Torah (Law) was seen [by Christians] as the function was 'formative,' then any addition "[Pentecost] took place in an upper Ammonite leader Achior urges him to economic and military power...-the towering element within the Jewish Bible, to the Septuagint with a certain 'formative' chamber … because those who should "pass by, lest their Lord defend them …" modernization of the army; his then everything was 'subordinated' to its outlook (e.g., Sirach) … would have been receive it were to ascend…. And Jesus (5.5-21). However, Holofernes refuses, conquests in the Philistine plain, which irresistible influence, and the entire corpus considered a candidate for 'scriptural Himself in an upper chamber gave the boasting: "Who is god but put him in control of the main was viewed as a 'formative' entity, whose status.' But if … Scripture's primary role Communion of the Sacrament to those Nebuchadnezzar?" (5.22-6.4). Holofernes commercial highways; his commercial first goal was to … form and instruct its was seen as 'informative' and Israel's who were being initiated into the higher hands Achior over to the Israelites (6.5- expansion into Arabia; his readers, hearers or (in the case of prophets were regarded as channels of mysteries, so that [it was clear] on the 13), who receive him with much joy and reconstruction of the trade-route Scripture-based iconography) beholders. In God's revelation inside history, then one hand that God must come down to 26-Feb Judith 5-7 prayer (6.14-21). Holofernes seizes the seaport city of Elath… and his contrast, when the Prophets were seen as 'Scripture' was already closed with the Ps 148 us, as … He did … to Moses, and on the springs that supply water to the city of development of agriculture…. [See 4/2 the focal point of the Jewish Bible then the activity of the last prophet, Malachi (mid- other hand that we must go up to Him…. Behulia (6.22-7.7). The commanders of Kings 15.1-7 and 2 Chron 26]…. As the remaining material was regarded as fifth century B.C.E)…. The present work For as long as either remains on its own Holofernes urge him to mount a siege, kingdom of Israel swiftly declined, 'historic,' and … the entire corpus was identifies what may be called the 'official' footing, the One in His Glory, the other in rather than a direct attack; and he agrees Judah rose to a position of power and rather considered 'informative,' revealing Eastern Orthodox position as located his lowliness, … the goodness of God (7.8-18). The Israelites are distressed and influence second only to that of the God's will and design for human history precisely at this point of tension, thus cannot mingle with us…. This was urge surrender (7.19-28), but King Uzziah era of David. The only cloud on the [p.108]. maintaining the balance between proclaimed by the prophets in … Isa 61.1, wishes to wait for five more days before horizon was the threat of Assyrian 'formative' and 'informative' tendencies in 11.2, 63.14; 4/2 Kg 2.11; Joel 2.28…. and agreeing to surrender (7.29-32). [Babylonian] imperialism" [pp. 318- approaching the Scripture" [pp. 108-109]. then afterwards by Jesus… (cf. Jn 17.1 319]. ff.).
Judith, a devout widow who prayed and Potok writes of this time when None. Father Eugen continues: "From an Father Eugen concludes: "Eastern Of v. 1a ("Praise the LORD! Sing to the fasted and "feared God greatly" heard Jeroboam II was king in the north Eastern Orthodox perspective, so Orthodox 'sacred scripture' is not primarily LORD a new song") Augustine preached: what was happening and told the elders: (Israel) and Uzziah was king in the anchored into the liturgical life of the … a static reality …-but rather a 'means' or "My brothers and sisters, my children… O "Who are you that have tempted God south (Judah and Jerusalem): "The Church, there is no need for a Pan- 'channel' by which God's uncontrollable, you that have been born again in Christ this day, and stand instead of God before wealth that flowed into the country Orthodox council to decide in favor of the eternal word is 'breathing' through, so that and been born from above listen to me…. the children of men?... Let us wait for [both north and south] from trade and one or the other of the two tendencies…, human lives may be shaped and reshaped 'Sing to the Lord a new song.' 'Well, I am salvation of Him" (8.1-27). King Uzziah cities in tribute [to the kings] widened 'formative' and 'informative' or 'wide' or as [set out] … in 2 Tim 3.16-17…. That is singing," you say. Yes, you are singing…. I respects Judith but tells her he has taken the breach between the rich and the 'narrow'…. Both polarities remain strongly why at the grass root level of Orthodox can hear you. But do not let your life give an oath to surrender the city in five days poor. The ruling elite wallowed in rooted in Orthodox faith and practice.… theology, even those books 'outside' the evidence against your tongue. Sing with and will not break his oath (8.28-31). wealth, the ruled poor became Instead of attempting to solve [this Hebrew Scriptures and found only in the your voices, sing also with your hearts; Judith tells the king that "the Lord will increasingly mired in degradation. At tension] in a reductionist way, thus Septuagint are rightly called sing with your mouths, single also with visit Israel by my hand," but will not say the same time, pagan worship and the repeating those attempts in the anagin?skomena ('readable') due to their your conduct…. You are looking for songs 27-Feb Judith 8-9 what she intends to do (8.32-35). Then, fertility cult were rampant: shards seventeenth century by allying Orthodoxy use in liturgy. Liturgy has always been for Ps 149 of praise, are you? 'His praise is in the Judith covers herself with sackcloth and [that is, fragments of pottery found on either to the Roman Catholic extended Eastern Orthodox a laboratory where church of the saints.' The praise of the ashes and prays for deliverance from the archaeological sites] in the region of canon or [the] Protestant narrow corpus…. [people] are shaped out and strengthened one to be sung about is the singer Assyrian army, so that "every nation and Samaria and dated to this period The 'openness' of the biblical canon based on events, figures, and sayings himself. Do you want to sing God his tribe [will] acknowledge that thou art the contain almost as many personal inherent in Eastern Orthodoxy makes of contained in the Scriptures-where genuine praises? Be yourselves what you sing. God of all power and might, and that names that are combined with Baal as this tradition … a median place between relationship on both horizontal [that is, You are his praise if you lead good lives…. there is none other that protects the with YHWH. It was now the pagan the Protestant narrow canon (similar to with people] and vertical [that is, with the You ask 'Where is [his praise] to be people of Israel but thou" (9.1-14). purpose of the state cult [of religious rabbinic Judaism) and the Roman Catholic Lord] is built and continuously nurtured" found?' Look at yourselves: you are it…." belief] to placate YHWH by repeated wide canon" [p. 134]. [pp. 134-135]. ritual and sacrifice so as not to incur His anger" [p. 127]. Judith finished her prayer to the Lord and Chapters 1 to 7 stress the Israelites None. In Orthodox Spirituality Father Father Dumitru continues: "Man attains Cyril of Jerusalem writes: "But someone changed from sackcloth and widow's fear of the Assyrians, while chapters 8 Dumitru Staniloae writes: "We can judge this capacity [for pure prayer]… more fully will say: if the divine nature is clothing into "her garments of gladness" to 16 focus on how Judith prays and the progress in praiseworthy prayer … [1] and for a longer period of time, in incomprehensible, then why do you (10.1-4). Then she and her maid went trusts the Lord, often in the midst of by its object and by its more or less perfect expelling thoughts … only after he has [speak or write] about these things? Well out to the gate of the city of Behulia; and tears (10.1). Augustine preached: concentration, and [2] by the state of the gained freedom from the passions…. Pure then, because I cannot drink up the those who saw her "wondered at her "Usually prayer is a question of quietness of the soul that is praying. In prayer … no longer has any object…. Two whole stream, am I not even to take in beauty very greatly;" and they all groaning rather than speaking, tears regard to the first criteria, Evagrius more criteria could be added … with which proportion to my need?... I praise and worshiped God together (10.5-8). When rather than words. For He sets our recommends that first of all you should the progress of prayer is measured: the glorify him who made us; for it is a divine she met the Assyrian soldiers, she told tears in His sight, and our groaning is pray 'to be cleansed of passions, secondly decrease in words and the increase in command that says, 'Let everything that them to take her to Holofernes, so she not hidden from Him who made all to be delivered from ignorance; and thirdly tears…. Of course, not even on the highest has breath praise the Lord!' (v. 6). I am could tell him how to defeat the things by His Word…." John from all temptation and abandonment.'… peaks of the spiritual life, is the mind endeavoring now to glorify the Lord, not 28-Feb Judith 10-11 Israelites (10.9-16). Holofernes and his Chrysostom preached: "How should These three kinds of prayer, distinguished emptied of all content, all the time… Ps 150 to describe him, though I know that I servants were attracted by her beauty, Our Lord fail to grant his graces to by their content, correspond with the Nevertheless, the one who is struggling for shall fall short of glorifying him worthily; her praise of Nebuchadnezzar and her [those] who ask for them from [their] three phases of the spiritual ascent: perfection … [can seek] a more and more still I consider it a godly work to try all the offer to help them defeat the Israelites heart when He confers so many purification, illumination and union. In unceasing remembrance of the name of same. For the Lord Jesus encourages my "and they marveled at her wisdom" blessings even on those who do not regard to the second criteria … pure prayer God or of Jesus" [e.g., in the Jesus Prayer: weakness when he says, 'No one has at (10.21-11.23). call on Him? Ah, He would not so urge must try to keep the mind unplundered by "Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy any time seen God' (Jn 1.15)." and almost force us to pray to Him if any thought or care" [p. 255]. on me, a sinner"] [pp. 255-256]. He had not a most eager desire to bestow His graces on us."
Judith stayed in her tent for three days The book of Judith is not part of None. Anderson continues: "A certain In The Wisdom of the Saints: An This psalm is only in the LXX. John and then prayed after midnight for Israel's wisdom literature, but Judith amount of wisdom literature is included in Anthology, Dr Jill Haak Adels writes: "One Chrysostom preached: "'Not many direction from the Lord (12.1-9). On the was much praised for her wisdom the Hebrew Bible, and with it comes the of the vital functions of a living church is to mighty, not many noble are called' (1 Cor fourth day Holofernes hosted a feast for (8.29; 11.21), evident, even in her tension that exists between … two ways of lift us out of here and now into a context 1.26), for these are [often] filled with "his own servants only," but he had awareness of "the deceit of my lips" viewing humankind-in a particular of eternity…. The courage and wisdom of pride. And nothing is so useless towards Bagoas invite Judith to come to his tent (9.10). Anderson writes: "Philosophy historical context or simply as a human the saints should heighten ours" [p. vii]. As an accurate knowledge of God as for the banquet (12.10-12). Judith came; literally means 'the love of wisdom'… being. The three wisdom writings in the we each seek the will of God for our lives, arrogance, being nailed down to wealth. and the heart of Holderness "was (philo-sophia)…. Wisdom writings Hebrew Bible are Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, we can also recognise our limited wisdom For these dispose a [person] to admire ravished with her" (12.13-19). circulated far beyond the country of and Job … [with the addition of] the in earthly matters. As Augustine writes of things present, and to make no account Holderness became drunk (12.20). Judith their origin, and Israel was situated at important wisdom books called heaven: "How great, how lovely, how of the future, and they stop up the ears 01-Mar Judith 12-14 cut off his head and returned to the the cultural crossroads of the ancient Ecclesiasticus or the Wisdom of Ben Sira certain is the knowledge of all things there, Ps 151 through the multitude of cares…. 'And Israelites (13.1-16). There was much world…. The sages seemed to and the Wisdom of Solomon … From a very … where the wisdom of God shall be God has chosen the weak things of the rejoicing; and the head of Holofernes transcend the limitations of their time early period Israel had its own wisdom imbibed [that is, taken in] at its very source world to shame those who are powerful' was "hung high" on the city wall (13.17- and culture. To be sure, they reflected movement … [that] exerted a pervasive with no difficulty and with utmost (1 Cor 1.27; cf. 2 Cor 12.9)…. So He has 14.11). Finding their leader dead, the on problems of society as they knew influence upon all phases of Israelite happiness!" At times in our lives, especially shown forth His great power, casting Assyrians were "wonderfully troubled" them, but these were human literature: historical, prophetic and when we are confronted with important down the great …. God Himself has (14.12-19). problems found in varying forms in all poetic…" [pp. 570-571]. decisions if we pause and reflect, God will shown that it is not possible for us to be societies. Thus the wisdom movement often direct in the midst of prayer. saved by ourselves alone, and this He did was in essence international" [pp.568- from the beginning…." 569]. The frightened Assyrians flee and are Of the second foundational principle Father Theodore continues: "The creation Of his third foundational principle, "Fidelity ON THE PSALTER: In Prayers by the Lake, slaughtered by the Israelites (15.1-7). for Orthodox Biblical interpretation, and sustenance of community is a to Critical Study," Father Theodore writes: Bishop Nikolai Velimirovich's offers a The High Priest Joakim praises Judith "Fidelity to Tradition," [cf. this study constitutive part of revelation and its "The pursuit of truth necessarily requires fitting epilogue to reading the full Psalter: (15.8-10). Judith receives much plunder guide 2 Ch 29-30] Father Theodore interpretation. Moreover, the long process discernment and critical judgment…. All "I remind myself of all the blessings You from Holofernes' tent (15.11). Judith Stylianopoulos continues: "The of canonization of the scriptures, the the NT authors were involved in a … have bestowed on me during my lifetime, leads the women of Israel in a dance, determining factor [for what was true written word of revelation, unambiguously process of critical judgment, which went my unfailing Companion, [Lord], and I am followed by the men "in their armour and false prophecy] was not any single attests to the mutually supportive and beyond the mere announcement of the offering up to You a gift in return from with garlands, and with songs in their individual but the community and its interdependent relationship between Bible gospel and involved … the Christological myself. I am not offering up to You my mouths" (15.12-13). Judith sings a hymn faith tradition…. Decisive new claims and Church. These considerations mean interpretation of the OT, the formation of Epilogue - entire self …. I offer up to You only that of praise to God (16.1-17). In Jerusalem, with extraordinary impact … such as that Bible, Church, and tradition cannot be creedal confessions, the proper use of the Psalm which has grown within me under Your Judith "dedicated all the stuff of the case of Jesus, created a new played off against each other. Neither the gifts of the Spirit, the relations between comments light, that which was saved in me by Your 02-Mar Judith 15-16 Holofernes, which people had given her" community, the early Church. In either Bible over Church and tradition, nor Jews and Christians, the meaning of repeat on a six Word…. When the choirs of angels begin (16.18-19). The people feasted (16.20). case, Israel or Church, the functional Church and tradition over the Bible, is a baptism and the Lord's Supper, the role of monthly cycle to sing around Your throne … and Your Many men desire to marry her, but principle remained the same: the justifiable position. Although the Church authority and order in the Church, the from the saints begin to sob their prayers for the Judith choses not to marry again (16.21- ongoing community of faith was the through its tradition and active resolution of internal and external points following day. salvation of the Church on earth, do not 22). Judith gives her maid freedom and living context of the proclamation, discernment gave rise to the biblical of conflict, as well as questions of despise the sacrifice of my words, O Lord dies (16.23-24). Israel's enemies do not reception, interpretation, transmission canon, the primacy of the biblical canon appropriate ethical conduct" [E-p. 30]. my God… I pray to You bow down to You, attack the country; and the people are and application of revelation, whether holds the Church accountable to the now and throughout all time, and no longer afraid (16.25). oral or written…." [E-p. 29]. scriptural witness as the standard of the throughout all eternity. Amen" [cited by Church's faith and life" [E-p. 29]. Manley-P, p. 625].
King Ahasuerus gives a great banquet; The book of Esther was written either The king selects Esther as the new queen, The NASB notes for 1.9 that: "Apparently Basil the Great writes: "Like the and, drunk with wine, he orders Queen as early as "shortly after the events not knowing that she is Jewish (2.15-20) after Esther's death or her fall from favor, foundation in a house, the keel in a ship, Vashti to come "in order to show the narrated, i.e., c. 460 B.C. (before Mordecai overhears two of the king's Vashti was able to reassert her power and and the heart in a body, so is [Psalm 1 as people and the princes her beauty,"-but Ezra's return to Jerusalem…) [or later, servants plotting to kill him; and he tells to reassert her power and to exercise a a] brief introduction to the whole she refuses to come and dance lewdly but] before the Persian empire fell to Esther, who tells the king; and the two controlling influence over her son." The structure of the Psalms. For when David (1.1-12a). The king "was enraged," Greece in 331…. Internal evidence servants are hanged (2.21-23). The king dates and names of the king and his family intended to propose … to [those who especially because women throughout also suggests that the festival of Purim promotes Haman (an Amalekite) to be his are much disputed by Biblical scholars. In fought true religion] many painful tasks the kingdom might then follow her had been observed for some time chief adviser and orders everyone to "bow the Biblical account, Queen Vashti is involving unmeasured sweats and toils, example when they did not wish to obey prior to the writing of the book down" before him (3.1-2a). However, the certainly not the Queen Mother at the he showed first the happy end, that in their husbands, so he deposes her as (9.19)…." [NASB, p. 677]. Anderson Benjamite Jew Mordecai refuses to bow time of the infamous banquet at which she the hope of the blessings reserved for us 03-Mar Esther 1-3 queen and orders that all women should writes that although there are down before Haman-in a sense, continuing was disposed. However, the depravity of Ps 1 we might endure without grief the be obedient to their husbands (1.12b- "numerous elements of fiction in the the battle of the Benjamite Jew Saul who the Persian court, as well as how badly sufferings of this life." Gregory of Nyssa 22). The king's officials search for a new story… it is quite possible … that the had defeated the Amalekites 500 years women were treated throughout the vast reflects: "The goal of the virtuous life is queen (2.1-5). The Jewess Esther, who story rests on the historical memory of earlier [see NASB note on 3.1]. An angry Persian empire, are both clear. "The blessedness…. What … would reasonably had been raised by her uncle Mordecai, a real threat to Jews of the Dispersion. Haman seeks to destroy all the Jews (3.2b- attention of the Fathers … toward the be called the divine nature…. This is the was among those selected to go to the If this is true, Esther … dates from the 6). Haman casts lots [called pur in the book of Esther was extremely scarce" summation and object of everything palace for 12 months of beauty latter part of the Persian period … singular, purim in the plural] to decide (ACCS OT V, p. xxviii). Therefore, Father conceived in relation to the good … [and] treatment and possible selection as when Jews were subject to when to kill all the Jews and convinces the Theodore's writings on scriptural would reasonably be called the divine queen (2.6-1) [continued in NT persecution owing to their refusal to king to permit him to do so (3.7-15). interpretation have been given]. nature…" Praying a psalm a day helps References] be assimilated" [pp. 609-610]. keep sin away. Mordechai tells Esther of the edict to kill Anderson writes: "So long as … the None. Clement of Rome writes: "Many Of the king's thoughts in 6.1-3, John The history of Israel shows … that the the Jews and urges her "to go to the king Persian empire persisted (539-333 women, fortified by the grace of God, have Cassian writes: "Above all we should know fundamental reality, through all social and … [plead] for her people" (4.1-8). B.C.E.), the Jewish community in accomplished many heroic actions. The what the three sources of our thoughts changes and historical vicissitudes was Esther tells Mordechai that if anyone Palestine [faced no] external political blessed Judith (Jth 8) … [exposed] herself are: They come from God, from the devil Israel as a worshiping community. For goes to the king "without being called" threats… The Persians … created a far- to danger [and] went out for love of her and from ourselves. They are from God this reason, the book of Psalms lies at the they will be "put to death" (4.9-12), but flung political regime that encouraged country … and the Lord delivered [the when he deigns to visit us by the very heart of the OT [Anderson, p.542]. she agrees on the condition that all Jews its citizens to widen their horizons, to Israelites]. To no less danger did Esther … illumination of the Holy Spirit which raises Of v. 6 ("I was established as king by in Susa (including herself and her maids), lengthen their trade arteries, and to expose herself in order to save the twelve us up to a higher level of progress; and him") Gregory of Nyssa writes that in the should fast for three days (4.13-17). [engage] with people and ideas from tribes of Israel that were [about] to be when we have made little gain or have light of the prophecy of Isaish 9.6: "David Esther then goes to the king and asks him other lands…. There was no attempt destroyed. For by fasting and humiliation acted lazily and been overcome and he describes the establishment of His and Haman to come to a dinner to superimpose Persian religion upon she begged the all-seeing Master of the chastens us [that is, punishes us to remove kingdom, not as though He were not a tomorrow that she will prepare; and they the whole empire, [but…] the ages, and he, seeing the meekness of her faults] with a most salutary compunction King, but in the view that the humiliation 04-Mar Esther 4-6 both agree (5.1-14). That night the king, influence of Zoroastrianism was felt in soul, rescued the people for whose sake [that is, guilt, remorse or regret]; and Ps 2 to the estate of a servant to which the unable to sleep, reads in the history of Israel. Thus Judah's problem was no she had faced danger." Origen writes: "But when he opens to us the heavenly Lord submitted … was taken up and his kingdom of Mordechai's having saved longer that of being caught in the … what use is there to recall all the examples sacraments and changes our chosen absorbed into the majesty of His his life, but that no reward has been rivalry between … Mesopotamia and of those who, because they prayed as they orientation to better acts and a better will. Kingdom [as set out in v. 6]." For v.7 given to him. The king asks Haman how Egypt. The problems were more local ought, received great favors from God? This was the case when King Ahasuerus ("You are my son"), see NET-FN, note e, to treat someone "the king wishes to [including] … the increasing tension Everyone can choose for [themselves] was chastised by the Lord and was moved p. 900 and the contrasting note in The honor" (6.1-6). Haman, thinking the king between Jews and Samaritans … [who many examples from the Scriptures to examine the annals, whereupon he OSB on p. 682. Of v. 11 Peter Chrysologus wishes to honour him proposes a lavish had done] everything in their power [including] Anna … and the birth of Samuel remembered the good deeds of Mordecai preached: "He who remains in the fear of ceremony, only to find that it is to stop the building of the Temple, (1 Kg/1 Sam 1.9-18) [and] … Hezekiah (2 [and] … immediately recalled his God remains in holiness." This is a Mordechai who is to be honoured (6.7- which they regarded as a symbol of Kg/2 Sam 20.1-6; Is 38.1; Mt 1.9). exceedingly cruel sentence concerning the challenge to each of us to remain in the 13). Jewish nationalism" [pp. 605, 517]. killing of the Jewish people." fear of God, to rejoice and to remain "in holiness."
Esther tells the king that she is Jewish Ambrose writes: "Why did Queen None. Father Theodore continues: "The Father Theodore continues: "In modern Jerome writes: "This psalm can pertain to and that her people are to "be Esther expose herself to death and not Church fathers … faced with numerous times the dominant biblical criticism … has David or to Christ, and through him to all annihilated." She asks for them to be fear the wrath of a fierce king?... To theological and pastoral questions, produced a paradox. On the one hand, … the saints." Theodore of Mopsuestia pardoned (7.1-4). King Ahasuerus asks save her people from death…. The exercised hermeneutical judgment in a biblical criticism has yielded brilliant reflects: "The strength of a stable spirit Esther, "Who is he … that would presume king of Persia himself also, though more reflective way. At one level, while results, moving far beyond the exegetical that is greatly tested in adversity must be to do this?" (7.5). Esther reveals it is fierce and proud, yet thought it grounded in the presuppositions of Christ work of the Church fathers especially in … considered because, since it possesses Haman. The king orders that he be hung seemly to show honor to the man who and Spirit as dominant hermeneutical the analysis of innumerable literary, hope, even amidst the greatest anguish it from the gallows that Haman has had given information about a plot criteria they made free and diverse use of historical, and theological aspects of the does not yield…. I will not stop hoping in constructed on which to hang Mordecai that had been laid against himself known exegetical methods-allegorical, Bible…. On the other hand,… biblical what I have believed because you, Lord, (7.6-10a). So, they hanged Haman on (6.10; 2.21-23), to save a free people typological, grammatical, and textual- criticism has also been marred by bias, help me as I labor. You guard my step those gallows (10b). The king then "gave from slavery, to snatch them from derived from both the Jewish and Greek hypercriticism, utterly conflicting proposals from the danger of evil. You restore my to Queen Esther the house of Haman" death and not to spare him who had traditions, and in some way already found and loss of the sense of the theological and honor and worth. [Of 3.8/9 he asks:] 05-Mar Esther 7-8 and "took off his signet ring, which he pressed on him such unseemly plans. in the NT. At another level, having to spiritual grandeur of he Bible…. The crux of Ps 3 "What is this blessing of the Lord? had taken from Haman, and gave it to So finally he handed over to the contend with colossal Gnostic [that is, the problem … is that although the ideal of Without a doubt it is peace, just as Mordecai" (8.1-2). Esther asked the king gallows the man who stood second to special knowledge] distortions of the biblical criticism is to provide fresh access Scripture says in many places, 'Peace be to revoke Haman's order to kill all the himself … because he considered that biblical texts, and much later with Arian to the voice of the bible, it seems to arrive over Israel' (Ps 125.5/124.5 LXX). Jews. He agreed; and "all the Jews were he had dishonored him with his false [that is, Christ is not divine] and Eunomian at the chaotic result of dismantling the Through these words he wishes to show to be ready to defend themselves" (8.3- counsels." Ambrose concludes that [that is, extreme Arianism] exegesis … the scriptures, undermining the authority of that in the place of blessing peace is 14). There was "joy among the Jews, a the wealthy and proud king's Church fathers moved simultaneously their witness, and providing few conferred on the people." We too can feast and a holiday" (8.15-17a); and behaviour to Mordechai indicates towards more historical, contextual, and commensurate benefits to either Church seek and receive this blessing of peace. many people declared themselves Jews, "that commendable friendship that doctrinal approaches to scripture" [E-pp. or society" [E-pp. 31-32]. [On the function of the Hebrew term for the fear of the Jews had fallen upon maintains virtue is to be preferred 30-31]. Selah see NET-FN, Note U, p. 901.] them." (8.17b). most certainly to wealth, or honors or power…." For two days, Jews throughout the land Father Theodore continues: "This Father Theodore continues: "Scripture Father Theodore concludes: [1] Historical Augustine preached: "What are the lies killed those "who hated them," but "laid virtual bankruptcy of academic biblical itself teaches that salvation is by grace, by exegesis … [seeks] the original meaning of you are seeking?… You all want to be no hand on the plunder," and then studies can be overcome only by direct personal encounter with God in his texts… [a] task [that] is … common to all happy…. But what is it that makes a feasted on the third day (9.1-19). vigorous self-criticism that leads to mercy, and not by any privileged body of scholars, Orthodox, Roman Catholic, person's life happy?... Truth alone, which Mordecai recorded the events. He and [respect] for the authority and knowledge such as scholarly erudition. Protestants, or interested and trained gives to everything else its reality, can Esther urged the Jews in future years to theological claims of scripture, for the Salvation by grace, however, essentially others… [2] [The theology of] the Church give happiness…. [Christ] came down and keep two days of holiday, to be known as legitimacy of traditional approaches to entails the engagement not only of reason, fathers [is rightly] perceived not as an he took your bad things… but what …. he Purim after Haman's "casting of Pur, that the Bible (such as kerygmatic [that is, but also of faith, repentance, commitment, addition to, but as [an explanation] of did is even more unbelievable; he paid us is the lot" (9.20-32). Mordecai was great preaching-based], devotional, love, and holiness of life as ways of recorded revelation…. [3] Mystical his death in advance. As though to say, 'I in the king's house, and his fame spread liturgical, and doctrinal), and for an knowledge of and communion with the interpretation … requires … training and am inviting you to my life, where nobody throughout all the provinces" (9.4; 10.1- epistemological [that is, knowledge- mystery of God. In this hermeneutical nurture in the community of faith, where dies, where life is truly happy…. to the 4). Athanasius links the feast of Purim to based] humility, [with] a realization context the usage and interpretation of even a child can, in his or her own way, region of the angels, to the friendship of 06-Mar Esther 9-10 Easter/Pascha: "Let us keep the feast in that reason and imagination do not the Bible requires prayerful fidelity to the 'interpret' the Bible through the hearing Ps 4 the Father and the Holy Spirit, to the that way that he has established for our necessarily have the last word in what Holy Spirit, who alone opens access to the and reading of biblical stories…. Mystical everlasting supper, to be my brothers salvation… so that we, along with the the scriptures are all about" [E-p. 32]. reality of the redeemed life testified by the interpretation is the illumination of grace and sisters, to be, in a word, myself….' So angels, may celebrate the heavenly Father Theodore's final foundational biblical texts; this prayerful fidelity is a actualizing the biblical witness in human now, while we are living in this perishable feast…. Therefore, let us keep our principle is "Fidelity to the Holy Spirit." vision that decisively qualifies an hearts…. The ideal is the greatest possible flesh, by a change of habits let us die with promises to the Lord, confess our sins, Since "the Bible call for faith not in interpreter's view of the Bible, the Church integration of the three [approaches so] Christ, by a love of being just let us live and keep the feast to him-in behavior, itself, but in the living God, then the and everything else…. Three approaches to that each interpreter, … may grow as a with Christ. We are only going to receive moral conduct, and way of life. Let us goal of interpretation cannot reach its scripture are indispensable and mutually scholar, theologian, and saint, in the the happy, blessed life when we come to keep it by praising the Lord, who has fullness by intellectual analysis alone, supportive…. historical, theological, and presence of the awesome mystery of the [Christ] who came to us and when we disciplined us so lightly but has never whether it be literary or historical, or mystical…. [E-pp. 32-34]. living God, encountered through scripture" begin to be with him who died for us." failed us nor forsaken us nor stopped even theological at a conceptual level" [E-pp. 33-34]. speaking to us." [E-p.32]
Alexander the Great conquered many Encyclopaedia Britannica notes that: None. "The books of Maccabees are In The OT in Eastern Orthodox Tradition, Athanasius urges: "When you see the nations, and then "parted his kingdom "1 Maccabees presents a historical almost never explicitly cited by the Father Eugen J. Pentiuc writes: "The Jewish evildoers planning to lie in wait for you, among his sons" (1.1-7) [all quotations in account of political, military, and Fathers" [ACAS OT XV, Apocrypha, p. xxvii]. Bible (OT) was the only Bible of the early and you wish your prayer to be heard, 1, 2 and 3 Mac from Brenton LXX]. After diplomatic events from the time of Therefore, other biblical commentators Christians and its authority was entirely get up at dawn and say Psalm 5." In Alexander's death, "evils were multiplied Judaea's relationship with Simon will be cited here. In keeping with St assumed with special emphasis on [the] contrast to 5.2-3 ("To thee, O Lord, will I in the earth" (1.8-9). Especially sinful Maccabeus, high priest in Jerusalem. It Augustine's reflection on Psalm 4, St John prophetic dimension of the OT pointing to pray. In the morning thou [shall] hear my were Antiochus Epiphanes and many describes the refusal of Mattathias to the Elder prays: "You who are hidden and Christ, Spirit, and community. There have voice. In the morning will I wait upon Jews who made "a covenant with the perform pagan religious rites, the concealed within me, reveal within me been three ways of looking at … the Jewish thee, and I will look up.") Chrysostom heathen," including participation in ensuing Jewish revolt against Syrian Your hidden mystery; O You who have Bible in the history of Christianity: [1] The warns: "You do not give [God] thanks. competitive Greek exercises as part of hegemony, the political machinations built me as a temple for You to dwell in, early Church … viewed the Scriptures as Instead, when you get up, you wash your the process of adopting a Hellenistic and whereby Demetrius II of Syria granted cause the cloud of Your glory to 'proof-texts' able to demonstrate the face and hands but ignore the fact that pagan lifestyle (1.10-15). Antiochus Judaea its independence, and the overshadow inside Your temple, so that messiahship of Jesus of Nazareth. [2] Some your soul is uncleansed. Do you not 07-Mar 1 Maccabees 1 conquered Egypt, desecrated the election of Simon as both high priest the ministers of Your sanctuary may cry heterodox Christian and non-Christian Ps 5 realize that as the body is cleansed with Temple, killed many people, burned and secular ruler of the Judaean Jews. out, in love for You 'holy' as an utterance groups rejected … or underestimated … water, so the soul is with prayer? So, Jerusalem and took women and children 1 Maccabees is the only contemporary which burns in in a sharp stirring which is the entire Jewish Bible as having nothing wash your soul before your body. Many into slavery (1.16-39). Antiochus insisted source for the civil wars in Judaea…. commingled with wonder and to do with the gospel. [3] [Some] Jewish evil stains besmirch it; expunge them that all Israelites practiced idolatry and The historical integrity of the book, astonishment, activated as a living Christians … overestimated the value of [that is, throw them out] by prayer…. The killed those who refused (1.40-61). which was compiled from official moment by the power of Your being [cited the first testament … insisting on the prayer of the psalmist in v. 8 is heartfelt: However, "many in Israel … chose rather written sources … is attested to by the in The Path of Prayer: Four Sermons on observance of specifically Jewish rituals "Lead me. O Lord, in thy righteousness… to die…." (1.62-64). absence of almost all of the Prayer by Saint Theophan the Recluse, and practices for all Christians" [pp.16-17]. make thy way straight before me." We conventions of the Hellenistic Praxis Institute Press, 2nd ed., 1992, pp. 49- too can pray in this way. rhetorical school of historiography…." 50]. The high priest Mattathias and his five Anderson writes: "From a secular None. The struggle to worship only the Father Eugen continues: "Since her very Athanasius advises: "When you feel the sons-John, Simon, Judas [or Judah] called viewpoint this history [of Israel] is no true God is still with us today. In his second beginnings, the catholic or orthodox Lord's displeasure, if you see that you are Maccabeus, Eleazar and Jonathan-are more than the courageous story of sermon St Theophan the Recluse church appropriated the Jewish Scriptures, troubled by this, you can say Psalm 6." Of very upset at the apostasy occurring other small nations that have been preached: "One must act in such a way between 50 and 250 C.E., it became self- v. 1 Origen reflects: "When we speak of everywhere and mourn (2.1-14). caught in the whirlpool of power that the soul does not turn to God only consciously the Church of the two God's wrath [or anger], we do not hold Mattathias refuses to join the king in idol politics. But the OT [is not] a book of when you are standing in prayer, but testaments, old and new. The process of that it is an emotional reaction on his worship (2.15-18), kills a Jew who had secular history or culture. It is sacred should do so as far as possible throughout appropriation was a conscious move of the part but something that he uses in order come to worship an idol, and also kills history, to both Jews and Christians, the day. It should be an unceasing offering first Christians toward embracing their to correct … those who have committed "the king's commissioner who compelled because in these historical of oneself to Him. To achieve this, it is religious roots in Israel. At the center of many terrible sins. That this so-called men to sacrifice." Mattathias also pulls experiences, as interpreted by faith, necessary to begin-as often as possible this embrace was Jesus, whose Jewishness wrath of God and what is called his anger down a pagan altar (2.19-26). He and his the ultimate meaning of human life is during the day-by calling out to God from was at this point fully acknowledged…. has a corrective purpose is clear from the clan then "fled into the mountains" [See disclosed…. The unique dimension of the heart in short words, according to Early Christians appropriated the Jewish words of Psalm 6.1." Of 6.5/6 Jerome 08-Mar 1 Maccabees 2 OSB note on 2.27-28]; and many others these historical experiences is the one's needs and in ways appropriate to Scriptures in order to interpret and Ps 6 preached: "While you are still in this sought to join them (2.27-30). However, disclosure of God's activity in events. events around you. For example, articulate their Christian faith on three world, I beg of you to repent. Confess the king's men killed them when they It is this faith that transfigures Israel's whenever you begin something, say: 'O crucial points: first, in the area of and give thanks to the Lord, for in this chose not to fight on the Sabbath (2.31- history and gives to the Bible its Lord, bless us.' On completing a task, say, Christology, as scriptural evidence world only is he merciful. Here he is able 32). Mattathias and his growing army peculiar claim to be sacred scripture. 'Glory be to Thee, O Lord.' And do not only supporting Jesus's messiahship and to be compassionate to the repentant, then decide to fight on the Sabbath and To put it in a nutshell the OT is Israel's say these things with the tongue, but from divinity; second, as a validating factor for but because there [after death] he is gain control of the country (2.33-48). witness to its encounter with God. For the heart, with real feeling. When passions the emerging Christian Scriptures (Gospels, judge, he is not merciful. Here, he is Before Mattathias dies, he places Simon this reason, we cannot begin to rise in you, say, 'Save me, Lord, or I perish.' apostolic epistles); and third, as evidence compassionate kindness; there, he is in charge of his family and Judas understand the OT so long as we When the darkness of confusing thoughts for the ancestry and authority of Christian judge. Here, he reaches out his hand to Maccabeus in charge of the army (2.49- regard it merely as great literature, begins to overcome you, call out, 'Lead my doctrine" [p. 17]. the falling; there, he presides as judge." 70). interesting history, or the soul out of imprisonment.' development of lofty ideas." [p. 8,9].
The early victories of Judas Maccabeus In The Jewish Way: Living the Holidays, None. Rabbi Greenberg continues: "The In introducing Psalms and the Life of Faith Of v. 1 preached: "Although the saying 'O are based not on the size of his army but Rabbi Irving Greenberg writes of the later same struggle is mirrored in the conflict by Elder Aimilianos, Archbishop Demetrios Lord my God, in Thee have I put my trust; on "strength that comes from heaven" debate "to understand the significance over observing and defining the holiday writes: "The Psalms … are at once save me' is thought to be a simple prayer (3.1-26). The Syrian king Antiochus sends and religious dimensions of the that marks the Maccabee victory- thoroughly human and utterly divine…. and one that can be offered up rightly by out a mighty army to end the revolt (3.27- Hasmonean victory [led by the Hanukkah…. Neither 1 Mac, with its When one reads a Psalm in faith, one both anyone, perhaps [this] is not the case. Maccabees]. [There was] … one primary 41). Judas gathers his men together at somewhat propagandistic treatment of the speaks to God and listens to God For, [those] who put their trust in man or question: Was there a significant role for Mizpah, organises his army and prays for Hasmonean revolt, nor 2 Mac, with its simultaneously…. The yearning of the are buoyed up [that is, marked and kept humans as active agents in the God's help (3.42-55). Then he sends strong quietist, supernaturalist bias, was Psalms and the goal of the Christian life afloat] by some other concern of life, covenantal redemption process? If there home those who are "building houses, or was then the Maccabee revolt had been able to attain recognition as revelation…. can both be expressed in one word: such as power, or possessions … [are] not betrothed to wives, or were planting pioneering, visionary, and necessary. On Ironically, Jews put these books aside, but union…. [with] three overarching themes: able to say, 'O Lord my God, in thee have vineyards, or were fearful" (3.56-57). the other hand, if the proper response to the two [books] continued to circulate (i) the yearning for God, leading to I put my trust.' In fact, there is a Judas' approach is: "It is better for us to suffering was … 'Let him give the cheek to among the early Christians. The restoration of the intimate relationship command that we should not put our 09-Mar 1 Maccabees 3-4 die in battle, than to behold the the one that smites him' (Lam 3.30), then martyrdom stories were powerfully [with God] in divine love; (ii) self- Ps 7 trust in rules, and 'Cursed me the man calamities of our people and our Chasidic martyrdom was the only valid relevant to Christians groaning under awareness, leading to reintegration of the that trusts in man' (Jer 17.5)…. 'The Lord' sanctuary. Nevertheless, as the will of response. 1 Mac … repeatedly glorifies Roman persecutions. These Jewish books sin-fractured human personhood; and (iii) it is said, 'is my hope and my praise.'…. 'If God is in heaven, so let him do" (3.58- the Hasmoneans and their destiny; they ended up incorporated in [some] Christian utter allegiance to the ecclesial community we would judge ourselves truly, we 60). Twice, Judas and his army gain were called by God to rule and to deliver Bible[s] but [were] essentially lost to the in which we experience the foretaste of would not be judged' (1 Cor 11.31)…. If victory (4.1-27), and then a third time the Jewish people…. [But] the second Jewish community…. In the end, the Christ's reconciliation of all creation in we examined ourselves well, it says, we (4.28-35). Judas and his men restore the book, which ends with Judah's victory, Maccabees did not lose their nerve. They Himself (cf. Col 1.20). The emphasis at all would not be subjected to stresses the martyr's role in opening up Temple and its altar, fortifying it with were … [not] intimidated into yielding the times is decidedly relational… The Psalms condemnation. 'According to my God's renewed love and concern to save "high walls and strong towers" (4.36- 61). holiday by the absence of a massive divine are … living prayers that are understood righteousness, and according to mine Israel" [p. 268]. intervention" [pp. 268-269]. rightly only through use in worship before innocence within me' (v. 8b)." God" [pp. ix-x]. Judas Maccabees and his army defeat The following dates help to clarify the None. Father Eugen writes: "There are Father Eugen continues: "Due to its This beautiful psalm is open to different many nations (5.1-68). King Antiochus sequence of historical events. First, three distinct ways of looking at Tradition. canonical configuration and interpretation, interpretations, especially v. 4/5. seeks to plunder the city of Elymais in consider the occupying powers: 198 First, there is 'Scripture and Tradition'-two one may say [with Wilkin] that 'The Bible is Augustine writes: "'Man' … in this context Persia but is defeated and returns to BC Palestine is under the Seleucids of sources or means of God's revelation, as foremost the book of the church and the is earthly, whereas the 'son of man' is Babylon (6.1-4). Then the king learns of Syria; 187 BC Death of Antiochus III; espoused in older Roman Catholic sources. church's history.' The nascent Christian heavenly. The former is separated from the defeat of his army in Judah and "fell 175-164 BC Antiochus IV (Epiphanes); Second, there is 'Scripture alone (sola community appropriated the Jewish God at a great distance; the latter is sick for grief" (6.5-8). The king 162-150 BC Demetrius I king of Syria; scriptura), defining Protestantism since the Scriptures while weaving interpretive rules present with God…. The former is also remembers his earlier sins (6.9-13) and 150-145 BC Alexander Balas; 145-139 time of Luther-although older and newer out of a certain ethos, tradition or way of called the old man; the latter the new calls "for Philip, one of his friends … and BC Demetrius II. Then note the Jewish discontenting voices here do claim the life and thinking whose perpetuation has man; but new is born from the old, since gave him the crown and his robe and his leaders and events: 167 BC need for a tradition of sorts. And third, been dear to its heart from the beginning. spiritual birth begins with a change from signet to the end that he should bring up profanation of the Temple; 166 BC there is the old patristic view, well Scripture did not arise in a vacuum…. As an earthly and worldly life (Ephes 4.22- his son Antiochus, and nourish him for Death of Mattathias; 166-160 BC anchored in the apostolic tradition and Theodore G. Stylianopoulos remarks: 'Just 24); hence the new self is called son of 10-Mar 1 Maccabees 5-6 the kingdom" (6.14-16). However, when Judas Maccabeus; 160-143 BC shooting its twigs vigorously again today as theology cannot be separated from Ps 8 man…. This son of man, then, was first the king died, Lysias thought that he Jonathan Maccabeus; 164 BC [in the Orthodox Church], which might be history, so also Scripture as a holy book visited in the person of the Man of the should have been the person to establish Rededication of the Temple; 142-134 encapsulated in the phrase 'Scripture cannot be disjoined from the communal Lord Himself, born of the Virgin Mary. Antiochus as king (6.17). The war was BC Simon Maccebeus; 134-104 BC (with)in Tradition.' If Tradition is conceived context in which it originated, took shape, The frailty of human nature which going badly for the Maccabees (6.18-55), John Hyrcanus (son of Simon); 104- as the life of the Holy Spirit in the Church, and was variously used. These contexts are Wisdom of God deigned to take upon but Lysias persuades young Antiochus to 103 Aristobulus (son of John Scripture might be imagined as … always namely Israel and Church.'… As R. W. L. Himself, and the humiliation of the sue for peace, and Lysias returns to Hyrcanus); 103-76 BC Alexander challenging [the Church] to dialogue with Moberly observes … there should always passion, make the psalmist declare with Antioch "where he found Philip to be Jannaeus (another son of John the living Word of God…." [p. 136]. be a healthy two-way interaction between truth v. 5/6a. But [the psalmist] hastens master of the city so he fought against Hyrcanus); 76-67 Salome Alexandra. [Biblical] text and community" [p.137]. to proclaim the glory of His resurrection him and took the city by force" (6.56-63). "Simon and his descendants were in and ascension into heaven [in] v. 5/6b." effect kings as well as high priests" [E. P. Sanders, Judaism: Practice and Belief 63 BCE-66CE; pp. 13-29].
Demetrius from Rome becomes king and In The Orthodox Way, (Rev. Ed., 1995, pp. None. Looking ahead to 1 Mc 10 and Of Rom 5.3 ("We rejoice in our own Augustine writes of 9.1 LXX: kills Antiochus and Lysias, attracting to 110-111), Metropolitan Kallistos Ware Alexander Janneus, Potok writes: "Janneus sufferings, knowing that suffering "Wholehearted confession is … the mark himself "all the wicked and ungodly men writes: "As we read the Bible, we are all sought to make peace with the Pharisees produces endurance") cited in Ps 9/10, of the person who already discerns the of Israel," including Alcimus who is a the time gathering information, wrestling [by asking] … what terms they wanted. John Chrysostom preached: "Consider how hidden things in the wisdom of God, and Jewish priest (7.1-5). An attack is with the sense of obscure sentences, They asked for his death…. These great the things to come are, when we can how great is [their] invisible reward, [for] comparing and analyzing. But this is mounted against Judas and his brothers, Pharisees [were not] gentle old men with rejoice even at things which appear to be the person who says, 'We even rejoice in secondary. The real purpose of Bible who are deceived by the false promises flowing beards [but rather] … passionate distressful…. Sufferings are in themselves a our sufferings' (Rom 5.3). Such people study is … to feed our love for Christ, to of peace by a priest, and many of their fellow followers of scribal teachings, many good thing, insofar as they prepare us for understand that all the hardships that are kindle our hearts into prayer, and to men are killed (7.6-17). Demetrius sends provide us with guidance in our personal adept with sword and spear as well as with endurance." Basil preached: "For those imposed on the body either offer training a large army to defeat Judas and his life…. The Bible is found to be … a text of the law…. The Pharisees were to who are well prepared, tribulations [that to those who have turned to God, or brothers, but Judas prays and is again message addressed directly to me here the Hasmonean kings what the prophets is, great sorrows and troubles] are like warn them to turn or else prepare … for victorious (7.18-50). The Romans have and now. 'He who is humble in his had been to the kings of Israel and Judah…. certain foods and exercises for athletes the final and just judgment…." 11-Mar 1 Maccabees 7-8 become very strong; and Judas learns thoughts and engaged in spiritual work,' Anyone with a gift of will and mind-rich which lead the contestant on to the Ps 9 (9,10) Cassiodorus writes of 10.1-2: "We that the Romans "would lovingly accept says St Mark the Monk, 'when he reads man, poor man, convert-could rise to the inheritance of glory." Of this psalm, consider ourselves slighted if we are put all that joined themselves unto them and the Holy Scriptures will apply everything status of a sage…. The oral law was not a Augustine writes: "Paul says this in order off [by God] even for the shortest time, make a league of [friendship] with all to himself and not to someone else.' As a secret doctrine but one the sages wished to lead us gradually to the love of God, but his help is all the more fruitful when that came unto them" (8.1-16). Judas book uniquely inspired by God and to make known to all the people. Hence which he says that we have by the gift of he accords us the consolations of great sends Eupolemus and Jason to Rome; addressed to each of the faithful while John Hyrcanus and Alexander the [Holy] Spirit. He shows us that all those patience." Of 10.5 and the perils of and a treaty of friendship is agreed personally, the Bible possesses Janneus were conquering and Judaizing things which we might attribute to flattery, Chrysostom warns: "It is much sacramental power, transmitting grace to between the Romans and the Jews in vast stretches of Palestine with… non- ourselves ought to be attributed to God, more necessary to welcome those who the reader, bringing [them] to a point of 161 BC (8.17-31). Jewish mercenaries, the sages were who was pleased to give us his Holy Spirit censure and correct us than those who meeting and decisive encounter…." spiritualizing every bright and shadowed through grace." applaud and flatter us to the point of corner of existence" [pp. 195-197]. destruction." Judas and his men challenge Bacchides Rabbi Greenberg writes: "When None. Rabbit Greenberg continues: "The Rabbi Greenberg continues: "The Athanasius advises: "If anyone wishes to and Alcimus (9.1-5). However, Judas' Antiochus V was overthrown in pretender to the Syrian throne now made Hasmodeans, who were priests, now disturb you, hold on strongly to your forces are far smaller than his enemy; Antioch, Judah sought to exclude a counteroffer and appointed Jonathan insisted on taking over the kingship as well confidence in the Lord and say Psalm and many of his men run away (9.6-10). Alcimus from the priesthood on the high priest! This incredible reversal of as the Temple priesthood. The Pharisee 10/11." Of v. 1 Diodore of Tarsus insists: Judas is killed in battle (9.11-22). grounds that he had tainted himself fortunes restored the Maccabean dynasty. elements in the coalition opposed this "Even if movement is necessary … let it Bacchides kills many people; and there is by joining in pagan worship during the For twenty years the brothers Jonathan unification of political and religious power be known that I do not hope to secure famine (9.23-27). Judas' brother time of the persecutions. The majority and Simon played politics back and forth in one group. With a deep historical safety from those with whom I am Jonathan is chosen as the new military stood by Alcimus and bitter war between the reigning kings and contenders wisdom they realized that … when religion constantly in opposition except by hoping commander (9.28-31); and he leads his followed…. In a gallant last stand, for the Seleucid throne. After the and state are totally identified, in God who can provide me with safety in army against Bacchides in a great battle Judah was killed. In two years Judah's Maccabees came to power, the compromises turn into corruption because every place." Arnobius the Younger which ends when Jonathan and his army forces had gone from triumph to ultratraditionalist Chasidim dropped out of there is no independent channel of writes: "This psalm refers to David when, 1 Maccabees 9- swim across the Jordan River. Bacchides tragedy. Large numbers of Maccabean the coalition. They felt that any criticism and renewal… The Maccabees like a sparrow, he sought a hiding place in 12-Mar Ps 10 (11) 10:21 does not follow them but returns to followers were executed, and Judah's government would have to make political went ahead and united both powers. The an inaccessible mountain when sinners Jerusalem (9.32-53). The renegade priest surviving brothers fled into the deals, compromise with Hellenism and Pharisees… soon were involved in have bent their bows against him, Alcimus attempts to destroy the Temple wilderness. In 152 B.C.E., another allow its cultural influence. The Chasidim continual political and religious conflicts whether Saul, Absalom, or innumerable but is paralyzed and dies (9.54-57). revolt broke out against the Selecuid were right, but the alternative was worse. with the government. The worst years enemies. But let us drawing on the Bacchides renews his efforts to defeat King, Demetrius I…. He desperately The committed Jewish majority saw that came with King Alexander Janneus (103-76 counsels of the saints hear these words Jonathan, but then agrees to Jonathan's needed military allies, and the Jews without a state and some acculturation, B.C.E.)…. Alexander attacked and even for our building up, and making the peace proposal (9.58-73). Alexander were known to be excellent fighters. the Jewish people and eventually Judaism, massacred Pharisees…." [pp. 270-271]. ascent in our heart let us move onto the Janneus is made king in Judea and works Demetrius … quickly negotiated a deal too, would be suppressed" [p. 270]. mountain 'from the valley of weeping' (Ps initially in friendship with Jonathan (10.1- that allowed Jonathan to occupy 84.6/LXX 83.7)." 21). Jerusalem for his military help."
Demetrius attempts to befriend the Rabbi Greenberg continues: "Despite Rabbi Greenberg continues: "History is Rabbi Greenberg concludes: "The Rabbis … Of verse 2 on "a double heart" Valerian Jews, but they distrust him because of his the religious decline of the rarely neat. The liberators became tainted. concluded that the primary lesson [of of Cimiez preached: "We [should] take earlier treachery (10.22-47). Alexander Hasmonean rulers, the work of the The Chasidim's disillusionment with Hannukah] … was the power of the spirit, care to have nothing base spring from Janneus and his army defeat Demetrius Maccabees was essentially a success. government only intensified the the ability of God's people to live by the our hearts, nothing blasphemous fly from and his army, killing him (10.48-50). Had the revolt not taken place, the assimilation and alienation that separated divine light. The Greeks sought to coerce our lips, nothing harmful harbored in our Alexander Janneus and Ptolemy, king of combination of political backing and the Hasmonean rulers from the people. Jews to forget the Torah and abandon the thought. The [psalmist] condemns not Egypt, become friends; and Alexander Hellenistic cultural imperialism might The moderate Hellenizers saved the revolt, commandments. But God had fought the only what offends the ears but also the marries a daughter of Ptolemy, Salome have overwhelmed Judaism. Thanks to yet Hellenization led to moral and political Jewish battles, handing over the many to attitude that some people cherish in their Cleopatra (10.51-58). [Note: this is the uprising, the basic role of Torah degeneration of the rulers that followed…. the few, the evil to the righteous…. For the minds. 'With deceitful lips and with a neither Alexander the Great nor was assured. Hellenization continued. The ultimate gift the Maccabees have main prophetic reading of Hanukkah, the double heart they have spoken evil Cleopatra of Egypt]. Jonathan is made However, a strengthened Judaism given later generations may well be the Rabbis chose the prophecy of Zechariah, things' (v. 2). Deliberations too, then Governor by King Alexander (10.59-66). now possessed the inner capacity to holiday of Hanukkah itself. It took great which ends, 'not my might, nor by power should be listed among the faults of an 1 Maccabees 13-Mar Demetrius II appoints Apollonius as assimilate some new elements and yet spiritual courage to recognize that but by My Spirit, saith the Lord (Zech 4.6). Ps 11 (12) insolent tongue. Whatever you speak in 10:22-10:89 governor in Coele-Syria; and Apollonius remain a vital religion. The triumph of marginal, sharply contested victory as the Hanukkah's central symbol, the menorah, your heart you are confessing to the wages war against Jonathan, but is the Pharisees was made possible by decisive redemption that it actually was. It carries the same message. The light of the Lord, because God is the Searcher of defeated (10.67-86). The complex events the temporary respite won by the took even greater courage to apply the menorah is the symbol of the light of God. hearts. Since you cannot hide even your are set out at: Maccabean revolt. In turn, their classical model of Exodus to the event. The The fact that the light burned [for eight thought from him, can that which you https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander theological power led to the fullest Hasmoneans believed that just as God had days] even when … no supply [of oil] was shout aloud remain hidden from him or _Jannaeus]. 1 Mac is not critical of development of the Oral Law. Thanks led the people Israel out of Egypt, so God left [for more than one day] is a perfect excused? Reflect on this." Alexander Janneus, but Potok writes that to the Pharisees, the values of had redeemed the people in their symbol of the eternity of God's word" [p. Alexander "waged endless expansionist individualism and the sacred dignity of generation…." [pp. 271-272]. 272]. wars [while serving ineptly] as high the human [person] were deepened priest" [pp. 194-195]. within Judaism" [p. 271]. Ptolemy IV opens deceitful peace E. P. Sanders writes: "During the course None. Three Church Fathers reflect on In Encouraged by the Scriptures, Father Of v. 3 ("O Lord my God, enlighten mine negotiations with Alexander Janneus, but of the successful [Maccabean] revolt … human nature. Augustine writes: "Men go Theodore Stylianopoulos writes: St eyes") John Chrysostom preached: "'Seek the fighting continues. (11.1-7). King against the Seleucid kingdom and the abroad to wonder at the height of Symeon the New Theologian (949-1022) and ye shall find' (Mt 7.7): But how can Ptolemy offers King Demetrius, his period of Hasmonean rule … three things mountains, at the huge waves of the sea, "lived and worked in the context of the life we find the Lord? Consider how gold is daughter, who is already married to King happened: (1) Israel re-established first at the vast compass of the ocean … and of the Great Church of Constantinople…. found; with much labour. Ps 76.2 [states religious and then political autonomy. (2) Alexander, which creates further hatred [yet] they pass by themselves without The intriguing hermeneutical element in St that] just as we seek what is lost, so let us One option for Israelite life-merger into between Ptolemy and Alexander (11.8- wondering." Paulinus of Nola writes: "We Symeon's extraordinary witness in the seek God…. For things sought after need the common Hellenistic culture-was 12). Ptolemy enters Antioch and "crowns who are [servants] to Christ make our religious world of his time is … his reliance much care, especially in regard to God…. decisively rejected. Jewish life would be himself king of Asia and of Egypt" (8.13). lived according to the law of Moses, bodies serve and our minds govern, so that on and use of scripture to critique the I would have you always, and if not Zabdiel kills Alexander (11.14-17). which in some ways separates Jew from the flesh receives its orders and prevailing view and practice of the ongoing always at least very often; and if not very Ptolemy dies; and Demetrius II becomes Gentile. (3) The old leadership of Israel- accompanies our will which is guided by religious tradition as viewed and lived by often, as least now and then, at least in king (11.18-19). Jonathan persuades the Zadokite priesthood-was replaced by Christ our Maker. The body derives clerics, monks, theologians, state officials the morning, at least in the evening 14-Mar 1 Maccabees 11 Demetrius to remove royal taxes and to the Hasmonean family." As a result of steadfastness from the mind's courage, and lay people…. [He held to the view]… Ps 12 (13) prayers. Can you not stretch forth your increase the boundaries of Judah (11.20- these three developments: "Complete and the servant [i.e., body] obeys in that the truth of the apostolic gospel had hands? Then stretch forth the will, 37). Jonathan and his army fight for autonomy [for the Jews of Palestine], accordance with the disposition of the been swallowed up in an ocean of religious stretch [it] forth as far as you wish, yea Demetrius and save him, but Demetrius coupled with the removal of the previous master [i.e., the mind and the will, guided formalism unable to bear the words of a even to heaven itself…. Our mind is turns against them (11.38-53). Trypho leadership, led naturally to by Christ]." Irenaeus writes: "To bring man prophetic and evangelical voice" [p. 39]. lighter and higher than any winged places Antiochus, the young son of disagreements about how Jewish life to being, to make a living and rational We can readily see the prophets of the OT creature. And when it receives grace Alexander, on the throne; and Trypho should be constituted and lived, or creature, of bone, muscle, veins … was a confronting "religious formalism," but find from the [Holy] Spirit, O how swift it is! … exacerbated [that is, made worse] some makes Jonathan High Priest (11. 54-59). task far harder … than to restore this it more difficult to appreciate that the How it compasses all things!" of the disagreements that already Jonathan and Simon battle Demetrius; creature to life after it had been re- Pharisees relied on the oral law to critique existed" [p. 14]. and the Maccabees win in a ferocious dissolved into the earth." These insights the Hasmonean kings. battle (11.60-74). remain sound today.
[Note: In the Biblical text, the events in Anderson writes: "The Maccabean wars … None. We can learn much about the Of Psalm 13 (14) v. 2/3 ("The LORD looks Bishop Nikolai Velimirovich writes in the final chapters of 1 Mc are not began as a resistance movement [but] conflicts of these days from the down from heaven"), Asterius the Homilist Prayers by the Lake (LXXXI) of v. 3/4: described in chronological order]. eventually flared up into a full-scale war. contemporary insights and prayers of writes: "Think not of his divine and "When I was a shepherd of sheep… with Jonathan renews friendship with Rome Favored by … Rome's increasing Archbishop Avery (Taushev) (1906-1976) incorporeal nature [that is, without bodily my shepherd's staff I would overturn and Sparta (12.1-23). Demetrius' army intervention in eastern affairs, the in his book, The Struggle for Virtue: or material form] that he has bowed and every stone and blade of grass, … and I energetic, zealous Jews were able to renews its attack on Judea, but Jonathan Asceticism in a Modern Secular Society: bent down or has bent his knee … but would lie on my back and watch the achieve a century of independence that and Simon and their armies again rout "The primary and fundamental task of a realize his visitation, forgiveness and awesome fires of heaven…. And I used to lasted until the coming of the Roman them and then improve the walls of Christian is to battle with evil in [their] own kindness…. He looks down from heaven, read your name etched with fire over all ruler, Pompey, to Jerusalem in 63 B.C.E." Jerusalem and the Judean cities (12.24- [p. 618]. Potok writes: "The main soul and suppress all evil impulses and not through fences and gates in the sky, over the earth, and I used to feel every 38). Trypho tricks Jonathan and then development of [the oral] law began yearnings therein. However, at the same but because from heaven he has visited footstep beneath me burning and saying: captures and kills him deviously (12.39- when Greece brushed Jerusalem and the time we should battle with evil with all humankind…. He sees them to serve them 'I am the altar of the Most High.'… But 52; 13.12-24). Simon buries Jonathan text of the covenant had to be made vital possible means when it manifests itself. and to embrace them as a friend…. He once I grew up I discovered with 1 Maccabees 12- 15-Mar and then strengthens the Maccabean for this new confrontation with an alien We Christians can never remain indifferent appears to them who have faith in him in Ps 13 (14) unutterable shuddering, that You are 13 family tomb in Modein (13.25-30). "All reality. New customs need to be rooted to evil wherever and in whatever form it order that he may see who is sick and who even closer to me than I [suspected] in the heathen [nations] that were round in the covenant…. All the civilized world appears. It is necessary only that the battle needs a doctor and who is poor and who the fields of my childhood. I discovered, about [Israel] sought to destroy them" at that time held in common the sanctity with evil be free from a personal requires Christ…. Then after they see the O Lord, that even I myself am the earth in (12.53). Trypho kills Antiochus, but of ancient writings; all wanted to component. This battle with evil should Lord of the prophets has looked down which you burn and speak. I discovered, Simon forms an alliance with King preserve that sanctity and ensure the always be based on principle and not on from heaven so that he may see, … they my Master, that I am the stranger within Demetrius which gives Israel peace for continued life of those writings by consideration of personal profit or gain…." say, 'It is not enough, Lord, that you look myself, and You are the lord and master reinterpretation. We keep alive creations many years (13.31-41). Simon becomes [pp. 99-100]. down from heaven. Descend…. Come, … of the house" [cited by Manley-P, pp. 45- of the past by infusing them with both high priest and commander of Son of the Father. Seek what is made in 46]. Bishop Nikolai is praying as a priest, resonance [that is, continuing meaning] Judea (13.42), strengthens fortifications for the future" [p197]. your image.'" but his prayer applies whatever our age, in many cities and then appoints his son gender or lay/clerical situation. John as army leader (13.53). Simon Maccabees is praised (14.4-15). The Pharisees in first century Palestine None. Archbishop Averky writes: "The Archbishop Avery continues: "Man's Of v. 2 Jerome preached: "Justice alone is Demetrius wages war against Trypho, but were rightly rejected by Jesus Christ in essence of Christian struggle or asceticism personal efforts are like a receiver for the the great virtue …. The other virtues is captured and imprisoned by Arsaces Mt 16.6, Mk 23.1-39 and Lk 11.37-54. lies… in one's personal effort to eradicate grace of God. The greater more decisive gratify the one who possesses them; (14.1-3). Jonathan renews the alliances While Archbishop Averky writes of the evil and to implant good [in oneself]…. these efforts are, the greater is the grace- justice … instead pleases others. If I am with Sparta and Rome (14.16-49; 15.15- centrality of the Gospel of Christ and Unseen warfare is impossible without filled help from God that they attract. wise, wisdom delights me; if I am brave, 24). Antiochus, a son of Demetrius, seeks "Christ's blessed yoke," the earlier one's own efforts…. In the spiritual life-we These efforts in and of themselves are not my fortitude comforts me; if I have been help from Simon against Trypho (15.1-9), Pharisees would have focused on the cannot sit idly and wait for God to do as significant in unseen warfare as the chaste, my chastity is my joy. On the but then turns against Simon (15.25-36). Old Covenant and the "blessed yoke" everything for us. God very much does sincerity of one's good will…. Incidentally, contrary, justice does not benefit the one Antiochus surrounds Trypho (15.10-14), which that covenant imposed on desire to help us,… but we receive the aid this clearly demonstrates the significance who has it but all the wretched who do but Trypho escapes by sea (15.37). The them. Archbishop Avery writes: "Only of His grace only when we apply our own of good deeds for salvation, an idea that is not have it. Suppose that some poor commander of Demetrius' army, the Gospel of Christ offers a love efforts…. In this way, we show the sincerity rejected by Protestants. It is not in and of person has a quarrel with my brother; Cendebeus, harasses Judea (15.38-41), powerful enough to rejuvenate our of our striving to conquer the evil in our themselves that good deeds have suppose that my brother is powerful and 1 Maccabees 14- 16-Mar but the Maccabees defeat Cendebeus perishing world. Therefore, you who soul and to place good therein. God gave meaning, nor is it the personal effort that Ps 14 (15) with his power crushes the … poor and 16 and his men, mercilessly burning them to are perishing in the wickedness of man free will … and He does not hinder saves man; what saves him is the wretched person. Of what [help] is my death in the towers of Azotus (16.1-10). human pride, humble yourself…. that freedom. When [we are] on the path earnestness with which his will is directed wisdom [or] … my courage…[or] my Ptolemy, governor of Jericho, Otherwise, you will not find salvation" of evil God tries in various way to bring toward good…. This is what attracts the all- chastity to the poor person? Justice is the treacherously kills Simon and his sons at [pp. 46-47]. The earlier Pharisees [us] to [our] senses…. but [we] perish if powerful grace of God which, conjoined virtue that benefits him, for I do not a banquet (16.11-17). Ptolemy seeks to would not have had this deep [we] pay no heed to the instruction that with one's personal effort, makes him a regard the person of my brother but kill John Maccabees as well, but he kills understanding of love and salvation God sends [us] in the form of various signs victor over evil in his own soul, which is the judge according to the truth. Justice … them (16.18-22). 1 Mac ends with John in grounded in belief and action in Christ, and warnings, misfortunes and troubles…." ultimate purpose of unseen warfare" [p. knows truth;… it imitates God" [See NET- charge of Judea (16.23-24). but they did urge that belief in God [ p.122]. 123]. FN-notes G and L, p. 915]. should be lived out through action in this world.
A letter from the Jews in Jerusalem urges Potok writes: "The first public library Archbishop Averky cites Mt 7.13-14, Mt In Prayers by the Lake (XXXII), Bishop Cassiodorus reflects: "Let us meditate on the Jews in Alexandria to serve God and … was built in Alexandria. The Hebrew 7.21, Mt 11.12, Acts 14.22 and continues: Nikolai Velimirovich writes: "My faith sees the immensity of the gift of salvation that celebrate Hanukkah (1.1-9). A second Bible was translated into Greek for the "From these passages of Holy Scripture, it You, Lord…. My faith is my thinking about this psalm offers for our instruction. It letter (1.10-2.18) recounts how God has Greek-speaking Jewish community of is clear how mistaken are those who think You, which prompts You, all-encompassing gives us confidence in sufferings and a delivered the Jews in Jerusalem and Alexandria…. In the time of Alexander that victory in unseen warfare and the Lord, to think of me…. My faith is my unique discipline that … promises eternal restored the Temple (1.11-17, 24-36; 2.9- Janneus, when Pharisees fought their attainment of the Kingdom of God are longing for You, when You are far from glory in hope, so that … we do not fear 17). This letter also explains how king and thousands were slain, many accomplished easily, … only by faith in the me…. My faith is the calming of the storm the hardships of the present. This is Jeremiah sealed the tabernacle and the Pharisees fled from the land. Some Lord Jesus ([as] Protestants … believe). within my soul, for Your light pours into heavenly schooling, learning for life, the ark containing the 10 commandments went to Alexandria… a glittering Greek These scriptural quotes distinctly witness me and pacifies me. My eyes [and my ears] lecture hall of truth, and most indubitably and other holy objects in a cave on city in the midst of the wealth … that to the fact that … personal effort, or what said to me: 'We do not see Him… [We do [that is, certainly] a unique discipline that Mount Nebo to prevent their was Ptolemaic Egypt. No doubt they is called struggle, [is] absolutely necessary not hear him]…. But I pacified them with occupies its pupils with thoughts that 17-Mar 2 Maccabees 1-2 desecration, but his followers were met with the Jews of the city who for victory in unseen warfare. the words: 'The truth is that you were Ps 15 (16) bear fruit, not with the flattery of empty unable to find them [nor have they ever spoke Greek and knew no Hebrew…. [Furthermore,] …these efforts are [not] created not to see [or hear] Him but to words." Of v. 5 Augustine writes: The been found] (2.1-8). The Jews in They witnessed the absence of Jewish merits before God [leading to] … the right [see and] hear what is His…. My faith is my Lord is my portion and cup. In saying my Jerusalem hope that God will gather all schools for the children … [and how] to enter into the Kingdom of Heaven as a only genuine knowledge…. When I say: cup, I include the Church with me, for his people to Jerusalem (2.18). The Jews were eager to enroll their reward, as [some] Roman Catholics think." 'Give me more faith'-I am thinking: 'Give where the Head is, there is the Body author of 2 Mc-an unknown Jew in children in Greek gymnasiums. The [pp. 123-124]. me more of Yourself, O my Father and my also…." Palestine-indicates that he will Pharisees would have seen … the God'" [cited by Manley-P, p. 12]. summarise the five-volume history of the Septuagint [in Alexandria and] that the Maccabees written by Jason of Cyrene Jews had built many synagogues…" (2.19-32). [pp. 183, 195, 197]. A dispute develops between the High Simon continues to cause trouble, but None. Archbishop Averky continues on Archbishop Averky continues: "This battle Elder Aimilianos urges us to look upon Priest Onias and another priest, Simon Onias deals with the situation with the "Christian Struggle": "This labor and effort with evil is named 'spiritual' or 'unseen David "not simply as a historical figure [not Maccabees] which leads the junior support of Seleucus (4.1-6). Then are impossible without constant self- warfare' … and constitutes the very from the Bible, but as a saint engaged in priest to tell Apollonius that the Temple Seleucus dies and Antiochus becomes restraint, without exertion of one's will, essence of asceticism or spiritual life. the work of prayer…. Consider [the "is full of infinite sums of money" (3.1-6). king, while Onias' brother Jason without a persistent battle with the base, Asceticism is the one sure path to the elder's translation of 16/17.4]: 'For the Apollonius tells Seleucus, the king of Asia, becomes High Priest by bribery and egotistical strivings of one's sinful nature. alluring lighthouse of happiness which all sake of the words of Your lips have I kept of this wealth; and the king sends promotes Hellenization throughout In this way, a battle arises in the soul people seek. Happiness, as life experience ways that are hard.'… I have, in other Heliodorus to bring him the money (3.7- Judea (4.7-22). Then Simon's son between good strivings and bad habits. shows, is not outside of a [person], where words, lived an austere and difficult life 8). Onias explains to Heliodorus that Menelaus deviously buys the High The more we exercise self-restraint, the [one] mistakenly looks for it, but inside. of self-denial…. When we read Holy these funds are being kept in safekeeping Priesthood and sends Simon out of the more our bad habits weaken and the Happiness lies in a peaceful state of soul … Scriptures, when we consider God's law, for others (3.9-12). However, Heliodorus country (4.23-26). Menelaus does not easier it becomes to overcome them…. and internal calm, which come … following and especially when we look at our life in insists that the funds be given to him; give Antiochus promised funds (4.27- Without this constant self-restraint, there victory over evil and the eradication [that light of God's words, it can all seem 18-Mar 2 Maccabees 3-4 and there is much prayer and "agony 29). Meanwhile, the cities of Tarsus can be no success in spiritual life. An is, complete removal] of bad habits that Ps 16 (17) rather hard, and often we wish to cry throughout the whole city" (3.13-22). and Mallus revolt against Antiochus, ascetic is indeed a person who forces tyrannize the soul. Sinful habits create out: 'The saying is hard' (Jn 6.60). Then the Lord strikes Heliodorus down; and in the ensuing chaos Onias is [themselves] to do that which is conducive chaos and disarray…. The only way to However, it is precisely in the midst of and it is only because of the prayers and deceitfully killed by Andronicus who is to the growth and development of the pacify the soul is by suppressing and such hard and difficult situations that our sacrifices of Onias that Heliodorus himself soon killed by Antiochus (4.30- spiritual life: [they] love God and one's eradicating the bad habits through … an love for God is tested and deepens…. We recovers and returns to tell the king of 38). In the midst of much treachery, neighbor. [They] refrain from … evil deeds. ascetic way of life. This then, is why must learn the 'ways of the Lord that are "the especial power of God. For he who Menelaus remains High Priest through Thus, we can see that a constant battle of asceticism is absolutely necessary for all hard,' regardless of the form they take…. dwells in heaven and has his eye on that bribery (4.39-50). In brief, there is good with evil takes place in the soul of an people without exception: it is a common Then we will be filled with God's glory" place … and he … destroys them that much deceit and greed among both ascetic." [p. 125]. good, a common heritage…. [pp. 125-126]. [pp. 26, 33, 51.] come to hurt it" (3.23-40). secular rulers and high priests, with only the martyr Onias emerging as holy.
There is a vision over Jerusalem of Anderson writes: "Antiochus [IV]'s None. Archbishop Averky's reflections link Of Ps 17/18.9Jerome preached: "Because horsemen "glittering of golden enthusiasm for Hellenism … was not well with the prayer of Joseph the we are little and lowly and unable to lift Augustine writes of v. 1: "Take care not ornaments" (5.1-4). The High Priest Jason the only … reason for his intervention Visionary: "Wash me from all ourselves up to him, the Lord stoops down to let trust in your own strength steal on attacks the city "killing his own citizens in Jewish affairs. He needed money understanding that belongs to the flesh …. to us and in his compassionate kindness you, for you are human…. But put your without mercy;" but he is defeated, flees madly, [because] the protracted wars Create in me a pure heart so that Your holy deigns to hear us. In fact, … God became trust fully and with your whole heart in and dies alone in Egypt (5.5-10). King with the Ptolemies…. Jewish power may reside within me, so that, man and inclined himself [to us]. Of v. 11 God, and he will be your strength; trust Antiochus attacks Judea; and, with the resentment against Antiochus … [for] through the power of Your Spirit I may in a ("He made darkness his covering around him lovingly and gratefully and say to him support of Menelaus, desecrates the stepped-up high taxation … rose to a spiritual fashion inhale your salvation…. him") Origen writes: "This is a Hebrew way humbly and faithfully, 'I will love you, O Temple (5.11-20). Antiochus sets pitch of rioting when the most sacred And may You be revealed in me through of showing that the ideas of God that Lord, my strength,' because that very governors filled with evil over the cities office … of High Priest was auctioned the spiritual works and good deeds that people understand in accordance with charity of God, when it is perfected in us, of Judah; and many Jews are killed, but off to the highest bidder. This scandal are pleasing to Your will…. And along with their merits are obscure and unknowable, 'casts out fear' (1 Jn 4.18)." Diodore of 19-Mar 2 Maccabees 5-6 Judas Maccabeus and a few others involved two Jewish 'Hellenizers,' the spiritual beings and all who have loved since God hides himself as if in darkness Ps 17 (18):1-12 Tarsus writes: "The phrase 'I shall love escape into the mountains (5.21-27). The Jason and Menelaus…. Antiochus … Your revelation in spirit, may I confess You, from those who cannot bear the radiance you' [means] … anyone with love for God defilement of the Temple and much issued orders for the complete praise You, exalt You in that kingdom of the knowledge of him and who cannot repeatedly adopts the same sentiments killing continues (6.1-11). The author of 2 Hellenization of Jewish life …. which does not ever dissolve or pass away. see him…. By participation in him who took as an intense form of thanksgiving when Mc insists that readers "should not be marched his troops into Jerusalem… Now and always [cited in The Path of away from the Father what is called occupied in recalling God's graces. In a discouraged," as the Lord will deal [desecrated the Temple and] erected Prayer from Father Sebastian Brock's The darkness, which he made 'his hiding range of texts, in fact, [David] seems to quickly with the sinners (6.12-17). The an altar to Zeus …. sacrificing swine Syriac Fathers on Prayer and the Spiritual place,'… thus revealing the Father, anyone recite and go over the same sentiments honourable elderly man Eleazar refuses upon it…. And Antiochus' troops Life. See … who has the capacity to know him may in the process of recalling every event to eat pork, which would break the policed the country to see that the http://www.syriacstudies.com/2014/08/0 do so." from childhood to old age in which God Jewish kosher laws and dies a painful royal edict was obeyed" [pp. 615-616]. 1/the-three-stages-of-spiritual-life-joseph- provided him with help and support" death (6.18-31). the-visionary/ ] [See NET-FN, notes H and O, p. 918]. 7.1-42 describes the torture and death of In The Springs of Jewish Life, Chaim None. Chaim Raphael writes that when Of Psalm 17 (18) vv. 10-13 Eusebius of Of v. 14 ("He flashed forth lightnings…) seven sons and their mother Solomonia Raphael writes of how the Jews small neighbouring nations attacked Caesarea writes: "Secretly and with Evagrius of Pontus writes: "When we who refused to eat swine. A long note in refused to worship idols and "the "remote Jewish settlements … the mysterious reckoning [Christ] represents compare spiritual things with spiritual things, The OSB on p. 652 titled "Saints of the wholly new concept of voluntary Maccabees set out on rescue campaigns … his incarnation through [images of] we flash forth lightnings, indicating the OT" lists them and many others. Judas martyrdom made its first appearance, building up experience that was to turn darkness and thick clouds. At last, he knowledge advancing from them." Of v. 25 Augustine writes: "There is a deeply hidden Maccabeus and his men mount with simple people ready to die for them ultimately from a small guerrilla returns to the same place from whence he sense in which [one is] known as holy with successful attacks at night (8.1-7). their faith…." Judah [or Judas] won force into the creators of a new dynasty…. had set forth: and he ascends into the the holy, because you [Lord] make [us] holy." Ptolemy sends many troops led by control of [much] of the city and was During this time, leadership of the Syrian heavens with the cherubim … with the Of v. 26b Clement of Alexandria writes: "By Nicanor and General Gorgias (8.8-11). able, above all, to enter the Temple force in Palestine had been weakened body he had assumed … although he had perverse, he means he will chastise sinners. Judas encourages his men (8.12-20) and (166 B.C.)…. Resistance had through the death of Antiochus (163 B.C) not descended with those cherubim…. For his natural uprightness … and his with the priest Eleazar proclaims the triumphed; and Rome, with an and quarrels over the succession; but now Arnobius the Younger also sees Christ in Psalm 17 (18):13- goodness toward those who believe 20-Mar 2 Maccabees 7-8 watchword 'The help of God.' Although interest in law and order, now sent the local Syrian chief … raised a really this psalm: "Just as the eye is the lamp of 26 obediently are immovable and unshakable…. the Maccabees are vastly outnumbered, word urging the local Syrian powerful military force … to crush the the body, so the lamp of the soul is the Therefore, he treats [sinners] severely in the they soundly defeat Nicanor and Gorgias commander to arrange an armistice rebels…. It was a situation which needed mind, in which, unless Christ has poured hope that perhaps he might curb their (8.21-33). Nicanor escaped to Antioch which would offer the Jews the the compromising influence of Roman the oil of his grace, there will not be light impulse toward death." and there proclaims that "the Jews had restoration of full religious freedom in power to satisfy all parties, a pattern that within. [The psalmist], therefore, proclaims God to fight for them, and therefore they return for the end of fighting." was to repeat itself many times in the that his lamp is lighted by the Lord." could not be hurt…." (8.34-36). However, the Maccabees chose to future" [pp. 87-88]. continue to fight, "responding to the developing military situation around them" [pp. 86-87].
Antiochus IV heads angrily to Jerusalem In From Ezra to the Last of the None. Bickerman continues: "All of ancient Bickerman continues: "For some time the Of v. 28 Arnobius the Younger writes: "Just to kill the Jews (9.1-4). However, he is Maccabees, Elias Bickerman asks: life was carried on within the framework Jews had been in the habit of calling their as the eye is the lamp of the body, so the stricken by the Lord with illness, falls out "Why did the struggle of the of cult acts whose [implementation] did God 'Lord of Heaven,' or even simply lamp of the soul is the mind, in which, unless of his chariot and in great pain tries to Maccabees turn into a civil war within not entail complete belief. No gymnasium 'Heaven,' as is the regular practice in the Christ has poured the oil of his grace, there repent (9.5-17). He appoints his son the Jewish people? Why did it not could be without the images of such First Book of Maccabees. But for the will not be light within. The [psalmist], therefore, proclaims that his lamp is lighted Antiochus V to be king; and he dies (9.18- rather become a single hearted patron gods of athletics as Heracles and Greeks the Lord of Heaven was Zeus by the Lord." Of the same verse Augustine 29). Judas Maccabeus and his men purify defense of the people against the without honorific statues of the kings. Olympius…. In this manner the 'God of the writes: "Since our light does not come from the Temple and celebrate the Feast of persecution of the Syrian king from Every public act was invariably Jews' was now accepted in the general ourselves, it is you, Lord who will light my Tabernacles (Hanukkah) (10.1-9). without?" His answer is essentially accompanied by sacrifice and invariably [Hellenistic] pantheon…. [However,]… all lamp…. Of ourselves we are darkness by Antiochus V becomes king and appoints because of the attractiveness of Greek involved prayer. To accept Western the requirements of the law concerning reason of our sin, but you my God, 'will Lysias as chief governor of Coelesyria and culture where a person could [Helenistic] culture fully, therefore, there the sacrificial ritual were rescinded. The enlighten my darkness.'" Of v. 29 Augustine Phoenicia (10.10). Ptolemy decides to "became a 'Hellene' without at the appeared no other alternatives than either pig was now approved as a sacrificial reflects: "Not by my own effort shall I be Psalm 17 (18):27- 21-Mar 2 Maccabees 9-10 treat the Jews justly (10.11), but is same time forsaking [their] gods and [1] to renounce the ancestral religion [with animal… Adaptation to the religious delivered, but by you…. I shall leap over the greatly criticized by Antiochus V's friends; [their] people, but merely by adopting its laws for worship and diet] … or [2] to customs of the Greeks was impossible 38 wall that sins have built between humankind and in despair Ptolemy commits suicide Hellenic culture…. It was vested with transform the ancient law. Many Jews of without the surrender of monotheism…. and the heavenly Jerusalem." Eusebius (10.12-13). Gorgias becomes governor of the superiority that the judgment of antiquity chose the first course…. [The high According to the historical principles basic writes: "Truly I have known that I am going Palestine and fights the Jews (10.14-15). war constantly reaffirmed. It was open priests] Jason and Menelaus, in the reign to Greek thought, Jewish law was the to cross over that heavenly wall built by your Judas and his men defeat them (10.16- to all. Whether or not to accept this of [Antiochus V] Epiphanes, wished to invention of Moses…. If Menelaus now strength and power; and then situated in a 17). However, as Judas pursues those culture was therefore a question of follow the other course; they desired to wished to impose his own law upon the safe place, I will receive salvation from you." May it be so for all of us. who flee and leaves others in charge in life and death for every people…. But accommodate traditional Judaism to the people, his conduct could not be regarded Jerusalem, they take bribes and allow in the days of the Maccabees … times [while they enriched themselves as improper…." [pp. 109-111]. many to escape, until Judas returns and [Jewish] law interposed a wall from the priesthood they had purchased]" kills many more (10.18-23). between Jews and non-Jews…. Dietary [p. 108]. laws forbade the Jew to taste the food of [their] non-Jewish neighbor" [pp. 101 105 ] Lysias seeks revenge against the Jews Bickerman writes: "Jewish 'Hellenists' None. The challenge of the extent to which Father Stephen continues: "The least Augustine, who was tempted by and decides "to make the city [of promptly received royal approval for those who seek to follow the Lord should acceptable argument [to address concupiscence (i. e. strong sexual desires), Jerusalem] a habitation of the Gentiles," establishing a Greek community in integrate with the secular culture remains secularization] is to assert that it would writes of v. 39 ("Thou didst gird me with to desecrate the Temple and take its Jerusalem…. In 169 [BC], then, a a challenge today. Father Stephen C. have been better if secularization had strength for the battle"): "Tightly and riches, and to "set the high priesthood to regular Greek city, surrounded by Headley writes in After Secularization: never happened. To do so would imply a strongly you have bound up the loosely flowing desires of my flesh that I may not be sale every year" (11.1-5). Despite the walls and fortified by towers, was Religious Faith in Modern Europe, Russia complete lack of knowledge of how we hindered by them in battle." Evagrius of overwhelming size of the army of Lysias, founded upon one of the hills of and Asia: "To speak of the 'aftermath of ourselves have participated in Pontus sees the battle as being against the Judas Maccabeus and his army soundly Jerusalem, opposite the Temple secularization' may have a dreary sound to secularization's conception and our devil and his angels: "If the demons fight defeat them (11.6-12). Lysias realises Mount…. The Hellenistic culture, it but, in Christian theology, the day after responsibility for having done so. Another against us, then they too when they assail us that "God helped [the Jews]" and agrees understandably enough, had first Christ's crucifixion is the beginning of a perspective is simply to declare that we will be assailed by us in return. Scripture [Ps a peace treaty with Judas (11.13-38). affected the upper classes, the new era; his descent into Shéol is followed were never 'modern,' therefore the 17 (18).37-38 and Ps 26/27.2] says: 'Those 2 Maccabees 11- Psalm 17 (18):39- 22-Mar However, several of the local governors Jerusalemites and the priesthood. by his resurrection…. Hans-Georg category or condition of secularization who assail me and are my enemies, they 12 would not allow the Jews to "live in When the signal went up for the Gadamer, the German philosopher (1900- doesn't even apply to us… The approach 50 have weakened and fallen.'" Of the people peace" and kill many Jews, but Judas exercises upon the athletic field to 2002), has taught us that all understanding taken by Bruno Latour … permits a better "not known" in v. 43 Eusebius writes of how defeats them(12.1-37). Judas then found begin, it was the priests who hastened must be contextualized historically, and understanding of the phenomenon of through the centuries we have lifted up the that some of his men who had been to the contests and surrendered their that is also true regarding the relationship relativization which is at the heart of words of David "through all the churches of killed were wearing trinkets dedicated to priestly linens for the nakedness of between contemporary civilization and secularizing religion…. An individual Christ." idols, so "this was the cause for which Greek sports…. But the leaders of the Christ's resurrection which is the beginning working from within a particular [religious] they were slain" (12.38-42). Judas urges party understood perfectly well that of a new history for mankind" [p. 7]. code will be open to certain … propositions the people "to keep themselves from sin" all this[could] remain merely a according to what is considered (12.43-45). diversion of the upper classes as long appropriate to its respective rationalities" as the Sanctuary remained [pp. 8-9]. inviolate…." [p. 107].
The battles continue, but the Syrians Bickerman writes: "The consequences [Content summary continued] Alcimus A look into the future-Potok writes: Elder Aimilianos writes: "How do we become aware of the treachery of of the peace of 162 [BC] were two- treacherously reports to King Demetrius "Queen Alexandria died in 67 B.C.E. Rome "understand as much as we can of the Menelaus and kill him (13.1-8). After fold. For one thing, it marked the end that Nicanor has signed a peace treaty annexed Syria. Judea now lay along a concept of God's glory?... It happens much prayer, Judas and his men again of the reform party. Its chief, the with Judas; and the king orders Nicanor to border of the Roman empire…. Civil war either when we are transported to a defeat the Syrians at Modein with the former High Priest Menelaus was take Judas prisoner (14.26-28). Judas goes broke out in in Judea… The sacred realm beyond the heavens or when we watchword "Victory is of God" (13.9-18). executed upon the King's orders…. into hiding with others (14.29-30). Nicanor mountain of the temple … was taken by transform ourselves into a hammer or an Twice Antiocus V attacks the Jews, is The remaining partisans of reform, threatens to destroy the Temple (14.31- the Romans [under the leadership of axe. When you want to cut down a tree, defeated (13.19-22) and finally agrees to who continued to find refuge in the 36). Nicanor kills a respected Jew, Razis Pompey] after a three-month siege… you strike it once, twice, a thousand peace (13.23-24), which angers the Acra, had in the meanwhile lost all the Elder (14.37-46). Bickerman continues: Thousands were slaughtered, [including] times. This is how we should strike at our followers of Ptolemais, but Lysias calms touch with Judaism. The reformers "When … Antiochus V was overthrown by the priests conducting the temple service, hardened hearts…. If we do this then, them (13.25-26). Some years later had now become apostates. The task his cousin, Demetrius I, Judah took [but]… Pompey left the temple and its with God's help, we will come to Demetrius, the son of Seleucus, kills both of the Maccabees also seemed to advantage of the occasion to reappear in treasures untouched…. There was unrest understand something of God's 2 Maccabees 13- 23-Mar Antiochus V and Lysias (14.1-2). The have been completed. The Jerusalem… This time the cleavage in the and rebellion all through Judea in the years Ps 18 (19) glory…One way [to crack open our 14 former Jewish High Priest Alcimus government had deserted the reform Jewish people was quite different from that followed. A brief period of peace hardened hearts] is by reading and deserts to Demetrius and urges that party, traditional Judaism had been that in the days of Epiphanes. The struggle ensued while Julius Caesar ruled Rome, for reflecting on the psalms…. To perceive Judas be killed (14.3-10). Demetrius recognized as alone valid, and the no longer concerned the validity of the he showed high regard for the Jews and to feel God is a spiritual appoints Nicanor "master of the conditions which had obtained before Torah but whether or not Alcimus [who scattered throughout his empire … about experience…. This is a 'psalm of David,' a elephants … as governor over Judea," the promulgation of Epiphanes' had sacrificed at a pagan altar] was one-tenth of the total population, five man … [who] never ceased to seek after urging him to kill Judas and to make measures were thus restored…. The justified in functioning as High Priest…. million out of fifty or sixty million people- God. That's very important. Why? Alcimus High Priest" (14.11-14). government appointed a new high Civil strife began anew" [pp. 128-129]. and treated them as allies. He was Because having continuously sought after However, Nicanor does not seek battle priest, a member of the previous high- assassinated in 44 B.C.E. Civil war engulfed God in both his sorrows and his joys, but befriends Judas, who marries and priestly family called Jakim, who then the Roman empire" [pp. 191-192]. David was granted continual revelations settles down (14.15-25). Hellenized his name to Alcimus…. [pp. of God's grace." [p. 225]. David was at 127]. times a sinner, but repented. Nicanor wishes to attack Judas and his 2 Mc differs in some details from 1 Continuing his reflections on why the Archbishop Averky continues: "All of the Augustine preached: "Sometimes people followers on the Sabbath but is not able Mc, but the rise of the Maccabees is demons returned in Mt 12.3-45 [begun in Holy Fathers … agree that the root and run off to a mountain to pray, as though to implement his plan (15.1-5). Judas portrayed correctly. Bickerman writes: this OT Study Guide in the Reflection on 2 source of the passions is egoism or self- God will be able to hear them better tells his men of a dream in which "It may be argued that the Roman Mc 11-12], Archbishop Averky writes: love … [which] gives rise to three principal from there. Do you want to make contact Jeremiah gives him "a sword of gold" to alliance, which was Judah's greatest "Why is this so? Because spiritual nature, passions:… love of pleasure, greed, and with God? Humble yourself…. Have defeat his enemies (15.6-19). Confronted success, became the immediate cause just as physical nature, abhors a vacuum. love of glory (See 1 Jn 2.15-16). From these lowliness in your heart, and God will give with the immense size of the enemy, of his downfall. The Seleucid The soul of man cannot remain empty and three principal passions in turn come the you all the high altitude you want. He will Judas prays to the Lord, wins the battle; government [had looked] calmly at devoid of everything. If passions have been following eight passions: (1) gluttony, (2) come to you and be with you in your and Nicanor is killed (15.20-28). Judas the occasional successes of a guerrilla eradicated, then the opposing virtues must fornication, (3) avarice, (4) anger, (5) bedroom…. May the Lord grant all your cuts off the head, arm and tongue of chief… but when Judah became a immediately be placed in their stead. sorrow, (6) despair, (7) vainglory, and (8) requests-all of them, not only the Nicanor and displays them to the people protégé of Rome, it seemed essential Otherwise, the passions will return and, pride. These eight passions engender yet petitions you offered on earth but those of Jerusalem (15.29-36). The author of 2 to act at once…. As soon as the rainy not having received gratification for an more and more passions, which then also by which you intercede for us in 24-Mar 2 Maccabees 15 Mc then announces: "And here I will season was ended …in the spring [of extensive time, they will begin to torment branch out into a multitude of diverse and Ps 19 (20) heaven." Of v. 8 ("They will collapse and make an end," (15.37-39). These 160 BC], the King's general Bacchides, the person even more intensely, as if subtle variations…. All of these fall; but we shall rise and stand upright") concluding chapters of 2 Mc have accompanied by Alcimus and at the seven demons had entered instead of one. innumerable passions tyrannize and Cassiodorus writes: "A Christian is said to recounted many of the events already head of a regular army, moved … Thus, we can say that the essence of torment the human heart, never giving a rise again in two senses; first, when in considered in 1 Mc. However, 2 Mc ends towards Jerusalem. As always, the asceticism consists in the eradication of person rest and causing him unbearable this world he is freed by grace from the with a triumphant Judas Maccabees professional soldiers were passions and the planting in their place of suffering, from which [they] lose spiritual death of vices and …. second, there is the having defeated Nicanor as in 1 Mc 7.26- qualitatively far superior to the the opposing virtues. But where do the peace, inner balance, and tranquility of general resurrection, at which the just 50, but there is no mention of the treaty Maccabean irregulars…. Friends passions come from?" [p. 128] conscience" [pp. 128-129]. will attain their eternal rewards. Here, with Rome (1 Mc 8.1-31) nor the death advised [Judah] to avoid the battle, both meanings are clearly appropriate…." of Judas (2 Mc 9.6-22). and their counsel was undoubtedly sound. But he preferred death in battle and fell fighting" [pp. 133-134].
3 Mc does not mention the Maccabees Returning to Egypt in great anger, Archbishop Averky continues: "The Holy Archbishop Averky continues: "A passion We can rejoice with King David in "the but focuses on the threat to the Egyptian Ptolemy requires the Jews to pay Fathers … observed and thoroughly that has already been firmly established in strength" that the Lord gives us (v. 1). In Jews from Ptolemy IV Philopater. The taxes, to be branded with the symbol studied all the subtleties of this age-old the heart and made a kind of second Scripture in Tradition, Father John Breck Egyptian king defeats the Syrian king of the god Dionysus, "to be registered tragedy of the human heart afflicted with nature in man is very hard to battle. To writes: "The Church's earliest exegetes … Antiochus in a great battle at Raphia (or … with limited rights" and to be "put passions. Based upon their own experience root it out and conquer it without God's [sought] knowledge [of God] for Gaza) (1.1-5) [See to death" if they refuse to worship in and examination of the internal life of grace-filled help is completely themselves, but always with the intent to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_ the Egyptian temples (2.25-29). The man, they developed an entire science of impossible…. What are [the] precautionary convey it to others in a language that is Raphia]. Ptolemy IV then seeks to enter king offers that those Jews who agree fighting the passions, a kind of therapeutic measures that must be taken against the theoprepês, 'worthy of God.' This is the the Holy of Holies in the Temple in the to be "initiated in the [pagan] rites course for the ailing soul. Knowledge of development of passions?... The Holy language of 'theology,' the language of midst of much protest and prayer from should have equal rights with the this science, which bears the name Fathers differentiate the following God and about God, that indicates the the Jews of Jerusalem (1.6-25). The [Gentile] Alexandrians" (2.30). Some 'asceticism,' comprises the most vital, most separate stages or steps in this battle: (1) way to eternal life…. [Yet today many] 25-Mar 3 Maccabees 1-2 Jewish High Priest Simon leads prayer in Jews agree to the terms; however, the necessary lifetime task for every Christian initial suggestion, (2) acceptance, (3) Ps 20 (21) students of the Bible seem bent on which he acknowledges "our many and majority of Jews continue their … [in] the battle with evil. What are the consent, (4) captivity, and (5) passion. At acquiring [only] knowledge about God, great sins (2.1-13). Ptolemy is paralyzed religious observances, pay the taxes principal techniques in this battle? All of first, the conception of something appears the world and themselves. Rarely do they and his followers, "fearing [the king] and withdraw all support from the the Holy Fathers unanimously advise that in our mind: a person or a thing, or simply demonstrate a serious concern for that would die, speedily removed him" (2.19- apostates (2.31-33). See we, first of all, [should] take precautionary some thought that suddenly comes to knowledge of God, which is the ground of 23). When the king recovered, he was https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy measures so as not to allow the passions mind. This is called a 'suggestion'" [pp. 129- personal communication with him… not repentant and left with many threats _IV_Philopator for the many murders to be conceived and take root in our 130]. Those of us who are professional biblical to the Jews (2.24). in the court of Ptolemy from 221 BC to hearts" [p. 129]. scholars have only added to the crisis. 203 BC. We publish among ourselves, for ourselves" [pp. 16-17]. Ptolemy IV decides to remove all Jews Archbishop Averky continues: "In and Archbishop Averky continues: "But if, Archbishop Averky continues: "But if Verse 2 ("My God, my God, why hast from Egypt (3.1). Some Gentile Egyptians of itself a 'suggestion' is not at all having examined the thought, we see that someone who is still inexperienced in thou forsaken me?") is shouted by Jesus hesitantly support the Jews (3.2-10). sinful, for it is impossible for man to it is bad and sinful but, nevertheless retain spiritual warfare is tempted by an evil Christ on the cross (Mt 27.46). However, Ptolemy demands that all Jews should be keep his mind free of thoughts. it in our consciousness,… then thus begins thought and then, understanding its both the psalmist and Jesus Christ retain brought in chains to him and that anyone Thoughts arise in man apart from his the third stage, which is fully sinful, the so- sinfulness, nevertheless drives it out, their faith and trust in the Lord from birth who seeks to hide them should be killed will…. but it is necessary to resist … called consent…. This takes place when calling upon God for help, it is excusable…. (vv. 9-10), at times of trouble (vv. 19-20) (3.11-30). The Jews are taken on those that are bad … or that lead one someone begins to [consider] how to act Some Holy Fathers differentiate between and in continuing praise (v. 22), affirming transport ships bound in chains beneath into sin…. Here begins [the challenge upon the suggestions of a [sinful thought] two types or stages of consent that vary in that "all the ends of the earth shall the decks (4.1-10) to hilly coastland of] the second stage … the … … although [their] conscience tells [them] degree of culpability. 'When someone … is remember and turn to the LORD" (v. 27). about three miles from Alexandria which acceptance stage. The Holy Fathers that it is … sinful. The culpability [that is, determined in the root of [their] mind, in There is a Jewish tradition that when contains a hippodrome to facilitate define 'acceptance' as entering into amount of blame] varies depending upon the depth of [their] heart, not to commit a uttering the first verse of a psalm, you registration and punishment (4.11-16). conversation with thoughts that the spiritual stature of a person. If sin … in deed-this is the first type of are affirming the entire psalm; and that 26-Mar 3 Maccabees 3-4 However, the scribes find they are arise…. This stage may be either not someone has already … learned well how consent.' The second type of consent… Ps 21 (22) appears to be what Jesus Christ did on unable to register so many Jews, (4.17- sinful or already … the beginning of to discern thoughts and how to repel sinful consists in … 'when someone willing the cross. Augustine writes: "The words 20). The author of 3 Mc, an unidentified sin. If, having directed our attention to thoughts, then this third stage is accepts thoughts sent from the enemy … of this psalm are spoken in the person of Alexandrian Jew, sees this as "the active the thought, we see that it is … evil, considerably sinful, if [they] through but does not carry out [their] decision in the crucified one…. He speaks interference of the unconquerable and … is leading us to sin, and laziness and neglect, did not act to deed only because [they] do not find an consistently in the character of our old Providence" (4.21). See a summary of 3 immediately … strive to promptly immediately drive away this evil thought" opportune time or place….' Such a self, whose mortality he bore and that Mc at: chase it out of our consciousness, then [p. 131]. condition of the soul is quite culpable and was nailed to the cross with him [as set https://www.biblewise.com/bible_study/ this second stage will be as sinless as requires … Holy Confession…" [pp. 131- out in Rom 6.6]." Cassiodorus writes: apocrypha/3-maccabees.php the first stage" [pp. 130-131]. 132]. "This is the psalm that the church solemnly chants at the paschal service…."
In the midst of much feasting, the king Potok writes: "We know nothing of what None. Archbishop Averky continues: "From Archbishop Averky continues: "The highest Athanasius advises: "When you see orders that all Jews should be trampled went on in the land of Judah during the this second [type] of consent [in the third degree of 'captivity' and the final stage of yourself shepherded and guided safely by and killed by his elephants (5.1-5). century after Nehemiah; there are no stage], it is already a quite … easy one's enslavement to sin [is] called the Lord, rejoice in the words of Psalm However, when the keeper of the records…. A second Jewish civilization transition to the fourth stage, so-called 'passion.' Of this, St Nil says the following: 22/23." Augustine preached: "When you elephants goes to the king the next was being formed in the hill country of captivity. If a soul has accepted an evil 'Passion is such tendency and such action say, 'The Lord is my shepherd,' no proper Judah-and we are unable to witness the morning, the king is so soundly asleep he thought and is completely gripped and that, having nestled for a long time in the grounds are left for you to trust in early stages of its birth. We can assume cannot give the final order for the carried away by it, this is called 'captivity.' soul, by means of habit turns into its yourself." Cassiodorus writes that the that exiled Jews continued to drift toward destruction of the Jews (5.5-13). The king [St Nil of Sorsk] defines 'captivity' as 'the nature, as it were.' Often falling into one "still waters" in v. 2 are "'The water of Jerusalem and the tiny district of Judah. is still determined to kill the Jews but There were Jewish communities automatic attraction of our heart towards and the same sin, a person comes to the refreshment' is the baptismal fount by again becomes confused the next scattered throughout the vast empire of the thought, or the constant allowance for point where the sin becomes so habitual which the soul, barren through the morning and does not authorize the Persia. It was to be the only time in the it to dwell in ourselves, that is, uniting with that [they] cannot and do not have the parching effect of sin, is watered by slaughter (5.14-35). The following history of the exile that all the many it…. The peaceful condition of our spirit, power to live without the constant heavenly gifts to bear good fruits." 27-Mar 3 Maccabees 5 morning, having resumed the feast with fragments of this people would be found our inner harmony and normal emotional gratification of [their] sinful inclination… Ps 22 (23) Origen writes of v. 4 that that those "who his friends, the king authorizes the killing in a single world obedient to a single balance are disrupted.' However, as in the [p. 133]. Father Dimitu Staniloae devotes do not sit, but who pass or walk through of the Jews and goes to the hippodrome ruler. But … the unity of the empire stage of consent, there can be different pp. 77-118 to overcoming passions as the the midst of the shadow of death … do to see his order carried out (5.36-47). As enabled the people to work out a sense degrees of 'captivity'-greater or lesser. St first step toward personal purification. He not walk alone because the Lord goes the elephants come into the of unity-in-dispersion that deepened as Nil of Sorsk says, 'In one case, when your sees passions as bringing a human being through with [them]." Of the Lord's "rod" hippodrome, and the Jews "heard the the civilizations of Greece and Rome mind is possessed by thoughts and is "to a state of passivity, of slavery. In fact, in v. 4 Origen writes: "If you have sinned loud cries of the crowd, [they] thought [later] dominated the world. Each involuntarily carried away by evil thoughts they overcome the will, so that the and you see the rod of God threatening community retained its autonomy; at the that they had come to the last moments against your will, you can quickly with [person] is no longer a [person] of will; you, know that the mercy of God will not same time, all communities looked to of their lives" (5.48-49). Nevertheless, God's help, control your mind and return it [but is] …ruled, enslaved, carried along by be far from you." Jerusalem as central to the whole people" they "sent up an exceeding great cry, [p. 180]. to yourself and to your activity'" [pp. 132- the passions" [p. 77]. entreating the Lord of all power to reveal 133]. himself and have mercy" on them (5.50- 51). With the Jews in the Hippodrome facing 3 Mc does not mention the Archbishop Averky was writing for Archbishop Averky concludes: "'Every Many beautiful verses in this psalm death, the priest Eleazar prays: 'Let it be Maccabees, but the confrontation Christians thousands of years after the resistance to … the passions weakens then; encourage prayer: v. 1 ("The earth is the shown to all the nations that thou art between Judaism and Hellenism has confrontation of Ptolemy with the Jews of constant resistance to a passion dethrones Lord's and the fulness thereof"); v. 3 with us, O Lord" (6.1-15). "Two angels, continued. Bickerman writes: "The Egypt. However, both the Jews and it. On the other hand, the fondness for a ("Who shall stand in his holy place?);" v. dreadful of form, came down and were reform party wished to assimilate the Ptolemy would have been interested in his passion strengthens it; the constant 4 (the importance of "clean hands and a visible to all but the Jews" (6.16-18). The Torah to Hellenism; [but] the questions: "Where do our passions come fondness for a passion enslaves the one pure heart"); v. 6 ("This is the generation angels "turned back the [terrified Maccabees wished to incorporate from? Do we need to struggle with them? who has become fond of it' (St Ignatius of those who seek the Lord"); and v. 8 elephants] upon the armed forces which Hellenic culture in the Torah…. [The] Perhaps they are natural for us? Yes, they Brianchaninov)…. A desire to trample … ("Who is the King of glory?"). Of v. 8 followed them; and the animals trod accommodation of new elements to are natural for us. However, they are not [the passions through] spiritual struggle is Tertullian writes: "Christ must be them down" (6.19-21). "The king wept at the Bible [such as Hannukah], [and natural for the ideal man as God created necessary. But it is not spiritual struggle understood to be an exterminator of his own machinations" (6.22). King the] consideration [of] native [Jewish] him and as he should be according to that liberates a Christian from the rule of [that is, one who completely destroys] 28-Mar 3 Maccabees 6-7 Ptolemy frees the Jews and arranges a tradition characterizes the God's intention; they are natural for man's the passions: it is … the grace of the Holy Ps 23 (24) spiritual foes…. It is of such [spiritual feast for them (6.23-40). The king then Hellenization carried through under fallen nature…. Therefore, the Holy Spirit … that liberates [them]. But … the warfare] that the psalm [has] spoken: writes to "the commanders throughout the Maccabees and differentiates it Fathers say, 'do not be disturbed, do not grace of the Holy Spirit … [requires] man's 'The Lord is strong, the Lord is mighty in Egypt" urging them not to hurt the Jews from the rationalistic assimilation be puzzled when you see within yourself … personal struggle. This is why Christ the battle' (v. 8). For with the last enemy (6.41-7.9). Then the Jews who had which had been the aim of the reform the action of a passion. When a passion Saviour says, 'Strive [literally, 'make death did [Christ] fight, and through … escaped death, with the permission of party…. The accommodation of arises, struggle against it and strive to spiritual struggle'] to enter through the the cross he triumphed." Cassiodorus the king, kill those Jews who had Hellenistic civilization to the Torah, restrain and eradicate it with humility and narrow gate (Lk 13.24)" [pp. 134-135]. writes that this psalm "explains the betrayed the Lord (7.10-23). begun under the Maccabees … gave prayer' (Abba Dorotheos, Homily 13)" [p. necessary character of those who wish to Judaism the form that it was to have 134]. call themselves his." for centuries…. [pp. 156-160].
The righteous father Job cares well for The editors of ACAS OT VI Job write: In The Trial of Job: Orthodox Christian Of Ps 24/25. 9 Augustine writes: "[God] Of v. 2 Augustine writes: "O my God, I his family and offers sacrifices to God on "After [the Jews] had lost the concept Reflections on the Book of Job, Father will teach his ways not to those who want have been brought to this point of bodily their behalf (1.1-5). God gives Satan of the collective responsibility of the Patrick Henry Reardon notes that St James to run on ahead, as if they could rule weakness because I trusted in myself…. permission to tempt Job by destroying entire people in their relationship with "is the only NT writer to mention Job themselves better than he can, but to But now I trust in you…." Of v. 12 his children and property, but not to God, there appeared in their culture explicitly … [and] James provides the those who do not strut about with their Maximus the Confessor writes: "[Those] touch him personally (1.6-12). However, the prevalence (already from the time traditional Christian approach to Job- heads in the air or dig in their heels, when who fear the Lord always have humility…. Job does "not sin or charge God with of Isaiah and Ezekiel) of a concept of namely, the theme of the just man who is his easy yoke and light burden are set on For [they] recall… the temptations wrong" (1.13-22). God then gives Satan individual responsibility. Each person tried in his faith." Furthermore, Father them." Of v. 10 Theodore of Mopsuestia bedeviling [them] from [their] youth, and permission to afflict Job "with loathsome was called to give reason for only his Patrick points out that in James 5.10-11 writes: "These are the ways of the Lord. how the Lord [has] delivered [them] from sores;" and still, Job does not protest, or her actions. This certainly created a the apostle mentions Job as a prophet Now, he habitually links truth and mercy…. all those things…. And so, with fear [they (2.1-8), but his wife does (2.9-10). Job's series of difficulties deriving from this "'who spoke in the name of the Lord.'… We This is his action, to accord secure and true now] receive love…, ever thankful with 29-Mar Job 1-2 friends console him silently (2.9-13). The new concept of the relationship must not think … that the Church's interest salvation to those he has chosen." Of vv. Ps 24 (25) deep humility to the benefactor and pilot editors of ACAS OT VI Job write: "Even between the individual human being in the book of Job is only moral. A yet 12-15 Cassiodorus writes: "There is of our lives." Cassidorus writes of v. 14 though Job does not lose his hope and and God. [Job is not a Jew; and] the deeper sense of the book is discerned in particular emphasis on who it is that fears "Fear of people breeds lack of does not curse God, he wonders why he questions proposed by the book of Job the practice of the Church to read Job the Lord [and] with what gift[s] the Lord confidence, but fear of God yields the had to suffer such calamity.…. The are addressed … to men and women during Holy Week…. [The Church regards blesses [them]." Of v. 22 Augustine writes: support of hope." Of v. 18 Augustine unknown author of the book of Job … from any time and any place. This also the] patient Job as a figure and type of "Redeem your people, O God, whom you writes: "I ask you [Lord] to forgive me not [invites] others to accept humbly and explains, even today, the reason for Jesus, supremely the Just Man suffering have prepared for the vision of yourself. only the sins of my youth and ignorance bravely all that God decides even if the the great interest raised by this and sorely tried. Job is, wrote Gregory the Redeem them from all the troubles they committed before I believed but also reason for God's behavior appears work…." [p. xvii]. Great, 'a type of the Redeemer" [pp. 7-8]. endure, not only from without but also those that I commit even now when I am incomprehensible" [p. xvii]. from within." living by faith…." Job longs for death (3.1-26). Eliphaz NASB Introduction states that the The Church Fathers see in Job warnings to Of Ps 25/26.2 Macarius the Great Of v. 2 Cassiodorus writes that this prayer urges Job to be patient (4.1-11) and Book of Job could have been written Christians. Isho'dad writes: "Human beings preached: "There is indeed a burning of is a request that testing "be done to bring suggests how Job should respond to "anytime from the reign of Solomon are apt to curse and grumble against the the Spirit which burns hearts into flame. about an improvement; [because] when God's correction (4.12-5.27). However, to the exile…. [The author] had a misfortunes that befall them. God, in fact, [This] immaterial divine fire has the effect God examines and tries us, he makes us Job remains upset with God (6.1-7), written and/or oral account about the does not expect insensitivity on our part. of enlightening souls and trying them, like aware of our sinning and helps us attain wishes to die (6.8-14) and is disappointed non-Israelite sage Job (1.1), whose But when we are in tribulations … God unalloyed [that is, pure] gold in the the reward of repentance." Of the same with his friends (6.15-30). Father Patrick setting appears to be [late in] the expects that we not abandon ourselves to furnace, but of consuming iniquity, like verse Augustine writes: "Lest even one of Reardon points out that "God … has second millennium B.C. (2000-1000) … blasphemous words but use [appropriate thorns or stubble; 'for our God is a my secret sins elude my scrutiny examine great confidence in Job.… God is the only [as there is a reference to an iron words that] express … the seriousness of consuming fire' (Heb 12.29)…. It was this me, Lord, and try me. Reveal me not to one in the story completely on Job's stylus in 19.24; and iron did not come our misery." Ephrem the Syrian writes of v. fire that worked in the Apostles, when yourself, from whom nothing is hidden, side…. Satan appears as a sceptic and a into use in the ancient Near East until 4: "Certainly the sin of the world was the they spoke with fiery tongues. It was this but to myself and others…. Apply a cynic, persuaded that men act only for the 12th century B.C.]…. [The] wealth reason for the advent of Christ." Gregory fire that shone by the voice round St remedial purge, like fire, to my desires 30-Mar Job 3-6 selfish motives.… Satan believes that [of Job] was measured in cattle (1.3), the Great writes: "No one can lift up Paul…. It was this fire that appeared to Ps 25 (26) and my thoughts…. Of v. 6 Augustine men are very self-centered, pretty much and he acted as priest for his family another without bending down from the Moses in the bush…. Let us pray that this writes: "You wash your hands when you like Satan himself…. [Given the troubles (1.5). The raiding of Sabean (1.15) and uprightness of [their] position. But when fire may reach us also, that always walking perform your works with holy and pure we all experience in life] in terms of plain Chaldean (1.17) tribes fits the second we empathize with the weakness of in light, we may never … 'dash our feet thoughts in the sight of God…." Of v. 8 empirical verification, few lines of Holy millennium, as does the mention of another, we are [helped] to face against a stone' (Ps 90/91.12), 'but shining Cassiodorus writes: "Wherever [God] Scripture seem supported by more and the qesitah, a 'piece of money, in courageously our own weaknesses. [Thus] as lights in the world,' [we] may 'hold forth dwells there is glory … and the majesty of better evidence than St Paul's testimony 42.11…. The discovery of a Targum … the soul prepares itself to meet the ills the word of everlasting life' (cf. Phil 2.15); the lodging grows with the merits of the that 'creation was subjected to futility.' (Aramaic paraphrase) on Job from the of present times and watches for the hurts that … we may rest with the Lord in life, Guest." An Orthodox priest washes his This futility is what Job is now going to first or second century B.C. (the of the body that it used to fear…." glorifying the Father, and the Son, and hands before serving the Divine Liturgy taste (Rom 8.20)" [p. 19]. earliest written Targum) makes a very Holy Spirit…. Amen." and prays vv. 6-12. late date for authorship highly unlikely" [p.690].
Job despairs of his situation (7.1-10) and Father Patrick writes that of the two Gregory the Great treats "Job's words as Didymus the Blind writes of Job 9.10: "The Of v. 1 ("The LORD is my light and my complains to God honestly "in the kinds of wisdom books: "The … [first] the voice of holy church universal, … We disciples who did great things received salvation") Leo the Great preached: "In bitterness of my soul" (7.11-21). Bildad, a group [containing] … the Books of find [the church] at one time sunk to the their ability from God…. Job demonstrates rendering service to the grace of God, we second friend of Job, offers shallow Proverbs and Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), earth by the 'corruption' of the flesh, at regarding greatness that only the one who are not only made subject to our King advice to Job; and Ephrem the Syrian [is] … 'traditional,' in the sense that another time by 'the defilement of dust.' is great [God alone] makes great the things through obedience but are … joined to writes: "So Bildad the Shuhite the emphasis in these books falls on For [the Church] has many within it who … he does. Analogously and in accordance him through the will. If we are of one reproached Job because he thought that such moral themes [necessary] for the become corrupt…. In addition, there are with our ability, we perceive God in the mind with him (willing what he wills, the words that Job had said for the sake transmission of a living culture. These some people who certainly keep from the greatness of creatures and so receive an disapproving of what he disapproves), he of truth and justice were, in fact, spoken themes include fidelity to inherited gratification of the flesh, yet … [are idea of God (Wis 13.5). He says this, himself will bring us victory in all our out of arrogance and disdain" (8.1-22). standards, respect for the teachings of consumed by] earthly practices. So, let however, so that his friends-who think battles. He who has given the 'will' [shall] Job does not believe he has sinned (9.1- parents and elders, adherence to holy church speak through the words of … there is only one reason for hardship-may bestow also the ability. In this way we 13) and struggles with the question of historical legacies, and so forth…. its members…. It is as if [the Church] said consider that he who does great and 'cooperate' with his works." Of v. 4 Bede 31-Mar Job 7-9 whether God is being just toward him [The] second sort of wisdom literature in plan words, 'There are many who are dreadful things also has deep and Ps 26 (27) preached: "Let us strive with all our (9.14-36). The Rehab mentioned in 9.13 in the Bible, represented by the Books members of me in faith, yet [they] are not unfathomable resolutions that are strength of soul to arrive at [the house of is a mythical sea monster, not the Rehab of Ecclesiastes (Qoheleth) and Job … sound or pure members in practice. For glorious. These things are filled with glory, the Lord]. Let us make our way there by of Josh 2 [NASB note, p. 702]. Of 9.27-28 demonstrate a more probing and they either are mastered by foul desires so to speak. Paul writes something similar the inward affection of our heart. Let us Gregory the Great writes: "The mind, in 'problematic' [that is, causing and run to and fro in corruption's when he says, 'O the depth of the riches long [to arrive] there. Let us beg all the first instance, failing to comprehend problems] purpose. They … [address] rottenness, or, being devoted to earthly and wisdom and knowledge of God! How together, and let us beg individually of its limits, is boldly investigating things difficult and thorny questions about practices, they are soiled with dust…. I [the unsearchable are his judgments and how the Maker of that house, that we may above. Afterwards, discovering its own the meaning of human existence Church] have to endure … [and] do plainly inscrutable his ways! For who has known dwell in his house all the days of our life." infirmity, [the mind] begins to entertain itself… This second kind of literature is lament [for these faults] that I bear.'" the mind of the Lord? (Rom 11.33-34).'" We can all pray v. 11 with David: "Teach awe for what it is ignorant of." most certainly not conservative. It me thy way, O LORD." tends, rather, to be bold" [pp. 10-11]. Job continues to seek to understand why Of Job's plea in 13.13-28 Gregory the None. Father Patrick writes: "…Israel's The suffering of Job is echoed by St. Of v. 4 Jerome writes: "Because [the he is suffering so greatly (10.1-17). He Great writes: "'perfect love casts out wisdom literature is the place where the Porphyrios in Wounded by Love: wicked] do not understand through pleads with the Lord that he "may find a fear' (1 Jn 4.18). And Paul comforts OT most readily touches the religious "Whoever wants to become Christian blessings, they will understand through little comfort" before he dies (10.18-22). the children of adoption by saying experience and aspirations of mankind in needs to be refined and sensitive, to have suffering." Of v.1 ("To you O LORD I cry Zophar, a third friend of Job, accuses Job Rom 8.15. Therefore, in the voice of general, and this observation seems sensibility and wings, to be constantly in out") Origen writes: "Let us not think that of being "full of talk," and that he should humankind, longing for the hardness especially pertinent with respect to Job. He flight and to live in dreams, to fly through God speaks to us externally, for those repent, even if he does not know his sin of the law's stroke to pass away and is not, after all, a Jew. Whether or not Job infinity, among the stars, amidst the righteous thoughts that are in our hearts (10.23-11.20). Job rejects his advice but eagerly desiring to advance from fear is to be identified as a descendent of Esau greatness of God, amid silence. Whoever are the words we speak and the voice acknowledges that "the hand of the Lord to love, Job names in prayer the 'two (according to the Peshitta [that is, the wants to become a Christian must first through which God speaks to us. has done this" to me" (12.1-25). Job things God should put far from him,' standard version of the Bible for churches become a poet. That's what it is! You must Understand this when Scripture says that urges his friends to "keep silent" so that saying, 'Withdraw your hand far from in the Syriac tradition] and some suffer. You must love and suffer-suffer for God spoke to this one or that. This he can argue his case with God (13.1-12). me, and do not let dread of you terrify manuscripts of the LXX), he is most the one you love. Love makes effort for Scripture testifies, 'Blessed is the one 01-Apr Job 10-13 Job pleads with the Lord to "know my me' (13.20-22); that is, remove from certainly portrayed as a Gentile. John the loved one. She runs all through the Ps 27 (28) whose help is from you…. (Ps 146/145.5). transgression and my sin. Why dost thou me the hardness of the stroke, take Chrysostom drew particular attention to night; she stays awake; she stains her feet We have this help through which the hide thy face?" (13.13-28). John away the weight of dread, and while this fact, linking Job with other righteous with blood in order to meet her beloved. word of God is received." God can speak Chrysostom writes: "'Why [Lord],' Job the grace of love illuminates me, pour pagans like Melchizedek the priest-king She makes sacrifices and disregards all to us externally in the Bible, in church asks, 'do you not act clearly? Why do you upon me … [confidence in You]…. and Cornelius the centurion…. However, it impediments, threats and difficulties for and either with words or in the peace of not say, See, this is the reason why I [Job] seeks the very presence of his is important to observe that the God in the the sake of the loved one. Love towards silence; however, Origen points out that punish you?'" Creator … that he may thereby both Book of Job is the LORD, the God of the Christ is something even higher, infinitely the presence and help of God needs to hear what he is ignorant of and be Jews" [pp. 13-14]. higher" [p. 107]. be "in our hearts." heard in the things that he knows."
Job's talk to God continues with his Father Patrick writes: "The trial of Job For a comprehensive exegesis from the Father John Breck's insights in Scripture in Of v. 1/2 Basil the Great preached: "How reflection on how human life "is of a few will be like that of Abraham, who also Church Fathers on the Book of Job, see Tradition are especially appropriate for the do we, [who are but] earth and ashes days and full of trouble" (14.1-6). Job enjoyed the rich blessings of a just Johanna Manley's Wisdom, Let Us Attend: book of Job: "Within the framework of (Gen 18.27), offer glory to the great concludes by asking God, "If a man dies, man. Indeed, Job appears as a sort of Job, the Fathers, and the Old Testament salvation-history, [certain] events that Lord?... [We offer] glory through our shall he live again?", projecting his own Gentile Abraham. As St Hesychius of (Monastery Books, 1997). Gregory the occur in the experience of a people, good works, when our works shine suffering onto all mankind (14.7-22). [See Jerusalem remarked in his homilies on Great writes: "It is sometimes necessary particularly the Hebrew people, constitute before [others], so that [they] seeing our OSB note on life after death, p. 793.] Job back in the fifth century, we that … [false friends who] are incapable of 'types' (typoi) or prophetic figures of works give glory to our Father in heaven Eliphas is quite critical of Job, asking him should not wander too far from the being corrected by human preaching, persons, events and institutions to come, (cf. Mt 5.16). And through temperance in a mocking tone, "Should a wise man trial of Abraham in Genesis 22 when should have the comfort of God desired that will be fulfilled in the messianic age. and holiness, which is incumbent upon answer with windy knowledge?... (15.1- we consider the trials of Job…." for them… the correction of the guilty The relation between the two Testaments those who profess piety, it is possible to 35). Job replies frankly to these Anderson takes a different view, person is the thing aimed at…. In [16.5] is a 'typological' relationship, in which give glory to God, according to the 02-Apr Job 14-16 accusations, telling his friends, arguing that outside of 1.1-2, 13 and blessed Job is shown to aim at this, that God's promises of salvation, expressed in Ps 28 (29) admonition of Paul, who said: 'Glorify "miserable comforters are you all" (16.1- 42.7-17, "Job is anything but a the friends, who didn't know how to Israel's history as well as by the oracles of God in your body' (1 Cor 6:20)." The 6). Yet despite his misery Job retains a paragon of patience" [p. 590]. It is sympathize with his grief through charity, the prophets, will be fulfilled in the person Lord's response in v. 11 is to give close relationship with God: "My face is true that Job is wrestling with his might learn to draw from their own of Jesus Christ and in the life of the "strength to his people … [and] bless his red with weeping, and on my eyelids is suffering and confusion over God's suffering a better way to minister Church" [p. 22]. people with peace." Of v. 2 Augustine deep darkness; although there is no purposes for his life. However, as consolation to others. They would then live writes: "Worship the Lord in your heart, a violence in my hands, and my prayer is Father Patrick and St Hesychius have ever more healthily within as they are heart widened and sanctified; for you are pure" (16.7-22). pointed out, the trial of Abraham is far made more sensitive to frailty without." his regal and holy habitation." closer to the trial of Job than Anderson's focus on the loss of faith and patience. Job is torn between despair and hope. Father John Breck continues: "The OT Father John asks: "How, from an Orthodox Of chapter 19, Fr Patrick writes: "This is Of v. 11 Basil preached: "The joy of God On the one hand, he acknowledges that and the NT bear mutual witness to perspective, does one read the Bible arguably the finest chapter in the Book of is not found in just any soul but, if "My spirit is broken, my days are extinct, each other, and therefore they can appropriately?... Three of the most basic … Job, containing his most memorable someone has mourned much and deeply the grave is ready for me" (17.1-2, 11- only be interpreted reciprocally [that propositions hold (1) that God is absolutely profession of faith [especially] … 19.23-27, his own sin with loud lamentations and 16). On the other hand, he still believes is, with both Testaments giving and sovereign over the entire cosmos, as its the truly shining lines of the book, where continual weepings, as if [they] were in the principle that "the righteous holds receiving from each other]. Although creator and sustainer as well as its Job places all his hope in God, his bewailing [their] own death, the to his way, and he that has clean hands the OT still constitutes 'the Hebrew redeemer; (2) that God governs all events 'Redeemer' or Vindicator in the latter mourning of such a one is turned to joy." grows stronger and stronger" (17.2-10). Scriptures,' it is in reality the first in the course of human history, either by days…. Job's desire for God's vindication Evagrius of Pontus writes: "Mourning Bildad accuses Job of being "an ungodly" panel of a diptych [that is, a pair of his 'permissive will' that allows tragedy and dominates the closing chapter of this turns to joy and the understanding of person "who knows not God" (18.1-21). pictures or icons painted on a hinged destruction in a fallen world, or by his section…. Job's appeal here is entirely God to action." Of v. 12 Augustine writes: Job is deeply hurt by the betrayal of his wooden panel], the whole of which 'intentional will' that initiates events which eschatological. That is to say, he lays all his "This is my glory, Lord my God, that friends and wife, asking, "Why do you, reveals God's creative and redemptive lead the world toward salvation and the hope in God's final, future, definitive forever I may confess to you that nothing 03-Apr Job 17-20 like God, pursue me?" (19.1-22). Yet Job activity in the person of Jesus Christ. faithful toward eternal life; and (3) that judgment. Until that day, and in testimony Ps 29 (30) I have derives from myself but that all still cries out, "I know that my Redeemer The exegetical method developed by God has ordered 'salvation-history' in to that hope Job wants these words good things are from you, who are God, lives;" and he remains aware that "there the Church Fathers to accomplish this terms of 'promise' and 'fulfilment': that is, inscribed in stone. Here we have the all in all." Of the same verse Basil is a judgment" (19.23-29). Zohar defends interpretative task… typology… sees he has revealed his saving will-the divine Hebrew Scriptures' clearest expression of preached: "When you granted me God's justice and insists that "the wicked the OT as a prefiguration or prophetic economy-by means of the former hope for the resurrection of the dead and pardon because of my repentance and man" and the possessions of his house image of the NT-a… much Covenant established with Israel, and he the final vision of God. This chapter is one led me back into glory, taking away the will be dragged off in the day of God's misunderstood approach to biblical works out that economy through the age of direct preparation for the New shame of my wins, for this I shall give wrath" (20.1-29). interpretation [among many non- of the Church" [pp. 21-22]. Testament and the glory of the praise to you for all eternity." Orthodox contemporary Biblical Resurrection" [p. 57]. commentators]" [p. 22].
Job puzzles over why the wicked prosper Potok writes: "The book of Job… [is] Of 23.3-7 and Job's plea for equity, that is, Of Ps 30/31 Clement of Rome writes: "Let Into your hands I commit my spirit" (v. in this world (21.1-16) He becomes more the only book of the Bible which dares fairness from God, Gregory the Great your children take part in the instruction 5/6) is cited in Lk 23.46 as the last words and more bitter (22.1-30). Eliphaz urges attack the God of the covenant; writes: "Who else except the Mediator that is in Christ, let them learn how Jesus Christ spoke on the cross. Theodore Job to "humble yourself" (22.1-30). Job [unlike] Jonah, with its loving embrace between God and humankind, the man powerful with God is humility, how strong of Mopsuestia explains: "The Lord cited longs to "lay my case before [God] … of all moral peoples; [and] Christ Jesus, is denoted by the title of is a pure love, how the fear of him is this verse when on the cross … at the [that] I should be acquitted for ever by Ecclesiastes, with its seemingly part- 'equity'? concerning whom … is written 1 beautiful and great and saves those who time when his soul was separated from my judge" (23.1-7). Job admits that "the Stoic, part-oriental resignation to the Cor 1.30…. Let [God] judge me justly, and live in it [i. e., humility and love] in holiness his body, and [he] rightly entrusted it to Almighty has terrified me" (23.8-17). Of grayness of existence. Job and [His] judgment [of me] will come to victory with a pure mind. For he is a searcher of the Father so that he might restore it to chapter 21 Father Patrick Reardon Ecclesiastes are … written by wisdom [for me].' In other words, for the thoughts and desires; his breath is in us, his body when it was in need of it at the writes: "Most of this chapter is Job's teachers who recorded their reactions correction of my ways let him send his and when he wills, he will take it away." Of time of the resurrection " Luke does not examination of the considerable to what they felt was [at times] the incarnate Son. Then by [the forgiveness of v. 12 ("I have become like a broken have the cry of pain from Ps 21/22.1/2 empirical evidence that stands against hollowness of life and the my sins] I will turn out as a victor over the vessel") Augustine writes: "I seemed to (cf. Matt 27.46; Mark 15.34) but notes 04-Apr Job 21-23 the thesis of his friends. Job only argues conventional morality taught by plotting foe [satan]. If the only begotten myself to be of no use any longer for the Ps 30 (31) Jesus' trust instead. Of the net (or snare) here; he does not pray" [p. 61]. Of tradition…. It was an explosive period Son of God had … remained invisible in the Lord's purposes, living on in this world but in v. 4/5 Augustine writes: "The enemy chapter 22 Father Patrick writes: of literary creativity, in Palestine, strength of divine nature …. when could winning no one over to him…." This is an [satan's] trap is stretched out ready; "Eliphaz, having started from the highest Alexandria, Antioch. Jews painted and weak people ever have found the access of experience of rejection we can share with there are twin loops in it, error and moral authority among the three sculpted the culture confrontation of grace to him?... Yet he agreed with us by Augustine with inner pain, without the terror: error to entice, terror to break comforters, sinks now to the lowest" [p. their time with words rather than with assuming our weakness, that he might physical pain of the crucifixion. Of the and grip us. You must shut the door of 63]. Of chapters 23 and 24 Father Patrick pigment and stone…. I have little elevate us to his own abiding strength." enemies in v. 15/16 Augustine writes: "We greed against error and the door of fear writes: "In these next two chapters [Job] doubt, for example, that Job is all that That is a powerful affirmation of the need have to distinguish between human against terror; and then you will be led becomes entirely meditative" [p. 65]. is left us of an entire genre of literary for the Incarnation. enemies for whom we must pray and clear of the trap." probing into the problem of evil in a [spiritual] enemies against whom we must world that believes in a good God" [p. pray." 198]. Of ch. 24 Father Patrick writes: "Job Origen writes: "Notice … the fault in Of Ps 31/32 Origen writes: "People [have] Of Ps 31/32.5 Augustine writes: "God Augustine reflects that in this psalm "the leaves the limiting confines of his own [the] speeches … of those three in the evil thoughts. They [are] revealed [to created me with free will; if I have sinned, first stage of understanding is to experience to reflect more generally on book of Job…: every time they accuse them] to bring them into the open and it is I myself who have sinned, so my recognize that you are a sinner. The man's miserable estate…. Job is not Job, they believe that he is suffering destroy them. Once they [have] been killed business is not simply to declare my second stage of understanding is that arguing that God is unjust,… nor is he his misfortunes because he had and are dead, they [cease] to exist. He who unrighteousness to the Lord but to declare when, having received the gift of faith denying that justice itself is rooted in the sinned. They do not see that there are died for us [has] killed them. For as long as it against myself…. Why this emphasis, 'I you begin to do good by choosing to love structure of created existence. He is many reasons why adversities [that is, such thoughts were hidden and not myself'?... The emphasis is deliberate: I you attribute this not to your own simply asserting that the evidence is trouble and sorrow] happen to brought out into the open, it was quite said it myself. I, I myself, not fate, not my powers but to the grace of God." Of the complex and not easy to grasp." Of ch. 25 people…. 'Is it not the Lord that impossible to kill them. Thus, if we horoscope, not the devil either, because experience of having the "hand of God" Father Patrick writes that Job's critics teaches understanding and ourselves have sinned, we ought to say 'I he did not compel me, but I consented to heavy upon us in v. 4 Elder Aimilianos "have reached the end of their limited knowledge? (22.2 LXX). This made my sin known to you [Lord], and I his persuasion." Evagrius of Pontus agrees writes: "God will withdraw His hand only intellectual resources…. Job will hold statement is wise. Indeed, the true have not hidden my iniquity [that is, my with Augustine: "A righteous person when He sees in us the fruits of 05-Apr Job 24-27 forth without challenge until the end of doctor of virtue cannot be a person. sinful thought]." Of Ps 31/32.6 (Blessed be accuses [themselves] at the beginning of Ps 31 (32) repentance. Until then, [we] will suffer ch. 31." Of ch. 26 Father Patrick writes: 'He that teaches man knowledge' (Ps the Lord! For he has heard the voice of my [their] speech…. Pray first to receive tears, from the weight of his hand…" [p. 201]. "[Job] contemplates what God has made. 94/93.10) is also mentioned in the supplications"). Cassidorus writes: "To so that through compunction [that is, Cassidorus advises: "Foolish people … Job's mind escapes, in this way, the psalms and is no one else but God. withstand all sinners' diseases, different regret and remorse] you may be able to believe that God remains ignorant of confinement of his own suffering." Of ch. And the prophet [David] says, 'Teach remedies are offered them when sick; but [ease and calm] the anger that is in your their actions …. Those who are aware 27 Father Patrick writes: "We find [Job] me your ordinances' (119/118.12), if this one antidote [that is, means of soul, and, having confessed against that he knows all things … [offer] humble resolved to maintain the moral integrity because he knows that God is the true preventing sin] of [fervent prayer] is taken yourself your transgression to the Lord, confessions and prayers of repentance so he displayed at the beginning of the and perfect doctor. In truth God with a pure heart, the poisons of all sins you may obtain forgiveness from him." as not to suffer a hostile Judge when they book…" [pp. 67-74] teaches, by lighting the soul of the are overcome." could have him as merciful [Defender]." pupil… and by illuminating his mind with his light, his truthful word…."
ACAS OT VI Job describes 28.1-11 as The American poet Archibald None. Of Ps 32/33.1 Augustine writes: In MacLeish's play "a distant voice"-the Of "mercy and judgment" in v. 5 "mostly interpreted by the Fathers in a MacLeash wrote of a contemporary "Who are the upright? Those who direct voice of the Lord-begins to intrude in the Augustine writes: "This present time is philosophic sense: the human being … is Job in his play in verse, J.B., in which: their hearts in accordance with the will of play-acting [pp. 24, 52; 83-85; 96]. the season for mercy, but the season for allowed to have a limited perception and "There's always someone playing God. If human frailty unsettles them, Messengers bring news of the death of judgment will come later…. At this knowledge of God's power through Job… There must be/ Millions and divine tranquility consoles them, for each of J.B.'s five children [pp. 53-90]. J. B. present time God calls those who have observation of nature… [Job 28.12-28] is millions of mankind/ Burned, although they may privately in their mortal responds, "The Lord giveth …the Lord turned away from him and forgives their one of the most poetic passages in holy crushed, broken, mutilated,/ hearts want something that serves their taketh away!" echoing Job 1.21 [pp. 83, sins when they return; he is patient with Scripture: it describes wisdom…. At Job Slaughtered, and for what? For present purposes… once they have 88]. The two actors, Mr. Zuss and Nickles, sinners until they are converted, and 29, Job begins a new speech [that]… thinking!/ For walking round the world understood and recognized that God argue about the meaning of what has when they are converted at last he represents … the definitive sum of his in the wrong Skin,/ wrong-shaped wants something different, they prefer the happened [pp. 91-95]; and the distant forgets everything in their past and reflections … on his present condition… noses, eyelids:/ Sleeping the wrong will of one better than themselves to their voice of the Lord returns strongly [p. 96]. promises them a future, encouraging the [Job 30] is more focused on the inward night in the wrong city-/ London, own.… God is infinitely above his human Women friends of J. B.'s wife Sarah come sluggish, comforting the troubled, guiding 06-Apr Job 28-30 aspect of his sufferings. The Fathers Dresden, Hiroshima./ There never creatures, so is God's will far above the will to see her and stay to watch what will Ps 32 (33) the eager, helping the embattled. He indicate how … Job's affliction is also a could have been so many/ Suffered of men and women. This is why Christ took happen [pp.99-101; 103-107; 111-117]. J. deserts no one who struggles and calls symbol and a figure of the church in the more for less." Nickles is told to wear the mantle of humanity, set us an B. attempts to comfort his wife, but she out to him; he bestows on us the time of its tribulations…. The righteous a dark mask and play satan, next to example, taught us how to live and gave us leaves him [pp. 101-103; 107-111]. As wherewithal to offer him sacrifice; and are most hurt when being mocked by Mr. Zuss who wears a white mask and the grace to live as he taught. To this end throughout the Book of Job, J. B. pleads he himself gives us the means of winning those who reproach them for evil actions plays God [pp. 12-18]. And when he let his human will be seen. In his human with God, "Show me my guilt, O God" [p. his favor. Let us now allow this time of they themselves have committed" [pp. Nickles asks for his lines, Mr. Zeuss will he embodied [that is, represented] 112]. The three comforters appear, bring mercy to pass away, my brothers and 141, 145, 148, 152]. tells him "They're in the Bible…." J.B. ours in advance, since he is our Head and no comfort to Job and leave [pp. 117-130]. sisters, let it not pass us by. Judgment is is a wealthy twentieth-century we all belong to him, as his members…." coming." American banker "whom God [permits to] be stripped of his family and wealth but who refuses to turn his back on God." Father Patrick Reardon writes: "We In the play J.B., the distant voice of None. Job's wife, Sarah, replies to him: Of Ps 32/33.11 Theodore of Mopsuestia Of v. 1/2 Augustine writes: "When the readers have known, since the beginning God speaks directly to Job; and he "Blow on the coal of the heart./ The writes: "Even if a vast number were Lord gives you … good things, bless him, of the book, that Job is on trial. Indeed, repents for questioning God. Saying candles in churches are out./ The lights scheming, while God wanted the opposite, and when he takes them away, bless this is the indispensable key to the words of Job 42.3, J. B. recognises have gone out in the sky./ Blow on the coal the vast number would be of no him…. [Being humble] prompts a person understanding the story…. Job does not that he has "uttered [things] that I of the heart/ And we'll see by and by." In significance to the schemes. Even if rulers to bless the Lord at all times." Nicholas seem to know, at first, that he is being understood not/ Things too wonderful the closing lines of the play, Job replies to planned something, the object of their Cabasilas writes in The Life of Christ: "It is tried in accord with God's own will… for me, which I knew not" [pp. 128- her: "We'll see where we are./ The wit concern would come to nothing, and they not possible to attain love of anything Indeed, how reassured Job would be if 132]. Mr. Zuss and Nickles discuss [that is, the mind] won't burn and the wet would get no benefit from the government that is beautiful without first learning he were aware of God's own assessment what has happened [pp. 133-144]. soul smoulders./ Blow on the coal of the or the vast number of their subjects…. The how beautiful it is…. The baptismal of him to Satan…. [In chapter 32,] Elihu … Nickles comforts Job by telling him of heart and we'll know./ We'll know." [pp. more important consideration [is that] not washing has instilled into men [and rushes forth with all the impetuosity of his happy future [pp. 144-148]. Sarah 151-153]. Then Sarah and J. B. pick up the only can [God] render the schemes of women] some knowledge and perception youth [and] begins his discourse, which returns home to Job with a freshly- furniture on the floor and "the light others ineffectual, but also he can bring of God, so that they have clearly … 07-Apr Job 31-33 will last for the next seven chapters…. growing twig that she found "growing increases, plain white daylight from the great reliability to his own. Now, 'thoughts Ps 33 (34) perceived His beauty and tasted of His Has Job really demonstrated the right to in the ashes" [pp. 149-151]. J. B. asks door, as they work" [p. 153]. Throughout of his heart' is a bodily expression by which goodness (cf. Ps 33/34.8)…. They are able hurl down a gauntlet to the Almighty? Sarah, "Why did you leave me alone?" the play, this white light has been the sign [the psalmist David] refers to God's to know more perfectly by experience Can anyone, in fact, establish such a She replies: "I loved you./ I couldn't of the presence of God. For J. B.'s wife, determined limit and authoritative decree, than were they merely to learn it by claim: From a theological perspective it is help you any more./ You wanted "the candles in churches are out;" and for as if to say, such a decision of the Lord is being taught…. When Christ dwells in us imperative that Job now be challenged justice and there was none-/ Only her, human love, rather than divine love, is irrevocable" We can remember this psalm … [and] when we dwell in Christ ... in the on this point, and it will be the love." J. B. responds: "He does not affirmed. However, J. B.'s faith in the Lord in relation not only to ourselves but to Eucharist … we obtain God Himself, and responsibility of Elihu to do it…. Elihu's love. He is." Sarah replies, "But we do. has been strengthened by the trials he has national and international situations that God is united with us in the most perfect "summing up" [in chapter 37] prepares That's the wonder." J. B. tells his wife, faced. are dangerous and require prayer. union…." [pp. 89-90, 115-116; cited by for the divine verdict on which the book "It's too dark to see." Manley-P, pp. 113-114]. will end" [pp. 81, 83, 84].
Elihu's long speech is a combination of Anderson writes: "Throughout his Of 34.14-15 Philip the Priest writes: "These Of Ps 33.5/34.4 Cassiodorus writes: "'I insights and arrogance-at times accurate, spiritual struggle, Job is tortured by [words and] places can be interpreted sought the Lord,' not over … broad and far- Of v. 6 Augustine writes: "In darkness and at times misleading. At first, Elihu the remoteness and hiddenness of through the spirit of prophecy as figures flung regions but in the heart, for if we on slippery ground, how can you walk at describes Job's position accurately (34.5- God-the God who 'hides his face' [that is, outlines of the future], because ponder his majesty there, we find it all?... These two evils are the great 6). However, Elihu is also highly critical of (13.34)…. Although Job finds no access they are now fulfilled in Christ…. The present in every way." Of the same verse, scourges of humankind: the darkness of Job (35.16). Furthermore, Elihu says that to God from the human side, he dares Father directed his own son-the one Augustine writes: "It is one thing to seek ignorance and the slipperiness of Job is "full of the judgment on the to hope that some day, somehow, a through whom he created everything-as some favor from the Lord, quite another to sensuality…. The psalmist has not been wicked; judgment and justice seize you" reconciliation will take place…. [At an expression of his heart to this world. He seek the Lord himself…. Do not seek any praying for these calamities to occur but (36.17). Elihu rightly sees God as a great times] he speaks of a mediator-an did this … in order to take away the world's extraneous thing from the Lord, but seek foretelling that they will…. God fulfils the teacher (36.22) and urges Job to praise 'umpire' between him and God (Job spirit through the humility of the cross. In the Lord himself. He will harken to you, prophecy; for God acts with unerring 08-Apr Job 34-36 Him (36.24). Father Patrick Reardon 9.33-35) or a 'heavenly witness' who other words, he came to take away its and even while you are still speaking he Ps 34 (35):1-9 judgment… His intention is solely justice reflects: "Elihu's point is that God is would speak for him even after his arrogant, worldly spirit and the breath of will say, 'Here I am' (Is 65.24; 52.6)." Of v. [with] the due punishment of vices." Of v. always to be praised, regardless of how death (16.18-21). Apparently, this is its puffed-up eloquence in which it 5/6 Theodoret of Cyr writes: "Whoever 7 Macarius the Great writes: "If a man suffering man feels on the subject… the meaning of the well-known boasted. And so, once a person becomes approaches him in faith receives rays of loves God, then God also mingles His love [Often] "in human existence [a person's] passage, set to music in Handel's weakened by the repressive tumor of intellectual light." Of v. 12/13 Clement of with him…. Whatever part of yourself only [real choice is] either to praise God Messiah [from Job 19:25-27] ("I know pride swelling in [their] own head and Alexandria writes: "'Taste and see that you offer to Him, He mingles with your or to feel sorry for [themselves]. Elihu that my redeemer lives….") in which returns to [themselves, they] will Christ is God'… Faith will lead you in; soul a like part of His own, that all that invites Job to learn this lesson" [p. 92]. Job affirms that his [Redeemer] will recognize [for themselves] that [they] are experience with teach you; Scripture will you do may be purely done, and your defend his case and restore him to only dust and ashes." train you." love pure and your prayer pure. Great is wholesome relationship with God" the dignity of man…." [pp. 598]. Father Patrick writes: "Elihu's … praise of In chapter 38.1 ff., "the LORD Father Patrick writes: "The Lord having Of God's words to Job in 38.3b ("I will Heysychius of Jerusalem writes of the God [is his] way of exhorting [that is, answered Job out of the whirlwind" surveyed for Job's benefit the [great question you, and you shall declare to sackcloth, prayer and fasting of vv. 15-16: uging] Job…. [Compare how] St. James (cf. Ezek 1.4; 13.11, 13). In ACCS VI number of] manifestations of divine me") John Chrysostom writes: "Since Job "The Lord said: 'Learn of me, for I am meek exhorts all of us: 'Is any among you Job, p. 195, the Church Fathers offer wisdom in the realms of astronomy, was overwhelmed by his dejection, God and lowly of heart (Mt 11.29; cf. Mt 18.4; Lk suffering? Let him pray' (James 5.13). "three main lines of interpretation: … physics, and botany, now (beginning in encourages him with his words, so that he 18.14)…. Do you see what we must learn? Humility… There are many activities of the The deliberate praise of God is the [1] the intervention of God in his role 38.39) starts to examine the world of may pay attention to what is said now; and mind which can procure for us the good gift proper and godly response of a faithful as Creator is an image and concrete zoology (cf. Ps 103/104)…. The point he introduces his speech in the form of of humility… There is the remembrance of soul to the experience of suffering…. representation of his divine power, driven home in … [38.39-39.30] is that all questions, which is the best means to our sins in word, deed or thought, and the Most striking of Elihu's comments is that which is presented in this manner to these animals, even the warhorse, have an convince. Above all, he shows that he does remembrance of many other things greatly [about] the sun (37.21). Man's inability to the imperfect and limited senses of existence quite independent of man. God everything with wisdom and intelligence, contributes to humility when they are 09-Apr Job 37-39 gaze directly at the light of heaven does humans…. [2] By addressing Job made them the way they are, and they and therefore it would have been Ps 34 (35):10-18 revised in the mind. And true humility is not lessen the reality of that light. The directly with his words of tend not to answer to human inconsistent [for] God, who did so many created also by this-by a man's revolving inability is in man's own limited faculty…. encouragement, God demonstrates expectations. Does this not show that man things with wisdom and intelligence, to every day in his own mind the virtues of his Yet the real light of God is brighter than his benevolence toward the righteous is bewildered even by things that are neglect the human beings for whom he has neighbours… And so, when the mind sees … the sun. Elihu means here that primeval and all those who want to repent, and beneath him? How much more, therefore, created everything, even when they are how far it falls short of the perfection of light, the luminosity of the created his scorn for the hypocrite and the must he humble his mind before mysteries wretched as in this case. 'What do you others, a man naturally starts counting universe, called forth by God's voice on proud…. [and 3] In God's words there above him!" [pp. 97-98]. say?' God asks" [40.1]. himself as dust and ashes…." the first day of Creation, days before the is the prophetic proclamation of sun was made (Genesis 1.3, 16)" [p. 93]. Christ, the church and the redemption of humankind."
Job declines to answer God further (40.4- Gregory the Great continues: "[We ask Father Patrick continues: "Leviathan, is a Father Patrick writes: "Instead of pleading Of v. 23 Cassiodorus writes: "We often … say 'Arise' to [God] who is in fact always awake 5); and God explains Himself to Job (40.6- questions of God] to learn that of water monster …(cf. Ps 74.14; Isa 27.1) … His case with Job, as Job has often and always attentive, and since he 41-34). Job repents (42.1-6). The Lord is which [we] are ignorant; [and God resistant to all human efforts to control requested, the Lord deals with him as with continually supervises all things, he is angry with three friends of Job (but not replies with] His secret inspirations and thus remains … the symbol of a child. Job must return to his childhood's with Elihu) and tells them to offer everything in existence that is recalcitrant sense of awe and wonder, so the Lord tells considered to have paid attention when he [when we] humbly acknowledge [our] punishes." In v. 27b as in Ps 2.2: "The psalm sacrifices to Him and ask for Job to pray [that is, not willing to accept] man's ability, him a children's story about a couple of ignorance." Of 40.8-14 Father Patrick refers to the Davidic king and is ultimately for them, which Job does; "and the LORD especially his rational ability to take it in unimaginably dangerous dragons. These writes: [These verses] turn to God's fulfilled in Christ. The English word 'Messiah' accepted Job's prayer" (42.7-9). The Lord hand…. But there is another consideration dragons, nonetheless, are only pets in the presence in the order of conscience…. comes from the Hebrew word for 'anointed blesses Job with children and money and Then, dramatically the divine here as well. Both behemoth and hands of God…. [p. 102]. Of 42.1-6, Father one,' and the English word 'Christ' from the livestock-and later Job dies (42.10-17). Of discourse goes from the realm of Leviathan are God's … creatures that He Patrick writes: "[Job] arrives at a new state Greek word for 'anointed one'" [NASB note, 10-Apr Job 40-42 Ps 34 (35):19-28 42.4 Gregory the Great writes: "For us … ethics and conscience to a cares for with gentle concern… (Cf. Ps of humility, not from a consideration of his p. 742]. Therefore, the Orthodox scholar to speak to God … is not for us to utter consideration of two symbols of 104/103.26)…. Job cannot take the own sins, but by an experience of God's David Bentley Hart in The New Testament: A what we think with the words of our apparent chaos: behemoth and measure of these animals, but the Lord overwhelming power and glory (Cf. Peter Translation (Yale University Press, 2017) uses throat but to long for him with eager Leviathan… [40.15-41-34]. This does…. Behemoth and Leviathan show that in Luke 5.1-8)… [p. 103]. Of 42.9-10 "the literal translation" 'Anointed' rather than 'Messiah' or 'Christ' [p. xix]. desires…." behemoth … represents … the the endeavor to transgress the limits of Gregory the Great writes: "[The Lord] held wildness of untamed animal human understanding is not merely futile, that [Job's] prayers were effective for him, existence…. It is not tame, but it is not [but also dangerous]. A [person] can be as he had offered them for others…." really chaotic. In its own way, it devoured by it" [pp. 101-102]. declares the glory of God" [pp. 99- 100]. J. Robert Wright, Editor of Ancient Estimates today for dating the Origen writes: [The word 'Proverbs'] Jerome writes: "To confess that we are Cassiodorus writes: "There are two types Christian Commentary on Scripture composition of Proverbs range … from means something that is said openly but imperfect [indicates] that we have not yet of sinners. The first believes Scripture, [ACCS] OT IX writes: "'The fear of the the late eighth century B.C. down to points to something deep within. Even the laid hold of [justice]…. This is true wisdom but cannot fulfil its commands because of Lord is the beginning of wisdom' is the the fourth century B.C…. [There are in ordinary use of proverbs teaches this, and in man: to know that he is imperfect…" On the weakness of the flesh…. The other recurrent theme of Proverbs [9.10; cf. Pr a great number] of profound John in his Gospel writes that the Savior 1.2 and "learning wisdom and discipline," type is bold, irremediable, blasphemous 1.7]: a basic wisdom that is presented as sayings not connected by any overall said this, 'I have spoken to you in proverbs; Origen writes: "Wisdom is the knowledge and plans to commit evil of its own free necessary not only for pragmatic success narrative plan [ACCS OT IX, pp. xx-xxi]. the hour is coming when I shall no longer of both physical and spiritual worlds and of will. It despises everything and whispers but also for life to be lived wisely [with a] Yet Pr has a unity grounded in a speak to you in proverbs but tell you the judgement and providence pertaining to itself, believing that God does not tend wisdom that comes from God and that process of discernment that occurs plainly of the Father.' (Jn 16.25)." It should to them. On the other hand, instruction is to mortal affairs." Augustine counsels us: conveys God to us…." [p.xx]. In 1.28-29 within each person. John Chrysostom be noted that Jn 16.25 is somewhat the discipling of the passions…." "If we cannot be free from wickedness, at 11-Apr Proverbs 1-3 the Lord warns He "will not answer writes: "Piety toward God [that is, ambiguous in distinguishing between Hippolytus writes: "Proverbs … are words Ps 35 (36) least let us hate it. When you have begun [those who] … will call upon me [and] will being devout and sincerely religious in proverbs, metaphors and parables [See of exhortation [that is, strong appeals] to hate it, you are unlikely to be tricked seek me diligently … because they hated thought and behaviour] is a beginning NASB note R, p. 2051]. However, Bede serviceable for the whole path of life; for into committing a wicked act by any knowledge and did not choose the fear [of discernment]. It acts as a fountain writes: "Proverbs are frequently so full of to those who seek their way to God, these stealthy temptation…." Caesarius of Arles of the LORD." Chapters 2 and 3 focus on and source for discerning the divine … mystery that they can also be known as serve as guides and signs to revive them preached: "Mercy abides in heaven, but learning to fear and trust the Lord. God's so that we may see the true light…. parables." when wearied with the length of the it is reached by the exercise of it on Book of Proverbs: Biblical Wisdom When we have piety, our senses too road." earth." Arranged by Topic (LifeWay Resources, are allied with us, when neither our 2018) gathers proverbs for 60 topics. eyes see nor our mouth speaks evil."
The father continues to teach his son to Didymus the Blind writes: "The name Gregory of Nyssa writes of 4.8: "This kind Caesarius of Arles preached of 4.23: Of v. 11 Gregory of Nyssa preached that "be attentive to my wisdom" (5.1-2). The proverb [is] derived from [how] the of marriage [to wisdom] is common to "When someone lays hold of coals of fire a person's "character is divided into need for discipline cited in 3.11-12 Romans] marked off [roads] with men and women alike (see Gal 3.28) … and but immediately throws them away they opposite impulses. Wrath is opposed to continues in 4.23, 5.11-14 and 5.22.23, signs… which are called miliaria Christ is all things for all human beings, do not hurt him. But if he wants to hold on gentleness, arrogance to modesty; envy leading to awareness that the Lord's (milestones)…. [These signs were set] [for] the true lover of wisdom has as [their] to them longer, [he will be injured]. to wishing people well, and hate to a "teaching is a light; and corrective in certain places and then inscribed … goal the divine One who is true wisdom…" Similarly, if a man gazes lustfully and by loving and peaceable disposition…. It is discipline is the way to life" (6.23-24). with certain information and Athanasius warns that "to keep the heart lingering over it allows the evil of lust in his impossible to secure a perfectly Origen writes that: "The spring and questions. So they fulfilled two with all watchfulness" (4.23) requires an heart to get a hold on his thoughts, he immaterial and passionless mode of life source then, of every sin are evil purposes… they indicated to the awareness that throughout our lives "we cannot shake them off without injury to his [in] the confines of a material existence. thoughts; for, unless these [gain] mastery traveller the length of the journey have terrible and crafty enemies, the soul." Therefore, in Pastoral Care 3.14-15 Ps 36 (37) vv. 1- But [the Lord] calls meekness a standard 12-Apr Proverbs 4-5 [within a person], neither murders nor [and] … the inscription kept [one] busy wicked demons, and we wrestle with Gregory the Great, writes of 5.1: "Guard 13 of virtue attainable in the life of the flesh, adulteries nor any other such thing [trying to] comprehend it, [relieving] them, as the apostle [Paul] said: 'For our your thoughts. Truly, there is nothing in us and He says that meekness suffices for would exist. Therefore, each person must weariness. Therefore, a road is called wrestling is not against flesh and blood, more fugitive than the heart that deserts beatitude [that is, to be called blessed by keep [their] own heart with all in Greek oimos, from which is derived but against the principalities and the us as often as it slips away in evil thoughts the Lord]…. [Meekness] closely follows watchfulness; for when the Lord comes the word paroimia which means powers, against the rulers of this darkness, [see Ps 40.12/39.13 Vulgate]. So, too, [humility], and well-established humility in the day of judgment, 'He will show 'proverb." NASB Introduction, p.890 against spiritual forces of wickedness on returning to himself, he says [that he has is … the mother of the habit of what is hidden in the dark and what is in explains that the meaning of "the high'" (Eph 6.12). found his heart to pray to the Lord]." meekness." everyone's heart' (1 Cor 4.5)." Hebrew word 'proverb' … is considerably broader than the English term." Warnings are given against hasty Of 6.3-4 Gregory the Great writes in Basil writes: "Why should we dwell upon In Pr 6 there is a focus on the danger of Of v. 23 and following the Lord, Augustine financial guarantees (6.1-5), as well as The Book of Pastoral Rule 3.4-5: the amount of evil there is in idleness, laziness. The antonym [that is, the writes: "Once you have set out to follow the dangers of laziness (6.9-11), "Whoever is responsible for others for when the apostle [Paul] clearly prescribes opposite] of laziness is energy. The type of Christ's way, do not promise yourself worldly wickedness (6.12-15) and adultery (6.24- an example of living is admonished to that [those] who do not work should not energy we seek is the goal of St Paul in Col prosperity…. Follow him. Do not think too 35; 7.4-27). Seven sins are listed (6.16b- be watchful not only over [themselves eat (2 Thes 3.10). As daily sustenance [that 1.28-29 in which he teaches everyone to much about the way but more about the goal ahead of you. You will have to put up 19). All of these sins can be avoided by but also to arouse [their] friend…. is, food and liquid that nourish the body be "mature in Christ. For this I toil, striving with tough conditions on your journey keeping parental commandments (6.20- Commonly the superior who does not and keep up energy] for everyone, so labor with all the energy which He mightily through time, but … in fact joyful periods 23; 7.1-3, 24). The industrious ant is set eradicate the evil which he observes, in proportion to one's strength is also inspires within me." David Bentley Hart certainly occur more often and last longer as a model (6.6-8). On the consequences comes to that state which his essential…. The Lord couples sloth [that is translates these verses as "teaching every than the difficult times…. Once all this toil is of idleness, John Chrysostom writes: "Let negligence deserves, namely, not even laziness and idleness] with wickedness, human being in all wisdom, so that we may over, the eternal kingdom will come, us not look at the beginning of things, to recognize the sins of his subjects. saying 'Wicked and slothful servant' (Mt present every human being as perfected in happiness without end will come, Christ's Psalm 36 (37) vv. 13-Apr Proverbs 6-7 but let us … see where they end up." Of The "lying tongue" and "false witness" 25.26)…. We have reason to fear … [that] the Anointed [that is, in Christ]; For which I inheritance will come…. If you choose 6. 23 Cyril of Alexandria writes: "The law of 6.17, 19 could apply to those who on the day of judgment this fault [of too struggle, according to the operation 14-27 Christ's way and are a true Christian … do of God, when admitted into the mind spread conspiracy theories. See laziness] may also be alleged against us, working within me in power" [cf. 2 Pet 1.3- not seek to travel by any other route than and heart of people, illuminates [them] https://instrumentofmercy.com/2020 since he who has endowed us with the 4]. Thus, the energy that combats laziness that by which he went. It seems a hard road, thoroughly and does not allow [them] to /05/07/why-your-christian-friends- ability to work demands that our labor be comes through prayer to God to operate but it is a safe one. Any other [route] may fall against the stumbling blocks of and-family-members-are-so-easily- proportioned to our capacity." within each of us with the power of His offer attractions but is beset by [robbers]." ignorance or be caught in the thickets of fooled-by-conspiracy-theories/. wisdom. sin." Conspiracy theories can make some people feel special, relieving their fear, insecurity or loneliness.
In Pr 8 and 9 wisdom is "a personification Origen writes of 8.22: "The whole ACCS OT IX, p. xix notes that in the NT Of Pr 9.8b ("Reprove a wise man, and he The words of 37.34a ("Wait for the LORD, or personified agent [that is, a human creation … has a share in the divine there are 58 passages "containing direct will love you") Augustine writes: "It and keep to his way") build trust in the Lord quality that is applied to] God;" and the wisdom according to which it has quotations or allusions" to Proverbs. For happens regularly and it happens often as "the LORD helps them and delivers them" unity of the OT and the NT is shown by been created, for according to the example, 8.15a ("By me kings reign") is that a man is cast down for a short time (37.40). This is an experience over a lifetime. how Pr 8.22 ("The Lord created me at the prophet David, God made 'all things in linked by Bede to Jn 15.5 ("Without Me, while he is being reproved, [and] that he Theodoret of Cyr writes: "The divine David learned from experience the vast number of beginning of His work") "finds its wisdom' (Ps 104/103.24). Many you can do nothing"). Earlier, Hippolytus resists and fights back. But afterwards he goods gentleness brings, and the fact that a resonance [that is, its resounding echo] creatures, on the one hand, have linked Pr 1.6 ("to understand the reflects in solitude where is no one but grievous end befitting their life awaits those and completion within the later half of come into existence by participation in difficulties of words") with the insight that God and himself, and where he does not addicted to injustice and practiced in Rev 3.14 ("The words of the Amen, the wisdom while they do not apprehend "things spoken in strange language by the fear the displeasure of others by being arrogance. This he learned from his dealings faithful and true witness, the beginning her [i.e., wisdom] by whom they have Holy Spirit become intelligible to those corrected, but does fear the displeasure of with Saul and Absalom…. So, he offers all of God')" [ACCS OT IX, pp. xvii, xvix]. 9.10 been created…. But each of the wise who have their hearts right with God." God by refusing correction. Thereafter, he people an exhortation, urging them to take Psalm 36 (37) vv. 14-Apr Proverbs 8-9 states that "the fear of the LORD is the participants in Christ to extent that Augustine links the wicked of 1.11-13 to does not repeat the act which was justly in good spirit the troubles that come their beginning of wisdom." Cyril of Alexandria [they] have the capacity for wisdom, the wicked of Mt 11.38. The search for censured but now loves the brother, 28-40 way and not to consider as blessings wicked writes: "For the wisdom that comes … insofar as Christ is wisdom … spiritual growth in 2.1 is linked by Clement whom he sees as the enemy of sin, as people's prosperity and success, but rather from God, is an incomparable blessing. possesses power [and] has obtained of Alexandria to the coming of Christ in Tit much as he hates the sin itself." Caesarius to call them wretched." When we [gain] it by means of [reading greater power to the extent that 3.4 with the idea that "Wisdom is open to of Arles agrees: "Let us always admonish and praying] the holy Scripture …and [they] have shared in Christ, insofar as all and loves mankind." each other in charity. [If we sin] let us gain the divine light to dwell in our Christ is power." Each of us as "wise willingly accept the reproof of a neighbor minds, we then advance without participants in Christ" gain "greater or a friend because of what is said [in wandering…." power" as we share more in Christ, 9.8b]." increasing in spiritual wisdom. Pr 10 to 15 describe the actions of the Basil writes: "The souls of those who Clement of Alexandria urges that the Of wisdom as "the tree of life" in 3.18 Elder Aimilianos reflects on this psalm: righteous and the worldly in alternative are about to speak with wisdom search for God's wisdom in 2.3 "works 'in many Church Fathers (including Ephrem "David had come to realize that he was verses. Of 10.1-4 Cyril of Alexandria should first be cleansed through many forms, and many ways (Heb 1.1),' the Syrian, Caesarius of Arles, Hilary of living in sin, that his life was not pleasing writes: "In order … that the divine seed divine fear. For to distribute the through technical skill, scientific Poitiers and Jerome) point out that this to God. Our problem is that we fail to may blossom well in us, let us first cast mysteries of salvation to the general knowledge, faith [and] prophecy." Cyril of tree is also planted in the garden of Eden come to such a realization, for we too are out of the mind worldly cares and the public and to receive all persons Alexandria asks: "What is the meaning of and can also be seen as Christ on the cross. sinners…. When they repent … [many] unprofitable anxiety which makes us equally, including those whose life is 'Prepare the way of the Lord?' (Mt 3.3; Is 3.34 ("to the humble [God] shows favor") enter very easily into paradise (Mt seek to be rich…. For immediately upon not adorned with purity and those 40.30)? Make ready for the reception of can be linked to Jas 4.6, Mt 23.12 and 1 21.31). But for the person whose pride the possession of affluence, there run up, who have not been examined and whatever Christ may wish to enact [in you] Pet 5.5. Athanasius links the theme of the and superficial piety prevent [them] from and, so to speak, forthwith hem us in, the prepared to make reasonable use of …." Evagrius of Pontus links keeping God's son listening to and following the father in seeing that [they] too are sinners, basest of wickedness:… gluttony… the mysteries, is like pouring one's commandments in 3.1 to Rom 2.13 ("It is 4.1-2 to St Paul's urging the Corinthians to repentance is difficult, indeed 15-Apr Proverbs 10-11 pleasures and sensuality, and pride most precious ointment into a filthy not the hearers of the law who are follow him in 1 Cor 4.16. Basil links 4.23 Ps 37 (38) impossible…. I am called to become a hateful to God." Of 11.17 Leo the Great vessel." Of the blessing of 10.6-7 righteous before God, but it is the doers of ("keep your heart with all vigilance") to 'second Adam,' a 'new Adam' (cf. 1 Cor writes: "Prayer rises up quickly to the Caesarius of Arles preached: "Those the law who will be justified"). Of 3.11-12 Phil 3.20 ("Our commonwealth is in 15.45, 47); I am called to become a ears of God when lifted up by [the] who are humble should thank God Augustine cites Heb 12.6 and writes: "It is heaven") and to Mt 3.8 and Lk 3.8 ("Bear spiritual [person] according to the recommendation of [alms and fasting]. and remain in humility to the end of God who helps us so that we do not fall fruit that befits repentance"). Caesarius of example of Jesus Christ. Yet how can I Since, as has been written, 'The merciful their lives. Thus, the blessing of the into temptation. It is to human free will Arles links 5.3 ("that your lips may guard possibly become anything when I don't man benefits his own soul,' nothing angels and patriarchs and prophets that these words have been directed: '…Do knowledge") to Jas 1.26 with "religion know who or what I am now? How can I belongs to each individual more than and apostles and all the Scriptures will not fall away from the correction of the being in vain" unless one bridles their become a 'new Adam' if I've forgotten, or what has been spent on one's come upon them, as is given to all Lord.'" tongue. am incapable of seeing within myself, the neighbour." who persevere in humility…." active presence of the old one? (pp. 195- 196).
Whoever loves discipline loves Clement of Alexandria takes an The theme of water from the well in 5.15 Of 14.16 Clement of Alexandria writes: Of v. 1 ("I decided I will … make sure I do knowledge (12.1) both within the family historical lifelong perspective of 12.4 is linked by Cyril of Jerusalem to Christ's Awe is fear of the divine… The fear of God not sin with my tongue") Diodore of and the community; and then "a good "A good wife is the crown of her offer in Jn 4.14 to the woman at the well in … is really not a fear of God but a fear of Tarsus reflects: "The person who is [person] obtains favor from the LORD" husband") in Christ the Educator Samaria of water "springing up unto life losing him. This fear is a fear of falling into determined not to do physical harm (12.2). Gregory the Great preached: "Let 2.8.71: "The crown of the woman everlasting." Cyril also links the theme in evil…. Fear of falling is a desire for ought not [to] have recourse to verbal us abandon the selves we have made by must be considered the husband, and 7.3 ("Keep my commandments and live") incorruptibility [that is, not to be corrupt abuse…. especially since what is initially sinning. Let us continue to be the selves the crown of the husband is his to 2 Thes 2.15 ("Brethren, stand firm and morally] and for freedom from the verbal abuse [often] turns to physical we have become by grace. You see a marriage. For both, the power of their hold to the traditions which were passions [such as hate, anger and envy]." abuse." Augustine urges us to move from person who was proud: [but] if [they] union is the child who is indeed the taught…"). "During the Arian controversy, Of 14.26 ("In the fear of the LORD one has "our sin, our mortality, … the old self … have turned to Christ [they] have flower that the divine cultivator culls this verse [8.22] was among the most strong confidence") Augustine writes: [to] our inner being, to all that is destined become humble. [They] have abandoned from the meadow of the flesh. 'The contested passages of Scripture [and] "When you fear the punishment that [the to be renewed in us…. and let us love this themselves…. [They] are the generous crown of old men is their children's received the greatest volume of comments Lord] threatens, you learn to love the newness so dearly that the oldness we 16-Apr Proverbs 12-14 persons [they] were created to be not children and the glory of children is from the writers of the early church …. The reward that is promised; and thus through Ps 38 (39) meet there does not frighten us. As we [what they] would [have] become their father' (Pr 17.6), it is said. Our classic Christian consensus rejected the fear of punishment you keep on leading a run our race, we are passing from the old through wickedness." In 13.1-25 "A wise glory is the Father of all, and the Arian view that the Son was a creature, good life … [and] acquire a good things to the new…. Then all things that son hears his father's instructions;" and crown of the whole church is Christ." and not of the same substance as God" conscience, so that finally through a good at the present are new only in hope will in 14.1-35 the consequences of wisdom John Chrysostom writes of 12.4: [ACCS OT IX, p. 60]. conscience you don't fear any punishment. be made new in very truth." We can each and sin are explored. Of 14.2 John "When you are going to take a wife, Therefore, learn how to fear, if you don't move from hope to truth. Chrysostom writes: "Not just any fear do not look only for a companion in want to be afraid." makes people walk straight, but the fear life but also for a companion in of God…" virtue…. Look for virtue and not for money… A well-behaved wife will become a crown of glory because she is strong…." The behaviour of the wise person is set Pr 16.1 ("The plans of the mind belong Didymus the Blind links 8.23 ("Ages ago I Of 15.1 ("A soft answer turns away wrath, Symeon the New Theologian writes: out in 15.1-33. Of 15.3 Benedict writes: to man, but the answer of the tongue was set up, at the first, before the but a harsh word stirs up anger") Ephrem "Faith in Christ is not merely neglect of "we believe God is everywhere and his is from the LORD") is clarified by a beginning of the earth") to Col 1.16-17 the Syrian preached: "Our Lord gave most the pleasures of life, but also requires a eye beholds the good and the wicked…: note in NASB on this verse as meaning ("He created all things in himself, and of his assistance with persuasion rather good and patient disposition of the soul so, we ought to be particularly assured of "God must give the ability to articulate before all things") and to Jn 8.25 ("I am the than with admonition [that is, warning and in enduring all temptations, whether his special presence when we assist at and accomplish those plans"). The beginning of the creation of God"). scolding]. Gentle showers soften the earth griefs, sorrows or unpleasant happenings, the divine office. Therefore, we must same theme is evident in 16.9 and in Clement of Rome links 10.12 ("Love covers and thoroughly penetrate it, but a beating until God's favor looks down upon us; always remember … 'To serve God in 19.21. Anderson takes 16.1 as an all offenses") to 1 Pet 4.8 ("Love covers a rain hardens and compresses the surface thus we would imitate David who says: 'I fear,' 'to sing wisely,' and that 'the angels important example of "the distinctive multitude of sins"). Bede links 11.2 ("When of the earth so that it will not be absorbed. waited patiently for the Lord; and he was are witnesses of what we sing' (Cf. Ps teaching of Israel's sages [that] pride comes, then comes disgrace") to Lk 'A harsh statement evokes anger' (v.1), attentive unto me, and He hearkened to 2.11; 47.7/46.8 LXX). Let us then reflect wisdom is a gift of Yahweh, not a 14.11 ("All who exalt themselves will be and with it comes injury. Whenever a my supplication' [v. 1]…." Of v. 3 John what behavior is proper for appearing in human achievement. This, however, humbled)." Gregory of Nyssa links 11.22 harsh word opens a door, anger enters in, Cassian writes: "We know that God 17-Apr Proverbs 15-16 the presence of God and the angels, and was a positive emphasis. Even though ("a gold ring in a swine's snout") to Mt 7.6 and on the heels of anger, injury." Of 15.4 Ps 39 (40) creates opportunities for salvation in so sing our psalms that the mind may the sages were aware of the limits of ("Do not throw your pearls before swine"). ("A gentle tongue is a tree of life") John various ways; it is in our power to make echo in harmony with the voice." In 16.1- the human quest, they firmly believed Of 13.7 on wealth and poverty Augustine Chrysostom writes: "The one who can use of the opportunities granted to us by 33 the Lord evaluates human behaviour. that wisdom, when based upon the cites 1Tim 6.7 ("Command the rich of this check [their] tongue and does not sin with heaven more or less earnestly… But it is Of 16.3 ("Commit your work to the fear of Yahweh, could not only show world not to have proud thoughts"). it is filled with the Holy Spirit." well for us to be sure that we … Lord") Jerome urges: "We are the right course of action but could Didymus the Blind links the wisdom in [cooperate with] the Lord, and his commanded to show him our ways and lead to some understanding of the 16.16 to the awareness that "wisdom itself directing our heart to what is right. And make our ways known to him, which are divine secret underlying the creation. is Christ." so we ought every moment to pray and made straight, not by our own efforts but Instruction in 'the words of the wise' say with David, 'Set up footsteps in Thy by his help and mercy." was given 'that your trust may be in paths, that my steps may not be shaken' Yahweh (Pr 22.19)" [p. 582]. (Ps 16.5)."
The juxtaposition of good and evil In human history Pr 17.28 ("Even a 16.23 ("Wisdom is a fountain of life") is Of 18.17 and speaking first Basil writes: Of v. 10 ("O LORD, have mercy on me continues from Pr 17 to 29. This fool who keeps silent is considered linked by Ambrose to Jesus Christ with "Speak not in your own praise, nor and lift me up") Arnobius the Younger approach encouraged memorization of wise") has often been true. Gregory Photini at the well in Samaria in Jn 4.14 contrive that others do so. Do not listen to writes: "O Lord, as you have raised your proverbs. Pr 17.27 advises: "He who the Great writes: "As in a house, when where "these fountains are cool, springing indecent talk. Conceal as far as you can Son from death, so lift me from sin…. The restrains his words has knowledge, and the door is shut, it is not known what up into life everlasting." Evagrius of Pontus your own superior gifts. On the other church speaks in the apostles and he who has a cool spirit is a [person of] members are hidden within, so, links "a man's gift makes room for him" in hand, where sin is concerned, be your own prophets because the farmers and understanding" (17.27). Therefore, generally speaking, if a fool holds his 18.16 to being "filled with all the fullness accuser, and do not wait for others to fisherman raised up by God, not the Pachomius writes: "Let your words be peace, it is hidden whether he is wise of God" in Ephes 3.19. Paulinus of York make the accusation. Thus, you will be like philosophers and teachers, have built the measured and counted by yourself, or foolish. This is only so, however, if links 18.17 to Heb 4.12 in which "no a just man who accuses himself in the first church that God has confirmed in his 18-Apr Proverbs 17-19 knowing that you shall render an account no [foolish] works come to light that creature is hidden [before God], but all are speech made in court, or like Job who was Ps 40 (41) sight forever." Cassiodorus links v. 11 to God of what comes out of your may speak the mind even of one who open and laid bare to the eyes of him…." not deterred by the crowd of people in the ("You have upheld me") to Jesus Christ: mouth." Pr 18.13 warns: "If one gives is silent. For this reason, the holy John Chrysostom links 18.17 to Mt 26.69- city from declaring his personal guilt "He went to the cross with a calm spirit, answer before he hears, it is [their] folly [person], seeing that [their] friends 75 and three other NT references to before all" (Job 31.34). to die with untroubled mind. With truth and shame." Pr 19.20 advises: "Listen to were anxious to appear what they Peter's quick confession of denying Jesus unspotted he fulfilled every word advice and accept instruction, that you were not, charged them to hold their Christ "before anyone accused him." foretold through the prophets." may gain wisdom for the future." peace, so that they might not appear what they were." The vivid images of good and evil Of 20.9 and its clear implication that On how the heart at times "rages against Of 20.24 ("The steps of man are directed Of v. 4/5 when lamentation meets joy, continue with 20.17 ("Bread gained by throughout history human beings God" in 19.3b, Augustine writes in On by the Lord") John Chrysostom writes: "A Cassiodorus writes: "Joy implies psalm deceit is sweet to a man, but afterward have not been free of sin John Grace and Free Will 21.43 that: "Grace is mortal, that is a sinner [as such], cannot singing; confession laments for sins; [and] his mouth will be full of gravel") and Chrysostom preached: "Let us not bestowed according to human merits; [of himself] know the ways of the Lord; in the combination of the two [i. e., joy and 20.19 ("He who goes about gossiping therefore not despair; for to fall is not otherwise grace would be no longer grace. fact, since he is mortal, he has [of yet] confession] molds the wholly perfect reveals secrets"). Of the "lying tongue" in so grievous as to lie where we have For grace is so designated because it is neither died nor lived with Christ. Christian…. What is sweeter or more 21.6 the Didache notes: "Do not be fallen. It is not so dreadful to be given gratuitously [that is, voluntarily and Therefore, in the journey to the kingdom wholesome than praise of God and double-minded or double-tongued… wounded as it is to refuse healing freely by God]." Of 19.17 ("He who is kind of heaven the steps of man are directed by constant self-condemnation?" Of v. 5/6 Your words [should] not be greedy or after being wounded… These things I to the poor lends to the LORD") Caesarius the Lord." Of 20.29 ("The beauty of old Arnobius the Younger writes: "Do not be threatening or hypocritical or malicious say not to make you more negligent of Arles cites the words of Jesus Christ in men is their gray hair") Bede writes: "It sad, [my] spirit, but hope in the Lord or arrogant." The limitations of sacrifice but to prevent your despair." Cyril of Mt 25.40 ("Truly, I say to you, as you did it calls gray hair wisdom. For only then will because I confess to Him. He is the Savior 19-Apr Proverbs 20-21 in the OT are noted in 21.3: "To do Alexandria agrees: "The merciful God to one of the least of these my brethren, the city be well ordered, only then will the Ps 41 (42) of my countenance, that is, my God is the righteousness and justice is more has provided for the inhabitants of you did it to me"). Aphrahat links being administration of the holy church be restorer of His own image." Of v. 7/8 acceptable to the LORD then sacrifice." earth repentance as the medicine of loyal in 20.6 to being "victorious through conducted properly. When all the strong Ambrose writes: "Listen to this: 'One The importance of justice continues to be salvation. Some endeavor to dispense faith in Heb 11.33-39. Gregory the Great men pursue the necessary works and deep stream calls out to another.' stressed in 21.7 ("The violence of the with [that is, to do without] links 20.21 to Mt 16.26 ("What does it when the elders, endowed with greater Scripture of the OT calls on Scripture of wicked will sweep them away, because repentance, saying of themselves that profit a man if he gains the whole world prudence, meditate advantageously on the NT for the consummation of holiness they refuse to do what is just"); and in they are clean. In their great madness and forfeits his life"). what must be done." and the fullness of grace; [The OT] calls 21.15 ("When justice is done, it is a joy to they do not understand that to with the voice of grace and outflowing of the righteous…."). entertain such an idea of themselves spiritual abundance." is full of all impurity…."
22.1-16 continues the juxtaposition of Of quarrelling in a community in 22.10 Of the steps ordered by the Lord in 20.24 On the meaning of 21.20 ("Precious Of v. 1 ("Vindicate me, O God ….) serving the Lord and rejecting Him. Then Basil the Great writes in The Long Augustine cites Acts 13.48 ("As many treasure remains in a wise man's Augustine writes: "Let a distinction be Pr 22.17 sets out advice on how to Rules 47: "If some persist in their [gentiles] as had been appointed to eternal dwelling") Augustine preached: "[Some drawn between one who believes in you "incline your ear and hear the words of disobedience, finding fault in secret life believed") which indicates that people] … hear and out of carelessness and one who does not. In weakness they the wise, and apply your mind to and not openly stating their grievance, "possession of eternal life involves both forget, so to say swallow what they have are equal but in conscience far apart…. knowledge." Pr 23.1-26 continues the thus becoming the cause of human faith and divine appointment" heard, so that they no longer have a taste [God] will give [us] his immortal self advice in Pr 22.17-29 with a reminder of quarrelling in the community, and [NASB note, p. 1601]. ACCS OT IX has in their mouth but just bury what they when we are immortal, as he has already dangers that can draw a person away undermining the authority of the Origen link "the table of the powerful one" hear under forgetfulness. But those who given himself to us as mortal in our from the paths of the Lord (23.27-35). Of commands given, they should be in Pr 23.1 to "the mind of that one who meditate on 'the law of the Lord day and mortality." Of v. 3 ("Oh send out thy light 20-Apr Proverbs 22-23 22.2 when "the rich and the poor meet dismissed from the community as says, 'I can do all things in Christ who night' (Ps 1.2) are chewing the cud [that is Ps 42 (43) and thy truth; let them lead me") together; the LORD is the maker of them teachers of disobedience and strengthens me' (Phil 4.13) and also to reflecting on the law of the Lord], as it Arnobius the Younger writes: "Send your all" Augustine preached: "Where have rebellion. For the Scripture says, 'Cast 'when I am weak, then I am strong' (2 Cor were, and enjoying the flavor of the word light and overcome my shadows. Send they met each other? In this life. This one out the scoffer from the council and 12.10)…. At the table of this powerful with a kind of palate [that is, with a sense your truth and conquer my lying. Your was born, that one was born, their lives contention shall go out with him' [Pr apostle, if you sit to eat, 'understand of taste that indicates an ability to light and truth lead me to your holy were crossed…. And who made them? 22.10] and also, 'Put away the evil one intelligently what is set before you,' that is, discriminate between different aspect of mountain and into your tabernacle. The Lord. The rich man, to help the poor; from yourselves, for a little leaven perceive spiritually what is said by him." the word of God] of the heart." When I draw near, you lead me to the the poor man, to test the rich." corrupts the whole lump' (1 Cor 5.13, altar of God, where, although old, I 6). become as a youth." Pr 23 sets out advice on both drawing Father Eugen Pentiuc writes in The OT Evagrius of Pontus writes of friendship and Father Eugen writes: "[Father] John Breck Of v. 1 Prudentius writes: "The majesty closer to the Lord and what happens in Eastern Orthodox Tradition: "The relations with neighbors in 25.8-10 that notices that theoria, as a hermeneutic goal that with the Father dwelled,/ His spirit when you ignore the Lord. John Cassian patristic concept of theoria…'an "grace and friendship [together] liberate" characteristic of patristic exegesis, refers and thought, the way of his designs,/ links 25.6-7 ("Do not put yourself inspired vision of the presence and us; and cites Jn 8.31-32 ("If you continue in to the 'divine truth as revealed in the Which [were] made not by his hand or forward in the king's presence or stand in purpose of God within history and My word, you are truly My disciples and person of Jesus Christ and in the biblical spoken word,/ Breathed from the the place of the great; for it is better to within the Church'… holds that you will know the truth, and the truth will witness to him.' Theoria is a God-given gift Father's heart, declared his will." be told, 'Come up here,' than to be put Scripture contains both a literal and a make you free"), as well as Gal 3.13 that enables the ancient Christian Augustine's reflection on Ps 36/37.7 lower in the presence of the king") as spiritual sense. According to Francis ("Christ freed us from the curse of the interpreter to see the 'hidden' meaning of ("Wait patiently for the Lord") also well as 25.14 ("a man who boasts of a M. Young, theoria (spiritual vision or law"). Evagrius continues: "If 'friendship the text. Father John writes: 'To identify applies here, both to us and to the Jews gift he does not give") to humility as "the contemplative insight) is half way sets us free' and 'truth sets us free' and the either the Emmanuel born of a virgin (Isa of ancient Palestine: "How do you show teacher of all virtues: it is the most firm between a Hellenism that emphasized Savior sets [us] free, then Christ is both 7.14) or the suffering Servant (Isa 52-53) yourself subject to [God]? By doing what foundation of the heavenly edifice [that 'allegory; and a Judaism concentrating truth and friendship. Therefore, the Savior with the person of Jesus requires an Ps 43 (44) vv. 1- he commanded. You do not receive your 21-Apr Proverbs 24-25 is, an impressive building]; it is the on 'wording.' This is what the fathers calls his disciples 'friends' (Jn 15.15), and insight into the 'hidden' sense of the text, a 13 reward yet, but that may be because you Savior's own magnificent gift." Bede actually did-they bridged the gap John the Baptist is a friend of the meaning that was not apparent to the are not yet capable of it. He is already writes of the hunger and thirst in 25.21: between two extremes, and it is why bridegroom (Jn 3.29), and so are Moses (Ex prophet himself.' Before building any able to give it, but you are not able to "This can be understood both of [bodily] the classic division between 'allegory' 33.11) and all the saints. And it is in virtue typological relation the interpreter has to receive it. Exert yourself in your tasks, food and of spiritual nourishment." (school of Alexandria) and 'literalism' of that friendship alone, that His friends find the hidden meaning…." [p. 183]. labor in the vineyard, and when evening Fructuosus of Braga sees "the good news (school of Antioch) does not do justice are also friends to each other." comes ask for your wages, for he who from a far country" of 25.14 as Christ to patristic interpreters that are brought you into the vineyard is Himself. actually moving between extremes" trustworthy." [and thereby uniting them] [p. 183].
Pr 26.2-13) mentions many animals in its Of the bridle in 26.3 Ephrem the Augustine notes that 25.21 ("If your enemy Of Pr 26.4 ("Answer not a fool according to Of v. 24 ("Why dost thou hide thy face [O examples-a sparrow, a swallow, a horse, Syrian preached: "The nations confess is hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he his folly, lest you be like him yourself") Lord] Ambrose writes: "We cannot see God's a donkey, a dog, a lion-to indicate the you because your word became a is thirsty, give him water to drink") is Cyprian writes to Demetrian: "I had face. But there is a place where, by faith, unity of all creation and how different mirror before them in which they repeated in Rom 12.20; and he links this treated you with contempt, Demetrian, as God shows himself to us. The place is with creatures relate to mankind. 26.27 ("He might see hidden death devouring proverb to Gal 6.10 ("Let us be tireless, you railed with sacrilegious mouth [that is, God; and if we were to stand on the rock- that is, in awareness of this flesh and in who digs a pit will fall into it, and a stone their lives. Idols are ornamented by while we have the time, in doing good to complained with extreme disrespect] firmness of faith-we will see as much as can will come back upon him who starts it those who craft them, but they all, though supremely to those at home in against God, who is one and true, and be allowed to us to see. We cannot see the rolling") supports Constitution of the disfigure their crafters with their the faith"). Augustine continues: "'The just [you] frequently cried out with impious fullness but we can, in a certain sense, drink Holy Apostles 3.1.5: "Whatsoever ornamentation. [The mirror] brought person lives by faith' (Rom 1.17; Gal 3.11; words, [because I thought] it more fitting in some remnant of this light. Moses did not injustice you do to others will bring it [the nations] directly to your cross, Heb 10.38). That doesn't mean, though, and better to ignore with silence the Ps 43 (44) vv. 14- see the full and entire divinity that dwells in 22-Apr Proverbs 26-27 upon yourselves." Pr 27 stresses the where physical beauty is disfigured that we must close our hearts to other ignorance of a man in error than to 26 Christ corporeally (Cf. Col 2.9). But he saw importance of prudence-wisdom and but spiritual beauty is resplendent people, even sinners, not even if they provoke with speech the fury of a man in the back of Christ. As man he saw the care in conduct and in planning ahead [that is, brilliant in appearance]. The adopt a hostile attitude toward us. The madness. And I did not do this without the splendour, he saw the glory of his passion, (vv. 1-4, 8-12,14-17,23-27)-providing one who was God pursued the nations Savior himself says, after all, 'Love your authority of the divine teaching, 'Do not he saw him draw back for us the bolts of the important examples for 27.1 ("Do not who were pursing gods that were not enemies, do good to those who hate you' speak in the hearing of a fool, for he will heavenly kingdom." boast about tomorrow, for you do not gods at all. And [using] words like (Lk 6.27). despise the wisdom of your words,' (Pr know what a day may bring forth"). bridles, he turned them away from 23.9) and again, … Pr 26.4." many gods [and brought them] to [the] one [true God]." These verses apply both to the individual Of Pr 28.9 Caesarius of Arles Citing the promise in 28.13 that those who Of Pr 28.1 ("The wicked flee when no one Augustine writes of the scepter of v. 6/7: (28.18; 29.2) and to the nation and its preached: "A person should first be confess their sins "will obtain mercy" pursues, but the righteous are bold as a "It is a scepter of righteous rule because leaders (28.2; 29.4). Pr 28.14 ("Blessed is willing to listen to God, if [they] want Aphrahat writes: "You should not keep lion") John Chrysostom preached: "How do it guides us aright. You must straighten the one who fears the Lord always") is to be heard by him. Indeed, with what back from yourselves this means of healing [the wicked] flee when no one pursues? yourself to fit his will, not attempt to true throughout the whole of the OT and boldness do [they] want God to hear [i. e., confession] that has been given to [The wicked has] that within which drives bend his [will] to suit you. You cannot the NT, and for each of us. Of these [them] when [they] despise God so you…. Look at the [prodigal] son … who him on-an accuser in his conscience, and anyway. Your effort is futile, because his verses on prayer John Chrysostom much that [they] refuse to read God's when he returned to his father, he this he carries about everywhere." Isaac of will is always perfectly straight. Do you preached: "Let your requests be precepts? How is it, my brothers [and received him in joy…" (Lk 15.11-32). Giving Nineveh preached of this verse: "[The want to be united with him? Then allow spiritual…. let your mind be alert, let your sisters] that some Christians, even to the poor in 28.27 is linked by Caesarius righteous] will fear none of these things yourself to be corrected. Then it will be attention be concentrated on the clergy, at times, when they are about of Arles to 2 Cor 9.7 ("God loves a cheerful here enumerated, as it is written 'The Ps 44 (45) vv. 1- his rod or scepter that rules you [to 23-Apr Proverbs 28-31 words…." Isaac of Nineveh defines those to make a journey, order bread, wine, giver"). The danger of being "hasty [with] righteous man is bold as a lion,' doing all 8 correct or bless you], his scepter of who gather the wind in their fists in 30.4 oil, and different items to be provided words" in 29.20 is linked by John Cassian things through faith, not as one who righteous rules…. Draw near to this as living with "faith without works." Pr for themselves, but, while such great to Jas 1.19 ("be quick to hear, slow to tempts the Lord but as one who has scepter and let Christ be your king, allow 31.10-31 in praise of "a good wife" is a preparations are being made for speak, slow in anger"). The way the Church confidence in him and as one who is this scepter to rule you, because worthy blessing for Jews and Christians [their] earthly journeys so that [their] Fathers have brought together so many NT armed and arrayed [that is, put in order] in otherwise it may break you… Some it to be given at home by each husband to bodies may live, a [person] does not verses with the 31 chapters of Proverbs the power of the Holy Spirit. And because rules, others it breaks; it rules the his wife and is part of the Jewish service bother to read a single book to refresh indicates the unity of the OT and the NT. God is [their] constant concern…." spiritual, but breaks the carnal. Come for a Sabbath meal. [their] souls both here and forever?" near to this scepter then."
1.1-12 and 2.1-11 set out the meaning of Contemporary Biblical scholars are ACAS OT IX, p. xxiii lists six verses in Ecc The NASB Introduction to Ecc, p. 936, The words of Irenaeus in Against Heresies vanity. 1.13-18 seeks to understand undecided as to whom the author of which are echoed in the NT: (1) 1.2 and explains: "Life not centered on God is 4.39.2 have been linked by ACCS OT VIII to wisdom, while 2.12-26 contrasts wisdom Ecclesiastes is and when it was Rom 8.20 ("The creation was subjected to purposeless and meaningless (see notes on this psalm: "You do not make God, but God to folly. The beautiful verses of 3.1-9 written. NASB Introduction, p. 936, futility, not of its own will but by the will of 1.2, 2.24-25). With Him, all of life and His makes you. If, then, you are God's reflect on how "for everything there is a with note 1.1, offers a balanced view: him who subjected it to hope"); (2) 5.15 other good gifts are to be gratefully workmanship, await the hand of your Maker that creates everything in due time … as far season…." Gregory of Nazianzus "No time period or writer's name is and 1 Tim 6.7 ("We brought nothing into received (see James 1.17 ("Every good as you are concerned, whose creation is preached of the seasons and "the mentioned in the book, but several the world, and we cannot take anything thing given and every perfect gift is from being carried out. Offer to him your heart in business that God has given" us in 3.10- passages strongly suggest that King out of the world"); (3) 7.9 and James 1.19 above, coming down from the Father of a soft and tractable [that is, flexible, 20: "The work of your salvation is one Solomon is the author (1.1,12; 2.4-9.; ("Let every man be quick to hear, slow to lights, with whom there is no variation or adaptable] state,… for the moist clay that is upon which you should be engaged at all 7.26-29; 12.9; cf. King 2.9; 3.12; 4.29- speak, slow to anger"); (4) 7.20 and Rom shifting shadow") and used and enjoyed to in you is hidden [there] by the workmanship times; and let every time be a definite 34; 5.12; 10.1-8). On the other hand, 3.10-12 ("None is righteous, no, not one; the full (2.26; 11.18). The book contains of God. His hand has fashioned your Ps 44 (45) vv. 9- 24-Apr Ecclesiastes 1-3 one for baptism. If you are always the writer's title ('Preacher,'… possibly no one understands, no one seeks for God. the philosophical and theological substance…. For creation is an attribute of passing over today and waiting for meaning 'leader of the assembly'), his All have turned aside, together they have reflections of an old man (12.1-7), most of 17 the goodness of God; but to be created is [an tomorrow, by your little procrastinations unique style of Hebrew and his gone wrong; no one does good, not even whose life was meaningless because he attribute] of human nature. If, then, you you will be cheated without knowing it attitude toward rulers (suggesting a one"); (5) 11.5 and Jn 3.8 ("The wind blows had not himself relied on God as he should shall deliver up to him what is yours, that is, by the evil one [i.e., the devil], as his subject rather than a monarch-see, where it wills, and you hear the sound of have…. But faith [has now taught] him that faith toward him and [submission to his will], manner is. Give to me, he says, the e.g., 4.1-2; 5.8-9; 8.2-4; 10.20) may it, but you do not know whence it comes God has ordered all things according to His you shall receive his handiwork and shall be present, and to God the future; to me point to another person and a later or whither it goes; so it is with every one own purposes (3.1-15; 5.19; 6.1-2; 9.1); a perfect work of God." your youth and to God old age, and to period…. The world is seen as being who is born of the Spirit"); and (6) 12.14 and that man's role is to accept these, me your pleasures and to him your full of enigmas [that is, puzzles and and 2 Cor 5.10…." including his own limitations, as God's uselessness…." mysteries], the greatest of which is appointments." man himself." 4.1-8 considers the destructive impact of Didymus the Blind writes: "Question: Of the search for wisdom in 1.16 Gregory Of Ecc 1.1 Gregory of Nyssa preached: Of v. 10/11 ("Be still and know that I am vanity. 4.9-16 sets out the many benefits [Are the] words of Ecclesiastes said by of Nyssa preached: "What is the way back "Since it is … one of the Master's God") Origen warns: "It is not possible to of friendship. 5.1-7 reflects on the need the author personally? Answer: for the wanderer, and the way of escape commands that we must search the know him if one has not become still and to listen to God and that when we pray Actually, the [Holy] Spirit is the author from evil, and toward good[?]… He 'who Scriptures (Jn 5.39), there is an absolute purified one's mind." Of that same verse "let your words be few." 5.8-6.12 of the divinely inspired Scriptures. The has had experience like us in all things [is] necessity, even if our mind falls short of Cyril of Jerusalem encourages the considers how seeking to satisfy yourself Spirit inspires so that the words are without sin' (Heb 4.15), [and] speaks to us the truth, failing to match the greatness of catechumens and us: "Already there is on leads to a life of little purpose. Didymus expressed, but the wise man is also from our own condition. 'He took our the ideas, that we should still ensure by all you the savour of blessedness, O you the Blind, a fourth-century Alexandrian involved. For the Spirit has not himself weaknesses upon him' (Mt 8.17), and the zeal for the Word of which we are who are soon to be enlightened; already Bible scholar, writes of 5.9: "When the invisibly written the letter and put through these very weaknesses of our capable that we do not … disregard the you are gathering spiritual flowers, to defenders of the teaching that God's down the text, but he breathes it into nature he shows us the way out of the Lord's command. Let us therefore search weave heavenly crowns withal; already providence rules over everything argue the soul. Either the real author is reach of evil." Of 3.1 Basil the Great cites the Scripture lying before us to the best of has the fragrance of the Holy Spirit that there is providence, they generally Solomon, or some [other] wise men Col 3.16: 'All things have their season.' For our ability." Of Ecc 2.3 Olympiodorus refreshed you; already are you at the 25-Apr Ecclesiastes 4-6 say: Like a weave clearly shows there is a have written it. Maybe we should opt prayer and psalmody, however, as also, preached: "It is not the acuity [that is, Ps 45 (46) entrance-hall of the King's house: may weaver-whether or not he is seen-in the for the latter so that nobody may say included for some other duties, every hour sharpness] of the mind but rather the you be brought into it by the King! You same way he who sees a well tilled field that the speaker talks about himself." is suitable that, while our hands are busy disposition [that is, the action] of the soul… were called a catechumen, which means, gets the impression that it has someone The Holy Spirit is also present in Ps at their tasks, we may praise God which is to be praised or condemned." Of hearing with the ears…. You no longer who leads and rules over it…. When you, 32/33.15 of which Cassiodorus writes: sometimes with the tongue (when this is 4.12 ("A threefold cord is not quickly her with the ears, but you [now] hear therefore, see a soul that is well tilled, "We say that modelers [in clay] possible…); or if not, with the heart, at broken") Gregory the Great writes: "By a within; for the indwelling Spirit that sows with tears and is ready to reap fashion [that is, that they create least in psalms, hymns and spiritual 'cord,' faith is expressed… because the henceforth fashions your mind into a with shouts of joy (Ps 126/125.5), then something based on something else], canticles, as it is written [in Col 3.16]." faith in truth that is woven by … preachers house of God…. You who have been this tilled field has a king, the Logos, who for they create certain shapes to from the knowledge of the Trinity remains enrolled, have become the sons and leads, rules and reigns." achieve the purposes of their work. In firm in the elect…." daughters of one Mother." the same way the Lord forms and arranges the minds of the just to lead them to the gifts of his mercy."
Ecc 7 reflects on the choices we make in Throughout history the warning of Ecc Of Ecc 7.2 and how mourning is better Of Ecc 7.2-3 John Chrysostom writes: Of v. 1 John Chrysostom writes: "'Shout life and how "the patient in spirit is 7.9 ("Be not quick to anger") remains than feasting, Evagrius of Pontus writes: "Likely enough, you do not like the saying to God with the voice of rejoicing.'…You better than the proud in spirit," as our true, for as John Cassian writes: "The "The final end of human beings is a state of [about mourning and sorrow] and want to have mounted above heavens … and choices are "tested by wisdom" (7.23). deadly poison of anger has to be blessedness. If the Lord in the Gospel calls evade it. Let us however see what sort of have taken your place at the royal throne 8.1-17 considers the goal of wisdom but utterly rooted out from the inmost those who mourn 'blessed'-'Blessed are man Adam was in paradise, and what he itself. Accordingly, 'Shout to God,' that is, concludes with pessimism: "However corners of our soul. For as long as this those who mourn, for they shall be was afterwards; what sort of man Cain was offer thanksgiving to him, the victory is to much man may toil in seeking, he will not remains in our hearts and blinds with comforted' (Mt 5.4)-then Solomon quite before, and what he was afterwards." Of him…. The conflict is not human or the find … [wisdom]; even though a wise its hurtful darkness the eye of the rightly calls mourning the end of every Ecc 7.5-8 Didymus the Blind writes: battle physical, nor is the contest over man claims to know, he cannot find out." soul, we can neither acquire right human being, because those who live in "Whoever has no insight is pleased with any earthly concern but over the heavens 26-Apr Ecclesiastes 7-9 The focus is on death in 9.1-12 and that judgment and discretion nor gain the that state of mourning are filled with an flatters, preferring flattery to critique…. Ps 46 (47) and those in the heavens. He personally "man does not know his time," that is, insight which springs from an honest abundance of spiritual blessings." Of "the The flatters sing in a certain way. Even conducted this war and gave us a share in when he will die. The conclusion of 9.13- gaze, or ripeness of counsel. Nor can house of mourning" in this verse Didymus when they give ethical speeches, they the victory." Arnobius the Younger 18 is: "The words of the wise heard in we be partakers of life, or retentive of the Blind writes: "The 'house'… signifies a want to make their audience happy writes: "Just as there is wailing by all the quiet are better than the shouting of a righteousness, or even have the condition or an attitude, not a location…. instead of looking out for … the best nations in the coming of the devil… (Rev ruler among fools. Wisdom is better than capacity for spiritual and true light (cf. One can understand 'the living' [in this interests [of their audience]. Such a song is 12.12), so in the coming of our Jesus, weapons of war, but one sinner destroys Ps 31.9/30.10 LXX). Nor can we verse as] one who lives according to God's a speech that gives joy, but a rebuke helps there is joy: 'all nations clap your hands.'" much good." become partakers of wisdom … (Ecc will…." one to find the right way." 7.9b)." The consequences of wisdom and folly In reflecting on Ecc, it is helpful to Basil preached that those "who sin give The unknown author of Ecc is looking back John Chrysostom: "What v. 1 means . . . is are set out clearly in 10.1-20. Isaac of remember the words of Isa 40.1-2 place to the devil [ignoring both] Eph over his own life. He is aware that he has something like this: It is necessary to Nineveh echoes the call of Ecc 11.1-2 ("Comfort, comfort my people, says 4.27… [and] Ecc 10.4. Let us then, who are not always followed the Lord as closely as praise him alone and sing to him alone … ("Cast your bread upon the waters") with your God. Speak tenderly to in the Lord and who, as much as we are he should; and he might have done much both for [the] infinite and his advice: "When you give, give Jerusalem, and cry to her for her able, observe closely his wonders, so draw better. Therefore, there is a certain incomprehensible greatness of his being generously, with a joyous countenance, humiliation is accomplished, her sin is joy to our hearts from the contemplation pessimism about his own failings which he and for the excess of his [kindness and and give more than you are asked for…" put away, for she has received of the of them." The final verse of Ecc 12.13, communicates to others, even as he seeks generosity] to us." Augustine reflects: Stephen Muse reflects profoundly on the Lord's hand double the amount of her warns that: "God will bring every deed into to encourage his readers. It should be "Make sure when you call on God that meaning of bread in his book, Being sins"). The author of Ecc stresses the judgment, with every secret thing, noted that while the Lord does have a path you do so in praise and not in an attempt Bread (Orthodox Research Institute, human tendency to sin and the need whether good or evil"-an insight that is for each of us, we each retain our free will; to coerce him. If you invoke God … as 2013), which opens with a quotation for humiliation from the Lord. echoed in Mt 16.27, Acts 10.42, 2 Cor 5.10 and that is respected deeply by the Lord, your ally when you are minded to make 27-Apr Ecclesiastes 10-12 from Origen: "The true bread is that However, as Ps 22/23.4 ("Thy rod and and Rom 2.16, 14.10,12 and Ephes 6.8. who does not force His plans upon us, but Ps 47 (48) merry over someone else's misfortune, which nourishes the true humanity, the Thy staff have comforted me") However, that final verse also notes: "Fear invites us to join our wills to His will. In a you are making him collude [that is, join person created after the image of God." indicates, throughout our lives both God, and keep his commandments" of sense, the author of Ecc is warning us not with you] with your malice. And if you do 11.3-8 warns that often "you do not the Lord's punishment and His which the Shepherd of Hermas writes: "So, to follow in his footsteps, but to seek the that, you are not calling on him with know the work of God who makes guidance are present for each of us, as by keeping God's commandments you will Lord with a deeper faith and trust in God praise but trying to manipulate him." We everything." 12.1-8 returns to the a response (and a consequence) of be powerful in every action … [and] you than he showed earlier in his life. too should take care not to seek to opening theme of "vanity of vanities! All our thoughts and actions and prayers. will do everything well…" manipulate God to our wills, but seek to is vanity." This theme of God offering us comfort know and implement only His will. is beautifully presented in 2 Cor.1.3-7.
As 1.4 ("the king has brought me into his The editor of ACCS OT IX writes: The editor of ACCS OT IX writes: "Origen's Origen continues: "according to which This psalm is open to different chambers") indicates, "the voice of love "Modern Biblical commentators often spiritual interpretation of the Song as an nothing in life happens contrary to nature, interpretations [See NET FN, note Usn, in the Song, like that of wisdom in Prov consider the literal meaning of this allegory of Christ and the church seems … but each individual thing is assigned those p.962]. As Johanna Manley writes: "The 8.1-9.12, is a woman's voice…." [NASB book "as all having to do with sensual, to draw upon the one reference to the uses for which it has been brought forth by Book of Psalms … foretells coming Introduction, p. 947]. The theme of 2.4b sexual love between a man and a Song in the NT, where Paul says of the Creator. The contemplative discipline events; it recalls history; it frames laws ("His banner over me was love") is linked woman… [However,] when the book is marriage in Ephesians 5.32: "The mystery is defined as that by which we transcend for life; it suggests what must be done; to a reciprocity [that is, having a mutual treated allegorically [that is, as a story is a profound one, and I am saying that it visible things and contemplate something and, in general, it is the common treasury relationship] in the love as set out in 2.16 in which the characters represent refers to Christ and the church" [p. xxv]. of divine and heavenly things and gaze at of good doctrine…. The old wounds of ("My beloved is mine and I am his"). The moral or spiritual ideas] or spiritually Origen writes that the three books linked them with the mind alone…. By this souls it cures completely, and to the feminine viewpoint of the Song is as most patristic commentators did, to Solomon-Pr, Ecc and Song-have, preparation [we are] enabled to receive no recently wounded it brings speedy 28-Apr Song of Songs 1-3 supported the fact that "mothers are its mosaic of love stories is seen as respectively, a moral, natural and harm from those [sexual] figures by which Ps 48 (49) improvement; the diseased it treats, the referred to frequently in the Song; suggestive of the relationship contemplative discipline: "The moral the love of the bride for the heavenly unharmed it preserves. On the whole, it fathers are never mentioned" [NASB between [1] a bride and a discipline is defined as the one by which an bridegroom … is described…. [Thus] the effaces [that is, wipes out], as far as note on 3.4 on the woman bringing her bridegroom, [2] between God and honorable manner of life is equipped and soul comes suitably to doctrines and possible the passions, which subtly lover "to my mother's house"]. There are Israel as God's chosen people, [3] habits conducive to virtue are prepared. mysteries and is led up to the exercise dominion over souls during the numerous relationships to nature and between God and the individual soul, The natural discipline is defined as the contemplation of the Godhead by a lifetime of man, and it does this with a animals thorough the Song. [4] between Christ and the individual consideration of each individual thing, … genuine and spiritual love." certain orderly persuasion and sweetness soul, or [5] between Christ and the [continued in Reflection] which produces sound thoughts" [p. 1]. church [p. xxv]." The bridegroom sees no sexual flaw in In the fifth century, two centuries The writings of St Porphyrios (1906-1991) For St Porphyrios divine eros might be Of v. 8 Theodoret of Cyr writes: "I do not his beloved (4.1-11). The image is after Origen, Theodoret of Cyr of Evia, Athens and Mount Athos, whose defined as God's love for us and our accuse you of neglect of sacrifices, [God] presented of a garden with many fruits adopted Origen's three-fold sainthood has been declared by the Greek response. He writes: Christ is our love, our is saying: you offer them continually; and "a well of living water" in which one progression of Pr, Ecc and Song, but and Russian Orthodox Churches (2013- desire. Christ is joy, the true light, rather, I urge you not to confine can "drink deeply, O lovers! (4.12-5.1). with different terms: "The Song … 2017), have been collected into a modern happiness. Christ is our hope. Our relation righteousness to them" [See also NET-FN, Ambrose interprets 4.10 ("How sweet is brings out the mystical intercourse Song of Songs titled Wounded by Love: to Christ is love, eros, passion, enthusiasm, note H, p. 964]. Of v. 14 ("Offer to God a your love, my sister, my bride") as: between the bride and the The Life and Wisdom of Saint Porphyrios longing for the divine. Christ is everything. sacrifice of praise/thanksgiving. And pay "Christ, then, feeds his church with these bridegroom … [so that Solomon gives (Denise Harvey, publisher, Evia, Greece). He is our love. He is the object of our your vows [that is, keep your promises] sacraments, by means of which the us] a ladder with three steps-moral, The book opens with the words of the desire. The passionate longing for Christ is to the Most High") Theodore of substance of the soul is strengthened…" physical and mystical. That is to say, saint: "I have run to the fragrance of your a love that cannot be taken away. This is Mopsuestia urges us to take "pains to live 29-Apr Song of Songs 4-6 The bride's dream in 5.2-6.3 ("I slept, but the person approaching a religious myrrh, O Christ God, For I have been where joy flows from. Christ himself is a Ps 49 (50) in thanksgiving to me [i. e. God] and my heart was awake") is linked to the way of life [whether in a monastery or wounded by your love; do not part from joy. He is a joy that transforms you into a devoting yourself totally to me…. Pray bridegroom's reflections in 6.4-13 with in the world] must first purify the me, O heavenly Bridegroom." On Divine different person…. This spiritual wine always to me about everything; render the "dove … the perfection of her mind with good behavior, then strive Eros he begins: "He who loves little, gives inebriates you like pure unadulterated me this and perform it…. With this mother" which Rufinus of Aquileia to discern the futility of impermanent little. He who loves more, gives more. And wine. As David says, 'You have anointed attitude you will, even in calling in the interprets as "this church which keeps things and the transitory character of he who loves beyond measure, what has my head with oil and your cup intoxicates midst of afflictions [that is, suffering and the faith of Christ entire," whose what seems pleasant, and then finally he to give? He gives himself" [p. 96]. me most mightily' (Ps 22/23.5)" [p. 96]. distress] be heard and will attain what members must "not turn aside in the to take wings and long for the you aspire to…." council of vanity." bridegroom [i.e., Christ], who promises eternal goods."
7.1-13 tells of the beauty of "the queenly St Porphyrios continues: "Fast as much St Porphyrios continues: "Our task is to St Porphyrios writes: "In the Song of Songs Of vv. 6-9 Augustine preached: "If you maiden." NASB Introduction, p. 948, as you can, … attend as many vigils as attempt to find a way to enter into the the bride says of Christ the Bridegroom, 'I start judging yourself,… if you start being states: "Virtually all [modern Protestant you like, but be joyful. Have Christ's light of Christ. The point is not to observe sleep, but my heart awakes. The voice of displeased with yourself, God will come Biblical commentators] agree that the joy. It is the joy that lasts forever, that all the outward forms. The essence of the my beloved knocks at the door' (5.2)…. along to show you mercy. If you are literary climax of the Song is found in 8.6- brings eternal happiness…. Christ matter is for us to be with Christ; for our Thus she expresses her love and complete willing to punish yourself, he will spare 7, where the unsurpassed power and desires and delights in scattering joy, soul to wake up and love Christ and devotion…. Do you understand? Worship you…. All who repent and do penance value of love-the love that draws man in enriching his faithful with joy. I pray become holy. To abandon herself to divine must spring from the whole soul and well are punishing themselves…." Of v.10 and woman together-are finally that 'your joy may be full' (Jn 16.24; 1 eros. Thus He too will love us. Then the joy whole heart…. The soul of a Christian ("Create in me a clean heart, O God, and asserted." Yet ACCS OT IX lists 368 Jn 1.4). This is what religion is. This is will become inalienable [that is, unable to needs to be refined and sensitive, to have put a new and right [or steadfast] spirit 30-Apr Song of Songs 7-8 reflections from 34 Church Fathers [p. the direction that we must take…. be turned away from Christ]. That is what sensibility and wings, to be constantly in Ps 50 (51) within me") Augustine writes: "[By] xxvii]; and their allegorical What is Paradise? It is Christ. Paradise Christ wants most of all, to fill us with joy, flight and to live in dreams…." [pp. 96, 'create' he meant to say … to begin interpretations focus on Christ Himself. begins here and now. It is exactly the because He is the well-spring of joy…. 106]. For those wishing to know more something new…. But, as he was praying The final verse of the Song is open to same: those who experience Christ Become familiar with Christ. Work with about St Porphyrios see the excellent video after committing some sin … he implies literal or allegorical interpretations: here on earth, experience Paradise. Christ, Live with Christ. Breathe with about his life and writings at: the uprightness of my sprit has been "Make haste, my beloved, and be like a That's the way it is, just as I tell you" Christ. Suffer with Christ…." [pp. 96, 106]. https://youtu.be/q_ifoznlb6M made old and bowed [and must be gazelle or a young stag upon the [p. 96] Cf. Divine Eros: Hymns of St renewed]." mountains of spices." Symeon the New Theologian. The Wisdom of Solomon is accepted as Sever J. Voicu, Editor of ACCS OT XV The Church Fathers have made more than Of 1.1 Augustine writes: "Christ died for Of v. 8/10 ("I am like a flourishing olive part of the OT canon by the Orthodox Apocrypha writes: "This work, which 45 references to the NT in the opening the ungodly and sinners" [see Rom 5.6] so tree in the house of God") Nicodemus of and Roman Catholics, but not by the manuscript tradition attributes to chapter alone. Augustine writes of 2.23 in that we might be called to believe, not by the Holy Mountain writes that those Protestants. Rulers are urged to seek the Solomon, was evidently composed in Christian Combat 10.11: "If, because of the merit but by grace…. Sinners are "who show mercy and generosity [will] Lord "with sincerity of heart" (1.1), but Greek, although one cannot rule out sorrows the soul has conceived by its love commanded to believe, because by experience greater joy than the one who the thoughts and actions of the ungodly the possibility that it was distantly of the world, we are unable to taste how believing [they] purge [themselves] from received the benefit or the mercy. The are set out (1.3-2.24). The just will be inspired, especially in its beginning, by sweet the Lord is, let us at least believe sins. Sinners, in fact, have no idea what reason for this is simply the fact that one "disciplined a little, [but] they will receive a Semitic original that has been what the divine authority wanted said in they will see by living rightly. This is why- imitates God by doing good (cf. 1 Jn 3.7)." a great good" (3.5), while "the ungodly completely lost…. The surviving text, the Holy Scriptures regarding his Son… since they cannot see unless they live Of the same verse Cyril of Jerusalem Wisdom of will be punished as their reasoning which perhaps goes back to the mid- Rom 1.3 [and] Jn 1.3 …. He is the one who rightly, and they cannot live rightly unless advises: "It is God who plants and waters, 01-May Ps 51 (52) Solomon 1-3 deserves, … For the end of an first century B.C., was written by an had compassion on our weakness, a they believe-it is obvious that they must but it is yours to bear fruit; God's to unrighteous generation is grievous" author skilled in Hellenistic Greek who weakness that we merited not by our begin by believing. In this way the bestow the fruit, and yours to receive it (3.10, 19). Augustine sums up the displays an influence of Greek work, but by our will…. A person would not commandments, by which those who and keep it forever. But do not esteem opening chapters: "If you are good [God] philosophy. [This book] was used be excellent if he were to observe God's believe separate themselves from the the gift lightly because it is given freely. will help you, but he will avenge himself frequently by the Fathers, especially commandments out of necessity and not things of the world, purify their hearts-for Rather, receive it reverently and guard it if you are wicked. You have the judge the passages that could be interpreted through his own will." only with a pure heart can one see God with care." within you." as allegorical references to Christ or (Mt 9.8; WoS 1.1)." the Holy Spirit" [p. xxvi].
Women who are childless can be blessed Fulgentius, a fifth-century Bishop of Of the sinner who is repentant and "in Of the unexpected deaths in 4.7-19 Martin of Braga points out that this psalm by the Lord (4.1.-6). At times those who Ruspe writes of 4.8-9: "The Christian anguish of spirit" after death in 5.3 Augustine writes: "You will say, 'How much concerns "the disease of pride" and that live among sinners "die early," because who has lived in the fear of God, at Cassiodorus writes: "It is clear that the rich and how often have I prayed, and I have no good action should be "performed in they are "loved by Him" and "taken up" whatever age he dies, is not swept man who saw Lazarus at rest confessed his not been answered!' But what did you ask order to gain praise." Paulinus of Nola to heaven, "yet the peoples saw and did away by a bitter and untimely death sins (Lk 16.43), but his plea was not for? … How do you know which would explains that the proud person in this not understand" (4.7-19). The wicked will but crosses over supported by a granted. That is because confession is to have been better for [your son, who was a psalm "is exemplified in the pharisee (Lk be judged; and they begin to see how maturity approved by God. Indeed, in be made in this world, in which one also sinner] to die or to live? If, then, you do 18.10-14) who recited his good works in they have been "consumed in [their] the book of Wisdom we read [4.8-9]. finds forgiveness." Of 6.7 Hilary of Poiters not know, return to your heart and leave the temple, as if recalling them to an Wisdom of wickedness" (4.20-5.14). "But the Having become dear to God, this one writes: "He who says [Mt 19.24] is clearly every decision to God. You will say to me, ignorant Lord … [and] was displeasing to 02-May Ps 52 (53) Solomon 4-6 righteous live for ever, and their reward was loved by him." Ambrose writes: saying that it is easier for a poor person to 'But, then, what should I do? What should I God because he tore down by pride what is with the Lord," even when "Who would deny that adolescence [enter the kingdom of heaven]… 'God does ask for in prayer?' What should you ask he had built up by his justice; he did not "lawlessness will lay waste the whole and, in the beginning, youth itself, not make distinctions between persons' for? What the Lord, the heavenly teacher, do this silently but at the top of his earth" (5.15-23). Kings will be judged churn under the delusion of the (Acts 10.34)…. He cares for the poor as taught us. Invoke God as God, love God as voice… because he wished to be heard by fully as to whether they have walked various passions? … The violent well, and he will reward anyone who has God. There is nothing better than him. people." We should not seek praise for "according to the purposes of God" (6.1- movements of our adolescence … are been humble in riches or patient in Desire him, long for him!" doing good. [See NET Bible-FN, Note Z, p. 11). Wisdom should be sought by all calmed in the tranquil season of old poverty." 967 and note on Ps 14, p. 752]. (6.12-25). age." At birth and at death "there is for all Of 7.7 ("Therefore I prayed, and Of 7.16a ("For both we and our words are Of 9.15 and how "this earthly tent burdens Of v. 2 ("Hear my prayer, O Lord") Hilary mankind one entrance into life, and a understanding was given me; I called in his hand") Augustine writes: "Even if one the thoughtful mind" Augustine writes: of Poitiers points out that "no one knows common departure" (7.6). Wisdom upon God, and the spirit of wisdom learns everything there is to teach, all that "We are human beings who carry the how [they] ought to pray," citing the encompasses "a breath of the qualities of was given me") Ambrose writes: "God he ever wanted to know and teach, and weight of the flesh along the paths of this words of Rom 8.26. "A human being in God… a reflection of eternal light, a at times opens the heart through acquires the ability to speak, as is life … [and] have nonetheless been his weakness, therefore, has no right to spotless mirror of the working of God" trials. Then the heart becomes so vast, appropriate to a church leader-when the renewed in Christ (See 2 Cor 5.17) in such demand that [their] prayer should be and one who "renews all things; [and] in like the sands of the sea, it cannot be moment comes to speak, he should a way as to not yet be entirely stripped of heard… Jesus … alone can pray all night every generation she passes into holy measured (1 Kg 2.35/3 Kg 2.35). Listen remember that what the Lord says is more Adam (See Col 3.9). In fact, it seems clear long (Lk 6.12)…. Was there ever a person souls and makes them friends of God, to holy Solomon, who speaks to us of fitting than all his valid arguments. 'Do not and evident that what is mortal and who was pure and patient throughout his Wisdom of 03-May and prophets" (7.22-8.1). Wisdom lives this openness: [7.7]. So as to receive worry about how and what you are to say, corruptible in us, weighing down the soul, Ps 53 (54) life who was not subject to … human Solomon 7-9 with God and we "shall find rest with wisdom from God, he did not ask for because what you are to say will be given comes from Adam. What is spiritual in us, shortcomings? The only person who her" (8.2-16). Therefore, I should seek riches or noble descendants or power, to you in that moment. Indeed, it will not lifting the soul, is the gift and mercy of could have confidently desired this [right "how to get [wisdom] for myself" but but he asked for wisdom. And he be you who are speaking but the Spirit of God. He sent his only Son so that he might that their prayer should always be heard] know that it is a gift from God (8.17-21). obtained everything he did not ask for your Father who speaks in you' (Mt 10.19- share with us in our death (See 2 Cor 4.11) is one who has not sinned… who never Give me wisdom, O Lord (9.1-18). (1 Kg 3.9-13/3 Kg 3.9-13)…. One who 20)…." and lead us to his immortality." resisted the will of him who ordered it has wisdom should not keep it all…." hidden… but should celebrate it in public…."
Wisdom has protected Adam, Abel, The online Oxford Bibliographies Fulgentius of Rupe explains 10.16 when Of 11.20 Fulgentius of Rupe writes: "It is Of the wish in v.5 to "fly away and be at Noah, Lot, Joseph (10.1-14) and Moses writes of Wisdom of Solomon: "There wisdom "enters the soul of a servant of the easy … to observe weight, quantity and rest" from the problems of life-especially (10.15-11.14), as well as being moderate are three major parts in the book: Lord": "This entry into souls is also measure in material objects; let us see if "my familiar friend" (v. 13) Ambrose toward the Egyptians and "their foolish righteousness and immortality proclaimed in the Apocalypse of John [or they can be found in incorporeal objects. writes: "As for the person who wishes to and wicked thoughts" (11.15-20). God is (chapters 1-5), the nature of wisdom Revelation]: 'See, I stand at the door and In the human soul one finds memory, be lifted up by the hand of Christ, let "merciful to all;" and "it is always in [His] (chapters 6-9), and wisdom's role in knock. If anyone listens to my voice and thought and will. In fact, you think what [them] first fly away [themselves], let power to show great strength" (11.21- the early history of Israel (chapters 10- opens to me, I will come to him, and he you want, and this is what your memory [them] have [their] own wings …. And if 12.2). God took care of the Canaanites 19). All three parts seem to have been with me' (Rev 3.20). By this same contains. Your will is your love. That is, you [they] do not have wings of [their] own… despite "their detestable practices" of composed by the same author movement the Father and the Son enter remember what you bear with love in your let [them] get them from the one who Wisdom of Ps 54 (55) vv. 1- 04-May child sacrifice (12.3-11). God is (though perhaps at different times) or the one who loves them, and they thoughts. Memory, intellect and will … are does…. Christ … flew away in the passion Solomon 10-12 "righteous and rules all things righteously at least in the same circle. The establish their dwelling in [them], as the three inseparable aspects…. All three are 11 of his body, so that he could protect the (12.12-18), teaching mercy and justice to transitions between the various parts Son says: 'If anyone loves me, [they] will in the soul when praying to God: your peoples of the nations under the shadow "thy people [Israel]" (12.19-22). God has serve to meld them into a literary keep my word and the Father will love memory, your intellect and your desire, of his wings (Ps 17.8/16.8). He flew away punished the Egyptians but drawn them unity of some sort, so that it is difficult [them], and we will come to [them] and and in this the image of God has been from the Godhead; he remained in the to see "the one true God whom they had to decide exactly where one part ends make our dwelling with [them] (Jn shown (Gen 1.26-27)." This is insightful body and dwelled in the desert…. before refused to know" (12.23-27). and the next one begins." 14.23)….' Moreover, … Christ dwells and true; however, evil can also be present Therefore, let us seek after Christ's body interiorly in his faithful ones, as Paul in the memory, intellect and will. that we also may rise again…." proclaims [in Ephes 3.17]." The opening verses of ch 13 Of 13.5 ("From the greatness and Of 13.4 on the "power and working" of the Origen writes of 14.29-30 ("trusting in Fulgentius of Ruspe writes: "In your zeal for acknowledge "the beauty" of idols but beauty of created things comes a Lord, Augustine preached: "We can sing of lifeless idols"): "Even now, if one considers good works and your contempt of human urge "how much better than these is corresponding perception of their the glory that awaits us, of the goods that the mass of sinners taken together, … praise, be careful lest you wish to assign the [the] Lord" (13.1-9). Idols have no power Creator") John of Damascus writes: will accompany it, of the splendor with everyone who, serving sin, makes a god good that you do, not to the grace of God, and "are lifeless things [which] … become "The creation itself, its preservation which it will shine, but we are incapable of out of what seems good to [them]-making but to your own strength. Hold firmly that there can be no ability in you for good will or traps for the souls of men…" (13.10- and its regulation, proclaim the expressing all this in words. Paul explains a statue, casting the work of an artisan, good works unless you received it by the free 14.11). Idols have "not existed from the greatness of the divine nature. And he the reason for this when he writes: 'Those setting it up in secret-is under the curse. It gift of divine mercy. Know, therefore, that it beginning nor will they exist for ever. For also revealed knowledge of himself, to things that eye has not seen, that ear has is precisely in the secret of the heart that is God working in you both to will and to through the vanity of men they entered the extent it can be attained, first not heard and that have never entered the we fabricate many idols when we sin. do…. Accordingly, work out your salvation in the world" (14.12-21). Therefore, "there through the Law and the prophets and heart of human beings, God has prepared Therefore, the Word admonishes us to do fear and trembling. Humble yourself in the will be a visitation" upon both idols and then through his only-begotten Son, for those who love him' (1 Cor 2.9). These penance and to 'cry out in lamentation sight of God that he may exalt you. Ask from those who worship them (14.11). "Just our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. For many eternal, heavenly gifts have been over the statues' and the idols that are 'in him the beginning of a good will. Ask from Wisdom of Psalm 54 (55) vv. 05-May penalties will overtake [those who this reason we receive, acknowledge prepared by the almighty Lord for his Jerusalem and in Samaria' (Is 10.10). Truly, him the effects of good works. Seek from Solomon 13-14 worship idols] on two counts: because and reverence what has been passed faithful, holy people throughout the if we who desire to be of the church 12-23 him the gift of perseverance…. Ask him to they thought wickedly of God in devoting down to us through the Law, the world." Of 13.5 Cyril of Jerusalem writes: commit sin, we fabricate 'statues in turn away your eyes lest they see vanity; ask themselves to idols, and because in prophets, the apostles and the "If it is not possible to see the divine Jerusalem'…. God, in conformity with his him to show you the way in which you deceit they swore unrighteously through evangelists, not seeking anything nature with eyes of flesh, it is possible to goodness, calls all to repentance saying Is should walk…. 'Be strong and let your heart contempt for holiness" (14.22-31). The beyond these things…" Therefore, gain an image of the divine power of the 10.10-11. This threat will be carried out take courage, wait for the Lord' (Ps danger of honouring a person, especially protecting the environment and facing Creator from his works." toward those who are in the church just as 26/27.14)." a ruler, as "an object of worship" is "a climate adaptation is a Christian it was with Samaritans." hidden trap for mankind" (14.21-22). calling. See Elizabeth Theokritoff, Living in God's Creation: Orthodox Perspectives on Ecology (SVSP, 2009).
To know [God's] power is the root of Of 16.24-25 LXX Augustine writes: ACCS links 15.1 to the words of Rabinus Of 16.28 on when to pray, Origen writes in Augustine preached: "'Have mercy on immortality (15.3b). Of 15.3, 11 "Was it the work of angels when Marcus: "Our God is good, because love in On Prayer 31.1 it is appropriate] "to me, Lord, because man has trampled on Methodius writes: "Only the Almighty sensible creatures… took forms ineffable [that is, cannot be expressed in discuss briefly the disposition [that is, the me.' (v.1). 'Man' means whoever lives breathes into human beings what is adapted to the circumstances?... It is words because it is so sacred]. He is true ordering and arrangement] and the according to merely human criteria…. immortal and what does not decay, since written in the book of Wisdom, 'In because he deceives no one, and he is not attitude that one who prays must have, as Surely the fact that we human beings are he alone is Creator of all invisible and fact, the creature that obeys you who deceived by anyone. He is patient, well as the place where one should pray… mortal should serve to teach us our imperishable things (see Gen 2.7)." made it, exerts itself to punish the ordering all in mercy. In his goodness he and the choice of the appropriate time for place, not to make us boastful." Of v. 10 Potters who make idols consider "our unrighteous and restrains itself to waits patiently for us to turn to the good, praying…. Disposition refers to the soul, ("In God, whose word I praise") existence an idle game, and life a festival benefit those who trust in you….' The because he wants no one to perish but all attitude to the body. Thus Paul says … one Augustine preached: "[This reading from held for profit" (15.12). The idolatry of power of the divine will reaches, by to be saved and to come to the knowledge must pray 'without anger or dissension' (1 the Scripture] is the material that has the Egyptians was punished by the means of spiritual creatures [i.e., that of the truth" (1 Tim 2.4 "God … desires all Tim 2.8). The attitude consists in 'raising been given to me to talk about… plagues sent upon them when they is angels] even to the visible and human beings to be saved and to come to pure hands,' (1 Tim 2.8), [as set out in] the Although I am fairly feeble, I am for all Wisdom of 06-May refused to let the Hebrew slaves leave sensible effects of bodily creatures. a full knowledge of the truth;" cf. Ezek psalms, which say, 'May the rising of my Ps 55 (56) that his instrument. I grasp what I can; I Solomon 15-16 the country (15.14-16.14). God's acts in Indeed, where is the will of the 33.11). If we sin, we cannot flee from his hands be like the evening sacrifice' (Ps share without grudging what I grasp. May sending hail on the Egyptians, but manna Wisdom of almighty God (1 Cor 1.2; hand, since we are his creatures. If we 141/140.2). Regarding the place, 'I want he make good in your minds whatever I for the Hebrews are compared (16.15- Sir 1.3-4) not effective, whose power cease from sin and persist in good works, therefore that people pray in every place' have done less well, because even what I 29): "To escape from thy hand is extends from one end of the earth to we will receive a sure reward from him in (1 Tim 2.8). Regarding the orientation, the do manage to convey to your ears is not impossible, for the ungodly, refusing to the other and governs all with whom the essence of every good act W of S says 'To make it known that one worth anything, is it, unless he does the know thee, were scourged… Thy goodness (W of S 8.1)? The LXX remains whole and entire. He knows must rise before the sun to give thee whole work in your minds?" Every sustenance manifested thy sweetness applies these verses to "the creature everyone, and no secret is hidden from thanks and worship you before the preacher should have this sentiment. toward thy children." that serves thee;" and other him (Heb 4.13)." dawning of the light.'" translations link these verses to "the creation, serving thee who has made it." Both translations express truth. Great are thy judgments and hard to W of S concludes: "O Lord, thou hast Origen's words about God's judgments Oxford Bibliographies notes: "The Wisdom Of the opening verses Augustine describe especially for the "uninstructed" exalted and glorified thy people; and that are "hard to describe" (17.1) can be of Solomon is canonical in the Catholic and preached: "So let us call out to him what (17.1- 21). "But for thy holy ones there thou hast [helped] them at all times linked to the Lamb in Rev 5.6, 5.9. 6.9 and Orthodox Christian traditions. While not we have just been singing: 'Have mercy was very great light… a flaming pillar of and in all places." This has been the Heb 8.1 because "we have such a high canonical in the Jewish and Protestant on me, God…' Why? 'Because in you my fire as a guide for thy people's unknown central teaching of ch 10 to 19. The priest [Jesus Christ]." As Hosea writes in traditions, it is generally respected as a soul has put its trust.'… Even great saints journey" (18.1, 3). The killing of the working out of wisdom in history has 14.9/10: "Who is wise enough to witness to the synthesis of Hebrew and are subject to temptation, and however Egyptian first-born (18.5-19) and how been traced from Adam until Joseph understand these things, intelligent Greek worldviews, the development of much progress we make in God, we live Moses saved the people when "a plague (10.1-14), from Moses to Exodus enough to know them?" Origin writes that: Jewish beliefs in life after death, the in need of pardon…. 'Forgive us our came upon the multitude in the desert" (10.15-11.3) and with the Hebrews in "God … considers that it would be better encyclopaedic nature of wisdom, and debts' (Mt 6.12). If this is a daily prayer, are recited (18.20-25). The crossing of the desert (11.4-14). Even for those for us to confess his divinity at the price of personified Wisdom as God's agent in then we live in need of pardon. All our the Red Sea is set out (19.1-12). Rabanus who are not part of God's people, the most atrocious sufferings [than to creation." Father Patrick Reardon writes: sins were forgiven us in baptism, and Maurus writes: "The Red Sea represents including the Egyptians (11.15-20) and declare] … our acquiescence to the will of "Both … the Wisdom of Solomon and the [yet] we [still] live in need of pardon. We Wisdom of 07-May the sacrament of baptism, in which the the Canaanites (12.3-11), God's the enemies of truth." Hilary of Poters Wisdom of Sirach … study Israel's salvation Ps 56 (57) make progress if our hope is nourished in Solomon 17-19 faithful are saved and the powers that compassion (11.21-12.2), power acknowledges that the judgments of God history as the medium through which God God and strengthened by his aid to oppose them are drowned…. It is fitting (12.12-18), mercy and justice (12.19- are "like the great abyss" (Ps 36/35.7) and manifested His wisdom… [In W of S] the enable us to put a brake on all that we, too, give thanks at all times to 22) are present. However, the Lord's cites Rom 11.13: "The judgments of God revelation of divine wisdom is conveyed in covetousness. Let us keep on fighting; our Creator for liberation, saying Ps punishment of unrighteousness and are inscrutable." However, Hilary God's great redemptive deeds, chiefly the our struggles are known to him and he 103/102.1-2 and 1 Thes 5.17-18." The idolatry (12.23-15.13) are present concludes that neither the Psalms nor the Exodus and the giving of the Torah. In knows how to be both a spectator and a punishment of the Egyptians and of especially for the Egyptians who prophets "remain silent about those Sirach, on the other hand, the divine helper." Sodom is justified (19.13-17), as are refused to let the Hebrew slaves leave judgments [because they were wisdom is manifest in he lives of Israel's changes in "the elements" (19.14-22). Egypt (15.14-16.14; 18.5-19; 19.1-17). proclaimed] … precisely so that they would great leaders…." [S-pp.154-155]. Through many trials, God guided the be taught." Hebrews from slavery to freedom.
The prologue, written about 132 B.C. by The editor of ACCS OT XV Apocrypha Augustine linked Sirach 1.11-20 to Phil Father Patrick Henry Reardon writes in Of vv. 10-11 John Chrysostom preached the grandson or great-grandson of the writes: "This book was [originally] 2.12 ("Work out your own salvation with Wise Lives: Orthodox Christian Reflections that God "does not allow the good to original author, sought to reach those composed in Hebrew between 190 - fear and trembling") and cited Is 11.2-3 on the Wisdom of Sirach: "Sirach become bad… He threatens [before] he Jews "who love learning." Of 1.1 ("All 180 B.C. It is sometimes referred to by ("And the Spirit of the LORD shall rest represents Israel's older and more punishes…This then is a mark of God's wisdom comes from the Lord"), its Latin title Ecclesiasticus [not to be upon him, the spirit of wisdom and primitive pursuit of wisdom… Thus, he is great care… Because [the Ninevites] Fulgentius of Ruspe writes: "The Father confused with Ecclesiastes], but its understanding … And his delight shall be in not much given to the theoretical repented, they caused the threat to stop and the Son are without beginning, and original title seems to have been the fear of the LORD"): "[Isaiah] begins speculations, the bold probing of difficult at words only. Do you wish [God's the Father and the Son are one single 'Wisdom of Simeon, son of Joshua son with wisdom and ends with the fear of problems, of the sort we find in Qoheleth warning] to be a threat only? You have and true beginning." Citing a variant of of Eleazar son of Sira'…. Sirach is a God, as though he were coming down [Ecclesiastes] and Job…. While it is true the disposal of that matter. Become a Sirach 1.21 ("For the fear of the Lord long and heterogeneous [that is, from the heights to our level. He does this that Sirach entertains no great hopes for better person, and it stops only at the Wisdom of Sirach drives away sins…") Clement of diverse] book, cited relatively to teach us to climb back up again. Thus, [humanity] without God's grace, it is not threat. But if … you despise the threat, 08-May Ps 57 (58) 1-3 Alexandria notes that God "often shows infrequently by a patristic tradition he began where we should finish…. the case that his attitude toward things you will come to the experience of it. restraint … showing us what ought to be aware of problems with its canonicity. Therefore, just as [Isaiah] descended from human is cramped and narrow. Indeed, Those who lived before the flood, if they done … [but He also produces] fear in us The first chapters, containing wisdom to fear-not because he was the very opposite is true…. While Sirach had feared the threat, would not have so that we do not sin." 1.22-24 urges exhortations to the practice of virtue, slipping back but in order to teach-we in ascribes all glory to God, he never uses this experienced the execution of it. We, if patience. 1.25-2.18 focuses on were the most appreciated. Passages the same way must climb from fear to ascription to the disparagement [that is, we fear the threat, shall not expose perseverance in fearing the Lord. 3.1-16 that could be interpreted at wisdom. We do this … in order to progress. contempt] of man…. [Sirach] lived and ourselves to experience the reality. May focus on the duty of children to their Christological prophecies were of 'For the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wrote in the early second century before the merciful God grant that we father. 3.17-29 notes: "Seek not what is particular interest, including 1.1 and wisdom' (1.14; Ps 111.10/110.9)." Christ [and] is among the last authors of henceforth, having been brought to too difficult for you." 3.30-4:10 urges the discourse on wisdom in chapter the OT" [pp. 10-12-S]. sound mind, may obtain those almsgiving to the poor. 24" [pp. xxv-xxvi]. unspeakable blessings." Exercise charity to all, especially the poor Comparing Proverbs and Sirach, Of 3.17 Augustine writes: "The activity of a To live as proposed in Sirach, Nicetas urges Of v.10/LXX ("As for my God, his mercy (4.1-10). Practise wisdom (4.11-19). Be Father Patrick writes: "(1) Proverbs is soul that aspires to rest in quietness must vigils and prayer: "Surely it ought not to shall go before me") Bede writes: "In modest and honest (4.20-31). Do not essentially a compilation from many be humble and gentle (Mt 11.29-30), seem heavy or difficult, not even for a order not to falter in good works, we seek great wealth (5.1-8); "Do not delay sources. Sirach … [distills various which is appropriate for the follower of fragile body, to reserve … the two nights of ought always to rely for support on the to turn to the Lord" (5.7). "Be steadfast wisdom sayings through] the personal Christ the Way (Jn 14.6). It also should not Saturday and Sunday for the divine office help of the one who says, 'For without in your understanding and let your reflections and literary craft of a single be lazy or less than fully committed but For with these two we can sanctify … all me you can do nothing' (Jn 15.5). Hence speech be consistent" (5.10). Of 5.12 teacher and writer…. (2) Sirach … is should instead be committed to running the other five days of the week passed in in order to express the fact that the start Cyril of Alexandria urges: "We must then less abstract than … Proverbs [which] the race to its end (2 Tim 4.7). It is, in fact, … heavy sleep … and in … mundane of faith and good action is given us by the seek wisdom from the wise and let a has nothing comparable to the 'praise written, 'Do your work thoroughly in a works…. If you are holy, then you love the Lord, the psalmist properly says, 'My prudent silence be preferred over inept of honored men' … one of the most spirit of meekness (Sir 3.17/3.19), where vigils that enable you to so carefully guard God, his mercy goes before me' … [and] speeches" (cf. Col 2.6). Seek "a faithful remarkable … parts of Sirach (44.1- the admonition [that is, the warning], 'Do your treasure and enable you to preserve Ps 23.6/22.6)…. He crowns us indeed in Wisdom of Sirach 09-May friend" (6.14-16), being guided by your 49.16); (3) Sirach's interest in your work thoroughly,' is aimed at yourself in holiness. If you are a sinner, you Ps 58 (59) mercy and compassion when he repays 4-7 "fear of the Lord" (6.17). Seek wisdom biography … [links with] his more preventing you from allowing your have all the more reason to keep watch us with the reward of heavenly (6.18-37). Much advice is given including, general interest in history [and] meekness to degenerate [that is, to fall and pray in order to obtain purification, blessedness for the good works that he "Do not be fainthearted in your prayer, …bears comparison with … the from excellence] into laziness." Rabanus [praying] 'Cleanse me, Lord, from the sins himself has mercifully granted us to carry nor neglect to give alms" (7.10). Honour Wisdom of Solomon; (4) Sirach's work Maurus links the divine wisdom of 4.11 to that I do not see, and forgive your servant out." Augustine writes: "A person's good your family (7.22-28) and your priests benefits from the insights of [the Book 1 Cor 1.24 and the apostles who "preach … for the ones I ignore' (Ps 19/18.13-14)" will comes before many other gifts from (7.29-31) and the poor and sick (7.32-36) of Job]; and (5) Sirach [contains] … a Christ the power of God and the wisdom of [See: God, but not … his mercy [which] polemical preoccupation with respect God." http://www.saintjonah.org/services/horol predisposes a person … to prompt [their] to the Hellenic culture that was ogion.htm]. willing…." threatening the moral standards of Israel at this time" [pp. 11-12].
8.1-19 urges men to be prudent in In 8.13 John Chrysostom compares In seeking to "gain understanding" in 8.9, Of 10.9-13 ("The beginning of man's pride The introduction in the LXX reads: "For relating to others, to respect tradition the importance of giving "surety [that Rabanus Maurus writes: "The apostle is to depart from the Lord… for the the End; for things yet to be changed." (8.8-9) and to relate cautiously to women is, legal financial guarantees for Peter recommends, 'In your hearts beginning of pride is sin"), Augustine Augustine explains: "'The end of the law (9.1-9). 9.10-18 continues advice on someone] to the spiritual reverence Christ as Lord. Always be writes: "I am afraid that the reason why is Christ' (Rom 10.4). Those that are human relationships while 10.1-6 turns responsibilities of prepared to make a defense to anyone the soul went forth away from God is that changed [are] those who pass from old to government. 10.7-18 warns against godparents/sponsors at baptism: who calls you to account for the hope that it was proud. In fact, I have no doubt about life into new…. 'For ye were sometimes arrogance, while 10.9-25 identifies those "Now then, if those who vouch for is in you' (1 Pet 3.15). It is good for a it. For it is written [in Sirach 10.12-13]…. It darkness, but now are ye light in the who should and should not be honoured. someone concerning money render servant of God to learn from [their is firm and sure, it is true. And so, what … Lord' (Ephes 5.8)…. When would Christ 10.26-11.1 urges a commitment to themselves responsible for teachers] with diligence and commitment [do Scriptures say] of proud mortal have changed us, unless He had done humility and truth. 11.2-11 urges caution everything, how much more do those what afterwards [they] must teach to humanity?…. 'Why is dust and ashes that of which He spoke, 'I am come to in relationships. 11.12-26 urges "trust in who vouch for someone relating to others with prudence and for their benefit. proud? [Sir 10.9]…. If we are cast out by send fire on the earth' (Lk 12.49?... The Wisdom of Sirach the Lord…," while 11.27-34 warns never spiritual things and on the theme of Because if [they] do not and instead are pride, let us return by humility." Of the earthly manner of life, therefore, has 10-May Ps 59 (60) 8-11 to trust the wicked. Of 9.10 LXX virtue must demonstrate great lazy and indolent [that is, avoiding work same verses Gregory the Great preached: been slain, let heavenly life take over. ("Forsake not an old friend, for a new vigilance, exhorting, advising, and exercise] in applying [themselves, "What, then, shall be the fruit of good 'And as we have borne the image of the one does not compare to him") correcting and revealing paternal [and they] will turn out to be useless in teaching work before the eyes of God, if it is earthly [i. e. Adam], we shall also bear Fulgentius of Ruspe writes: "The NT must maternal] affection. And they should others later." Of the dust and ashes in 9.13 corrupted from the root by pride? Often… the image of the heavenly [i. e. Christ] (1 be held in veneration in such a way that understand that what is happening Rabinus Maurus cites 1 Cor 13.12 ("For his soul is tempted by anger, but … he Cor 15.49)…. David the king was one the OT not be neglected in any way. This should not be taken lightly but that now we see in a mirror dimly, but then immediately composes himself within and, man, but he represented many. is what Ecclesiasticus seems to their own reputation is at stake. There face to face"): "As long as I am absent from submitting himself to discipline, acts thus Sometimes … he stood for the Church, recommend … [in] 9.10 LXX…. What [the will be mutual benefit if through their you [Lord], I am more present with myself so that the movement of the soul does not consisting of many men…. But sometimes Lord] promised in the OT he has brought personal admonition they lead than with you." pass into words, does not explode into he was a figure of One Man … Christ to fulfilment in the New." someone onto the road of virtue." vice…." Jesus." This remains true today. The benefits of kindness are linked to the Father Patrick writes: "In the Book of The words of Cyril of Alexandria have been Of wealth in 13.24-14.1.19, Father Patrick Of v. 3 ("From the end of the earth I cried reality that "you will be repaid"-if not by Sirach, the pursuit of wisdom has a linked to W of S 13.15 ("Every creature writes: "The chief danger of association out to you when my heart was the person, "certainly by the Most High" more personal aspect than is the case loves its own kind"): "When Jesus has with the wealthy does not come from the discouraged") Gregory Palamas prayed: (12.1-6). Choose your friends carefully in the Bible's other Wisdom books- shown in advance and rightly defined who wealth as such. Nowhere in Holy Scripture "O Lord, our God,… who became man for (12.7-13.25). Rabanus Marus links the perhaps even an implicitly those that love him are (Jn 14.15) and of … do we find a negative attitude toward the salvation of sinners … hear from blessed person of 14.1-2 to Proverbs autobiographical aspect. We find in what blessings they partake, he at once prosperity in itself. The danger spring, heaven and become merciful to all those 24.16: "A righteous man falls seven the pages of this work a vast proceeds to treat of others who have not rather, from fallen man's innate attitude who cry out to you with a broken heart…. times, and rises again; but the wicked are accumulation of inherited teaching, yet chosen to love him…. 'For they will not toward wealth. One of the fruits of Adam's Behold mercifully our lowliness and show Wisdom of Sirach overthrown by calamity." Avoid envy and but it is distilled in a living identified keep my word' (Jn 14.24), [He says], sins is a disposition [that is, a tendency] in us how to rise above both the visible and 11-May Ps 60 (61) 12-14 greed, but "treat yourself well, according soul, taking on a unique and personal spoken as if it was about one man [i.e., human beings to worship whatever is invisible enemies and the upcoming and to your means … for if someone is mean form…. In Sirach … the ancient Judas] even though it has a broad and good, to confuse the gift with the Giver…. anticipated sufferings. Place in us a to themselves, to whom will they be aphorisms [that is, short formulations generic [that is, group] significance…. For, Wealth is not the problem; man's power from on high; encompass us with generous? … and present worthy of ancient truths] of Israel's traditional if the keeping of his commandments or his disposition to idolatry is the problem. your almighty right hand; keep us under offerings to the Lord (14.6-19). Pursue wisdom receive an infusion of the word is a clear proof of love toward him Wealth, therefore, is dangerous only the protection of your wings; fortify us wisdom (14.20-27). author's own blood. Their objective surely the converse [that is, opposite] of because greed, like lust and pride, is with love for one another and grant us validity has passed through his this will be true…." buried deep in the human heart" [p. 63]. unshakable peace." Amen. existential assessment and experience…." [pp. 19-20].
The qualities of wisdom (15.1-10) are Father Patrick writes: "The wise man Of 15.17 and how the choice of life or Of 16.20 and Ezek 14.13 [when the Lord Of 10b ("If riches increase, set not your linked to the liberty of free will (15.11- [or woman] continues to live and death "will be given to [us]" Origen writes: sends famine upon the land because of its heart on them") Augustine preached: 20). Both the righteous and the sinner learn. In the words of Gadamer, "He [Christ] must reign until all things are sins] and our inability to understand the "What I have to say to you is this: do not will receive from God "in accordance 'Genuine experience (Erfahrung) is placed under his feet" (1 Cor 15.25), until mind of the Lord, Origen preached: "How love the success of this world and those with" their deeds (16.1-14). "No mind experience of one's own historicity "the last enemy to be destroyed will be can I proclaim publicly such profound of you who may have it, do not set your [can] reflect on this" (16.15-23). "The [that is, one's genuine presence in death" (1 Cor 15.26). Once [death] is truths? From where will I receive help that hopes on it. It is false, it is deceptive, it is works of the Lord have existed from the history].' Wisdom is almost a verb! It is destroyed, there will only be the Life [of I might make you understand how the really not to be had. Well, even if you do beginning by his creation" (16.24-17.14). the continued activity of a wise life…. Christ] in which we believe (Jn 11.25, earth is touched by hunger and have it, do not love it, do not rely on it, Wisdom of Sirach All "sins are [known to] the Lord" (17.13). Sirach's stress on friendship [in 6.5-17] 14.6). And while death is present among fruitfulness, by abundance and poverty? 'O and it will not be a pit…. But [you may 12-May Ps 61 (62) 15-17 Therefore, "turn to the Lord and forsake is rooted in his appreciation of the people, those whom it holds prisoner do the depths of the riches, the wisdom and say] the rich of this world are your sins; pray in his presence and lessen social nature of wisdom.… The wise not believe in Life. But once death is done the knowledge of God!' (Rom 11.33)…. [sometimes] Christians, they are your offences" (17.20). "How great is the man [in 5.9-17 is] an active participant away with, then all will believe in Life. In 'The greater part of his works are hidden' [sometimes] believers. Command them. mercy of the Lord, and his forgiveness for in the life of society,… not a solitary the Law, however, you will find… 'You will [cf. Mt 11.25]. We cannot speak of the To do what? 'Not to think highly of those who turn to him. For all things thinker and theorist… His wisdom is live in constant suspense. You will never be greatness of [His] wisdom' (Sirach 1.2-3). themselves or to have their hopes set on cannot be in men, since a son of man is manifest [in] … the economic … and sure of your life' [Deut 28.66; cf. Deut the uncertainty of riches.' As [this] psalm not immortal" (17.24-25). political world… and the well-being of 30.15]." also says, … if [riches] flow, 'do not set nations" [pp. 24, 40, 39]. your heart on them." 18.1-8 God is great; and he "is patient Father Patrick writes: "Sirach inserts a Father Patrick writes: "Sirach [has] learned Roth continues with a description of Elder Aililianos reflects: "Psalm 62/63 is a with [human beings] and pours out his series of moral and practical paradoxes from Job … that the true servant of God is Mendel and Deborah Singer's disabled love song, a canticle of desire for God. mercy upon them" if they "accept his (20. 8-17). Indeed the pursuit of wisdom a suffering servant … who can expect trials child, Menuchim, who after many years For the singer of such a song, God is an discipline and … are eager for his can [profit] from an appreciation for the and further purification [-a theme evident spoke one word, "Mama," but no other utterly concrete and compelling reality. judgments" (18.9-13). Learn how to give phenomenon of paradox. This word, from] the Book of Isaiah … to a twentieth- words for 10 years (pp. 6-24). Roth And so David speaks to Him … and at the which literally means 'beyond a gift (18.14-18); be "cautious in century masterpiece … The Last of the Just comments: "Perhaps blessings need a same time searches after Him, as if he appearance,' mainly suggests situations everything (18.19-28); and exercise self- by André Schwarz-Bart. Moreover, the longer time for their fulfilment than were crying out: 'Have you seen Him of irony and indicates that life is not control (18.29-19.3). Do not gossip (19.4- earliest Christian reflections on history curses" (p. 25). The two older boys are Whom my heart loves? (cf. Song of Songs simple or reducible to easy formulas. On 17). Learn to be wise (19.18-27) and the contrary, wise men have repeatedly beginning with Jesus' identification of taken into the Tsarist Russian army (pp.29- 3.3)." We can do the same. The elder when to be silent and when to speak insisted that things are not always as they Himself with the Suffering Servant of Isaiah 39), but with his mother's help, Shemaria links v. 2/3 ("That I might see Your power (20.1-8). Life is filled with paradoxes appear. It is often necessary to go beyond (cf. Mk 14.24; Lk 22.26-28), made this idea deserts (pp.40-58). Faced with such and Your glory") to Ex 13.21-22 and Deut [that is, contradictions] (20.9-17), use appearances, sometimes even contrary to the very foundation of soteriology, or the troubles, Mendel thinks, like Job: "Why am 4.11 and prays "That I might see … Wisdom of Sirach 13-May words with care (20.18-23) and avoid lies appearances…. Perhaps he operative part theology of salvation" [pp. 27-29]. I so afflicted… and he explored his Ps 62 (63) whatever else You make Your dwelling 18-20 (20.24-26). Seek wisdom and do not hide of the word 'paradox' is the prefix para, Consider the work of the Austrian novelist conscience for sins but found none that place. That I might see whatever it is that it from others (20.27-31). Of this search which means 'beyond.'… This fact of Joseph Roth in his 1930 novel, Job: The was grave" (p. 45). Yet then Shemaria is reveals You to me, which is the for God and for wisdom Augustine experience will not be obvious to the Story of a Simple Man (Granta, enterprising and goes to America and uncreated activity of Your essence by writes: "Let us search for what needs to young and inexperienced for the simple 1930/2013). Here, the "pious, God-fearing, invites his family to join him and his wife means of which I perceive that You, my be discovered, and into that which has reason that their lives do not yet possess and ordinary … [Russian] Jew… Mendel (pp. 55-76). In the midst of many trials, God, exist…. O Lord, it is only when our been discovered. He whom we need to a sufficient measure of 'beyond.' The Singer … thanked God … every morning for Mendel and Deborah and their daughter hearts have been separated from the young have relatively little to look back discover is concealed, in order to be his sleeping, for his awakening, and for the Miriam leave for America and leave world that we can communicate with upon, so it is not always easy for them to sought after; and when found, is infinite, dawning day…. He had nothing to regret Menuchim behind in Russia (pp. 77-113) You, entering into the divine darkness of see beyond appearances" [p. 77]. in order still to be the object of our and he coveted nothing" [pp. 3-4]. [to be continued]. Your presence…" [pp. 2,7-8]. search."
Different sins are set out and a son is Roth's book, Job, continues: The Father Patrick writes: "Like Proverbs (2.3- Father Patrick writes of 21.11 LXX (the one The advice of Elder Aimilianos in Ps asked: "Have you sinned, my son? Do so family is met by the Statue of Liberty 6) and Sirach (1.1), [St] James believes that that 'keeps the Law of the Lord gains the 37/38.4-5 about righteousness and no more, but pray about your former sins by "the old Shemariah [who is also] wisdom is a gift from God (1.17; 3.15)…. understanding of it"): "Modern man would repentance applies here for v. 11 LXX (21.1-10). The wise are contrasted to the the new Shemariah, called Sam" (pp. Like Sirach (4.6; 21.5; 35.17-18), James prefer to reverse the process. He dislikes ("The righteous man shall be glad in the foolish (21.11-28); and the one who 114-118). At first, this new experience fears God's just response to the complaints being told to do something that he does Lord, and shall hope in him") where "keeps the Law of the Lord gains an is quite unsettling for Mendel: "It was of the oppressed or neglected poor (5.4). not understand, and here is Sirach boldly David "feels …. the pain of sin. When a understanding of it (21.11 LXX)." Good as though he had been cast out of For both these authors, the [person] telling him that he won't understand it person repents, he becomes conscious of and bad behaviour is set out for children himself, separated from himself, and approved by God will undergo trial… In unless he obeys it!... The modern approach God's love. He does not despair, he does (22.1-6) and for others (22.7-18). doomed to live on" (p. 119). He adapts short, James is an example of a Christian … undermines the very concept of not become miserable, he does not Friendship (22.19-26) and vigilance to his new life, misses Menuchim but continuation of the classical Judaic obedience. When a modern man says, become downcast and depressed. He (22.27-23.6) are warmly praised. Oaths then learns that his youngest son's transmission of wisdom. It is striking that 'Explain it to my satisfaction and I will obey knows how to stand before God and say: (23.7-11), impurity (23.12-21) and health has suddenly improved and he [James] does not refer his moral it,' he obeys only his own mind. He is not 'God, I'm wrong. Tell me what to do, not Wisdom of Sirach 14-May adultery (23.12-21) are firmly rejected. is walking and talking (pp. 123-138). exhortations to specifically Christian submitting his will to an authority outside Ps 63 (64) so that I might pay for my crime'-God 21-23 Father Patrick notes that "Sirach's stress Mendel continues to live as a faithful doctrines. Indeed, except for his two himself (such as the authority of God or does not demand such 'payment' from us- on friendship is rooted in his appreciation Jew but feels that "singing the Psalms explicit references to Jesus (1.1; 2.1), we the binding address of history). He is, 'but so that I might be corrected, healed.' of the social nature of wisdom," linked to … is not enough," as war threatens the would be hard pressed to say how the rather, replacing authority with David acknowledges both his sin and the a conviction that "the moral law is a world. Mendel continues to live in teaching of James differs from that of persuasion, demanding, 'Convince me, and righteousness of God, and so in these public law, not a private preference…. In poverty even as the rest of the family Sirach. On the contrary, his moral I will do it.' Even if he finishes by obeying, verses he simultaneously corrects himself the Bible the quest for goodness is a prospers; he decides that for approach to the pursuit of wisdom seems he is just as self-willed as he was before, and removes the burden of guilt from public pursuit, not an individual Americans "time was money, virtue in perfect continuity with that of the OT" because he has made himself the authority God, placing it on himself." [p. 203] partiality" [pp. 40, 43]. was [only] half of success, and belief in [pp. 86-88]. of his obedience" [p. 79]. oneself [is] the whole of it" (pp. 139- 145). Wisdom "will glory in the midst of her Father Patrick writes: "The Bible's Victor of Vita links 24.3 ("I came forth from Roth's book, Job, continues, as World War Ambrose writes of v. 5 ("We shall be people" and urges "Come to me, you Wisdom tradition did not arise in a social the mouth of the Most High" to Gen 1.1-2 1 begins; Jonas is listed as missing and filled with the good things of Your who desire me" (24.1-22). "All this is [in] vacuum. From the very beginning … the and Jn 1.1-2 and Jn 8.25. Origen links 24.12 presumed dead; Sam goes to fight for "his house"): "'[Our] citizenship is in heaven' … the law which Moses commanded us" Bible's teaching on wisdom took account ("I took root in an honored people [i. e., real fatherland" America, and is killed. On [from Phil 3.20].… We hear of those (24.23-29). Wisdom "will again make of sapiential traditions of Egypt and the Jews]) to "the treasure hidden in a learning of Sam's death, Deborah pulls out singing] praise to God to the Babylon. Many of the Bible's wisdom- instruction shine forth like the dawn … field" in Mt 13.44; and he writes: "I her hair and then dies of grief: accompaniment of their harps [in] Rev sayings, the proverbs and basic domestic for all who seek instruction" (24.30-34). believe, based on the context, that the "'Menuchim, too, is dead. Alone, among 14.2 [when John hears] 'the sound of instructions, have their parallels in the Wisdom praises "agreement between field is the Scripture planted in what strangers,' thought Mendel Singer" (pp. harpists playing their harps… singing a moral teachings of ancient peoples, and brothers, friendship between neighbors, these contacts grew through the appears in the historical witness, the law 146-154). Mendel's daughter Miriam goes new song before the throne.'" Here, as in and a wife and husband who live in centuries. The moral traditions of and the prophets, and the rest of the mad and is taken to a sanitorium. Her many other psalms, a Church Father harmony," but hates "a beggar who is mankind are the intended audience of thoughts. For the planting of the words in doctor tells Mendel: "One of your sons is applies a psalm: (1) to Israel; (2) to Christ; proud, a rich man who is a liar, and an the Bible's Wisdom literature. In this the whole of Scripture is great and varied. an epileptic, I have heard. You will pardon (3) to us; and (4) to life in heaven. Many Wisdom of Sirach 15-May adulterous old man who lacks good sense the Wisdom books of the Bible 'The treasure hidden in the field,' however, me-something of this sort seems to run in Ps 64 (65) psalms can be read with these four 24-26 sense" (25.1-2). Reflections follow on offer humanity its easiest access to the is the thoughts concealed and lying under the family. We physicians call it perspectives. Bede writes of the blessing elders (25.3-6), blessedness (25.7-11), vast wealth of Holy Scripture. Even those that which is obvious, 'of wisdom hidden in 'degenerative psychosis.' It can pass. But it of the Lord in vv. 9-13: "The entire year is women (25.13-26.18) and what grieves with no faith in the God of the Bible may a mystery' (See 1 Cor 2.7), [and of] "even can also appear as an illness which we designated as the time of our salvation in wisdom (26.28). Father Patrick writes feel an innate sense of the truth of the Christ, in whom are all the treasures of physicians call dementia… You are a pious which we strive for an eternal reward. As that Sirach 24 "in the formal center of Bible's Wisdom teaching, because this wisdom and knowledge hidden' (Col 2.3)." man, Mendel Singer. The good God can the Savior bears witness, he was sent in this book … is arguably the most teaching is addressed to the common Augustine links 24.21 and those who help. Only pray zealously to the good accordance with the saying of Isaiah to moral sense of the human race. It is the important chapter, and certainly the "hunger for more …[and] thirst for more," God." Mendel believes that God has preach the acceptable year of the Lord meeting place where the Bible converses most beautiful… [with] v. 18 as the to Christ who "is for you both the punished him, but he asks "for what has he and the day of recompense [that is, with the moral logic of mankind" [p. 45]. distilled concentration of Sirach's shepherd and the door (Jn 10.7-14)…." punished me?" [pp. 146-165] [to be reward] (Is 61.2; Lk 4.19)." message" [p. 89]. continued]
Merchants must be "steadfast and Roth's book, Job, continues: Mendel is Of the kiln that "tests the potter's vessels" Joseph Roth concludes Job: The Story of a Augustine reflects that v. 1 ("Shout to zealous in the fear of the Lord" or they upset by the deaths in his family. He in 27.5, Gaudentius of Brescia writes: "If Simple Man with Mendel gazing happily in God, all the earth") refers to "all the "will be quickly overthrown" (27.1-3). wants to burn his prayer books, prayer you are a sinner, recognize that is for your his sleep at the portraits of Miriam and earth, not Judea alone…. You see, "The test" of a person is in their shawl and phylacteries (i. e., boxes correction that you have been afflicted, or Jonas, about to travel back to Europe with brethren, how the universality of the "reasoning" and in "the expression" of containing religious texts worn by Jewish at least for your purification…. If, rather, his son Menuchim: "And [Mendel] rested Church, spread abroad in the whole men during prayer), but stops. He tells his their thoughts (27.4-7). "If you pursue you are righteous (but do not presume to from the burden of his happiness and the world is set forth: and do not mourn only friends, "I wanted to burn God." His four justice, you will attain it" (27.8-15). Do attribute this title to yourself), then you greatness of the miracle" (p. 220). In an the Jews … but wail still more for the friends seek to comfort him, telling him not betray secrets (27.16-21). If you do will understand that your sufferings Afterward concluding the book Michael heretics. For if those are to be mourned as Job's friends told him, "God's "evil, it will roll back upon" you (27.22- chastisements always have a hidden happen so that you might receive glory Hoffman writes of Joseph Roth's life as a who have not been gathered, how much 29). If you take vengeance upon purpose." However, Mendel believes that from the trial. It is written, 'As the furnace journalist and author, arguing: "There is no more those who, being gathered someone else, you "will suffer vengeance "I am alone, and I will remain alone" (pp. tests what it receives from the potter, so role for God in [Roth's] Job…. Roth's Job … together, have been divided? … Christ Wisdom of Sirach from the Lord" (28.1-7). "Refrain from 163-180). Then life changes dramatically: the temptation of trials tests the is there purely to suffer and to endure was crucified, and as the Apostle [Paul] 16-May Ps 65 (66) 27-29 [anger and] strife, and you will lessen Mendel hears a phonograph record of a righteous.' Thus the apostle [Paul] also suffering" (pp. 221-232). I would disagree: says in Rom 11.25, 'A partial hardening sins" (28.8-12). Guard your words; do not song called "Menuchim's Song." He says [in] Rom 5.3-5. In this world, God is very much present not only in the has happened to Israel until the full slander anyone (28.13-26). Lend meets the composer, Alexis Kossak, a therefore, various pains are inflicted to Book of Job and in the Book of Sirach, but number of the Gentiles has come in.'" cautiously because of the danger of no distinguished musician visiting New York test the righteous, to correct sinner or to also in Roth's Job. Certainly, at times Rom 11.26-27 adds: "And also Israel will repayment (29.1-7). Give alms (29.8-13), City with his orchestra. Mendel learns punish the impious. These blows bring Roth's Job doubts the presence of God in be saved, as it is written: 'The Deliverer but take care in giving surety [that is, that Alexis is his son Menuchim, that death to some; to others, salvation…. It is his life, but he continues to search and will come out of Zion; he will remove accepting legal responsibility for the Jonas is alive and fighting in Russia with not at all difficult, for anyone who has the hope and pray. ungodliness from Jacob…. This is my the White Army, and that there is hope behaviour or debts of others] (29.14-20). Spirit, to discern these differences based covenant with them [Isa 59.20-21], when for the recovery of his daughter, Miriam "Be content with little or much" (29.21- on the fruit of each, as the Lord says, "You I take away their sin' [Isa 27.9; Jer 31.33- (pp. 181-219). 28). will know them by their fruits (Mt 7.16)." 34]." Education (30.1-13), health (30.14-20) Origen's words for Ps 37/36.28 Of Sirach 28.18 Origen writes that when Father Patrick writes that 30.1-3 begin Jerome writes of this psalm: "This, and joy (30.21-25) are good goals, but ("Because the Lord loves judgment "the soul sins, just that often it is with the participles for "loving, disciplining, indeed, in our petition, that the light of wealth can lead either to evil or to good and will not abandon his holy ones") wounded…. [Often] sins are [caused by] and teaching. Put into noun form, this Your countenance, that is, Your image, (31.1-11). Of 31.8 Augustine preached: apply here: "In what sense does the the 'arrows of the evil one' (Eph 6.16).… O, triple parallel may indicate that Sirach sees may shine upon us' (v. 1)…. Unless you "Gold must follow you, and not you gold. Lord love judgment? Because nothing if we could only see how with each sin our no substantial difference between love, cause the light of Your image to shine In fact, gold is a good thing-certainly, God in him is not weighed thoroughly, inner person is wounded, how bad words discipline, and education. It may also be upon us, we cannot know Your way and created nothing evil (See Gen 1.31; Wis nothing happens without a reason. inflict a wound!... The soul is wounded, the case that Sirach intends to indicate a know as You know … That Your majesty 11.24)…. How much good is derived from Consequently, you also, knowing that then, even by the tongue; it is also progression-love providing discipline, which is known in heaven, may be known the gold an honest person has, and how the Lord loves judgment, do wounded by evil thoughts and desires, but discipline leading to education…. Just as also by us on earth…. 'I am the way,' many evils from the gold of the dishonest everything with an honest and truthful it is fractured and shattered by the works health is superior to wealth, so poverty is [Jesus Christ] says, 'and the Truth and the person!" "Do not be greedy at banquets judgment. Thus, you will listen to the of sin….. Since we have become crazed by preferable to sickness (30.14-16). This Life' (Jn 14.6)…. Someone may object and (31.12-24)" and drink wine only "in admonition of him who says, 'Do the desires of the world (1 Jn 2.16) or priority explains the sequence of Sirach's say that the way of God was known, for Wisdom of Sirach 17-May moderation" (31.25-31). Behave everything sensibly, drink wine with intoxicated with vices, we cannot feel the structure at this point. Our author reflects Ps 66 (67) 'God is renowned in Judea; in Israel great 30-32 appropriately at feasts (32.1-13). Fear prudence' [cf. Sirach 31-32]. Of 32.19 extent of the wounds or the extent of the on the importance of health before he is His name' (Ps 7.1). God was known, but the Lord, "accept his discipline and … rise Gregory the Great writes in Pastoral grief we are bringing on our soul by goes on to consider the subject of wealth the way of God was not known [outside early to seek him;" and you "will find Rule 3.15: "'Let your eyelids precede sinning…. Conversion in the present life in … 31.1-11. In these verses about good of Judea and Israel]…. Hence that is why favor" (32.14-17). "Do nothing without your steps' (Prov 4.25). Our eyelids and a penance having been carried out health, a first feature to be noted is Scripture now says here (v. 2): 'among all deliberation … Do not go on a path full of proceed our steps when good counsel fruitfully will bring swift medicine to Sirach's indifference to any great the nations, Thy salvation,' not in one hazards and do not stumble over stony precedes our actions. The one who wounds [of the soul], since penance not separation between physical and psychic people only, but in all nations without ground [and] do not be overconfident on neglects to consider in advance what only heals a past wound, but it does not [that is, mental] health. A true Hebrew in exception…." a smooth way" (32.18-24). he expects to do … closes his eyes and allow the soul to be wounded further by this respect, he is not interested in arrives at the end of his way but does sin." opposing the body to the soul, or vice not precede his steps with foresight." versa, because both are composites of a single entity…." [p. 103].
Those "of understanding will trust in the The book of Sirach is generally viewed Gregory the Great affirms the truth of 34.7 Verses about certain subjects in Sirach are Of this psalm that begins "Let God arise," law" (33.3). The Lord distinguishes by Biblical scholars as composed by ("Dreams have deceived many, and those sometimes in conflict, especially about Augustine writes: "First, we had to be people and his "works" from each other one person "with the same general who put their hopes in them have failed") how to treat slaves, who are viewed as persuaded how much God loved us, in (33.8-9, 14-15). "Distribute your purpose … of teaching the practical However, he also reflects that "the inferior persons. 33.25 urges masters to case out of sheer despair, we lacked the inheritance" only at "the hour of your value of Hebrew wisdom." However, mystery of a revelation" can "give origin to "set your slave to work, and you will find courage to reach up to him. Also, we had death," so that you "do not give power … even if there is "one mind [as] … the dreams" as with Joseph who saw himself rest; leave his hands idle, and he will seek to be shown what sort of people we are over yourself" to others (33.19-23). On original author of the contents of the "revered by his brothers in a dream (Gen liberty." 33.26-28 threatens a slave with that he loves, in case we should take the one hand, "set your slave to work, book [this] … really leaves untouched 37.5-10)… and with the husband of Mary" "yoke and thong [on] the neck," as well as pride in our own worth and so bounce and you will find rest;" yet on the other the question … [of] whether that one whom an angel told "to take the baby [i.e., heavy "fetters … if he does not obey." Yet even further away from him and sink hand, "if you have a servant, let him be mind … [was] the original author of Jesus Christ] and flee to Egypt (Mt 2.13)…. in the following verses, 33.30-31, a master ever more under our own strength. So, Wisdom of Sirach as yourself… [treating] him as a brother the contents of the book, or, rather, The saints … by a special sensibility they is urged to treat a slave "as a brother, for Ps 67 (68) vv.1- he dealt with us in such a way that we 18-May 33-35 (33.24-31). Dreams "have deceived was the combiner of pre-existing possess, are able to distinguish between as your own soul you will need him. If you 11 could progress rather in his strength; he many, and those who put their hope in materials…. [Furthermore,] 33.16 ("I illusions and revelations and to penetrate ill-treat him, and he leaves and runs away, arranged it so that the power of love them have failed…. Unless they are sent was like one who gleans after the the meaning of the words and images in which way will you go to seek him?" should be brought to perfection in the from the Most High as a visitation, do not grape-gatherers") could imply that the visions…. But if a soul is not prudent Comments about women are also weakness of humility…. As he said to the give your mind to them" (34.1-8). author] was a … compiler … [and] the regarding dreams, it will find itself lost in a contradictory-25.16-25 ("the wickedness apostle Paul, 'My grace is enough for you, Journeys (34.9-17), sacrifices (34.18- structure of the work still [suggests forest of vanity through the work of the of a wife") and 26.1-4, 13-18 ("A good wife for my power is made perfect in 35.11) and justice (35.12-20) all require compilation]." See: deceiving spirit [i.e., the devil]." is a great blessing"). weakness' (2 Cor 12.9). So, we needed to trust in the Lord. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/ be persuaded how much God loves us, 05263a.htm] "Method of and what sort of people he loves…." Composition." The opening prayer asks that Israel and Of the prayer in 36.1-17 Father Patrick Rabanus Maurus links 36.14 ("Fill Zion with The linking of reason and instruction and Of v. 18 in which God leads "captives in thy "all who are on the earth will know that writes: "The author has in mind … the the celebration of thy wondrous deeds and grace with "changes of heart" in Sirach train, and receiving gifts among men" thou art the Lord, the God of the ages" current state of oppressed Jews…. thy temple with thy glory") to the response 37.16-23 is echoed in 3/1 Kings 8.38-39 of Maximus of Turin preached: "This phrase is (36.1-17). Discernment is necessary in Indeed, were it not for the internal of Jews and Gentiles in Ephesus to the which John Chrysostom preached: "Those to be understood in this way-that the choosing diet (36.18-20), a wife (36.21- evidence indicating that the book was preaching of Paul in Acts 19.17-20 so that disciples were more dependable who captivity of the human being, whom the devil had captured for himself, the Lord 26), friends (37.1-6) and counsellors finished by 180 BC, one would be "the word of God grew and prevailed came to [Jesus Christ] not only by reason captures for himself by rescuing [them], and (37.7-15). Reason needs to be combined disposed to date this prayer in the mightily." 37.13 ("Establish the counsel of of miracles but also because of his this very captive, as it says, he took to the with God's grace to exercise true wisdom context of the persecution of the Jews your own heart, for no one is more faithful teaching. Miracles, indeed, attracted the heights of the heavens. Both captives are (37.16-26). Good health requires by Antiochus IV Epiphanes, especially to you than it is") is supported by Is 40.3 more slow-witted, but prophecies and called by the same name, then, but both are restraint and control of "an insatiable his defilement of the second temple in which is cited in Mt 3.3 ("Prepare the way teaching, the more intelligent. And those not equal, for the devil's captivity subjects a appetite for any luxury," especially December of 167. This latter of the Lord. Make his paths straight"). As who were won over by teaching were, in person to slavery, whereas Christ's captivity overeating which "brings sickness" (37.21- persecution, however, was the Origen preached: "The Lord wants to find truth, more steadfast than those won by restores a person to liberty." Ambrose Wisdom of Sirach Psalm 67/68 19-May 31). If you are sick, respect the physician culminating offense in a long period of in you a path by which he can enter into miracles. Christ has even called them writes: "This good gift is the grace of the 36-38 (38.1-8), pray and "cleanse your heart strife and infidelity, as we know from your souls and make his journey…. The blessed, saying: 'Blessed are they who vv.12-23 Spirit, which the Lord Jesus shed forth from from all sin" (38.9-15). Weep for the the books of the Maccabees. At this way of the Lord is made straight in two have not seen and yet have believed' (Jn heaven…. Since captive hearts [to the devil] dead but limit bereavement (38.16-23). period, evil, self-serving Jews had ways: by contemplation, which is clarified 20.29)…. Now to know what is in the heart certainly could not receive him, the Lord Respect all workers-scribes, farmers, already defiled the holiness required by truth unmixed with falsehood, and by of people belongs to him [i. e., God] who Jesus first led captivity captive [to Himself], artisans-all of whom "rely upon their of God's people by their complicity activity, which follows sound has fashioned the heart of each of them' that our affections being set free, he might hands and each is skilful in [their] own [that is, helping others commit crimes] contemplation of the appropriate action to (Ps 33.5/32.15)…." The heart includes the pour forth the gift of divine grace." work," because they "keep stable the with the pagans that dominated the be taken…." mind, the emotions, the will and the fabric of the world and their prayer is the western end of the Fertile Crescent. conscience [Cf. NET-FN, Note J, p. 940]. practice of their trade" (38.24-34). These Jews had compromised with the Greco-Syrian culture of the day" [p. 121].
Those who devote themselves "to the Of "the love of wisdom" in 40.20 Basil Of 39.7 (meditating on God's secrets), Of 39.16 Augustine preached: "The Of vv. 28-38 in which God "gives power and study of the law of the Most High" and preached: "Prayer is the request for Salvian the Presbyter writes: "The holy confession of sins is that ordinary strength to his people" Fulgentius of Rupe who "seek the Lord" can offer service to good made to God by pious persons. book says that everything, day after day, is confession that is known to you… We must writes: "We know that the will to do good many people (39.1 ff.). They "set [their] In no way do we limit such requests ruled by the divine will and that God rather look [here] into confession in praise and the ability to do good come from God. hearts to rise early to seek the Lord who merely to words. We do not believe governs all things unceasingly…. Elsewhere of God… One is not always speaking of the David agrees completely with this, showing that by the command of divine generosity made [them]" (39.5). Praise the Lord at that God needs to be reminded of [in Jer 23.24] it is written, 'Do I not fill confession of sins. At times, in fact, one the grace of good will is granted: 'Our steps all times and recognise that "no one can things with words. He already knows heaven and earth?' God declares the speaks of the confession of praise [as in] are made firm by the Lord when he delights say, 'What is this?' 'Why is that?' for in the things that are good for us, even reason why he fills all things: 'Because I am Sirach 39.15-16…. In this case, you confess in our way' (Ps 37/36.23). We have no good Wisdom of Sirach God's time all things will be sought when we do not ask for them (cf. Mt with you to save you' (Jer 42.11). And with that all the works of the Lord are good, not Psalm 67/68 works in us unless they come from God, and 20-May 39-40 after…. For everything has been created 6.8, 32; Lk 12.30). So, what are we these words the Lord makes us understand that your actions are bad…. The Lord Jesus vv./24-35 we bear witness that it is one in God, saying for its us" (39.17, 21). Everyone labours saying? 'Whether you eat or drink, or … the power and fruits of his presence. certainly committed no sin… yet in the 'Show your strength, O God, as you have and experiences anxiety (40.1-11). [Both] whatever you do, do all to the glory of The divine presence, of itself, produces Gospel it says, 'I confess to you, Father, done for us before' (Ps 67/68.28)…. Paul also kindness [and the fear of the Lord are] God' (1 Cor 10.31)…. Give thanks to this fruit: the salvation of what it fills. And Lord of heaven and earth' (Mt 11.25)…. wants us to do the will of God saying Heb like a garden of blessings, and almsgiving him who lavished sunlight in service of this is why Saint Paul says … 'In him, we You should reflect a bit about the 13.20-21." endures forever" (40.17, 27). Do not the affairs of the day and fire to have life, movement and being' (Acts advantages of both types of confession." chose to beg (40.28-30). illuminate the night, for dealing with 17.28). what is left to be done." Do not fear the sentence of death, Father Patrick writes: "[A] famous Rabanus Maurus links the experience Of 43.31 ("Who … can describe [God]") Augustine writes that this psalm in the whether it is "welcome [to] … one who is interpretation of [Sirach 41.1-2] is some have to a bitter death in 41.1 to 1 Jn Augustine writes of our inability to LXX: "includes in its title the words 'for … failing in strength … [or] bitter … to found in the third song of the Vier 2.17 ("The world and its disordered desires understand our own "intellect" and writes: the things that will be entirely changed.' one … who still has … vigor" (41.1-3). Ernste Gesänge ("Four Serious are passing away"). He writes: "All those "So then, what we do not find in what is This psalm sings of the passion of our "Woe to [the] ungodly" (41.8). "Be Songs"), a collection of Johannes who love [the world] will weep when it is best in us, we must not look for in him who Lord Jesus Christ…. He himself did not ashamed before the truth of God and his Brahms composed for piano and one no more." Vigilius of Thapsus links 42.15 ("I is much better than what is best in us. We have any sin, but he carried our sins; thus covenant" (41.19). "Of the following baritone…. The first part is about the will now call to mind the works of the Lord, conceive, therefore-if we can and to the the psalm says, 'and the wrongs I have things do not be ashamed … of the law of bitterness of death when it befalls and will declare what I have seen") to Heb extent we can-of good without quality, done are not hidden from you' (v. 5). the Most High and his covenant, and of otherwise happy people. The second 1.3, Col 1.15 and Jn 1.1 and writes: greatness without quantity, creator Here is written and foretold what we Wisdom of Sirach Ps 68 (69) vv.1- 21-May rendering judgment to acquit the half of the song, which shifts to a "Through the Word of God (that is, without necessity… entirely present read in the Gospel as having happened: 41-43 ungodly" (42.1-2). "Keep strict watch more robust E major, speaks of death through the Son) all created things are everywhere without place…. Whoever 12 'And they gave me gall for my good, and over a headstrong daughter" (42.11). as a blessing for those less fortunate known. It is for this reason that the conceives of God in this way, though he in my thirst they gave me vinegar to "Call to mind the works of the Lord" in life…. At the first performance of prophet David sings, saying, 'By the Word still cannot discover perfectly what he is, at drink' (Mt 27.34, 48; Jn 19.29). In him, (42.15), including the sun (43.1-5), the this piece at Pentecost in 1896 … the of the Lord the heavens were made' (Ps least avoids with pious diligence and to the therefore, the old events have been moon (43.6-8), the stars and the rainbow composer breathed these last words 33/32.6)." extent possible, attributing to him what he changed that the title of the psalm (43.9-12) and the glories of nature (43.13- of the text, with a voice choked with is not." predicted were to be changed." 33). tears … [and died] eleven months later" [pp. 138-139].
God has given glory to many people in The opening line of Sirach 44.1 ("Let Enoch, the son of Cain, "who walked with A citation of Sirach 44.1 opens the 1981 Of v. 32b ("You who seek God, let your many ways (44.1-15). Those who have us now praise famous men, and our God; and he was not, for God took him" British film, Chariots of Fire, about two hearts revive"), Augustine reflects: "Let us experienced the blessings of the Lord fathers that begat us") became the (Gen 11.5) begins Sirach's list of those British athletes-the Scottish Christian, Eric direct the mind's gaze and, with the Lord's include Enoch (44.16), Noah (44.17-18), title of the writer James Agee and the whom God praises. Father Patrick writes: Liddell (1902-1945), and the English Jew, help, let us search out God…. Let us seek him Abraham (44.19-21), Isaac (44.22), Jacob photographer Walker Evans' book, Let "Sirach … roots man's historical quest of Harold Abrahams (1899-1978), each of who is to be found, let us seek him who has been found. He has been hidden so that he (44.23), Moses (45.1-5), Aaron (45.6-22), Us Now Praise Famous Men, first God in the example of Enoch … 'a model of whom won Gold Medals at the 1924 may be sought for and found. He is Phinehas (45.23-26), Joshua (46.1-6), published in 1941, with its " direct conversion for the generations' (my literal Olympics in Paris. See the books Complete immeasurable so that even though he has Caleb (46.7-10), the Judges (46.11-12) appeals by Agee for the reader to see translation). Perhaps this foundation of Surrender: Biography of Eric Liddell by been found, he may be sought for. For this and Samuel (46.13-20). "The Lord the humanity and grandeur of these conversion (metanoia) is the reason Sirach Julian Wilson and Running with Fire: The reason it is said [in Ps 69.34/68.35], 'Seek his Wisdom of Sirach Psalm 68/69 22-May apportioned to them [that is, shared with horrible lives [of tenant farmers in the begins his list of moral men with Enoch. True Story of Chariots of Fire Hero Harold face always.' For he fills the seeker as far as vv.13-24 44-46 them] great glory, his majesty from the USA in the midst of the depression in Such conversion is the beginning of the Abrahams by Mark Ryan and [they] have capacity. And he [encourages] beginning…. Their posterity [that is, their the 1930's], and his suffering at the quest for God…. Enoch … was not a Jew https://www.ericliddell.org/biography/, the finder … [to] seek again to be filled when descendants] will continue for ever, and thought that he cannot accomplish his [and lived earlier than Noah]. Indeed, https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archi [they] have begun to increase [their] their glory will not be blotted out…. and appointed task, or should not, for the Enoch was undoubtedly a cave man… Yet ves/4d419759-baa2-3e6f-b34d- capacity." their name lives to all generations. additional suffering it inflicts on his he pleased God [as shown in] Heb 11.6" 59de200252aa and Wikipedia, Chariots of People will declare their wisdom, and the subjects" See: [pp. 159-161]. Fire. congregation proclaims their praise" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Us_ (44.2, 13-15). Now_Praise_Famous_Men. The list of those who are holy continues Origen offers a balanced assessment None, but Father Patrick writes: "Israel's Father Patrick continues: "In our translated The Church Fathers see in these verses a with Nathan (47.1), David (47.2-11), of Solomon's strengths and political history is less significant than [Christian] Bibles, we tend still to divide prophecy of the crucifixion and resurrection Solomon (47.12-22), Rehoboam (47.23a), weaknesses: "If you reread what is other theological concerns. The Bible is the material by way of reference to Israel's of Jesus Christ. This reaches out to all Jeroboam (47.23b-25), Elijah (48.1-11), written of Solomon, you will find that more about God's activity than man's. This political systems: We move from the era of humanity in v. 32 ("Let the oppressed see it Elisha (48.12-14), Hezekiah (48.17-21) he, though being extremely wise narrative difficulty was perceived … here in the judges to the establishment of the and be glad; you who seek God, let your hearts revive"). Basil writes: "… We, even if and Isaiah (48.22-25). Those "people (Eccles 12.9), 'drew near to many Sirach's survey of Israel's 'famous men.' monarchy in 1 & 2 Kingdoms, and then to we have been cut off in the midst of a sea of [who] did not repent … were carried women,' whereas the law of God says, When he came to the transition from the the history of the monarchy in 3 & 4 evils and are racked by the mighty waves away captive from their land … [but] 'Do not have many wives, that they age of the judges to the monarchy, Sirach Kingdoms. In the Hebrew Bible, on the stirred up against us by the spirits of some of them did what was pleasing to might make you commit fornication was faced with a … problem: How to get other hand, all the books from Joshua wickedness, nevertheless endure in Christ God" (48.15-16). Of 48.23 Cyril of against your God (Deut 17.17). Even from Samuel to David without having to through Malachi-covering nearly a who strengthens us, and we have not Wisdom of Sirach Jerusalem writes: "The sun went [Solomon], though extremely wise and deal with Saul? He certainly could not thousand years-are under one category: Psalm 68/69 slackened the intensity of our zeal for the 23-May 47-48 backwards for Hezekiah but was eclipsed of great merit before God, was include Saul among his 'famous men'… 'The Prophets,' or Nebivim….The Epistle to vv.25-36 churches, nor do we, as in a storm when the for Christ (Lk 23.45). In both phenomena, nonetheless deceived…. I think that Instead of tracing the continuous history the Hebrews mentioned 'Samuel and the waves rise high, expect destruction. We will the retreat and the eclipse, a sign was the many women [also] refer to the from the judges to the monarchy, he prophets' to designate the biblical history still hold fast to our earnest endeavors as given.... If Hezekiah managed to have the many dogmas and the various tracked it through the prophetic ministry: after David (11.32). St Peter, too, spoke of much as is possible…." divine judgment revoked, would Jesus philosophies of the peoples: wanting He angled over from Samuel to the Bible's 'all the prophets, from Samuel and those not give the remission of sins?" to know and investigate them, as a next prophet-Nathan" [pp. 174-175]. who follow' (Acts 3.24) [pp. 175-176]. man rich in knowledge and wisdom, he could not keep himself within the rule of the divine law…."
Praise continues for Josiah (49.1-3), Father Patrick writes: "The final and Father Patrick continues: "To 'worship the Father Patrick writes of 50.28-29: "Sirach John Cassian writes of v. 1 ("O God, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the 12 prophets climactic figure in Sirach's long Lord in the beauty of holiness' requires, … [pronounces] a blessing on all those who incline to my aid; O Lord, make haste to (49.5-10), Zerubbabel and Joshua (49.11- account [of famous men is] the first of all, holiness, and in this respect live according to his instructions. We help me"): "[This verse] contains an 12) and Nehemiah (49.13). After brief otherwise obscure high priest, Simon Simon the high priest was a model. Indeed, ourselves, if we so live, are the invocation [that is, a prayer] in the face mentions of Enoch, Joseph, Shem, Seth II [in Sirach 50]…. In short, as the according to Ben Sirach, 'when [Simon] beneficiaries of [that is, those who benefit of any crisis, the humility of a devout and Adam (for being "above every living world appraises historical importance, went up to the holy altar, he made the from] this blessing. Sirach thus becomes confession, the watchfulness of concern being in the creation") (49.14-16), Simon Simon was not an important man… garment of holiness honorable' (50.11, [Fr the intercessor [that is, the one who and of constant fear, a consciousness of the priest is praised (50.1-21); and then What was it about Simon that Sirach Patrick's translation). This holiness of appeals to the Lord] for those who study one's own frailty, the assurance of being God is blessed and asked to grant peace found so impressive? [It was] his worship is clothed in beauty, and beauty is and apply his teaching. He remains, heart and confidence in a protection that and mercy in Israel (50.22-24). A short solicitude for the divine worship, his simply truth as lovable, truth discerned in therefore, a holy teacher of the Church- is always present and at hand…. This proverb about Mount Seir (i.e., the law refurbishing of the temple, his care for its loveliness. The perception of truth is the traditionally called Ecclesiasticus, 'the verse, I say, is necessary and useful for and Esau) (50-25-26) is followed by a its appointments, and the personal discernment of form, nor is there beauty churchman'-to the end of time…. Sirach's each one of us in whatever condition we Wisdom of Sirach 24-May reflection from the author of Sirach dignity with which he enhanced the apart from form. That is why biblical teaching demonstrates the wise life of the Ps 69 (70) may live. For whoever desires to be 49-51 blessing his readers (50.27-29), giving solemnity of its rituals. The reverent worship is formal, structured, patterned on author himself, so that wisdom assumes in helped always and in all things shows thanks to the Lord (51.1-12) and grandeur of Israel's liturgical worship a determined model. With respect to the these pages … an autobiographical form…. that [they] need God as a helper not only reflecting on his own search for wisdom was of great moment to Sirach…. It form of worship, Moses on the mountain Readers of Sirach are able to approach this in hard and sad affairs but also and from youth throughout his life (51.13- was in the temple ministry of Simon … was told to make all things according to writer rather much as he himself equally as much in favorable and joyful 29). A key theme of the Book of Sirach is that Ben Sirach supremely discerned the heavenly pattern he beheld…. Because approached the 'famous men'…. We seek ones, so that just as [they] may be summarized in the final verse: "Do your what it meant to 'worship the Lord in every form of truth is heavenly and in his life what he found in theirs. All wise snatched from the former [they] may work before the appointed time, and in the beauty of holiness.' It was chiefly eternal, true liturgy is not simply old; it is lives are the embodiment [that is, abide in the latter [and] know that in God's time he will give you your reward." in the temple in Jerusalem, Sirach necessarily timeless" [pp. 191-192]. examples] of wisdom" [pp. 193, 20-21]. neither instance can human frailty believed, that God caused wisdom to endure without his assistance." dwell in this world" [p. 191]. God often calls prophets to journey on The editor of ACCS OT XIV The Twelve Hosea's "wife of whoredom" in 1.2 can be Hosea is often called one of the "minor Of Ps 70/71.1-2 ("In thy righteousness the difficult path of calling his people to Prophets writes: "When the prophets linked both the prostitute before Jesus in prophets," but this "reflects the length of [or justice] deliver me and rescue me; repentance. The book begins with Hosea wrote on moral issues, they always Mt 26.6-13 and to 1 Cor 7.14 in which "the the material only. It is not a qualitative or incline thy ear to me, and save me") obeying God's instruction to marry and delivered their messages in view of unbelieving husband is sanctified by the even hierarchical distinction of the status Cassiodorus writes: "When [the psalmist] have children with Gomer, a prostitute, the Mosaic law and people's fidelity or wife, and the unbelieving wife is sanctified of the prophets" [ACCS OT XIV The Twelve says 'in your justice,' he seeks divine at a time when the people of Israel were infidelity to it. The primary concern by the husband [making their children] … Prophets, p. xviii]. Irenaeus writes of 1.1-3: mercy, for it is the role of divine justice to committing "great harlotry" (1.1-3). was to heal a rupture of the covenant holy." The Lord tells Gomer and Hosea to "From these people God will build the … pardon the person known to condemn Prophetic names are given by the Lord to with God and his people" [p. xix]. call their third child, "Not my people;" and church, which will be made holy through [their] own actions… When [the psalmist] each of Hosea and Gomer's children (1.4- Hosea's book was probably written then "it shall be said to them [you are] its union with the son of God, as [Hosea's says 'incline,' he proclaims that he is 25-May Hosea 1-2 11). The Lord identifies the sins of the shortly before or after the fall of 'Sons of the living God,'" of which wife] was made holy by her union with the Ps 70 (71):1-11 lowly and prostrate. Unless God's grace people (2.1-18). However, He then offers Samaria, the capital of the Northern Augustine writes in City of God 18.28: "The prophet." With reference to 1.9, Jerome inclines to deliver us, we cannot attain by Himself to the people "in righteousness Kingdom of Israel (722-721 BC). apostles themselves understood this text classified people as [1] those who are "not our own merits the mercy for which we and in justice, in steadfast love [in During the 41-year reign of King as a prophecy of the calling of the Gentiles, [God's] people, [2] His loyal servants, and long. No person's merit touches the Lord Hebrew, hesed], and in mercy" (2.19). Jeroboam II in the Northern Kingdom, who were previously not God's people [3] those who come back to Him in hope." unless in his mercy he bends low to reach The people respond, "Thou art my God" and for many years thereafter, the "(cited in Rom 9.26). Still today, this classification has meaning. sinners." (2.23). people turned to pagan gods in the midst of material prosperity.
God is prepared to take back the people After the separation of 10 of the 12 Citing 3.2, Jerome states that "when the St Cyril of Alexandria wrote of 4.5 that A NASB note suggests that this psalm is the of Israel, just as Hosea is urged to take tribes of Israel to the Northern faithfulness of the Gentiles shall be Israel would not "be weak forever but for third in a series of three psalms "whose back his adulterous wife (3.1-3). The Lord Kingdom (the Kingdom of Samaria) fulfilled, all Israel shall be saved." This is a days. For it has been reserved for her a dominant theme is hope (vv. 14; 19-24)." tells Hosea that after many sins and around 930 or 920 BC, numerous reference to Rom 11.25-27 and Gal 5.6 time of salvation and a return to faith." Let Furthermore, the next psalm "is identified as much idolatry the people "of Israel shall kings permitted idolatry. There was when "in Christ Jesus neither circumcision us pray for a return to faith for many a prayer by and/for King Solomon" which links with David's plea here: 'Do not cast me return and seek the LORD their God and willing acquiescence in sin from both nor uncircumcision is of any avail, but faith people today, just as there was later in off in the time of old age' (v.9)." Verses 14- David their king; and they shall come in people and priests, until the Northern working through love." Of 4.8 Origen ancient Israel. Of Hosea's chastising the 15 are echoed in the Divine Liturgy of St John fear to the LORD and to his goodness in Kingdom fell in war to the Assyrian writes: "What is the 'sacrifice' that is wicked in 5.2 Clement of Alexandria writes Chrysostom: "Let our mouths be filled with the latter days" (3.5). Yet at present in Army between 722-721 BC. Many offered 'for sin' and is 'very holy' except that "through Hosea, the Word says plainly Thy praise, O Lord, that we may sing of Thy 26-May Hosea 3-5 Ps 70 (71):12-24 Ephraim, the Northern Kingdom of Israel, archeological ruins have been found in 'the only begotten Son of God' (Jn 3.16, of himself, 'I am your educator.' The glory: for Thou hast made us worthy to the people "shall stumble by day" and this area of what was ancient Samaria, 18), Jesus Christ my Lord." Jerome matter he educates us in is fear of God, for partake of Thy holy, immortal and life- "have forgotten the law" so God "will confirming the presence of the contrasts 4.10 and those "who shall eat, this fear instructs us in the service of God, creating mysteries. Keep us in Thy holiness, forget them" (4.5-6). However, the Lord Northern Kingdom at this time. Hosea but not be satisfied" to Mt 5.6 ("Blessed educates us to the knowledge of truth, and that all the day we may meditate upon Thy will wait until the people "acknowledge "was the only one of the writing are the ones who hunger and thirst for guides by a path leading straight up to righteousness." their guilt and seek my face" (5.15). prophets to come from the northern righteousness, for they will be satisfied"). heaven." kingdom (Israel), and his prophecy is primarily directed to that kingdom" [NASB, p. 1250]. The opening request from the Lord for J. B. Philips writes of Hosea in Four Augustine wrote in City of God 28: "Hosea Of 6.2 ("After two days he will revive us; Justin Martyr applies this psalm to Christ Israel to repent (v. 6.1-11) is followed by Prophets: "His own personal tragedy foretold the resurrection of Christ on the on the third day he will raise us up, that we as "the eternal king." Ambrose writes of a refusal of the people to repent (v. 6.11- leads him to a far deeper third day, but in the mysterious way that is may live before him") Origen writes: "The "the rain" in v. 6 that it is not "strange 7.16) and the consequences of that understanding of the nature of proper to prophecy. He says, 'He shall heal first day is the passion of the Savior for us. that [Israel] should suffer the drought of refusal (v. 8.1-14). In the eyes of Hosea, forgiving and redeeming love. Yet it is us after two days, and on the third day we The second is the day on which he unbelief, whom the Lord deprived of the the Northern Kingdom of Israel has not always clear whether the shall rise again' (6.2). This is the idea descended into hell. The third day is the fertilizing shower of prophecy" (cf. Is "come to be among the nations as a prophet's experience with Gomer is underlying the words of Paul. 'Therefore, if day of resurrection (Mt 16.21)…. But if … 5.6)…. The divine Scriptures promised us useless vessel" (v. 8.8). A NASB note, p. teaching him about God, or whether you have risen in Christ, seek the things [as] the apostle [Paul] teaches us rightly this rain on the whole earth, to water the 1251 states: "Israel's alternative to he is learning about his wife from his that are above' (Col 3.1)." Of 6.3 Jerome that the mysteries of baptism are world with the dew of the divine Spirit at destruction was to forsake her idols and understanding of Israel. The two writes: "[God] is called not only at … dawn; contained in these words [of] 1 Cor 10.2), the coming of the Savior. The Lord, then, return to the Lord (ch 6; 14). Information [themes] run on parallel line and flash he will come to us as an early and later it is necessary that 'those who are baptized has now come, and the rain has come…." gleaned from materials discovered at a meaning across to each other" (p. rain… We accept Christ as an early rain in Christ and are buried with him' … also Of v. 15 with its prayer for gold to be 27-May Hosea 6-8 Ugarit (dating from the 15th century 27). During the 2nd century AD, when the foundations of the faith are laid arise from the dead with him on the third Ps 71 (72) given to the king, Cassiodorus reflects: B.C….) and from the writings of the early Tertullian wrote in On Penitence of within us, and we shall take him as a late day (Rom 6.3-4). According to what the "We read [in Lk 16.19-31] that the rich Christian historian Eusebius enables us to 6.6: "The heavens and the angels who rain when after the crop is ripened we apostle [writes in] Ephes 2.6, when, person does not enter the kingdom of know more clearly the religious practices are there rejoice at human grasp the terminal fruits and store them up therefore, you shall have undertaken the heaven, yet the patriarchs Job, Abraham, against which Hosea protested." In The repentance. Look at you now, sinner, in the Master's barn." Tertullian compares mystery of the third day, God will begin to Isaac and Joseph also had abundant OT Prophets, E. W. Heaton writes: be of good heart! You see where it is God's desire for "steadfast love and not lead you and will himself show you the wealth…. The meaning to be embraced "Hosea's prophetic ministry is best that you are a cause of joy." We are all sacrifice" in 6.6 to God's desire for "mercy, way of salvation." Thus, all baptised [in this verse] is…: 'My mouth has understood as a quest for the recovery of sinners; and 1,900 years later we are and not sacrifice" in Mt 9.13. Christians can share the life of Christ. proclaimed your justice, because I have Israel's identity" [p. 92]. still a cause of joy when we repent not known the worldly business that is from our sins. polluted by evil actions.'"
Disloyalty to God expressed in continuing Of 9.8 and the role of a watchman, Cyril of Jerusalem links 9.12 ("My flesh is Of 10.12 Origen preached: "Observe how Ambrose reflects of v. 1: "Growth in idolatry is seen by the Lord as spiritual Isho'dad of Merv writes: "'Ephraim is a from them") to Jeremiah 1.5 ("Before I holy and marvelous is the sequence of moral perfection is … a theme from the adultery (v. 9.1). "The days of sentinel with my God,' that is, Israel formed you in the womb I knew you. things. Do not imagine that wisdom will beginning of the psalm. Indeed, no one punishment have come; and the days of was established by God … so that he Before you were born I dedicated you") come before its enactment in deeds. The can truly proclaim that God is good but recompense [that is, compensation and might receive the truth and watch and to St Paul's question: "Do you not deeds ought to come first, and wisdom one who knows that goodness is not hardship] have come; Israel shall know over honorable feasts, and that he know that your body is the temple of the sought afterwards. We ought not to teach from [their] own successes and profits it" (9.7). "The Lord will break down their might be, as is the true prophet, with Holy Spirit who is in you, whom you have others before we ourselves are instructed but out of the depth of the heavenly altars and destroy their pillars" (10.2). the help of God the teacher of others. from God…? (1 Cor 6.19)…. There is and rational. After these things, however, mysteries and the height of God's plan. Captivity is coming (9.16-10.15). Hosea But Israel, like a false prophet, has nothing corrupt in the human bodily frame 'truth' is added because 'truth' is the For [moral perfection] is to be weighed prophesied against the false hope in dissuaded others from the truth." unless one defiles it with adultery and highest wisdom…. It is not sufficient just to not by the appearance of things present material possessions and the reliance on 10.13-14 sets out "the fruit of lies" on wantonness. He who formed Adam sow, but [you also need to] … 'reap the but by the advantage of things to come… idolatry for at least 38 years, but neither which the kings and people of the formed Eve also; and male and female fruit of steadfast love [in Hebrew, hesed]' Whether tormented by bodily pain or 28-May Hosea 9-10 people nor kings would listen to him. Of Northern Kingdom of Israel depended- were fashioned by the divine hands." John so that after these you can fulfill what Ps 72 (73):1-14 overwhelmed by bitter punishments, [the sowing "righteousness [to] reap the fruit "you have trusted in your chariots and Cassian writes of 10.12 ("Sow for follows, 'illuminate yourselves with the just person] always says Job 2.10 LXX. He of steadfast love [or "the fruit of life" in the multitude of your warriors; yourselves righteousness"): "If you are light of knowledge." Note that this rejoices that he is being chastised here, LXX] Origen preached: "Do not imagine therefore, the tumult [that is, the concerned to attain to the light of spiritual requires us to "break up [our] fallow so that he may gain consolation for the that wisdom will come before its extreme confusion] of war shall arise knowledge … by the grace of correction, ground" (v. 12)-that is, plant on land [or future…. The person who has not enactment in deeds. The deeds ought to among your peoples." The words of you [must] first [be] inflamed with desire those parts of our lives] that were left struggled or been tried in the combat of come first, and wisdom sought 10.12 ("It is time to seek the LORD, for that blessedness about which it is said, unsown for a year or more after being various contests will not be able to hope afterwards. We ought not to teach that he may come and rain salvation 'Blessed are the pure in heart, for they ploughed. for future rewards." others before we ourselves are upon you") is a central message of the shall see God'" (Mt 5.8)." instructed and rational…." book of Hosea, but the people of Israel did not listen. In both the husband-wife relationship Of 12.6 Basil preached: "Combine 11.1 ("Out of Egypt I called my son") is John Chrysostom preached of Hos 12.10- Of v. 28 ("But for me it is good to be near [or (ch. 1-3) and the parent-child justice with mercy, spending in mercy cited in Mt 2.15. A NASB note, p. 1368, 11 that when God revealed Himself "no to cling to] God") Augustine preached: "So if relationship in 11.1-4 there has been what you possess with justice…. [The states: "This quotation from Hos 11.1 one of those prophets saw God's essence you want to keep the order of true charity, disobedience, idolatry and immorality. person] who takes care to do mercy originally referred to God's calling the in its pure state … [and] that each act justly, love mercy, shun self-indulgence; God sees that "My people are bent on and justice draws near to God (12.6 nation of Israel out of Egypt in the time of [prophet] saw Him in a different way…. His begin according to the Lord's instruction to love not only your friends but also enemies. turning away from me;" and they have LXX)…. It remains then, for each to Moses. But Matthew, under the inspiration Son was soon to appear to us in the guise And when you strive to maintain these received "the yoke, and none shall examine [themselves] and for the rich of the Holy Spirit, applies it also to Jesus of real flesh. But in the prophets he gave standards faithfully with your whole heart, remove it" (11.7). However, He still person to take careful inventory of the [Christ]. He sees the history of Israel (God's them experience of this beforehand by you will be able to climb up these virtues, as wants them to "hold fast to love and private resources from which [they] children) recapitulated [that is, repeated in allowing them to see something of the by a flight of steps, to being worthy to love justice, and wait continually for your have to offer gifts to God, to make its main points] in the life of Jesus (God's substance of God in the way in which it God with your whole mind and your whole God" (12.6), but the people will not sure that [they] have not oppressed a unique Son). Just as Israel as an infant was possible for them to see him." We too strength. And when you reach this happy repent (12.7-15). E. W. Heaton writes: poor person, or used force against one nation went down into Egypt, so the child cannot see God in His essence. We state of perfection, you will reckon all the 29-May Hosea 11-12 "Other prophets represent themselves as weaker than [themselves] or cheated Jesus went there. And as Israel was led by experience the presence of God in our Ps 72 (73):15-28 desires of this world as nothing but dung, messengers sent by God; Hosea is one dependent upon [them], thus God out of Egypt, so also was Jesus." John lives in different ways, but we can still and with the prophet [David] you will be scarcely distinguishable from the God for exercising license [that is, excessive Chrysostom preached that the words of Jn draw closer to Him, as God gradually able to say, 'But for me to cling to God is whom he speaks….This … is partly due to behavior] rather than justice. We are 1.18 ("No one has ever seen God") are not reveals Himself to each of us, in keeping good.'" Note that Augustine is referring here the almost total absence … of oracle bidden to practice fairness and justice in conflict with Hos 12.10 ("[The Lord] with His will and our ability to receive Him. to "all the desires of this world" not to our formulae like 'Thus [says] the Lord also toward those who serve us. Do spoke to the prophets") because "the Irenaeus writes: "God remains invisible hope of living a life of purpose and piety in [except for 4.1 and 5.1] and to the fusion not employ force because you are in earlier manifestations" of God given to and indescribable to all creatures that this world. of his individual sayings [with] ..the command, and do not take advantage Moses and the OT prophets were "not the have been made by him. But he is by no personal discourse of God himself (2.2- because it is within your power to do vision of pure Being itself." means unknown…" 15; 4.1-14; 5.10-15; 11.1-9)." [p. 92]. so."
The Lord states firmly "you know no God In The Eighth Century Prophets: Amos, Augustine preached of the lion in 13.8: "He John Cassian writes of 14.8-9, "Holy people Augustine writes: "The title of this psalm but me" (13.4). He warns, "I will destroy Hosea, Isaiah, Micah, Bernhard W. who is as a lamb that opens not its mouth have never testified that they attained by [is] 'Of … Asaph'… [The meaning of Asaph you, O Israel, who can help you? (13.9). Anderson, writes: "The eighth century before its shearer (Is 53.7) is also 'the lion their efforts the right path to travel on as in Hebrew] … is 'synagogue' [so the However, He urges, "Return, O Israel, to prophets perceived that a storm was of Judah' (Rev 5.5). Who is this lamb and they made their way to the increase and psalm] pertains to the people of Israel … the LORD your God (14.1/2) and offers coming-'the east wind, the wind of lion? He suffered death like a lamb, and he perfection of virtue. Rather they would But of what sort of Jews and of what sort His unconditional love to Israel, Yahweh … rising from the wilderness', has devoured like a lion. Who is this lamb plead to the Lord and say, 'Direct me in of people of Israel? For they are not of "Whoever is wise, let [them] understand as Hosea said (13.15). As messengers and lion? Meek yet courageous; loveable Your truth' (Ps 25.5/24.8 LXX) and 'Direct the chaff, but probably of the grain (cf. these things" (14.9). E. W. Heaton titles of God, their task was to make the yet fearsome; innocent yet powerful; silent my way in Your sight'" (Ps 5.8/ 5.9 LXX)…. Mt 3.12), not of the broken branches, but his chapter on Hosea and Jeremiah eschatological shock [that is, the under judgment, yet roaring to pronounce [It is also written] 'I have known, O Lord, probably of those that are strengthened. appropriately as "Salvation through divine judgment] of God's future judgment. Who is this lamb and lion- that a person's way is not in him, nor is it 'For they are not all Israel, which are of Judgement." Heaton writes: "God, Hosea effective in the present, so that Israel- suffering like a lamb, rising up like a lion? in a man to walk and to direct his own Israel' (Rom 9.6)…. There are certain proclaims, will now maul his people as a the people of God-might recover their Rather, is he not at the same time a lion steps' (Jer 10.23). And the Lord himself Israelites to whom [Christ] referred, 30-May Hosea 13-14 panther his prey (5.14), and meet them identity and their vocation and so that and a lamb in his suffering and his says to Israel, 'I will direct him like a green Ps 73 (74):1-11 saying 'Behold an Israelite in whom there as a she-bear robbed of her cubs and possibly, in the incalculable grace of resurrection? Let us discern the lamb in fir tree; from me, your fruit has been is no guile' [Of Nathaniel in] (John 1.47)…. tear their ribs apart (13.8). Paradoxically, God, there might be a transition from the suffering. 'He was,' as we have just found' (Hos 14.8b). Of 14.9 a NASB note, p. We are Israelites, for we are of the seed the very anger which seethes through death to life" (p. 22). St Gregory the reminded you, 'mute as a lamb before its 1266 reads: "The prophet concludes by of Abraham [as are the Gentiles as Paul these images of God's action points to Great writes that when confronted shearer, and he opened not his mouth.' Let offering each reader the alternatives of writes in Gal 3.29]…. If we distinguish the ground of Israel's hope, since they with "evil rulers" rather than "blame us discern the lion in the suffering." walking or stumbling (cf. 4.5; 5.5)-of between the two Testaments, Old and convey that sense of personal outrage the injustice of the ruler" people Augustine portrays Christ as both a obedience or rebellion." New, there are not the same sacraments, which is inseparable from genuine caring should accept that "the power of the devouring lion and a suffering lamb, nor the same promises; nevertheless, the (5.3; 13.4; cf. 4.10, 6.7)." wicked ruler was no doubt of their offering judgment and mercy. same commandments for the most part." own deserving." Hosea documents the history of Israel as seen by the Lord. Amos said, "The LORD roars from Zion These prophecies were delivered to Of 2.11 and how God had "raised up some As ACCS OT XIV The Twelve Prophets Augustine continues: "When [the and utters his voice from Jerusalem" the northern kingdom during the reign of your sons for prophets" John summarises John Chrysostom on the commandments of the OT and the NT are] (1.2). The Lord pronounces judgment on of King Jerobaom II, probably in the Chrysostom writes in On the Priesthood priesthood: "Priests in the old covenant examined, they are either all found to be the many nations, including the Southern years 760-755 BC. There was great 6.10-11 of how sins "receive sorer who did not live up to their vocation were same, or there are hardly any in the Gospel and Northern Kingdoms (1.3-5.17). When prosperity, but also much idolatry, punishment by far when they occur in the punished more severely [than the laity] which have not been spoken by the Prophets…. Grace [was given] because there God sends "a fire" (1.4, 7, 10, 12; 2.2, 5), immorality, corruption and injustice case of a priest than in the case of the and serve as a warning for the priests of is fulfilled through love that which by the it is a sign of divine judgment. toward the poor. J. B. Phillips writes: laity. [God] enjoins [that is, commands] as the new covenant." St Ambrose wrote of letter was being enjoined: Truth, because Announcements of exile begin with 5.18. "We only know on the evidence of the great a sacrifice to be offered for the priest 5.14 ("Seek good and not evil, that you there is being rendered that which was being Only in the final verses of 9.11-15 does book itself [see 1.1] that [Amos] had as for the whole people, and this amounts may live; and so the LORD, the God of promised…. 'The law was given by Moses, the Lord "restore the fortunes of my been a shepherd in the howling to a proof on his part that the wounds of hosts, will be with you"): "When a man but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ' (Jn people Israel and … plant them upon wilderness of Tekoa, and that he the priesthood need more assistance." On rules his own self-and that counts for more 1.17)…. Let us be instructed in that of which their land." E. W. Heaton writes: "Only a tended [fig] trees [7.1]…. He preached becoming archbishop John writes: "For than to govern others-his heart is in the the prophets have spoken, 'a remnant shall 31-May Amos 1-5 man of great originality could, in the in Israel at Bethel, the centre of now I trust that my chastisement [that is, hand of God, and God turns it where He Ps 73(74):12-23 be saved' (Rom 9.27, cf. Is 10.22). Let us confused religious situation of his day religion but also of luxurious severe punishment] will be proportioned wills…. And so let us be in the hand of God therefore listen as the remnant saved … [but have recaptured so clearly and corruption …. [His prophecies] are of to the amount of my sins, but after that we may seek the good, that see also the judgment in v.3 LXX ("Thou hast developed so radically the basic almost unrelieved gloom [until the receiving this office, I fear it would be not incorruptible and immutable [that is, redeemed the rod of thine inheritance)] … character of Israel's traditional faith. That final verses]. He can see clearly that … double, or threefold, but manifold [that is, unchangeable] good of which the prophet What does [Ex 4.1-3] intimate? To what did is why his radicalism not only re-affirmed the corruption at the heart of Israel of many different kinds], because I should Amos says 5.14 … [and] David says, 'I the serpent persuade man? To death (cf. the old Mosaic faith, but also will make her fall an easy prey to the have caused very many to stumble, and believe I shall see the good things of the Gen 3.1)…. If death is from the serpent, the rod in the serpent [in the hand of Moses] is inaugurated a new phase in the people's invader. The future is so clear to the after additional honor should have Lord in the land of the living' (Ps Christ in death." religious awareness" [p. 73]. prophet that he sees the Assyrians offended the God who honored me." 27/26.13)." That remains true today for all advancing to the attack some years of us. before they did in fact set out" [p. 3].
A message of woe against Israel's Of 7.2-3 John Chrysostom preached: " Of the humility of Amos in 7.14-15, Anderson writes: "What is the relation Of v. 2 ("God says, 'At the set time which complacent pride (6.1-14) is followed by It is, after all, the practice of the Gregory the Great preached: "Raise up between divine power and human I appoint, I will judge with equity"), the coming judgment (7.1-9). Amaziah, prophets and the just to grieve not eyes of faith to the power of this worker, freedom? It would seem that, to avoid Jerome preached: "The Lord is not judge the chief priest, tries to send Amos away, only for themselves but also for the the Holy Spirit, and look here at our utter contradiction, one would have to say now, but will be later. If He were judge because "the land is not able to bear all rest of humanity…. You will find them ancestors in the OT and the NT…. I gaze on either that God is in complete control, in now, sinners would not be arrogant and his words" (7.10-13). Amos defends all giving evidence of this compassion- David, on Amos … on Peter, on Paul…-and I which case human beings lose their gain the wealth of the world…. Does it himself by saying he is not a prophet of for example, you can listen to am filled with a desire to behold the responsibility, or alternatively, human scandalize you that wickedness reigns in the sanctuary but has received his call Jeremiah, 'Who will pour water on my nature of the worker, the Holy Spirit…. The beings are fully in control of their own the world? Hear the Lord [in v. 2]. The directly from God and warns Amaziah head, and provide a fountain of tears Spirit filled a boy who played upon the destiny, in which case God is either time for judgment has been set aside. that "Israel shall surely go into exile away for my eyes? (Jer 8.23 LXX) or Ezekiel, harp, and made him a psalmist; on a severely limited or has absented himself The present world is not the time for from its land" (7.14-17). In Prophecy in 'Alas, Lord, will you destroy what shepherd and a herdsman,… and made from the world in order to leave things up judgment, but of contest. 'For the Father Ancient Israel, J. Lindblom notes that remains of Israel…? (Ezek 9.8)." Childs him a prophet…; on a fisherman, and to human beings. The surprising thing is does judge no one, but has given all 01-Jun Amos 6-9 Amos believes he is "a free and writes of "the prophet's role as made him a preacher; on one who that the prophetic message wants to hold Ps 74 (75) judgment to the Son (Jn 5.22)'… [The unattached prophet, who consequently intercessor: "Amos is pictured in ch. 7 persecuted the church, and made him the on to both: God's unlimited power and Son] renders judgment for the simple stood directly under Yahweh's command attempting to intercede for Israel's teacher of the Gentiles…. What a skilled human responsibility. God's presence does reason that He received judgment, for He and was thus exempt from taking orders sake before each divine decision on worker this Spirit is!... No sooner does the not take away human freedom but that is the Son of Man." Augustine preached from a chief priest" [p. 185]. In 9.14 the judgment (vv.2ff.). Again, Jeremiah is Spirit touch our minds in regard to very presence demands the exercise of that God "was displeased with our lives, LORD promises to "plant [the people of described as defending the people anything that we are taught; the Spirit's responsibility… In teaching the theme of he was displeased with everything we Israel] upon their land, and they shall until he is commanded by God not to very touch is teaching. The Spirit changes repentance, the eighth century prophets were making of ourselves, but he was not never again be plucked up out of the pray for [their] welfare (15.1ff.). the human heart in a moment…. Suddenly begin, not with Israel's freedom to decide, displeased with what he had made of us. land I have given them.'" Similarly, Ezekiel is made dumb in we are no longer what we were; suddenly but with the divine initiative which So, he will condemn what we have made, order to bring to a halt any we are something we never used to be." requires and grants freedom" [p. 27]. and what he has made he will save." intercession on his part for rejected people (3.25ff.)" [p. 127]. In 1.2 Micah announces judgment not Micah, from southern Judah, was a ACAS OT IX notes: "The book is quoted Of Micah 3.1 John Chrysostom preached of Augustine notes again that the dedication only for Israel but for "the earth … and all contemporary of Isaiah. He directly in all of the Gospels…. Micah 2 how it was wrong "to find fault with God" of the psalm "for Asaph," means "the that are in it" (LXX). The houses and prophesied sometime between 750 to reveals that Mount Zion as a type of the when the people sinned and God punished synagogue," indicating it is addressed fields of the peasants are being seized; 686 BC [See NASB, p. 1299]. J. B. messianic hope has found fulfilment in the them. Of Mic 2.13 ("Pass the gate, going directly to "the faithful Jews." He divides and families are being stripped of their Phillips writes: "Micah lives on the church, which is called the new Jerusalem. out by it") Jerome writes: Whose who have this psalm into three sections: "first, inheritance (2.1-9). Micah sees the upper land … and speaks as one of [the Micah 3 contains a solemn prediction of "entered in must not remain in the state where the name of the Lord has become classes, the leaders and the cultic poor]. He is horrified at the luxurious the destruction of Jerusalem fulfilled by wherein [they] entered but must go forth widely known through the declaration of prophets attached to the Temple as and degenerate life of the city, and the Romans and foretold by Jesus. Micah 4 into the pasture so that entering in should his powers [vv. 1-5]; second, [of] … the especially guilty of injustice (2.1-3.12) realises that his fellow-peasants are identifies Jesus as the mountain that will be the beginning, 'going forth and finding Lord's wonderful deeds [vv.6-9]; [and] and prophesies "they will cry to the paying for it…. It is justice, justice judge all the nations. Also, Jesus is pasture,' the perfecting of graces. The one third, [Where the Lord] … counsels the LORD, but he will not answer them… between men and a right attitude symbolically represented as the vine [with] who enters in is contained within the committed ones never to cease offering because they have made their deeds towards God which are his passionate the Holy Spirit as the fig tree…. bounds of the world. The one who goes gifts to the God who inspires fear and 02-Jun Micah 1-4 evil" (3.4). However, "in the latter days" concern…. Micah has no political Sacramentally, the church fathers saw in forth, as it were, beyond all created things Ps 75 (76) who purifies the hearts of princes [vv. 10- the Lord will triumph (4.1). The nations advice to offer. His message is Micah a typological anticipation of seen, shall 'find pasture' above the 12]." Jerome sees the need "to face the shall "beat their swords into religious and ethical, and very much Christian baptism that inaugurated one heavens, and shall feed upon the Word of hard and cruel necessity of death, [and to ploughshares and their spears into down to earth…. Micah is red-hot with into the membership in the new covenant, God and say, 'The Lord is my shepherd be] comforted by this consolation that pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up religious indignation. He sees the evils thus replacing circumcision… [John Cassian (and feeds me); and I lack nothing (Ps we shall shortly see again those whose sword against nations and "the LORD will of society not only as he heartless writes:] 'Micah is like Paul and Moses-all 23.1). But this going forth can only be absence we now mourn. For their end is reign over [the people] in Mount Zion… exploitation of the weak by the strong, would have given their lives in exchange through Christ…." After we are baptised not called death but a slumber and a [and] many nations shall come [to the but as a failure to grasp the meaning for the salvation of the Jews'" [pp. 149, and enter the Church, we too should falling asleep [for which we should not] Lord]" (4.3). of true religion…. Yet Micah … holds xxiii, 153]. mature, whatever our age. sorrow (1 Thes 4.13)." fast to the hope of an eventually purified and restored nation" [p. 143].
The Lord's promise of deliverance (5.1-9) At this time, in the whole of both the Mic 5.2 when a king emerging from Prof J. Lindbloom notes in Prophecy in is linked to an indictment of His people northern and southern kingdoms, Bethlehem is quoted in full in Mt 2.6 to Ancient Israel that in the Book of Micah Elder Aimilianos reflects: This psalm is (5.10-15) in which the Lord asks for faith much of life has become so corrupt indicate the birth of Jesus Christ. Ambrose "there is no chronological order, individual "concerned with the search for God and and justice, not ritual (6.1-16). The Lord and materialistic and self-oriented writes of Mic 6.6-8: "The gospel says to revelations are connected because they the experience of His presence." The tells the people "what does the LORD that Augustine's preaching can be you, 'Arise, let us go from here' (Jn 14.31), contain similar ideas. Sometimes there is opening phrase "for the end" refers to require of you but to do justice, and to applied to this time: "You ask what while the law says to you 'You shall walk no clear connection at all" [p. 252]. Yet "the conclusion of an agonizing struggle, love kindness [that is, 'steadfast love,' you should offer: offer yourself. For after the Lord your God' (Deu 13.4). You there is a strong historical context, as Prof the resolution of an arduous [that is, hesed in Hebrew] and, and to walk what else does the Lord seek of you have learned the method of your flight Lindbloom notes with an emphasis upon difficult] quest, which seemed like it humbly with your God?" (6.8). However, but you? Because of all earthly from here-why do you delay?" Mic 7.8 "O my people remember" (6.5). The would end in utter failure. However, the Israelites do not obey; and the Lord creatures he has made nothing better ("Rejoice not over me, O my enemy; when question Micah poses in 6.8 applies to all contrary to all expectations, it resulted in 03-Jun Micah 5-7 Ps 76 (77) will execute judgment before bringing than you, he seeks yourself from I fall I shall rise….") echoes throughout the Jews and all Christians throughout the the victory of the one who seemed them deliverance and having compassion yourself, because you have lost NT. Ambrose urges: "The fall of infirmity is ages. B. W. Anderson writes in The Eighth defeated…. When does our spirit upon them (7.1-19). Micah's personal yourself." Bede urges that "the full not grave if free from the desire of the will. Century Prophets: Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, experience sorrow? When does it feel woe is linked to confidence that he "will expression of the priesthood is Have the will to rise. He is at hand who will Micah that these verses refer "to practice, pain? When it understands that wait for the God of my salvation, my God comprised of the combination of the cause you to rise." Note that motivation not theory; to life as it is lived concretely, something separates it from God; when it will hear me" (7.7) and defeat His teaching of truth with good works." often follows action, and that prayer is a not to ideals or principles that belong in a feels the dividing wall standing between enemies (7.10). This applies to all lay people as well- form of action that often leads to God's world of abstraction." [pp. 47, 37]. itself and God (cf. Eph 2.14)." However, seek and teach truth to others and do intervention. in v. 4 the psalmist "remembered God good works. and was glad." [pp. 324-330] Joel 1.1-2.11 describes a plague of Modern scholars date the book ACCS OT XIV notes: "Undoubtedly Joel is J. Lindblom writes: "The prophetic books Clement of Alexandria writes in Christ the locusts "which is symbolic of judgment sometime between 400 to 350 BC, but the prophet most associated with the of the OT must in the first place be Educator 1.9: "God's righteousness cried and recalls one of the plagues on Egypt" it could have been written earlier. J. outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, understood as collections of prophetic out: 'If you will come to me be righteous, [ACCS OT XIV, p. 57]. In the face of great Lindblom writes: "The Book of Joel and the NT recognized as much. Joel 2.14- revelations…. The material [the collectors] [then] I will deal with you justly. If you danger, the people are urged to repent may be appropriately described as a 25 signals the demise [that is, defeat] of had at their disposal [included] … oracles, walk treacherously, [then] I will do so (2.12-17). The Lord has "pity on his blend [that is, a harmonious the devil by Christ [and] the cross of Christ other sayings, and larger prophetic also' says the Lord of hosts (Ps 18.25-26; people" (2.18) and promises that "I will combination] of liturgical texts and as the new tree of life…. Joel 2.28-32 compositions and, in addition, short Ps 17.26-27 LXX). [God] is suggesting that pour out my Spirit on all [people]" (2.28), other prophetic sayings, probably all promises the sending of the Holy Spirit, narratives about episodes in the life of the he will punish the treacherous ways of but he judges all the nations (3.12) so the work of a single prophet, which Christ's ascension and the day of prophets. For the most part this material hardened sinners…. The Lord's reprimand they "shall know that I am the LORD your have been gathered together by a Pentecost…. Joel 3.1-21 speaks of the was orally transmitted, but sometimes had is very beneficial…. As a rule, people who God, who dwell in Zion, my holy collector" [p. 277]. B. W. Anderson judgment of the nations, a remnant of true been recorded in writing either by the have little regard for what is good behave 04-Jun Joel 1-3 mountain" (3.17). St John Chrysostom writes: "The books of Obadiah, believers and the incarnation…. The prophets themselves or by their Ps 77 (78):1-16 kindly and remember to love humankind compares "the teeth of a lion" (Joel 1.6) Malachi, and Joel present a picture of powerful and unusual manifestations of disciples…. The task of the chief collector out of fear of [God's] justice." However, to "those inordinate passions … and a struggling Jewish community, the Holy Spirit through visions, dreams and was to bring all this material together into Clement is writing in the 2nd and 3rd affections … that mar our souls…. For as threatened from the outside by prophecies signaled the unfolding of God's larger units or compositions, which century AD to those who have both some long as we live, those passions live within neighboring peoples and the presence in the new covenant consistent constitute the essential content of our belief in God and some fear of Him. His us." They can be subdued "only by the pressures of foreign culture, and with similar phenomena under the old prophetic books…. The tradition insights might not apply to a culture precious blood of Christ, if it is received weakened from within by poverty, covenant, but with the purpose now of represented by the collectors is on the where there is little belief in God nor fear with full assurance…." discontentment, and religious apathy. revealing Jesus as the promised Messiah" whole essentially reliable as a record of of Him. This was the situation when Ezra and [pp. xxii, 57]. the ideas of the prophets…" [pp. 278-279]. Nehemiah appeared on the scene" [p. 524].
Joel 4 does not appear in the LXX nor in B. W. Anderson writes: "The prophecy ACCS OT XIV states: "The catastrophic In Joel 4.13 the juxtaposition [that is, the Augustine preached that Christ "is himself most modern Biblical translations. F. L. of Obadiah is a bitter outcry against consequences of the destruction of the placing together] of human interest in the bread of heaven that came down from Cross and E. A. Livingstone write: "Wide Edom, the nation which … had seized temple, as predicted by Jesus, was foretold warfare and divine interest in the harvest heaven.… This bread was also signified by differences exist among scholars about part of the territory of Judah after the in the fall of the Edomites…. The 'Day of is clear. [See the OSB note, p. 1016]. In manna ['the grain of heaven"' in vv. 24-25]…. the origin, purpose, and date of the Book fall of Jerusalem (see Mal 12-5)…. The the Lord' is a time of punishment, but it is Obadiah too, warfare gives way to God's Who can the bread of heaven be, but Christ? But for people to eat the bread of angels, the [of Joel]…. [The Book of Obadiah] date of Obadiah's prophecy cannot be also a time for divine justice and fairness. judgment on the nation of Edom. Today Lord of angels became a human being. foretells the punishment of the determined exactly… By the fourth Some church fathers applied the 'Day' to some 59 armed conflicts are now ongoing. Because if he had not become this, we would Edomites, the traditional foes of the century [BC] these invaders, known as the punishment of unbelievers at the last See not have his flesh; if we did not have his Jews…" [pp. 880, 1169]. Joel 4.1-17 sets Nabateans, had claimed the Edomite judgment. The cup of wrath that the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ongo flesh, we would not eat the bread of the 05-Jun Joel 4, Obadiah out the judgment of the nations; and mountain acropolis of Sela (cf. Obad Assyrians and Chaldeans drank ing_armed_conflicts. There is also Ps 77 (78):17-33 altar [i. e., the Eucharist]…. This is where you 4.18-21 sets out the future prosperity of 3) and in time carved into the Edomite foreshadowed that which the Jews increasing awareness of the importance of are going…. You come through Christ to Zion. In Obadiah, verses 1 to 14 describe limestone cliffs their splendid capital, experienced with the Romans in A.D. 70. agriculture, especially in the context of the Christ. How through Christ to Christ? the judgment of Edom, the descendants the 'rose city' of Petra, which today is Jerusalem, Mount Zion and Mount Essau impact climate change will have on many Through Christ the man to Christ the God, of Esau, the twin brother of Jacob. The [a beautiful] archaeological attraction are all used as types of the church" [p. countries. Thus, the central themes of both through the Word made flesh to the word closing verses, 15 to 21, set out that "the east of the Jordon [River]" [p. 522]. xxiii]. Theodoret of Cyr wrote: "From Joel and Obadiah have considerable which in the beginning was God with God (Jn day of the Lord is near" with His [See also NET Bible, Full Notes edition, [Mount Zion] God will disperse holiness contemporary resonance [that is, echoes 1.1, 1.14)." judgment upon the nations. [See OSB p. 1706, note A]. into the entire inhabited earth through the into the future]. note on v. 15, p. 1018]. saving cross." In chapter 1 Jonah runs away and Nineveh was the last capital of ancient ACCS XIV OT notes: "The prophet Jonah John Chrysostom preached of 1.11 when Basil's words in On the Holy Spirit 19.49 can disobeys God's call to go to Nineveh in Assyria. The events described by emerged as one of the central minor "the sea grew" very stormy: "Tell me, are be linked to these verses in this psalm: "The order to urge the people to repent of Jonah are believed to have taken prophets in relation to the new covenant. you running away from the master [God Spirit speaks with the authority of the Lord their wickedness. In chapter 2 Jonah place during the reign of King This is so mainly because Jesus likened Himself]? Then wait a little bit and you will (Acts 10.20; Acts 13.2; Is 48.16; Is 63.14 LXX). repents of his failure to follow the word Jeroboam (790-750 BC). Although himself to Jonah…. The church fathers … learn from the state of affairs themselves Do not try again to convince me that this 'leading' by the Spirit is some lowly service. of the Lord, is thrown into the sea, some modern Biblical commentators argued that Jonah 1.17 [when Jonah that you will be unable to escape…." Scripture testifies that it is the work of God swallowed by a great fish and then believe the book of Jonah is a legend, remained in the belly of the great fish for Paulinus of York writes: "Jonah surely (Ps 80.1/79.2 LXX: 'Give ear, O Shepherd of deposited safely on land. In chapter 3 both The Orthodox Study Bible and three days and three nights] spoke of the teaches us that the sea and stars are Israel, thou who leadest Joseph like a flock'). Jonah does go to Nineveh; and the The New American Study Bible (NASB) resurrection of Christ. Jonah 1.4-17 moved under God's control. By vainly Therefore, when you hear that 'the 06-Jun Jonah people of Nineveh (followed by the king) confirm its historical character. Of contains a variety of later-disclosed seeking to flee from God the controller of Ps 77 (78):37-54 Comforter will bring to remembrance all that do repent. In 3.10 God relents from "the Jonah's confusion in 4.1-11, Jerome meanings: Jesus calming the sea and the all things whom none can escape, he I have said to you and I will guide you into all evil which he had said he would do to writes: "The prophet knows, the Holy winds, Matthias replacing the apostate aroused the anger of both sky and sea. truth' (Jn 14.26; 16.13), do not quibble over them" Chap; and he did not do it." Spirit teaching him, that the Judas by lot, and the whole episode Nature, which belongs to the almighty the meaning." Chapter 4.1-8 sets out Jonah's confused repentance of the Gentiles is the ruin reflecting Jonah as a type of the Lord, realized that [Jonah] was revolting, response to God's kindness followed by of the Jews. A lover, then, of his resurrection…" [p. xxiii]. The Book of and it was afraid to play conspirator by why God chose to save the city (4.9-11). country does not so much envy the Jonah is referenced in the NT in Mt 12.39- transporting the guilty man safely through deliverance of Nineveh as will that his 41, 16.4, Lk 11:29-32. its domain…." own country should not perish…."
Verses 1.1-7 set out how God "knows It was Nahum who told David (1) in 2 ACAS OT XIV notes: "Nahum's parting of Of Nat 1.15 ("Keep your feasts, O Judah, Of God's choice of David and Joseph in the those who take refuge in Him" (1.1-7). Sam/2 Kings 7 that the Lord did not the water (ch 1) mirrors Jesus walking on fulfil your vows") Athanasius writes: "Once concluding verses of the LXX ("And He chose The central theme of the book is God's want him to build a house; and (2) in 2 the water, thus showing Christ's again, dear friends, God has brought us to David His servant, and took him up from the judgment on the wickedness of Nineveh Sam 12 demanded David's repentance leadership. The breath of the Holy Spirit is the Easter season. By his lovingkindness flocks of sheep…. to shepherd Jacob His (1.8-12a; 2.3-3.19) linked to a promise to for the killing of Uriah; and (3) applied to the resurrection of Christ and we are once more about to assemble for it. servant, and Israel His inheritance"), Bishop Nicholai Velimirovich (1880-1956) writes: free Judah from the Assyrians (1.12b- intervened with Bathsheba and King Christ's breath upon the twelve apostles in The same God who brought Israel out of "God will be with the just man…. You are the 2.2). The language is stark: "Horsemen David to make Solomon king, instead the Gospel of John… Nathum 2-3 Egypt now calls us to the feast, saying justice of the just, O Living God. His justice is charging, flashing sword and glittering of Adonijah (1 Kings/3 Kings). So, reemphasizes that the breath of the Holy through Moses Deut 16.1.… So if God not to be found in the laws of men, laws spear, hosts of slain, heaps of corpses, Nahum's wisdom and prophetic acts, Spirit refers to the special anointing Jesus Himself loves the feast and calls us to it, it which people write hastily but implement 07-Jun Nahum dead bodies without end-they stumble as well as David's willingness to obey gave to the twelve apostles to remit sin as is not right, brothers and sisters, to Ps 77 (78):55-72 lazily. Your presence is his [i. e., David's] over the bodies!" (3.3). NASB notes: the prophet, were of great importance new priests of the new covenant. This postpone it or to observe it carelessly. We justice and Your every breath is his new "Some words are addressed to Judah for both David and Solomon, as well as anointing they pass on through apostolic should come to it eagerly and zealously, so law…. Who is a just man besides those who (see 1.12-13, 15), but most are for the future of Israel. NASB notes succession." Nah 1.15 is cited in Rom that with a joyful beginning here we will bear God within them? No one, Lord" [cited addressed to Nineveh (see 1.11, 14; 2.1, that: "Nahum prophesied Nineveh's 10.15: "How timely is the arrival of those experience a foretaste of the heavenly by Manley-P, p. 289]. 13; 3.5-17.19) or its king (3.18). The fall, which was fulfilled in 612 [BC] [so] who proclaim the good news" (Cf. Is 52.7). feast that is to come." book, however, was meant for Judahite Nahum uttered this oracle between readers" [p. 1308]. 633 and 612 [BC]" [p. 1308]. This book considers the problem of evil The Book of "Habakkuk is somewhat Hab 2.4 ("The righteous shall live by his St Augustine wrote in Confessions of Hab Of God's anger in this psalm, Gregory of in a dialogue between Habakkuk and unique in that it includes no oracle faith") is cited in Rom 1.17, Gal 3.11 and 2.1: "O truth, you do preside over all Nazianzus writes: "Whatever you do God. Habakkuk's first complaint (1.2-4) addressed to Israel. It contains, rather, Heb 10:35-38. Hab 1.5 is cited in Acts things…. All seek counsel concerning what according to your will is perfect. 'You are is: "O LORD, how long shall I cry for help, a dialogue between the prophet and 13.41. Augustine asks: "Of what else than they wish, but they do not always hear angry, and we have sinned,' someone and thou wilt not hear?... The law is God" [NASB, p. 1314]. God tells the the advent of Christ, who was to come, is what they wish. [Those] serve you best said long ago, in making confession. Now slacked and justice never goes forth." prophet, Habakkuk: "Look among the Habakkuk understood to say [in 2.1-3]? who do not so much expect to hear the it is time for me to say the opposite, 'We The Lord's surprising answer (1.5-11) is nations and see; wonder and be Theodoret of Cyr writes that Habakkuk thing from you that [they] desire, but have sinned, and you are angry;' that "I am rousing the Chaldeans [i. e., astounded. For I am doing a work in was not "in fact, as some commentators rather to desire what [they] hear from therefore 'we have become a reproach to the Babylonians], that bitter and hasty your day, that you would not believe if believe [uttering his own complaint, but you." That remains a challenge for all of us- our neighbors.' You turned your face 08-Jun Habbakuk Ps 78 (79) nation … to seize habitations not their I told" (1.5). Habakkuk's question to rather] he presents the views of the others to listen to the Lord and to desire what we from us, and we were filled with own." Habakkuk protests (1.12-17), but God-"Why do you look with favor on and supplies instructions on the questions hear from Him." E. W. Heaton writes of dishonor. But stay, Lord; cease, Lord, the Lord silences him (2.2-20); and the those who deal treacherously? (1.13)- raised." Cf. Psalm 11.1 (10.1 LXX) in which Hab 3.17-18: "This is how Hebrew faith at forgive, Lord; deliver us not up forever prophet responds with a prayer (3.1-19), is based on the forewarning from God David asks a similar question. In both its best answered intellectual difficulties at because of our iniquities [that is, sinful rejoicing that "GOD, the Lord is my of the behaviour of the Babylonians cases, their concern is why injustice their worst" [pp. 17-18]. acts]…. [May we] learn wisdom from the strength." who would invade Israel and destroy continues. trials of others." Jerusalem and the Temple.
Zephaniah warns of the coming Day of With King Cyrus having authorised the There are no explicit mentions of Gregory the Great urges: "Hear how Of God's punishment and the people's Judgment in which many nations will be Jews to return from the Exile to Zephaniah in the NT, but the theme of "Be Zephaniah holds out over [the people in plea for mercy in vv. 3-7, Caesarius of destroyed (1.2-2.15). The people of Jerusalem, the prophet Zechariah silent before the Lord GOD! for the day of Zep 1.15-16] the power of divine rebuke." Arles preached: "If a person knows [they] Judah are purified (3.1-10); but "the urges the leaders and people to the LORD is near" (Zep 1.7) carries over to Anticipating the coming of Jesus Christ, have committed some serious sin, [they] proud exulting [that is, triumphant] rebuild the Temple. Zephaniah is the NT. Both Church Fathers and some John Chrysostom writes of Zep 3.9 and should have recourse to the remedies of ones" will never return from exile (3.11), thought to have prophesied in the first modern Biblical commentators link Haggai 2.11: "No longer … will people worship him repentance while there is still time and it leaving "a humble and lowly people… the part of the reign of King Josiah (640- 2 to the coming of the Messiah. Ambrose in Jerusalem but everywhere throughout is within [their] power to do so. Indeed, remnant of Israel [who] will do no 609 BC), reaching out to both the cites Hag 1.8 and urges: "Make straight the world." St Theodoret of Cyr wrote of conversion in the present life and wrong" (3.12 ff.). Haggai urges the people of Judah and its capital your ways, order your actions so that they Zep 3.19-20: "The salvation of human penance that is fruitfully performed Governor of Judah, the High Priest and Jerusalem, as well as to those who may have due order which is necessary beings rests with divine lovingkindness brings a swift cure to wounds of this kind, 09-Jun Zephaniah, Haggai Ps 79 (80) the people to rebuild the Temple (1.2- were still in exile [See NET Bible-FN, and useful for building the house of God." alone: we do not earn salvation as the for repentance not only heals a past 11); They obey the prophet (1.12-2.9); note C, p. 1764]. Although the Theodoret of Cyr writes that God ordered wages of righteousness; rather it is a gift of wound but also guards the soul against and their obedience is blessed (2.10-23). foundations of a new temple were laid the rebuilding of the Temple not because divine goodness…." Yet, paradoxically, further injury through sin…. [For those Haggai stresses the importance of at that time, the work was then He had "any need of it, … but so that [the Jerome preached that "God does not come who continue to sin] the amount of obedience (2.7-9, 19) and the stopped by Samaritans and other Jews] might observe the law in it and reap because of words but because of good punishment [will] be measured according consequences of disobedience (1.6, 11; neighbors until authorised again by the benefit…" works." Thus the "gift of divine goodness" to the manner, number and measure of 2.16-17) [See NASB note, p. 1321]. King Darius of Persia. Haggai has to be met by human "good works." sin…. Every person will then reap the prophesied later in 520 BC during the things [they] sought." second year of the reign of Darius. The Lord says: "Return to me … and I will Chapters 1 to 8 of the book of Zec ACCX OT XIV notes: "Among the 12 Minor Cassiodorus' words on Ps 6.1 can be This psalm begins with the words "For return to you…. Be not like your fathers;" consider the years between 520 BC to Prophets … [Zec] is the book most applied to the coming day of the Lord in the end" which Elder Aimilianos explains and the people repented" (1.3-6). A 518 BC, after both the destruction of [mentioned] in the NT, [with] 12 Zec 1.14: "What is more beneficial and "is a phrase usually associated with the series of eight night visions follow the Temple and the return of the Jews [mentions] in the Gospels… 23 in farsighted for [those] who could have no most important psalms, which as a rule beginning with the future of Jerusalem from Babylon to Judah. NASB notes: Revelation… [and] many others in the NT, hope in [their] own deserts because of the were performed by the lead musicians (1.7-2.13), a confrontation with satan "Like Jeremiah (1.1) and Ezekiel (1.3), including Jude 9 …. Zec 2 had hidden sins which [they] have committed than to [and] … speak of God's future (3.1-2), the cleansing of Joshua (3.3-10) Zec was not only a prophet (1.1) but within it a foreshadowing of the Father decide to pray to God's fatherly love while manifestation on earth, either in and a golden lampstand and two olive also a priest. He was born in Babylonia and the Son, including the salvific [that is, in this world, where there is opportunity expectation of His advent in the flesh or trees (4.1-14) [See the note on 1.7 in The and was among those who returned relating to salvation and liberation from for repentance?" Origen preached that: His Second Coming. In these psalms we OSB]. E. W. Heaton writes: "Zec affirms to Judah in 538 B.C. under the sin] message of Jesus for Jews and "All who see are not equally enlightened can therefore expect to encounter God … his conviction that God will restore [the] leadership of Zerubbabel and Joshua Gentiles. Zec 3.1-2 contributed to the by Christ, but individuals are enlightened in the midst of the liturgical assembly…. Temple and establish Zerubbabel and (his grandfather Iddo is named among belief that Melchizedek was a type of the according to the measure in which they The immediate cause for joy [in v. 2] is 10-Jun Zechariah 1-4 Ps 80 (81) Joshua, as king and high-priest the returnees in Neh 12.4), as head of eternal priesthood of Christ. Zec 3.3-10 are able to receive the power of light…. To not anything that God has done or will respectively…. We get the impression that priestly family (Neh 12.10-16). At speaks about the spiritual regeneration the extent that our minds shall have … do, but rather God Himself…. The 'new that [Zec] was a faithful and modest a later time when Joiakim was high that a person who is baptized presented [themselves] nearer the gods' [of v. 10] are the idols fashioned by teacher, faced with despondency in the priest, Zed apparently succeeded Iddo experiences...." [pp. 230, xxiv]. In 4.1-2 Zec splendor of His Light, to such an extent will man. They are, in fact, projections of man community and with the degeneration (1.1,7), as head of that priestly family sees a golden lampstand and a menorah-a [they] be made to shine more himself, who has put himself in the place that despondency breeds-slovenly [that (Neh 12.10-16). Since the grandson seven-branched candlestick-just as St John magnificently and clearly in His Light." This of God. Man's gods and idols are his is, careless] worship, corrupt legal succeeded the grandfather, it has the Theologian sees Christ in the middle of remains true today. thoughts; his self-will is the god he practice, divorce, social injustice, and been suggested that the father a similar lampstand and menorah (Rev worships, for he is a slave to his desires" cynicism" [p. 19]. (Berekiah 1.1, 7) died at an early age" 1.12-20). [pp. 113-127]. [p. 1331].
The night visions continue with a flying Zechariah writes of a loving God who NASB writes of ch. 6: "Zec foretold Christ's Basil the Great preached of 6.12 ("Behold, Of v. 8 ("Arise, O God, judge the earth; scroll carrying a curse (5.1-4) and an blesses but also punishes His people coming in lowliness (6.12), His humanity the man whose name is the Branch [in LXX for to thee belong all the nations") ephah-an ancient Hebrew container that to bring them back to Him [See NET- (6.12; 13.7)… His building of the Lord's 'the Orient, or the east in which direction Gregory of Nazianzus preached: "Often holds 40 litres/9 gallons-with wickedness FN, Note P, p. 1771]. B. W. Anderson temple (6.12-13), … His priesthood (6.13) the sun rises']: for he shall grow up in his were the righteous given to the hands of inside (5.11). Further visions follow of writes: "The oracles are cast in a [and] … His kingship (6.13; 9.9; 14.9-16)" place, and he shall build the temple of the the wicked (Job 9.24), not that the latter four chariots that "patrol the earth" (6.1- bizarre apocalyptic form [that is, [p. 1332]. Gregory of Nyssa links Zec 5.5- Lord") that the Branch was a "spiritual might be honored but that the former 8) and instructions to crown Joshua as referring to End Times or great 11 to 1 Cor 10.11, in that St Paul "wrote light [that] will rise, when the darkness might be tested; and though the wicked high priest (6.9-14). Focus continues to upheavals] that was popular in symbolically, both for the people of his that comes from ignorance and come … to an awful death (Job 9.23), be placed on how the Lord will help the Judaism in the late post-exilic period" own time and 'for our instruction.'" 1 Cor wickedness is destroyed, early morning nevertheless for the present the godly rebuilding of the Temple (6.15). [p. 518]. NASB Study Bible writes: 10:13 remains a guide for Jews, early will be at hand. Since then, light has come are a laughing stock, while the goodness Guidance is given about fasting and "Most likely Zec wrote the entire book Christians and for us today: "God is into the world in order that he who walks of God and the great treasuries of what is repentance (7.1-14) and the future of that bears his name. Some have faithful: He will not let you be tried beyond about in it may not stumble, his help is in store for each of them hereafter are 11-Jun Zechariah 5-8 Israel (8.1-23). The Lord's promises that questioned the authorship of chs. 9 to what you are able to bear, but with the able to cause the early morning. Or Ps 81 (82) concealed. Then indeed word and deed He will "save [the people of Israel] and 14-citing differences in style and other trial [He] will also provide a way out…." perhaps, since the Resurrection was in the will be weighed in the just balances of you shall be a blessing. Fear not, but let compositional features, and giving The trials also help us to grow as persons dim morning twilight, God will help the city God, as he arises to judge the earth, your hands be strong" (8.13). In 8.20-23 historical and chronological references and as Christians. Augustine said of Zec in the morning early [through Christ], who gathering together counsel and works the pagan peoples around Jerusalem that allegedly require a different date 8.22: "The whole life of a good Christian is on the third day, early on the morning of and revealing what he had kept sealed "seek the LORD of hosts" and say to the and author from those of chs. 1 to 8. a holy longing to make progress." the Resurrection gained the victory over up. Of this let the words and sufferings of Jews: "Let us go with you, for we have All these objections, however, can be death." Job convince you, who was a truthful, heard that God is with you." explained in other satisfactory ways, blameless, just God-fearing man." so there is no compelling reason to question the unity of the book" [p. 1331]. Chapters 9 and 10 contain an oracle Jerome sees the three shepherds in The strong messianic references St Clement of Alexandria writes in Christ Of v. 1 in LXX ("O God, who can be about the coming of the messianic king. 11.8 as Moses, Aaron and Jesus Christ: throughout Zechariah have been applied the Educator 1.5-5 of how the young colt likened to You?") Athanasius writes: Zechariah gives the word of the Lord to "We, under the leadership of Jesus, to Jesus Christ by many Church Fathers. in Zac 9.9 indicates that: "We are [now] "Albeit we cannot become like God in the nation of Judah: "'Though I scattered have come to the Jordan and have For example, "Lo, your king comes to you; free and newly born, joyous in our faith, essence, yet by progress in virtue [we them among the nations, yet in far entered the Promised Land…. We may triumphant and victorious is he, humble holding fast to the course of truth, swift in can] imitate God, the Lord granting us countries they shall remember me, and understand this historically of Moses and riding on … a colt the foal of an ass" seeking salvation spurning and trampling this grace, in the words, 'Be merciful, with their children they shall live and and Aaron. Moses-and Aaron also-was (Zac 9.9) has been applied by Justin Martyr upon worldliness… [The word] 'young' even as your Father is merciful' (Lk 6.36), return…. I will make them strong in the conducted to but not inducted into to Jesus entering Jerusalem. Mt 26.15 links [before 'colt] … emphasizes humankind's 'Be perfect, as your heavenly Father is LORD and they shall glory in his name,' the Promised Land. Jesus took Moses' the 30 pieces of silver of Zac 11.12-13 to rejuvenation in Christ and its unending, perfect' (Mt 5.48)…." Athanasius says the LORD" (10.9, 12). However, in place…. Even now Jesus himself, our the 30 pieces of silver given to Judas for eternal youth and simplicity. Our divine acknowledges that "God is truly chapter 11 the oracle continues with the leader, holds the sword and always betraying Jesus Christ. The "implements of Tamer trains such young colts as little unchangeable," so we cannot "be rejection of this messianic, shepherd- goes before us and fights for us and a worthless shepherd" in 11.15 lead ones." Ambrose sees the colt as carrying identical with [God]," yet we can grow 12-Jun Zechariah 9-11 king, linked to the condemnation of conquers our adversaries. For seven Gregory of Nazianzus to pray: [May he grain for which the brothers of Joseph Ps 82 (83) closer to Him. Of v. 2 Jerome preached: Judah's kings as like a "worthless days, we march around the city of guide us] that we may feed his flock with gave him money, but "Joseph gave them "If you ever have anything against shepherd who deserts the flock" (Zec Jericho, in other words, this world. We knowledge (Jer 3.15)…. May he give the grain and gave back the money (Gen another … and you are humble for the 11.17). Basil stresses how God offers sound the priestly trumpets and strength and power to his people (Ps 42.25-28). For Christ is not bought with sake of Christ while your opponent is both blessings to those who are good march around Jericho, this world, and 68.35/67.36) … so that in his temple money but with grace: your payment is haughty for the sake of the devil, you are and punishment to those who sin: "He the walls fall, and we enter and everyone, both flock and shepherds faith, and with it are bought God's imitating [Jesus Christ] who says: 'Learn who causes the sun to rise (Mt 5.45; Rev consider ourselves victors. Next we together may say, Glory (Ps 29/28.9) in mysteries…." from me; for I am gentle and lowly in 21.23) also strikes people with blindness" conquer the city Ai; then go to Jebus, Christ Jesus our Lord, to whom be all glory heart' (Mt 12.29)." (2/4 Kings 6.18; Acts 9.8). to Azor, other cities; we conquer the forever and ever." enemies that we were unable to vanquish under Moses."
The final vision given to Zec prophesies Ephrem the Syrian writes of 14.9: The idea of God being pierced in Zec 12.10 Goldberg and Rayner write: "Work on Elder Aimilianos writes: "We are told [in the conversion of Judah in which "the "This passage refers to the glorious is linked by NASB, p. 1345 to Ps 22.16, Is restoring the Temple appears to have the introduction to the psalm] that the inhabitants of Jerusalem have strength time of the Maccabees when … all of 53.5; Jn 19.34 "and partly fulfilled in Jn started immediately… But the initial text is 'a psalm,' which means that it through the LORD of hosts, their God," Judea embraced … the one God. At 19.37," p. 1345. NASB notes that part of enthusiasm soon faded. Those old enough deals not merely with historical events, even though "all the nations of the earth the same time, the things which you 13.7 "is quoted by Jesus not long before to remember the glory of the first Temple but with the life of the soul. It is a lyrical will come together against it" (12.5, 3b). see here to be foreshadowed were His arrest (Matt 26.31; Mark 14.27) and wept bitterly when they saw the modest poem expressing religious feelings and [On the technical meaning of the word fulfilled and perfected by Christ…. applied to the scattering of the apostles dimensions of its replacement. Promises of spiritual experiences. To be sure, in "oracle," see NET-FN, note 0, p. 1274]. [and when] the whole world believed (Matt 26.56; Mark 14.49-50), who in turn aid from the Persian court did not Psalm 84 we have all the necessary The Lord will "pour out on the house of in Him and recognized that He is God are probably typological of the dispersion materialize. Tension between the supplies and provisions for our journey." David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem a and the true king. What I said to refer of the Jews in A.D. 70 and the subsequent returning exiles and their native kinsmen Of v. 3 ("My soul longs and faints for the spirit of compassion and supplication to the time of the Maccabees and the years" [p. 1346]. Ephrem the Syrian wrote was exacerbated [that is, greatly courts of the Lord") the elder reflects: 13-Jun Zechariah 12-14 [that is, humble request], so that when dominion of the Jews was brought to of 14.9: "It is clear that this passage refers increased] by religious differences Haggai Ps 83 (84) "[This] movement in a particular they look on him whom they have its completion all over the world, to the glorious time of the Maccabees and Zechariah give hints of an direction … is a turning to, and an pierced, they shall mourn for him, as one when, after the promulgation [that is, when … all of Judea embraced … the one impoverished and dispirited community, in embrace of God… a passage, a mourns for an only child…" (12.10). The the making known] of the gospel, the God. At the same time, the things which which …. Isaiah's vision of a great progression, a pilgrimage to the dwellings people of Judah will cleansed "from sin whole world believed in him and you see here to be foreshadowed were ingathering and the establishment of of God, indeed to God Himself. In the life and impurity" (13.1). A great battle and recognized that he is God and the true fulfilled and perfected by Christ…. [and Yahweh's universal rule from Zion was of the soul, moreover, this is an endless an earthquake will then occur after king." Ephrem's exegesis here looks when] the whole world believed in Him fragmented because of selfishness, movement, an endless search; an endless which "The LORD will become king over both into the past and the future. [See and recognized that He is God and the true indifference and religious syncretism-the longing to be with God" [pp. 168-172]. all the earth" (14.9). OSB note on Zech 14.1, 8-11 on king." mixing of Israelite and pagan practices…." liturgical role of passage]. [p. 53]. 'I have loved you', says the LORD. (1.2-5), The building of The Temple was Mal 1.2 is cited in Rom 9.13; Mal 4.5-6 is Of 1.6 in which the Lord says "If then I am Of v. 10 LXX ("Mercy and truth are met but neither the priests (1.6-2.9) nor the completed in 516 BC; Ezra and several noted in Mk 9.11 and Lk 1.17; and Mal 3.1 a master, where is my fear? John Cassian together") Cassiodorus reflects: "Through people (2.10-17) have been faithful. thousand more Jews arrived in 458 and Is 40.3 are linked together in Mk 1.2, writes: "There is a great distinction, then, the Lord's gift, the two Testaments [Old Therefore, the Lord states, "I will draw BC; and in 445 BC Nehemiah became anticipating the coming of St John the between the fear that lacks for nothing, and New] have been united in an near to you for judgment (3.5); but He Governor of Jerusalem and led much Baptist. St Augustine agrees with St Cyril of which is the treasure of wisdom and interlinked chain. In the NT comes mercy, urges, "Return to Me, and I will return to reform. However, Nehemiah left Jerusalem that Mal 3.1 ("The Lord you knowledge, and the one that is imperfect, by which the human race is freed you" (3.7). To the question, "How shall Jerusalem in 433 BC; and both people seek will suddenly come to his temple; the which is called 'the beginning of wisdom' through grace; in the Old comes truth, in we return?" The Lord urges the people to and priests fell back into sin until messenger of the covenant in whom you (Ps 111/110.10). The latter has which the Law and proclamation of the bring "the full tithes into the storehouse, Nehemiah's return. Malachi was delight, behold, he is coming") indicates punishment in itself, and is cast out from prophets are contained, as was already that there may be food in my house." probably prophesying and writing the first and second coming of Christ. ACCS the hearts of the perfect upon the advent said at Ps 70. These two have met each Then He will "pour down for you an some time after 433 BC. Goldberg and OT IX notes: "Malachi … closes a long of the fullness of love [in 1 Jn 4.18]." On other not to maintain their opposition, 14-Jun Malachi overflowing blessing" (3.8-10). Some Rayner write: "Malachi was as phase of revealed truth for Jews. For the theme of the Day of the Lord (Mal Ps 84 (85) but to fulfil the grace of promised "feared the LORD" and he "heeded them vehement as any of his predecessors Christians, however, it anticipates the 3.19/LXX 4.1, Joel 2.30-31, Am 5.18 and perfection; for it is clear that what was and said, "They shall be mine… and I will in denouncing moral laxity, priestly fulfillment of all the messianic expectation Ob 15) see NET Bible-FN, p. 1786, note S. seen to be divided by eras has become spare them" (3.16-17). Ch 4 (3.19 LXX) corruption and the breakdown of of the old covenant in Christ…. The figure Throughout the OT and the NT, "The LORD one… The two states, justice and peace, warns that "the great and terrible day of ethical standards. The high rate of of Elijah is used to point to John the Baptist your God is a devouring fire" (Zech 2.5; [have] lastingly entered into reciprocal the Lord" is coming when He will bring divorce was a public scandal, and the as the last prophetic precursor to the 5.4; 11.1; 14.5) who both judges (Deu harmony of a kind of loving embrace. "healing in its wings" to the righteous, line separating Jews from pagans was Messiah" [pp. xxv, 283]. 4.24; Acts 10.42) and blesses (Deu 9.3; Nm Such an embrace tends to occur when but will "tread down the wicked." At that blurring, through numerous 6.24-25; Acts 3.26). This remains true people see each other after a long time; time people will be afraid that he will intermarriages which threatened the today. We are each judged and blessed in loving enthusiasm they hug each other "come and smite the land with a curse." community's integrity" [p. 54]. throughout our lives. with arms entwined."
The book of Isaiah opens with an appeal Potok writes that Isaiah began "his Preaching on Isa 2.2, Augustine saw "the In Isaiah through the Ages (Monastery Of v. 2 ("Save your servant who trusts in for obedience, not sacrifice (1.2-31). The prophetic career in the year of the LORD's mountain" as "the central place Books, 1995) Joanna Manley writes: you") Clement of Alexandria reflects: "sinful nation [is] … laden with iniquity" death of King Uzziah of Judah, around they are coming to is Christ." Augustine "Studying Isaiah and its commentaries can "The Word is our educator who heals the (1.4); and the people are urged to "make 742 B.C.E. [See Isa 6.1]. Isaiah was urged his listeners and us: "Approach the be considered a holy task…. We see in the unnatural passions of our soul with His yourselves clean… cease to do evil, learn apparently of the royal family, for he mountain, climb up the mountain, do not Book of Isaiah a stern but caring dialogue counsel. The art of healing, strictly to do good; seek justice…" (1.16-17). came and went with ease in the court go down it. [Up] there you will be safe, between God and His people through His speaking, is the relief of the ills of the "Everyone loves a bribe and runs after of the king. He had been ignored by there you will be protected. Christ is your prophet, and we see how He worked body, an art learned through human gifts" (1.23), so the Lord punishes the King Ahaz, who had turned to Assyria mountain of refuge. And where is Christ? through history and the Word…. We learn wisdom. Yet, the only true divine healer people. Everyone is urged "to walk in the for help, a move that brought Judah At the right hand of the Father, since He the holiness of being a servant of God. We of human sickness, the holy comforter of 15-Jun Isaiah 1-2 light of the LORD" (2.5), but the Lord's into the straggling status of vassal. has ascended into heaven." ACCS OT X learn of the necessity of purity in service Ps 85 (86) the soul when it is ill, is the Word of the judgment is coming (2.4,6-22). Basil How Isaiah loathed the indolent notes that for the Church Fathers: and in worship of God through the writings Father… The healer, by his art, cures the writes: "We need voice to indicate our wealth he saw all around him.; how "Scripture was not a compendium [that is, of [Isaiah and other] spiritual ancestors, body of its diseases, but it is wisdom that thoughts, but God, affecting directly the deeply he felt the pain of the poor; a concise summary] of Jewish history or and their struggles to keep from idolatry, rids the spirit of its ills…. The good very ruling aspect of the soul in those how he despised the mechanical even a textbook of Jewish theology but an while we in modern times are tempted by educator … the Word of the Father who who are worthy, impresses on them the observance of the cult of YHWH…. announcement of the coming Messiah" [p. the allurements of mammon in the media" created human beings… heals both body knowledge of his own will." Assyria [became] the rod of the anger xvii]. (p. xiii). and soul." of YHWH; evil was being used to punish evil…." [p. 131]. The disintegration of male leadership in Goldberg and Rayner write: "In Judah, The Church Fathers viewed the OT as St John Chrysostom preached: "You see, Of v.4 on Rehab and Babylon Augustine Judea (3.1-15) is followed by the women a new king, Ahaz, had succeeded to "entirely Christocentric in line with the even if many people do not admit [their reflects: "Rahab was a harlot who becoming distraught (3.16-4.1) until the the throne in 735 [BC]. Judah would early Church's task to define the identity of sins and faults] in so many words but claim secretly admitted the spies of Joshua Lord's "glorious presence" returns (4.2- not join the anti-Assyrian coalition. Christ in establishing the scope of the to believe in the doctrine of the when they visited Jericho, and let them 6). Isaiah 5 sets out the sins which have The coalition could not tolerate a Bible, even in defense of retaining OT resurrection and future retribution, out by another exit so that they should led to "a love song" gone wrong between neutral, potentially hostile, neighbour, writings in the Christian canon of Scripture. nevertheless I take notice not of their not be captured (cf. Jos 2.1 ff.). Her name the Lord and His people (5.1). Therefore, and invaded Judah from the north, For the Fathers, each verse in Isaiah begins words but of what they do day to day. That means 'pride.' She was converted by the Lord tells Isaiah that "my people go aided in the south by an Enomite and ends in Christ, who is the cornerstone, is to say, if you are looking forward to God's generosity, and deserved to obtain into exile for want of knowledge" (5.13). insurrection against Judean the head and foundation of our faith" (cf. 1 resurrection and retribution, why go mercy. She is a type of the 'church, which "Man is bowed down…. But the LORD of sovereignty. Ahaz, in desperation, Cor 3:10-11). The Christian interpretation chasing the values of this life to such an takes in souls endangered by the vice of 16-Jun Isaiah 3-5 hosts is exalted in justice, and the Holy appealed to Tiglath-Pileser, despite a of Isaiah essentially begins with the words extent? Why, tell me, do you put yourself Ps 86 (87) pride, and lets them out by another God shows himself holy in righteousness" stern warning from the prophet Isaiah of Jesus [in] Lk 4.16-21. Significantly, St. to such trouble day in and day out route, the way of humility and patience. (5.15-16). The Lord "will raise a signal for not to take such a step, but to trust in Paul, after his conversion on the road to amassing more possessions?... 'Woe to Babylon is the city of the world, and a nation far off [i. e., the Babylonians]" to Yahweh's promises to David. Dire Damascus, roots the Christian message in those who add house to house, who add means 'confusion.' It indicates the people attack and defeat Judah; and "none can emergency had no time for prophetic the prophecy of Isaiah (e.g. Rom 11.25- field to field so as to steal from their of this world … who through the Lord's rescue" them (5.26-30). faith, and the Assyrian king was only 27)" [Manley-I, p. viii]. neighbor' (Isa 5.8 LXX)." mercy were enlightened and became too keen to help. His army fell upon Christians." the coalition and destroyed it utterly…" [p. 41].
In Isa 6.1 the prophet sees "the Lord Lindblom writes: "The task of Isaiah In Is 7.14 the Hebrew word (almah) means Isaiah's awareness in Isa 6.5 that he is a sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up." was to execute the divine judgment both a "a young woman" and "a virgin." sinner is an insight that all of us can Elder Aimilianos writes that we share Seraphim purge Isaiah of his sins; and call on his people by hardening their The Church Fathers and the Gospel of St experience. Yet immediately after the "the dilemma of the psalmist … The out: "Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of hearts. In the OT to harden the heart Matthew 1.22-23 took the view that "all moment of his deep awareness of personal question is ultimately this: Will he offer hosts" (6.2-3). Isaiah responds: "Woe is means to [be] unresponsive to the this took place to fulfil what the Lord has sin, he is told "Your evil is removed; your himself as a voluntary sacrifice to the will me!... for I am a man of unclean lips, and divine word. [Those] in such a state of spoken by the prophet" Isaiah about the sin is forgiven" (6.7). Note Isaiah's three of God, or not?... [His] salvation hinges I dwell in the midst of a people of mind … stand under judgement and birth of Jesus Christ. St Theophylact writes: important experiences: (1) I am a sinner; on … the acceptance or rejection of his unclean lips" (6.4-5). Then one of the become subject to the divine "Whether the text reads 'young woman' or (2) The stain of sin is removed by the Lord; suffering [within his soul].… Initially, God seraphim touches Isaiah's mouth with "a punishment…. If we consider [Isaiah's] 'virgin,' it should be understood in either and (3) I am now ready to serve the Lord in and I are separate, in such a way that my burning coal" and tells him, "Your guilt is message as a whole, it is clear that the case that it is a virgin who will give birth so whatever task is assigned to me. This self, my narrow self-concern, leaves no 17-Jun Isaiah 6-8 taken away, your sin forgiven" (6.6-7). hardening of Israel's heart was not his that the event may be a miraculous sign." experience is possible for each of us in Ps 87 (88) room for God…. There cannot be two When the Lord asks, "Whom shall I last word. Two positive elements are In Israel in antiquity a young woman and prayer without any visions of angels. Gods, and so it is either God or the self… send?" to these sinning people. The present in his teaching: he never the virginal state were one and the same Jerome writes: "According to the Hebrew, It is precisely the mistaken, negative prophet replies, "Here I am, send me" ceased to exhort [that is, to urge reality. We must be careful not to read Isaiah cries out in anguish and says, 'Woe is attitude toward suffering that constitutes (6.8). He is then told what to say (6.8-13). strongly and sincerely] his people to back into the Scriptures the looser sexual me because I have held my peace. Isaiah's the separation between [me] and God. Isa 7.1-9 records the Assyrian threat; and repentance, and he was assured [by mores of the contemporary West! sin was that he had "held [his] peace"-that But if 'I' cease to exist, if my attitude to in 8.16 Isaiah waits for the Lord." the Lord] that a remnant would be is, he had remained silent. suffering changes [and I accept it], then I saved from doom and turn to can be united to God. This union depends Yahweh" [pp. 186-187] on the denial of my self, so that He can come into my life." [pp. 100-109]. Symeon the New Theologian writes of Gregory of Nazianzus' preaching can Of 9.6 and the "Child [who] is born to us Gregory of Nazianzus reflects on 9.13 Of v. 7 and a God who is feared, John 9.2: "Learn and be persuaded that 'those be applied to 9.13 when "the people and a Son given to us, whose government ("The people did not turn to Him who Chrysostom preached: "O such strictness who sit in darkness must see the great did not turn to him who smote them": is upon His shoulder" John of Damascus smote [that is, beat] them. They did not toward the righteous! O such abundant Light shine,' if only they look toward it, "It is better to turn again when we err writes: "The things said concerning Christ seek the LORD of hosts"): "It is better to forgiveness toward the sinner! He finds and … though it shone in the past it is than to be free of correction when we fall into four generic modes [that is, turn again when we err than to be free of so many different means, without [possible for us] of the present day to see stumble. For whom the Lord loves He specific groups, ways of living]. For some correction when we stumble. For whom himself changing, to keep the righteous it while [we] are still in the body." The chastens [that is, frees from faults and fit in even before the Incarnation, others in the Lord loves He chastens (Prov 3.12), in check and forgive the sinner, by Lord's judgment intensifies (9.8-10.4); sins by punishing] (Prov 3.12), and a the union [that is, between humanity and and a rebuke is a fatherly action. Every usefully dividing his rich goodness. And and He turns on Assyria who seek "to cut rebuke is a fatherly action. Every soul God in the Incarnation], others after the soul that is not chastised is not healed. Is listen how. If he frightens the sinner who 18-Jun Isaiah 9-10 off nations" (10.7). After the Lord has that [sins and] is not chastised is not union, and others after the Resurrection." not then freedom from chastisement a Ps 88 (89):1-13 persists in sins, he brings him to judged the Jews and their kings and idols, healed. [So, at times] is not then Of 9.6 and "the Messenger of great hard thing? But to fail to be corrected by desperation…. If he blesses the righteous, He judges the Assyrians and their freedom from chastisement a hard Counsel" Augustine preached: "Angel in the chastisement is still harder." God he weakens the intensity of his virtue and "arrogant" kings (10.12), because "the thing? But to fail to be corrected by Greek is in Latin 'messenger.' So you have treats sin by people and by nations the makes him neglect his zeal, since he wealth of the peoples" has become like the chastisement is still harder." God the Lord saying that He announces to us same way in the OT and the NT. considers himself already blessed. For "eggs that have been forsaken" (10.14). treats sin by people and by nations the kingdom of heaven… because He took this reason he is merciful to the sinner the same way in the OT and the NT flesh…." and frightens the righteous…." and today.
The description of the ideal king and the Of 14.26 ("This is the purpose that is Rom 15.12 cites Is 11.1; and Eusebius of Of 11.2 ("the Spirit of the LORD shall rest David still suffered after his anointing in kingdom he will establish (11.1-10) is purposed concerning the whole Caesarea and many Church Fathers see upon him, the spirit of wisdom and v.20, so Maximus the Confessor writes: followed by recovering "the remnant of earth") Theodoret of Cyrus writes: "the shoot" from Jesse in 11.1 as a understanding, the spirit of counsel and "What is long-suffering? … Perseverance in his people" (11.11-16). Israel begins to "For the ruination of the Assyrians and prophecy of the Incarnation: "It is strength….") Augustine writes that this adversity, endurance of evils, to abide to the "sing praises to the LORD, for he has the Babylonians was a consolation for prophesied that one will come forth of the "shows very plainly that faith is not end of temptation, not to let one's anger out by chance, not to speak a word in folly…. done gloriously" (12.1-6). The Lord all nations, since they held power over seed of Jesse, that is to say, of David, many received because of merit but by the These then are the marks of long-suffering. judges Babylon (13; 14.22-23), Assyria all the inhabitants of Asia and of years after the death of both David and mercy of him who has mercy on whom he Yes, and to reckon oneself the cause of (14.24-27) and Philistia (14.28-31). At the Egypt. Even the inhabitants of Europe Solomon." Just as the Hebrews "came up will (Rom 9.18), when he says of himself: 'I temptation also belongs to long-suffering…. same time, the Lord restores the land to … drew an advantage from it" [See from the land of Egypt," so Joseph and have obtained mercy to be faithful' (1 Cor In fact, many of the things that befall us, Israel "and the afflicted of His people will NET Bible-FN, note N, p. 1274]. John Mary came up from Egypt to Palestine [See 7.25)…. 'The love of God has been poured befall us for our training, either to do away seek refuge in it" (14.32). Of 14.27 ("The of Damascus writes: "God, being OSB note on 11.16, p. 1068]. Isa 12.5 is out in our hearts through the Holy Spirit with past sins or to correct present neglect 19-Jun Isaiah 11-14 LORD of hosts has purposed, and who immaterial and uncircumscribed, is echoed in the Ode of the Theotokos in Lk who has been given to us (Rom 5.5)." Ps 88(89):14-27 or to check future sinful deeds. He then who will annul it?") John Chrysostom not in a place. For He, who fills all 1:49. Is 13.10 ("the stars in heaven and Every Orthodox Christian can pray and reckons that temptation has come upon him preached: "What God has reared up and things and is over all things…is His own their constellations will not give their light; draw closer to the Holy Spirit who brings for one of these reasons is not vexed in its wishes to remain, no one can tear down. place. However, God is also said to be the sun will dark at its rising and the moon the wisdom and energy that can guide our attack, especially as he is conscious of his In the same way, what he has destroyed in a place; and this place where God is will not shed its light") is echoed in daily lives to reach His will for each of us, sin" [cf. Lk 21.19]. and wishes to stay destroyed, no one can said to be is there where His operation "darkness over the land" at the Crucifixion both in times of danger and in times of joy rebuild." is plainly visible…. The Church, too, is (Mt 27.45) and Mt 24.29, Mk 13.24 and [See NET Bible-FN, note E, p. 1272]. called the place of God, because we Rev 6.12, 8.12. have set it apart for His glorification…." The Lord's judgment against the nations Goldberg and Rayner write: "The Eusebius of Caesarea sees the throne of Isa The OT vine imagery of Is 18.5-6 in which On the mercy of God in vv. 31-34, Ambrose that began in Isaiah 13 with the truncated kingdom of Israel, now 16.5 as the throne not only of David, but of the brushwood is cut off and left in the advises: "Let the soul that would advance in judgment of Babylon continues with [much] reduced in size … made one Christ, because "Christ who is born from fields is built up in Jn 15.1-8 where Christ is virtue first bruise and thresh out its Assyria and Philistia (14), Moab (15 and last attempt to throw off the yoke of the tent (tabernacle) of David will sit upon "the true vine, and my Father is the superfluous passions that at the harvest it 16), Damascus (17) and Assyrian domination. When Tiglath- the throne…. David himself is called christ vinedresser. Every branch of mine that may have fruits to show. How many weeds choke the good seed! These must first be Cush/Nubia/ancient Ethiopia (18). The Pileser died, [King] Hoshea made an because from his posterity Christ is born bears no fruit, he takes away, and every rooted out, so that they will not destroy the theme of these chapters is set in Isa alliance with an Egyptian princeling according to the flesh. Therefore, the tent branch that does bear fruit he prunes that fruitful crop of the soul. The careful guardian 17.12-14 LXX: "Woe to the multitude of and withheld his tribute to the (tabernacle) of David is the church, and the it bears more fruit… Abide in me, and I in of the soul then sees how he may restrain many nations" who have rejected the Assyrians." However, the city of throne belongs to the head of the you…. I am the vine, you are the [the soul] in its pleasures and cut off its 20-Jun Isaiah 15-18 Ps 88(89):28-41 Lord because "toward evening there shall Samaria fell in 721 BC. "Her people church…. The Acts of the Apostles will branches… If a man does not abide in me, desires to prevent it being overwhelmed be grief; before the morning and [many were exiled… [and] in the course of confirm [in Acts 15.13-18] that these he is cast forth as a branch and withers; with delight in them…. No one who is nations] shall not be." See NASB note, p. time they merged with the local prophecies are written concerning the and the branches are gathered, thrown chastened and corrected need lose hope, for 958 that states: "Isaiah is a book that population and forgot their identity, Church of the Gentiles…. This will take into the fire and burned. If you abide in one who loves his son chastises him. No one unveils the full dimensions of God's becoming 'the ten lost tribes.' place not through types and symbols but me, and my words abide in you, ask should despair of a remedy." judgment and salvation…. Yet God will Henceforth it is to the tiny country of with truth." whatever you will, and it shall be done for have compassion on His people [Israel]." Judah that we must look for the you." history and religion of the Jewish people" [pp.41-42].
The Lord's judgment against the nations The alliances among the enemies of Of Isa 19.1 in which "the LORD rises on a Potok writes: "The war against Judah Of v. 49/50 ("Where are thy ancient mercies continues for Egypt and Israel continue, as does the fall of swift-moving cloud and comes to Egypt" resulted in one of the most monumental O Lord…." LXX) Augustine notes that the Cush/Nubia/ancient Ethiopia (19-20), many nations. [See NET BIBLE-FN-note Jerome writes: "Appreciate what this and chilling works of art in the ancient psalm is attributed to Ethan (a musician in Babylon (21.1-10), Dumah/Edom (21.11- Fsn, p. 1285]. The expectation of "a means: The Lord comes, the Lord and world: the depiction of the siege of King David's court) and reflects: "Now the 12) and Arabia (21.13-17). However, the highway from Egypt to Assyria" [in Isa Savior, into the Egypt in which we live; the Lachish, a fortified city southwest of question can justly be raised whether this represents the complaint of those Israelites Egyptians cry out to the Lord (19.18-22) 19.23] may well reflect the Lord comes into the land of darkness Jerusalem which [fought hard against the who longed to receive the fulfillment of the Then Egypt, Assyria and Israel worship international trade and commerce of where Pharaoh is…. Now what is this swift Assyrians]. An Assyrian artist used the promise made to David; or is it rather the the Lord together, as they "return to the the [later] Hellenistic age" [Manley-I, cloud? I think it is holy Mary with child of siege as a subject for a series of vivid bas- appeal of Christians who are Israelites not by LORD, and he will listen to their prayers p. 315, citing Clements]. Of 21.8 LXX no human seed. This swift cloud has come reliefs in the palace of Sennacherib at physical descent but by spiritual kinship?" and heal them (19.23-24)." Lactantius ("Harken with great attention, and call into the world and brought with it the Nineveh. I saw them one rainy London Augustine proposes that the psalm "would writes of Isa 19.20 ("He will send them a you Urias to the watch-tower, the Creator of the world. What does Isaiah morning in the Assyrian salon of the British not have been put in this form … unless this Psalm 88(89):42- 21-Jun Isaiah 19-21 man who shall save them, and with Lord has spoken") Theodoret of Cyr say? 'The Lord will enter into Egypt upon a Museum, wall after wall of stone panels on prophecy assumed the person of those who judgment shall he heal them"): "That he writes: "'Keep quiet,' he says, 'stop swift cloud; and the idols of Egypt shall be which the artist and his aides [portrayed] 52 were to come long afterwards, for whom the was both God and man was declared your speech, so that your ears may be shattered (19.1b).' The Lord has come, and the horror, brutality, and grim efficiency of period when those promises were given to before by the prophets. That he was attentive. Take Urias as a companion the false gods of Egypt [in ancient times [the] Assyrian [approach to] war…. A large David would be 'ancient times.'" The psalm God, Isaiah thus declares [in Isa 45.14- for: 'By the mouth of two or three … and in our lives today] tremble violently, pit was recently uncovered near Lachish could apply both to David's times and to 16]…. Likewise that he was man … Isaiah witnesses, shall every word be crash together and are destroyed." containing the remains of [1,500 bodies] those Jews who were later to accept Christ. also thus speaks [in Isa 19.20]." established (Deu 19.15; also Isa 8.2 and the bones of pigs. It was the garbage and 4/2 Kings 16.10-16).'" Then they dump of the Assyrian army" [p. 134]. listen together for the message in Isa 21.9: "Babylon is fallen." The judgments of the Lord continue for The rise and fall of nations described The key of David from Isa 22.22 is cited in Writing of 22.13 ("Let us eat and drink, for Of vv. 16-17, Elder Aimilianos advises: Jerusalem (22), Tyre (modern Lebanon) in these chapters of Isaiah are Rev 3.7. The harlot of Tyre from Isa 23.17 tomorrow we die") Cyprian reminds us of "[Truthful] history is written, the people (23) and the earth (24). It is unclear grounded in historical facts. The is linked to the "great harlot" of Rev 17.1. the importance of seeking spiritual food, are led, and the soul makes progress, whether ch. 22 is a factual description of Assyrian army led by King Sennacherib "The mirth of the timbrels is stilled, the rather than physical food, as set out in: (1) only to the extent that God's presence is "the final Babylonian siege of Jerusalem did indeed withdraw from its siege of noise of the jubilant has ceased, the mirth Jn 4.34 when Jesus said, "My food is to do manifest. For it is God Who undertakes to in 588-586 B.C… or the siege of the Jerusalem in 701/702 BC. King of the lyre is stilled" from Isa 24.8 is linked the will of the one who sent me;" (2) 1 Cor write the story of my life, to form and Assyrian king Sennacherib in 701 BC" Hezekiah did pay tribute to encourage to Rev 18.22 when "the sound of harpers 8.8 when Paul wrote "Food does not fashion my being, which is not fashioned [NASB note on 22.1-13]. NASB also notes the Assyrians to withdraw, but there and minstrels, of flute players and commend us to God; neither if we eat shall at some particular moment, but is being that chapters 24 to 27 "deal with may also have been divine trumpeters shall be heard in thee no we abound, nor if we do not eat shall we continually fashioned. Whatever has not judgment and blessing in the last days, intervention. Isaiah had urged the king more." Echoing 1 Tim 6:12 ("Fight the good lack;" and (3) Rom 14.17, "The kingdom of been made by God, that is, whatever I the times of God's final victory over the not to surrender. Anderson writes: fight of the faith; take hold of the eternal God is not food and drink, but make, even if it's with all the power of forces of evil. These chapters form a "The prophets always addressed life to which you were called") Basil writes righteousness and peace, and joy in the my will, with all my good intentions, is 22-Jun Isaiah 22-24 conclusion to chs.13-23 just as chs.34-35 themselves to the situation at hand. of 22.4: "Do not despair of salvation…. The Holy Spirit." Of 22.4 ("Let me weep bitter Ps 89/90 nothing more than a cobweb. It is form a conclusion to chs. 28-33" [p. 989, And Isaiah, in 701 B.C.E. was called to Lord does not wish the death of a sinner…. tears") John Chrysostom preached: "Grief destined to be swept away; condemned note on 24.1-27.13]. Thus both 24.5-6 speak to that situation, not the earlier Have you slipped? Rise up. Have you is often capable of refreshing distressed to die. It is something that is done in a when "the earth lies polluted under its situation of the Syro-Israelite war or sinned? Cease…. You will be saved when … souls and of rendering a burdened condition of alienation and exile (cf. 1 Pet inhabitants" and 24.23 are prophecies of the later situation of Jeremiah's day" you bewail your sins…. Do not … because conscience light…. So oftentimes sadness is 2.11)…. The experience of the ages tells the future when "the LORD of Hosts will [L-pp. 349-355]. David Rohl writes that of certain human considerations, hesitate the bearer of consolation … with regard to us one thing: spiritual life is a struggle reign on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem the Assyrians were decimated when to come to me…. Again, take up the this world [and] much more with regard to with God, figured in the wrestling of and before his elders he will manifest his they "started to come down with struggle…." spiritual things." Jacob (cf. Gen 32.24-30)" [p. 164]. glory." bacillary dysentery and … the bubonic plague carried by rats" [p. 421].
God's judgment on "ruthless nations" On 24.10 see NET Bible-FN, note F, p. Isa 25.8 (The Lord "will swallow up death The awareness in 26.18 that "we have Cassiodorus writes: "This psalm has leads to praise from His people, as the 1291. The "lavish banquet" in 25.6 for ever") is quoted in part in 1 Cor 15.54 wrought no deliverance in the earth" is marvellous power and routs impure Lord enables his people to feast; and with its "rich food is symbolic of great ("Death has been swallowed up in linked to Israel's challenge of having an spirits. The devil retires vanquished from "the LORD God will wipe away tears spiritual blessings" (cf. Isa 55.2; Ps victory"). The plea in Isa 26.12, "O LORD… historical mission to bring all people to us through the very means by which he from all faces" and "swallow up death 22.26; Ps 34.8) [NASB-p. 991]. Nicetas ordain peace for us" is linked by Augustine worship the Lord, which requires sought to tempt us, for that wicked spirit forever" (25.3-8). The "righteous nation" of Remesiana applies Is 26.9 ("My soul to 1 Cor 2.9 (which quotes Isa 64.4) and obedience to the Lord. John Chrysostom is mindful of his own presumption and of has learned to keep faith, and the people yearns for thee in the night") to the Phil 4.7 when "the peace of God that preached of how "it is … the practice of the God's victory. Christ by His own power have learned to "trust in the LORD for purpose and usefulness of modern surpasses all understanding will keep your prophets and the just to grieve not only for overcame the devil in His own regard, 23-Jun Isaiah 25-27 ever" (26.2-4). However, the Lord will vigils: "And now, beloved, I ought to hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus." themselves but also for the rest of Ps 90 (91) and likewise conquers him in ours. So, still "punish the inhabitants of the earth say a word about the antiquity of the "The great trumpet [that] will be blown" in humankind." As Christians, we share that this psalm should be recited by us when for their iniquity [that is, sinfulness and tradition and the utility of vigils. It is Isa 27.13 reappears in Mt 24.31 (when the hope of bringing all people to faith in Jesus night sets in after all the actions of the wickedness" (26.21). "In days to come easier to begin a work if we keep Lord "will send out his angels with a loud Christ, with a life of prayer and action day; the devil must realize that we Jacob shall take root; Israel shall blossom before our eyes how useful it is. The trumpet call", as well as in 1 Cor 15.52 and within His Church that grieves both for belong to [Christ] to whom he and put forth shoots and fill the whole devotion to vigils is very old…. It was 1 Thess 4.16 as "the trumpet of God." ourselves and others, with faith and hope. remembers that he himself yielded." [Cf. world with fruit" (27.6). the prophet Isaiah who cried out to NET-FN, notes O, Q, R and S, p. 1013]. the Lord [the words of 26.9]." The judgment of the nations continues Of Isa 28.16 with the laying of "a Of the "crown of glory" in 28.5, Cyril of Augustine points out that to the Jews "the Augustine asks: "What … does this psalm with Ephraim (the Northern Kingdom of precious corner-stone for a firm Alexandria writes: "Quite a number of infant at birth is shown to be the chief teach us? … to confess unto the Lord … Israel and its capital Samaria) (28.1-13) foundation," B. W. Anderson writes in [Jews] believed in Christ, and his apostles cornerstone announced by [Isaiah in both in your sins, because you have done and the Southern Kingdom of Judah and The Eighth Century Prophets that were, so to speak, the first fruit." 28.11 is 28.16]. To the Gentiles, Christ "is them, and in your good works, … because its capital Jerusalem/Ariel (28.14-29.16). God's "intention, according to Isaiah's cited in 1 Cor 14.21 ("By people with manifested to … the magi from the East." He has done them…. If you seek the However, changes are coming, especially prophecy, was to form in the crucible strange tongues and by the lips of [Thus] Jesus Christ "has already begun to Name of God, He also seeks your name; in Lebanon (29.17-24). "That day" in Isa of suffering new People-a chastened strangers I will speak to this people, yet weld together in himself the two walls but if you have neglected the Name of 29.18 indicates that "beyond the day of and purified remnant of grace that not even in this way will they listen to originally set in different directions, God, He also blots out yours…. What is it Assyria's destruction lies the day of would represent a new beginning … a me"). The "precious cornerstone [laid] for bringing [together] shepherds from Judea to tell of the truth of God in the night? Israel's restoration." The "deaf will hear New Community, the New Jerusalem; a firm foundation" in Jerusalem in 28.16 is and magi from the East." Jerome also sees [v.3 LXX]. Not to accuse God because you 24-Jun Isaiah 28-29 … blind will see" [is] linked with the and those who put their faith, rather quoted in 1 Pt 2.6. Its meaning is this cornerstone as restoring "two peoples Ps 91 (92) suffer anything evil, but to attribute it to Messianic age in 35.5 and cited by Jesus than relying on political strategies, developed further in Eph 2.20 when the [i. e., Jews and Christians] to unity." That your own sins [and] His correction; to tell Christ in Mt 11.5. Contrast 6.9, when the would stand firm (cf. 7.9)…. Israel's foundation is "the apostles and prophets, work of bringing Jews and Christians closer of His loving-kindness early in the Lord tells Isaiah the people are and will prophetic poets … use passionate [with] Christ Jesus himself being the together continues today. morning and of His truth in the night. remain blind and deaf, unable to see or human language to lift our sights cornerstone" and 1 Cor 3.11 ("For no one When you do this, you do always praise listen [NASB, p. 996]. [See also NET Bible- above the level of human psychology can lay any foundation other than what is God, always confess to God and sing unto FN, note Dsn, p. 1301]. to the theological level of God's being laid which is Jesus Christ"). His name…." involvement in the life of his people" [pp. 79-80].
There is strong criticism from the Lord in In 30.1-5 "Isaiah develops his sharp Of 30.11 ("leave the way, turn aside from Of 30.15 Jerome writes: "It is never too This psalm is entitled "For the day before the prophecy from Isaiah about reliance criticism of Hezekiah's withdrawal of the path, let us hear no more of the Holy late to repent. You may have gone down the Sabbath," which Augustine interprets on an alliance with Egypt and "those who allegiance to Assyria on the basis of One of Israel") R. E. Clements writes: "Such from Jerusalem and may have been as: "God made man in His own image on take refuge in the protection of Pharaoh" the expectation of military aid from words were obviously not actually a wounded on the way; yet the Samaritan the sixth day; so we find that our Lord (30.2). On the contrary, "In returning and Egypt…. The Assyrian threat to Judah quotation of what the people said, but the will set you upon his beast and will bring Jesus Christ came into the sixth age, that rest you shall be saved; in quietness and was imminent [and] …the [unfulfilled] Prophet puts into their mouths the true you to the inn and will take care of you (Lk man might be formed anew after the in trust shall be your strength" (30.15). promises of military assistance from implication of what they wanted. By 10.30-34)…. At least imitate [that blind image of God … The first day was from However, the people still trust in speedy Egypt had become desperately rejecting the messages of Yahweh which man] for whose sake the Savior left his Adam until Noah; the second day, from horses-that is, military defense (30.16). urgent…. [However, Isaiah is saying had been given through Isaiah, they had home and heritage and came to Jericho Noah unto Abraham; the third day, from Nevertheless, this is followed by the that] even if the Egyptians attempted given evidence that they wanted nothing (Mk 10.50). They were sitting in darkness Abraham unto David; the fourth day from 25-Jun Isaiah 30-31 promise that the Lord will not abandon to fulfil their pledges, their help would more to do with him" [cited in Manley, and in the shadow of death when the light Ps 92 (93) David unto the [exile in] Babylon; … the His people (30.18-33). The criticism of be worthless…. [Compare the Lord's p.470]. Mt 7.13 offers a similar warning shone upon them You too will have your fifth day from [the Exile] unto the relying on Egypt continues (31.1-3) linked promise of a good harvest in 30.23 to] that "there are many … [who travel on] the sight restored, if you cry to him and cast preaching of John. The sixth day … lasts to a plea, "Turn to him [i. e., the Lord] the assumption in Hag 1.6 that a lack …broad… way that leads to destruction." away your filthy garments at his call. to the end. And after the sixth day, we from whom you have deeply revolted, O of fruitfulness reflects a lack of true Turning away from the Lord leads to 'When you shall turn and repent then shall reach our rest…." Note this is not the People of Israel (31.4-7). Assyria will be worship"] [Manley, Isaiah through the similar consequences in both the OT and you be saved, and then shall you know Protestant theology of dispensationalism defeated "because his officers desert the Ages, pp. 469, 472; quoting R. E. the NT. where you have been'" (Isa 30.15 LXX). [see standard in panic" (31.9). Clements, Isaiah 1-39, pp.243-253]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensati onalism], but simply an historical reflection. Justice, wisdom and trust will prevail: R. E. Clements writes: "The major part 32.20 ("Happy are you who sow beside all Of 33.6 ("The fear of the LORD is his The psalmist urges us to place our "The effect of righteousness will be of ch.34 is concerned with the threat waters") is linked to Rev 17.15 where "the treasure") John Cassian writes: "It must confidence in the Lord; and Augustine peace, and the result of righteousness, of a fierce judgment upon Edom (34.5- waters that [John] saw are peoples, follow that any one solidly established in reflects: "Dearly beloved, … the devil is quietness and trust for ever" (32.17). The 17), to which is prefaced a threat of multitudes, nations, and [languages]." the perfection of this love will rise to that always either raging or lying in ambush. words of Gregory the Great have been Yahweh's judgment upon all nations Clement of Alexandria writes: "Blessed are more excellent and more sublime [that is, So, [let us] be always prepared by applied to these verses: "One addicted to (34.1-4). The case of Edom, therefore, those who sow beside all waters," [that is] supreme and awe-inspiring] stage that is keeping our hearts fixed on the Lord…. much speaking fails entirely to keep on is seen as a special application of the the people from the law and from the the fear derived from love. It is the mixture Let us live as he commands us, and when the straight path of righteousness…. The coming eschatological world- Gentiles, gathered into one faith." In a of respect and affection that a son has for we stumble and stagger in this life, let us righteousness of the mind is lacking judgment…. Quite evidently the similar vein Ps 28/29.3 ("The voice of the a very indulgent [that is, too tolerant and call on him as the disciples called on him where there is not restraint on gravely weakened state of Judah Lord is upon the waters") is linked to the generous] father, a brother for a brother, a when they said, 'Lord, increase our faith' immoderate speaking." There will also be under Babylonian control had allowed baptism of Jesus Christ. Isa 34.4 ("All the friend for a friend, a wife [and] a husband (Lk 17.5)." Augustine links the judgment (33, 34), because "the LORD is the Edomites to expand their territory host of heaven shall rot away, and the [for each other]. This is the fear that has encouragement in v. 19 ("When the cares 26-Jun Isaiah 32-34 enraged against all the nations" (34.2). and control at the expense of the skies roll up like a scroll") is linked with Rev been elegantly described in Isa 33.6…. This Ps 93 (94) of my heart are many, thy consolations The people plea "O LORD, be gracious to native Judean population" [in Manley- 6.14 ("the sky vanished like a scroll that is is the fear to which saints, not sinners, are cheer my soul") to Rom 12.12 ("Rejoice in us. We wait for thee. Be our arm every I, pp.515-516]. Lindblom writes of rolled up"). Isa 34.10 ("its smoke shall go invited by the prophetic oracles…. your hope, be patient in tribulation, be morning, our salvation in the time of ch.34 and 35 that "it is not necessary up forever") is linked to Rev 19.3 ("the Someone holding to this fear of the Lord is constant in prayer") which continues in v. trouble" (33.2). The Lord urges: "Draw to ascribe [these chapters] directly to smoke from her goes up for ever and certain to lack no perfection." 18, "If possible, so far as it depends on near, O nations, to hear, and harken, O the great anonymous prophet of the ever"). you, live peaceably with all." peoples" (34.1). exile. We must assume that this prophet, like others, had a group of disciples who imitated his style and reproduced his ideas…" [p.284].
The promise that both the land and There were three sieges of Jerusalem: Bede the Great, Eusebius of Caesarea, In every generation there is a "Way of This psalm is a call to worship and begins: people of Judah will be transformed on (1) About 702 BC the Assyrians sent Gregory of Nyssa and many other Church Holiness" (35.8), but there is also a broad "O come, let us sing to the LORD;… Let us "the Holy Way" (35.8) gives way to the out by King Sennacherib failed to Fathers link 35.1 ("Let the desert blossom "way that leads to destruction" (Mt 7.14). come into his presence with confrontation with Assyria led by King conquer Jerusalem and returned to as a lily") to John the Baptist because at We too make choices about which paths to thanksgiving." Verses 7-11 are cited in Sennacherib and his chief adviser Lachish their homes; (2) Then about 598 BC that time many who came out to the follow. Prayer can guide us. Hezekiah's Heb 3.7-11. The rebellion at Meribah and (36). King Hezekiah and his advisers and King Nebuchadnezzar II sent out his desert came to believe in Christ, fulfilling turning to the Lord (37.14-20) is a model Massah in v. 8 f. refers to Ex 17.1-7, Num the leading priests "put on sackcloth" troops; and King Jehoiakim paid Isaiah's words, "They will see the grandeur for today. When Hezekiah sends a 20.1-13 and Deut 6.16, 9.22, 33.8 [See and pray to the Lord; and they are extensive tribune to avoid the sacking of the LORD, the splendor of our God" message to Isaiah in 37.2-3, he begins NASB note on 95.8, p.838 and NET-FN, rescued, as the Assyrians leave Jerusalem of the city. (3) However, in 587 BC (35.2) not only in the 6th century BC, but "Thus says Hezekiah," not, "Thus says the Notes V and W, p. 1016]. Fulgentius of (37). See Isa 22-24. Of 35.10 ("sorrow Nebuchadnezzar razed the city and some 600 years later. Isa 35.6 ("Then shall king." Jerome notes: [Hezekiah is] "not Ruspe links this psalm to Ecles 5.3/4, and sighing shall flee away") Augustine took many of its residents into the lame man leap like a hart, and the swelling pridefully with political power…. "When you make a vow to the Lord do 27-Jun Isaiah 35-37 Ps 94 (95) preached: "Certainly hope is very captivity in Babylon [See Rohl, pp. 420- tongue of the dumb sing for joy") has the And [he has] confidence in [God's] not delay to pay it." Of v. 6 Augustine necessary for us in our exile [on earth]. It 432]. NASB notes: "Much of chs. 36-39 messianic context of Mt 11.5 and Lk 7.22. punishment [of the Assyrians] because the writes: "Do not lift yourself up above is what consoles us on the journey. When is paralleled, sometimes verbatim, in Isa 35.3 ("Strengthen the weak hands, and living God is being blasphemed by the God; submit yourself to God, worship, the traveller, after all, finds it wearisome 2/4 Kings 18.13-20.19…. Chs. 36-37 make firm the feeble knees") is echoed in worship of idols…. [Hezekiah lifts] up a prostrate yourself, confess to the one walking along, he puts up with the describe the fulfillment of many Heb 12.12 ("Lift your drooping hands and prayer, therefore, not for all the people who made you; because nobody can fatigue precisely because he hopes to predictions about Assyria's collapse, strengthen your weak knees"). who have already perished, but for the recreate you except the one who creates; arrive…. (cf. Rom 8.23 and "awaiting" while chs. 38-39 point toward the remnant who are besieged (37.4)." nobody can make you new but the one adoption by God.)" Babylonian conquest of chs. 40-66" who made you in the first place." [note on 36.1-39.8, p.1004]. These chapters cover three historical Chapter 40 begins "The Book of The awareness that God comforts us in Origen preached: "The Lord wants to find Of v. 1 ("O sing to the LORD a new song; events: (1) King Hezekiah becomes Comfort" (40-66). Palaeography-the times of trouble (40.1) is further in you a path by which he can enter into sing to the LORD, all the earth!") terminally ill. He asks not for healing but study of ancient handwriting-showed developed in 2 Cor 1.4 in which God your soul and make his journey. Prepare Eusebius of Caesarea writes: "In Psalm tearfully says, "I have walked before conclusively in May 2021 in PLOS One "comforts us in all our affliction [that is, for him the path of which it is said, 'Make 95[/96] the coming of the Lord to thee [God] in faithfulness and with a that there were two different scribes any distress or suffering], so that we may straight his path'…. Now the way of the humankind is again foretold, and that a whole heart" (38.3); and receives 15 for the Book of Isaiah [See be able to comfort those experiencing any Lord is made straight in two ways: by new song, by which is meant a new additional years of life (38.5); (2) Isaiah https://journals.plos.org/plosone/artic affliction with the comfort with which we contemplation, which is clarified by truth covenant, will be sung by the whole earth prophesies correctly that the people of le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249769] ourselves are comforted by God." The unmixed with falsehood, and by activity, at his coming, not by the Jewish [people]; Judah will be taken into captivity in . Isaiah's school/guild of prophets was voice crying in 40.3 "in the wilderness which follows sound contemplation of the and that the good news will no longer be Babylon (39.5-8); and (3) One of the adapting his prophecies and phrases prepare the way of the LORD" is linked to appropriate action to be taken, which is for Israel [alone] but for all the nations, most beautiful chapters of the book to new challenges (see 2/4 Kg 2.5,4.38- John the Baptist in Mt 3.3, Mk 1.3, Lk 3.4 conformed to the correct sense of [what] since it says that the Lord who is to come 28-Jun Isaiah 38-40 opens with the prophecy of the return of 44; Am 7.14). "The Fathers encourage and Jn 1.23. Isaiah 40.4-5 is quoted in Lk things [are] to be done." We too can learn Ps 95 (96) will be their King. Who could that be but people from exile (40.1-2) and closes us to read … closely and to read for 3.4-6 "where every valley shall be filled… to combine "contemplation, which is God the Word, who, intending to judge with the profound advice: "They who profit. Their commentary is especially and the rough ways shall be made smooth clarified by truth" with "activity" in our the world in righteousness and the wait for the LORD shall renew their useful when it brings theological, and all flesh shall see the salvation of own lives to "make straight" the path of human race in truth, considers all people strength, they shall mount up with wings moral and spiritual help mediated God." The coming of the Lord in Isa 40.10 God-that is, to discover and seek to follow in the world equally worthy of his all, and like eagles, they shall run and not be through Christian doctrine to the fore is cited in Rev 22.7, 12. His will. consequently of the salvation of God? weary, they shall walk and not faint." [that is, into prominence in our minds]" [ACCS OT XI Isa 40-66, p. xix].
The Lord promises His people "I will A note in the NASB titles these God's promise to Abraham in 41.8-9 is The Lord has empowered each of us as Of this psalm Augustine reflects: "'Be strengthen you, I will help you" (41.10), chapters "The Lord of History," cited in Lk 1.54, Heb 2.16 and Jas 2.23. The Christians to bring Christ to others, just as holy, because I the Lord your God am because "I have chosen you" (41.8). The because of the many historical events promise from God to Isaiah in 41.10 and Isaiah was made a mediator [that is, one holy' (Lev 19.2); … for God is a lover of Lord challenges pagan gods, who are "all that are prophesied [p. 959]. Lindblom 43.10 ("Fear not, for I am with you") is also who brings reconciliation to others] of the nothing but holiness, justice and piety; do a delusion, their works are nothing" writes: "All these references to made to Paul in Corinth in Acts 18.10 ("Do Old Covenant, drawing people away from only what God seems to love…. Let us (41.29). He has put [His] Spirit upon history, which are so numerous in the not be afraid, but speak and do not be idolatry to God and to service to others love, Let us love freely and without any [Isaiah to] bring forth justice to the literature of this period, serve to silent; for I am with you"). Isa 42.1-4 is (Isa 42.5-9) We may not have sought this, strings attached. It is God, after all, whom nations" (42.1). The Lord promises to present new grounds for the faith [of quoted in full in Mt 12.18-21. ACCS OT XI but the Lord has "placed [His] Spirit" on we love. We can find nothing better than protect Isaiah and to tell him of "new Israel]" [p. 376]. These verses have Isa 40-66 notes of Is 42.1: "The messianic some of us "to make just decrees for the God. Let us love him for his own sake, things… before they spring forth" (42.9). been interpreted by many Church servant is of the seed of Abraham, which nations;" but we are unlikely to need to and ourselves and each other in him, but Praise of God follows, opening with "Sing Fathers as a messianic prophecy of the points to his full humanity as well as to his "cry out or shout [or] publicize [ourselves] still for his sake. You only love your friend 29-Jun Isaiah 41-42 Ps 96 (97) to the LORD a new song, his praise from coming of Jesus Christ. ACCS OT XI ultimate fulfillment of Israel's role as in the streets" (Isa 42.1-2). We each can truly, after all, when you love God in your the end of the earth" (42.10). Chapter 42 notes: "Jesus Christ is a remarkable servant in God's plan" [p. 31]. Isa 42.6 in decide in prayer how to integrate our friend, either because God is in [them] or closes with both a warning that people fulfillment … of many passages within which Israel is sent as "a light to the family and personal responsibilities with in order that God may be in [them]. That cannot remain "trapped in holes and the book of Isaiah, especially Isaiah 40- nations is cited and fulfilled in Lk 2.32, Acts the opportunity to draw others to Christ is true love and respect…. 'You that love hidden in prisons" (42.22), as well as a 66….The message of Isaiah concerns 13.47 and Acts 26.18. See OSB note on Mt and to contribute to economic and political the Lord hate evil' (cf. v.10)…. How can question: "Who among you will give ear the outworking of redemption, even 12.16-21 linked to Isa 42.1-4. justice in our local community, our nation you love God [if] you still love what God to this, will attend and listen for the time though the foundations of that and the world. hates? to come?" (42.23). salvation are presupposed to be in Jesus [Christ] …." [p. xx]. The regathering and renewal of Israel Isa 43.5 ("Fear not, for I am with you") Isa 44.6 and Isa 48.12 ("I am the First and I As Orthodox Christians we have each been Peter Chrysologus asks: "Why is it that, begins (43.1-44.5); and God tells His applies especially to having courage in am the Last") are echoed in Rev 1.8, Rev anointed with oil in baptism and united after God gave commandments so great, people, "'Fear not, for I have redeemed facing threats from Assyria and 1.17, 2.8, and 22.13. (Alpha and Omega ourselves to Christ and His Church. Now, it so terrifying and so awesome, he now you… For I am the LORD your God, the Babylon. Isa 43.6 in the LXX reads "I are the first and last letters of the Greek is important for each of us to: (1) pray invites the earth to a shout of joy [v. 1]? Holy One of Israel, your Saviour" (43.1, will say to the North, 'Bring; and to the alphabet.) See also OSB note on 44.3, regularly; (2) listen alertly; and (3) learn to … The awesome God later on chose the 3). "'You are my witnesses,'" says the South, Keep not back'" of which p.1092. The sense of rejoicing in Isa 44.23 which specific responsibilities and tasks role of a very gentle shepherd. He LORD, 'my servant whom I have chosen, Theodoret of Cyr writes: "[Isaiah] has can be linked to the rejoicing in Rev 12.12 God is guiding us. Throughout our lives, we assumed this character in order to act as so that you may know and believe in me, named the kings after their and Rev 18.20. The trust in the Lord in serve Christ, "the Anointed One." As has a merciful shepherd and gather together, and understand that I am he'" (43.10). geographical location[s], for Babylon is 45.17 is linked to Heb 5.9. The been noted earlier, the meaning of both like straggling sheep into one fold, those The LXX for 43.10 reads: "Be you my north [relative to] Jerusalem and conversation with the Lord in Isaiah 45.23 the Hebrew word "Messiah" and the Greek wandering people, those straying 30-Jun Isaiah 43-44 witnesses, and I too am a witness, says Egypt is … south." In 44.28-45.1-7 King is linked to Acts 15.18 when James cites word "Christ" is "anointed one." We now Ps 97 (98) nations, those tribes scattered far and the Lord God." Thus, just as God sees us, Cyrus of Persia is anointed "as those words in deciding that "my judgment share in Christ's mission to reach out to all wide…. Briefly, he desired to make them so He too is "a witness" guiding us to His shepherd and he shall fulfil all my is that we should not trouble those of the people throughout the world, especially once more truly humble sheep. 'All the purposes. 44.6-45.25 stresses that purpose," says the Lord which will Gentiles who turn to God [as Christians]" those closest to us. earth sing joyfully to God,' he says, and "besides me there is no God." include allowing the Jews to return to (Acts 15.19). by this command he imposes his Jerusalem (Ezra 1.1-5; 6.3-5). shepherdly control on all the earth. The resounding trumpet draws the soldier forth to war: just so does the sweetness of this jubilant call invite the sheep to pasture."
After commissioning and anointing Cyrus, The modern Christian Biblical The image of the potter and his clay in Isa Augustine links Isa 46.8 ("Return in your Of v. 1 Jerome preached: "As long as the the Lord stresses that "I am the LORD, commentator, Richard J. Clifford, S.J., 45.9 reappears in Rom 9.20. That heart…") to every Christian when he earth is undisturbed, it cannot be healed. and there is no other" (45.18), and that writes in Fair Spoken and Persuading: unbelievers will come over to the Lord in preached: "Return. Where [to]? To the The psalmist is not speaking of the all nations should worship Him (45.14- An Interpretation of Second Isaiah Isa 45.14 reappears in 1 Cor 14.25. The Lord. It is quickly done…. Just return to earthquake in which we see the earth 25) [See NET Bible-FN, note Psn, p. that initially "Cyrus is unaware of "everlasting salvation" offered to Israel in your heart…. Go back … to the heart, and if violently shaken and every kind of living 1329]. Cyrus does not know the Lord (Isa Yahweh's hand [but] … will ultimately Isa 45.17 is echoed in Heb 5.9 when "there you are believers, you will find Christ creature in terror, but of our own 45.5), but he will "make straight all [the recognize Yahweh as the God behind remains a sabbath rest for the people of there…. Just return to your heart … earthliness that cannot be healed as long Lord's] ways," implementing His will his success, unlike the … Assyrian king God." The manner in which God has because the image of God is there…. He as [we are] complacent. When [that (45.1,13). Theodore of Cyrus writes that: who thinks" his victories are due to his "declared [his sovereignty] of old" in Isa himself is speaking to you there. Yes, here earthliness] is disturbed and trembles, "The phrase "I will go before you" (45.2) military competence [p. 120]. In Isa 45.17 is noted in Acts 15.18 in which the [are you], shouting [your] head off-but he, then [we] will regard [our] health." A [indicates that God] has given [Cyrus] the 45.3 the Lord says to Cyrus: "I will give Lord "has made these things known from in silence, is doing more teaching…. In the NASB note on vv. 1-3, p. 841, states: "The 01-Jul Isaiah 45-47 necessary sovereignty to direct his you the treasures of darkness and the of old." Isa 45.23 ("To Me every knee shall inner person Christ dwells… and you are Ps 98 (99) God enthroned in Zion is ruler over all empire with good will and so that the hoards in secret places that you may bow, and every tongue shall confess to renewed according to the image of God…. the nations-let them acknowledge him" disposition [that is, the arrangement and know that it is I, the LORD, the God of God") is quoted in Rom 14.11 and Phil 2.10- He is speaking inwardly [to you through] [See also NET-FN, Notes J, L and V, p. resolution] of difficult matters is Israel, who called you by your name." 11. "The loss of children and widowhood" the awe you feel in your thoughts. Stand 1018]. mitigated [that is, made less severe]." Rohl writes: "Generations [of that shall come suddenly on the "daughter with him, and you shall stand firmly. Rest God has "purposed, and I will do it" Israelites] lived and died by the waters of the Chaldeans" in Isa 47.1-11 is echoed in him, and you shall be at rest." So may it (46.11). "Disaster shall fall upon" the of Babylon before a new world order in the plagues that come suddenly upon be for each of us in prayer and action. great nation of Babylon (47.11). was born…. The Babylonian oppressor Babylon in Rev 18.1-8. … fell to [Cyrus who led] the Medes and Persians in 539 BC" [p. 433]. The Lord tells the exiles: "I told you of old The imagery of 48.21 ("He made Isa 49.1 ("The LORD called me from the Of 48.20 ("Go forth from Babylon") Cassiodorus reflects: "This … psalm is what should be before it came upon you" water flow for them from a rock") womb") is echoed by Jeremiah in Jer 1.5 Augustine encourages us in The City of concerned with the two forms of (48.5 LXX). Theodoret of Cyr writes of reminds the readers of the Book of and by Paul in Gal 1.15 that he was "set … God 18.18: "If we take the command of confession. The first is when we lament that verse: "I announced everything to Isaiah of the Exodus from Egypt (Ex apart before I was born." "Isa 49.6 ('I will the prophet in a spiritual sense, it means over sins, proclaim ourselves you in advance, the captivity as well as 14.6). The people are reminded to make you a light to the nations, so you can that we should fly from the city of this blameworthy and guilty, and with the liberation, so you would not attribute continue to keep the Law and that the bring my deliverance to the remote world, from the fellowship of wicked devoted tears beg that the Lord's mercy the cause of the events to idols, but so Lord is still near to them as in Deu 4.6- regions of the earth') together with Gen angels and wicked people, with the feet of may be granted to us. The second is that you would know that it is I who 8 [See NET Bible-FN, p. 1336, note 12.1-3 [and] Ex 19.5-6 … is sometimes faith that works through love, and we when we praise the blessings bestowed accomplished both … [the first] by reason Fsn]. Richard J. Clifford writes: "The called 'the great commission of the OT' should press onward unceasingly toward on us, or with great joy revere those of your iniquity, the [second] by reason emphasis falls … on the 'precondition and is quoted in part by Paul and Barnabas the living God." Athanasius warns us: "Our imparted to others…. This psalm has of My benevolence." Isa 48.6 urges: "You for knowing'… what Israel must do to in Acts 13.47" [NASB note, p. 1025]. See will ought to keep pace with the grace of offered wonderful instruction on both have heard; now see all this; and will you recognize the authentic power of God. also the citations in Lk 2.32 and Acts 26.23. God, and not fall short; lest while our will forms of confession, teaching us both …. 02-Jul Isaiah 48-50 not declare it?" The Lord rescues the What Israel must do is wait for the Isa 49.8 ("In a time of favour I have remains idle, the grace given us should Ps 99 (100) to lament the wounds of our sins without people from exile (49.1-20). Isaiah interpretive word which accompanies answered you, in a day of salvation I have begin to depart, and the enemy [i. e., the interruption [and] … to sing eagerly with announces that "the LORD has given me any divine act…. And that word helped you I heard you, and in the day of devil and his angels] finding us empty and jubilation to the Lord…. Both are the tongue of those who are taught, that delivered by the mysterious salvation I helped you") is quoted in 2 Cor naked … as was the case with him spoken necessary in this world, so that the I may know how to sustain with a word messenger of 48.16 declares that the 6.2. The rejoicing in Isa 49.13 is echoed in of in the Gospel [of Matthew 12.43-45] person who is God's servant should [those who are] weary. Morning by 'new event' begins with Cyrus' attack Rev 12.12, 18.20. Isa 50.8-9 ("Who will from whom the [one] devil went out …. For neither despair through melancholy nor morning he wakens … my ear to hear as on the Babylonian Empire. Israel's contend with me") is linked to Rom 8.33 the departure from virtue gives place for become puffed up in mind through those who are taught" (50.4). future prosperity, vv. 17-19, depends and cited in Heb 1.11. the entrance of [many] unclean spirit[s]." prosperity." This is a beautifully balanced on its obedience now to the command insight. to flee Babylon, vv. 22-24" [p. 142].
Isa 51.4 ("Listen to me, my people, and The traditional length of the exile of Isa 51.6 ("the earth will wear out like a Gregory of Nyssa cites Isa 51.2 ("Look to Augustine links the "mercy and give ear to me, my nation") leads into a the Jews in Babylon is 70 years, based garment") is cited in part in Heb 1.11. Isa Abraham your father and to Sarah who judgment" of the Lord in v. 1 LXX to the comprehensive call to awake and on Jeremiah 25.11 and 29.10-12. A 51.17 ("You who have drunk at the hand of bore you"): "Scripture gives this Gospel when "not all who were called remember God's support for his people note on Isa 25.11-12 in the NASB the LORD the cup of his wrath") is echoed admonition [that is, warning] to those who wanted to come, nor could [anyone] in times past (51.9-16), awake, for your indicates: "This round number [of 70] by Jesus Christ in Jn 18.11 ("Shall I not wander outside virtue. Just as at sea those come except they were called (Lk 14.16- punishment is over (51.17-22), and (as in Ps 90.10; Is 23.15) probably drink the cup which the Father has given who are carried away from the direction of 24). Accordingly, neither should those awake, for "you shall be redeemed represents the period [of 67 years] me?"). The beautiful garments of Isa 52.1 the harbor bring themselves back on a who came give themselves the credit, for without money" (52.1-7) [See OSB Study from 605 (see notes on v.1; Dan 1.1) are linked with "the white garments" of course by a clear sign, on seeing either a they came by invitation, nor should those Note, p.1099]. 52.8 prophesies "Your to 538 B.C., which marked the Rev 3.5. Isa 52.5 ("My name is despised") beacon light … or some mountain peak who did not want to come blame it on watchmen lift up their voice[s], together beginning of Judah's return from exile is quoted in Rom 2.24. Isa 52.7 ("How coming into view, in the same way another, but only on themselves, for they they sing for joy, for eye to eye they see (see 2 Chr 36.20-23; see also notes on beautiful upon the mountains are the feet Scripture by the example of Abraham and had been invited to come of their free the return of the LORD to Zion." Dan 9.1-2). The 70 years of Zech 1.12 of him who brings good tidings, who Sarah may guide again to the harbor of will. Therefore, before merit, the calling 03-Jul Isaiah 51-52:12 Theodoret of Cyrus writes that the Lord … probably represent the period [of publishes peace") is quoted in Rom 10.15. divine will those adrift on the sea of life Ps 100 (101) determines the will. For this reason, even "is leaving aside the unbelievers here in 72 years] from 586 (when Solomon's Isa 52.11 ("Do not touch an unclean thing, with a pilotless mind." Of Isa 51.4 Jerome if someone called takes the credit for order to address those who have temple was destroyed) to 516 (when separate yourselves…") is cited in 2 Cor writes: "In the Septuagint [LXX] 'listen to coming, [they] cannot take the credit for believed: …. He comforts them … and Zerubbabel's temple was completed." 6.17. Isa 52.15 is cited in Rom 15.21 ("They me' is said twice to teach us that we ought being called. As for [those] who are invites them to turn their eyes towards See shall see who have never been told of him, to listen with the ears of our body and with called and do not come, just as [their] their ancestors … [especially] Abraham https://www.biblestudy.org/bibleref/ and they shall understand who have never the understanding of our soul." At times calling was not a deserved reward, so and Sarah and the many thousands meaning-of-numbers-in- heard of him"). we too risk having "a pilotless mind" and [their] neglecting to come when called …who came from them." bible/70.html] that suggests 70 need to listen to body and soul. lays the foundation for a deserved combining 7 x10 "symbolizes perfect punishment." spiritual order carried out with all power… [or] a period of judgment." 52.13-53.12 presents the Servant of the Father John Breck writes: "The The Orthodox theologian Georges A. The wonders foretold in these chapters Of the repentant sinner in v. 10 Lord who comforts the Jewish people perspective of typology [that is, Barrois acknowledges "that Christian confirm our faith in Christ today. As Augustine writes: "[Of] what then is the and prefigures Jesus Christ, the Suffering Biblical symbolic representation] is interpreters [of the Bible] often were Rufinus of Aquileia wrote: "It is incredible medicine of repentance … made up? Servant who will be crucified and that of an authentic 'salvation history.' carried further than sober hermeneutics that God, the Son of God, should be First, of the condemnation of our own resurrected. Clifford writes that 53.1 Events of the past are fulfilled by [that is, interpretation of Biblical texts] spoken of and preached as having suffered sins, 'Mine iniquity have I acknowledged, begins with "the astonishing nature of … future realities; but that future of would tolerate," but "it is truly the face of these things. For this reason they are and my sin have I not hid.' (cf. Ps 31/32.5; the unexpected vindication of one so eschatological [that is, deals with final Christ we contemplate in the figure of the foretold by the prophets, lest any doubt Prov 18.17) … Secondly, of great miserable. In a culture which took things] fulfilment is already manifest Servant… [indicating] the gradual should spring up in those who are about to humbleness of mind: for it is like a golden destruction and illness as marks of divine in the event itself" [cited by Father realization, within time, of God's eternal believe." Is 53.5 ("Because of his wounds chain: if one has hold of the beginning, all disfavor, God's rescue of a destitute or ill Eugen J. Pentiuc, The OT in Eastern design" [The Face of Christ in the OT, pp. we have been healed") applies to all of us will follow, because if you confess your person constituted a social rehabilitation Orthodox Tradition, p. 185]. Irenaeus 120-122; 43-44]. Isa 52.13- 53.12 "is today. Augustine preached: "[Christ] kept sin as one ought to confess, the soul is 04-Jul Isaiah 52:13-54:17 of that person…. In vv. 4-5 the speakers writes: "The Scriptures would not quoted more frequently in the NT than any silent while he was concealed, because he Ps 101 (102) humbled. Conscience turning see that the servant has borne their sins have testified these things of Him if, other OT passage…. Christ's exaltation is was thought to be only human. But as God [confession] on itself causes [sin] to be and sickness" [p. 178]. 54.1-17 sets out like others, He Had been a mere man. referred to in Acts 2.33, 3.13; Eph 1.20-23; he will come openly; and as our God, he subdued… [To this] must be added … 'A the unity of the people of God in the But that He had, beyond all others, in Phil 2.9-11…" [NASB notes, p. 1030]. See will not keep silent. So what about you? heart that is broken and humbled God sense of Gal 3.29 ("If you are Christ's, Himself that preeminent birth which is also Mt 8.17 ("He took our infirmities an You were saying, 'I want him to come.' Will will not despise' (Ps 50/51.17)… And then you are Abraham's offspring, heirs from the Most High Father, and also bore our diseases"); Lk 22.37; Jn 12.38; you keep silent or testify to your faith in …there is need of intense prayers [and] according to promise"), linking the OT experienced that preeminent Acts 8.32-33; Rom 10.16 15.7-13, 21; Gal Him? Do you want him to come to of many tears (Ps 6.5, 10)… [and] of much and the NT, the Old Covenant and the generation which is also from the 4.27. others?" almsgiving, for this … especially gives New Covenant. Virgin, the divine Scriptures do in both strength to the medicine of repentance." respects testify of Him."
The Lord invites Israel (and us) to "Incline Richard J. Clifford, S.J. writes: "Second Isa 55.8 ("My thoughts are not your Cyprian notes of 59.2: "Let us consider our Elder Aimilianos writes: "By now it should be your ear, and come to me; hear, that Isaiah is the name given by modern thoughts") links to Rom 11.34 ("For who sins, and reviewing the secrets of our clear to us that David was a man who lived your soul may live" (55.3a). Of this verse scholars to the anonymous author of has known the mind of the Lord"). Isa action and mind, let us weigh the merits of close to God. We have seen how he sought Theodoret of Cyr writes that Christ "will chapters 40-55…-a collection of 57.19 ("Peace to those far off and those our conscience." Then Isa 55.3 and the to [hold a conversation] with God every day, fulfill these covenants that had been speeches of the 540's B.C., and near") is echoed in Eph 2.17 ("He came insights of Theodore of Heraclea can be and how the psalms are the poetic expressions of his spiritual experiences. The made to David…, clothing the human perhaps of the following decade, and preached peace to you who were afar implemented: "The Lord God, ever psalmist begins by expressing his strong nature from the line of David according delivered to the Jews who had been off and those who were near"). Isa 59.17 is compassionate, is ready to bring good desire to praise God. We discover the to the promise and bringing forth the deported to Babylon … a half century cited in Eph 6.13-17 & 1 Th 5.8. Isa 59.7-8 things, and he promises to give not only meaning of our existence only when our life NT." God includes outsiders (56.3-8) but earlier…. What is the meaning of the is cited in Rom 3.15-17. Isa 59.20-21 is good things in the present but also the becomes an act of worship, a gift of praise rejects all paganism and unbelief in Israel life offered in Isa 55.1-5? It is the cited in Rom 11.27. See note on Isa 55.1- enjoyment of eternally good things in the offered in gratitude and love to God…. The (56.9-57.21). A powerful description of covenant made… between God and 13 in OSB, p. 1101 and note Hsn on Isa hereafter. For he demands nothing other psalmist's soul is filled with feelings of 05-Jul Isaiah 55-59 genuine devotion (58.1-14) leads to a man [that] establishes a bond 55.2 in NET-FN, p. 1347. Ephrem the Syrian than a ready listener, one who takes in his Ps 102 (103) worship and praise, and this interior demand for justice and truth, and the between them…. It brings God and links Isa 56.6-7 when "foreigners … join words and is quick to respond willingly to disposition is externalized through the danger that "your sins have hid [God's] man into that proximity [that themselves to the LORD" to: "the Church his voice…. For God is great in [mercy], and power of speech: 'Bless the Lord, O my soul' face from you so that he does not hear" closeness] which the Bible describes of the Gentiles … as is written in the he will provide forgiveness for your sins [vv. 1-2]. To 'bless' another person means to (59.2). When Israel confesses its sins as life…" [p. 3]. ACCS XI Isa 40-66 Gospel, 'My house shall be called the and so will show you to be pure, so that no speak well of [them] or to wish or pray that (59.9-15), the Lord comes "like a rushing notes: "The [Church] Fathers are not house of prayer for all nations'" (Mk trace of your former sins will remain." This [they] might receive something good. With stream" to those who repent… [but] will all that interested in questions about 11.17). remains true for us today. respect of God, however, to 'bless' means to repay wrath to his adversaries" (59.16- authorship…. [but rather in] enabling praise and glorify Him" [pp. 262-263]. 21). the people of the church to receive the message of Isaiah in the light of its fulfillment…." [xix]. The nation of Israel is blessed, as Isaiah 63.18 refers to the Babylonians Theodoret of Cyr sees 60.1 as a "prophecy 60.1 ("Arise, shine; for your light has come, Heb 1.10-12 applies Ps 102/103.25-26 to announces: "Arise, shine; for your light destroying the Temple in Jerusalem in [with] three subjects: [1] the rebuilding of and the glory of the LORD has risen upon Christ. Of v. 25 Tertullian writes: has come, and the glory of the LORD has 586 BC [See NASB note, p. 1044]. Jerusalem…; [2] an icon [with] … the you") refers to the return of the Jewish "[Recognise that] so many vast risen upon you" (60.1)…. The Spirit of the Heaton writes: "The last eleven shining brightness of the holy church; [and exiles to Jerusalem. Moreover, it substances [including the heavens] … LORD God is upon me, because the LORD chapters of Isaiah (56-66), sometimes 3] the life to come and our citizenship in prefigures the coming of Christ. This is [were formed by God by his own has anointed me to bring good tidings to called 'Trito-Isaiah,' reflect a haunting heaven." 60.5 ("the wealth of nations will called "a type"-that is, a person or event in energies. For this is proved by Jeremiah the afflicted [or the poor]; he has sent sense of the uncertainty of life in come to you") can be linked to Rev 21.26 the OT that prefigures or symbolizes when he says, "God has made the earth me to bind up the brokenhearted, to Jerusalem in the last twenty years of in which "the wealth of the nations" will be someone or something that is revealed in by his power; he has established the proclaim liberty to the captive… to the sixth century B.C., after some Jews brought to the New Jerusalem. 60.6 is the NT. This two-fold Biblical exegesis (that world by his wisdom and has stretched comfort all who mourn" (61.1-2). The had started to trickle home from exile. fulfilled in Mt 2.11. 60.11 ("Your gates … is, interpretation) is helpful to guide us out the heaven by his understanding (Jer returning exiles to Jerusalem are the They present a curious blend of shall not be shut") is fulfilled in Rev. 21.25- today. Of Isa 61.1 Isaac the Syrian 51.15). These are the energies by the Lord's "reward" [that is, His rescued visionary faith and practical interest in 26. 60.14 ("All who despised you shall bow preached: "Do not fall into despair because stress of which he made this universe. His 06-Jul Isaiah 60-63 people] (62.11). Westerman writes: the new Temple and its worship" [p. down at your feet") is fulfilled in Rev 3.9. of stumblings. I do not mean that you Ps 102 (103) glory is greater if he labored." It is these "Those then dwelling in Jerusalem are 22]. Cyril of Alexandria writes: Jesus Christ cites 61.1-2 ("The Spirit of the should not feel contrition [that is, sorrow] 'energies' of God that He offers to us, as summoned ….to prepare the way for the "[Christ] made our poverty his own, LORD God is upon me") in the synagogue for them, but that you should not think set out in Col 1.29 in which Christ seeks exiles whose return was still being and we see in Christ the strange in Nazareth in Mt 11.5, Lk 4.16-21, 7.22. them incurable. For it is more expedient to that each of us may become 'mature' in awaited" [cited by Manley-I, p.924]. A paradox [that is, apparent Isa 61.6 is cited or linked to Ex 19.6, Pet be bruised than dead. There is indeed a Him. So, we too can follow Paul in confident prayer for divine intervention contradiction] of lordship in servant's 2.5, Rev 1.6, 5.10, 20.6. Isa 63.3 is linked to Healer for [the person] who has stumbled- 'striving with all the energy which [Christ] closes Isa 63.7-19: "Where is the one form and divine glory in human Rev 19.15. Isa 63.11 is linked in Heb 13.20 [Christ] … who on the cross asked that mightily inspires within me.'" who placed his holy Spirit among them?" [humiliation]. That which was under to "our Lord Jesus… that great shepherd of mercy be shown to His crucifiers." (63.11) (cf. Ps 51.11 and Net Bible-FN, the yoke in terms of the limitations of the sheep." note R, p. 1359). mankind was crowned with royal dignities, and that which was humble was raised to the most supreme excellence."
"Thou art our Father; we are the clay, 66.1 ("Where is the place where I will Isa 64.6 is cited in 1 Cor 2.9. Isa 65.1-2 is Of 64.4 John Chrysostom advises: "Let us Verse 1 sets the theme: "Praise the and thou art our potter" (64.8), gives way rest?") indicates that worship is not to cited in Rom 10.20-21. Isa 65.16 ("The God scrutinize those who enjoy … wealth and LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, thou to a promise that the Lord will distinguish be limited to the Temple in Jerusalem. of truth") is true to His promises. The power and glory … in this present life…. art very great." In On the Establishment between sinners and the godly (65.8-16). John of Damascus reflects: "There is Hebrew word for truth here is "Amen," as Exulting with delight, they reckon of Creation, Jacob of Sarog writes of how Isa 66 affirms the message of the also a mental place where the mind is developed in 2 Cor 1.20 and Rev 3.14. Isa themselves as no longer being on the "through visible things the world might prophet and his school: The Lord will look active … where mind dwells and 66.1-2 ("Heaven is my throne and the earth. They act this way even though the learn who is its Lord (Rom 1.20), And to those who are "humble and contrite energizes and is contained not in a earth is my footstool") is cited in full in things that they are enjoying are what Moses omitted from his account, [that is, sorry for their sins] in spirit and bodily but in a mental fashion. For it is Acts 7.49-50 and in part in Mt 5.34. Isa acknowledged not to be really good and and what was not written, David tremble at my word" (66.2), but "will without form, and so cannot be 66.6 ("Hark, an uproar from the city! A do not abide with them but take to flight expressed in the book of his psalms. 'He choose affliction" for those who worship contained as a body is. God, then, voice from the temple") can be linked to more quickly than a dream. And even if made his angels and his ministers of fire idols and do not listen (66.3-4). The "new being immaterial and Rev 16.1, 17 where "a loud voice came out these things should last for a little time, and wind [103/104.4 LXX].' Thus David 07-Jul Isaiah 64-66 heavens and new earth" of 65.17 and uncircumscribed, has no place. For He of the temple." Isa 66.7 ("Before she was their favor is displayed within the limits of Ps 103 (104) caused to be written in his excellent book 66.22 is cited in 2 Pe 3.13 and Rev 21.1. is His own place, filling all things and in labour she gave birth") is linked to the this present life and cannot accompany us of Psalms, so that the world might learn Jerome writes that "there will [not] be being above all things, and Himself dragon threatening the newborn child in further…. [Consider then] the countless that angels too were created works. And complete destruction of what was there maintaining all things … and imparts to Rev 12.5. The final verse in Isa, 66.24 blessings in heaven … that are always with the created things they come to at the beginning, but rather a all His energy in proportion to the where the "worm shall not die, their fire securely fixed and stable? In their quantity birth from the Creator…." This psalm has transformation" as when a person grows fitness and receptive power of each" shall not be quenched" is linked to Mk 9.48 and quality heaven's blessings excel been retold and illustrated by Dorrie from an infant to an adolescent to an [cited by Manley-I, pp. 976-977]. where the "worm does not die, and the present things to such an extent as never Papademetriou in a beautiful children's adult, but "the same person continues to Throughout our lives we each grow in fire is not quenched." entered the heart of a human being." book, Psalm 104: Celebrate the Earth exist…." our capacity to receive His energy [SVSP, 2000] through the Holy Spirit. The beautiful call of the Lord to Jeremiah Jeremiah begins his prophecies in 626 Young people can serve the Lord well, as Lindblom writes: "We are better informed Augustine preached: "These [the sun, the ("Before I formed you in the womb I BC ("the 13th year of King Josiah's indicated in Jer 1.7 and 1 Tim 4.12 ("Let no about the origin of the Book of Jeremiah moon, the earth] are the things in which God knew you, and before you were born, I reign"). The king is the last of a line of one despise your youth.)" Like Jeremiah in than about any other prophetic book. We is to be praised, the Maker to be blessed. consecrated you") (1.5) includes the godly kings; and Jeremiah supports his 1.8, Paul is assured in Acts 18.9-10: "Do know that a scribe, Baruch by name, … 'How magnificent are your works!' we say; promise that "I am with you to deliver attempts at spiritual reform. King not be afraid… for I am with you." The wrote out … [from Jeremiah's] dictation… a 'in wisdom you have made them all' (v. 24). They are yours, You have made them all. you" (1.8) and "Behold, I have put my Josiah died in battle in 609 BC; and assurance to Jeremiah in 1.10 "I have set collection of the prophet's revelations Thanks be to you! But you have made us words in your mouth" (1.9), as well as Jeremiah lamented his death in 2 you this day over nations and kingdoms" is deriving from the time between 626 and over all of them. Thanks be to you! For we guidance on how to interpret messages Chron 25.35. The next four kings echoed to John in Rev 10.11 ("You must 605 (ch. 36). This scroll was burnt and are your image and likeness. Thanks be to (1.11-16). The Lord's messages to rejected any attempts at such again prophesy about many peoples and cannot, of course, be taken into you! We have sinned, we have been sought Jeremiah include reminders of Israel's reforms, as Jeremiah continued to nations and tongues and kings." The Lord's consideration in an analysis of the Book of [by You]. Thanks be to you! We have been earlier faithfulness and present prophesy for more than 30 years in recurring warnings to Jeremiah begun in Jeremiah. On the second scroll, produced 08-Jul Jeremiah1-3 Ps 103(104) negligent, we have not been neglected. unfaithfulness (2.1-3.5), praise of Josiah's the midst of much upheaval. Heaton 1.11-16 that the people must repent or be after the destruction of the first, it is said Thanks be to you! When we despised you, earlier reign (3.6) and a call for Israel to writes that the Book of Jeremiah judged are echoed in 1 Cor 11. ("When we that at Jeremiah's dictation Baruch wrote we were not despised; in case we should repent (3.12-25) with a plea, "Return, O "moves in a superficially orderly are judged by the Lord, we are disciplined on it all the words of the first scroll and, in have forgotten your divinity and should lose faithless [people]" (3.22). Lindblom fashion from oracles (chaps. 1-25) to so that we may not be condemned with addition, many similar you, you even took upon yourself our writes: "The prophets [Amos, Hosea, stories of the prophet's ministry the world"), as well as in Heb 12.6 ("The words….Unfortunately,… the second scroll humanity. Thanks be to you! When and Micah, Isaiah and Jeremiah] knew that, if (chaps. 26-45)…. It is the poetic Lord disciplines the one He loves") and Rev of Baruch in its original form has been where can there not be thanks?" the people determined to turn to oracles (rather than the prose 3.19 ("Those whom I love, I reprove and lost." [See OSB note on 1.16 and NET Bible- Yahweh, He would show mercy and narratives) which give us the most discipline"). FN, note Wsn on 3.19 p. 1373]. grace" [p. 350]. reliable insight into the complexities of the prophet's mind" [p. 23].
The choice confronting the people of Heaton writes: "The contrast between 4.3 ("Break up your unplowed ground,") is St Jerome writes: "It is clear that the Of v. 6 ("O offspring of Abraham his Israel-repentance or judgment-continues Jeremiah's doubt … about God's linked to the Parable of the Sower in Mt apostles and evangelists in translating the servant…") Eusebius of Caeseraea writes: in 4.4-6 with the threat of "evil from the purpose and … his own integrity … and 13.3-9, Mk 4.3-9 and explained in Lk 8.4- OT Scriptures have sought to give the "It is admitted that when in recent times north and great destruction" from the confidence of Amos, Isaiah and 15. Jer 5.21 ("Hear this, O foolish and meaning rather than the words, and that the appearance of our Saviour Jesus Babylon. The anguish of the prophet is Micah [was great]. These earlier senseless people….") is echoed by Jesus they have not greatly cared to preserve Christ had become known to all [people] recorded in 4.19-21 ("Oh, the walls of my prophets were sustained by [a] direct Christ in Mt 13.10-15 and Mk 8.17-18. the [grammatical] forms or constructions, there immediately made its appearance a heart! My heart is beating wildly; I simplicity of conviction…; and their Origen preached: "This word is especially so long as they could make clear the new nation… which has been honoured cannot keep silent"). Cf. 4.23-26, 29-31. proclamation of God's unmitigated directed to those who teach … concerning subject of understanding" [Cited by by all with the name of Christ…. But The evidence for why judgment has [that is, absolute] judgement was a the Father, the Son and Holy Spirit, the Manley-I, p. 944]. Cyprian writes: although it is clear that we are new … become essential is set out in Jer 5.1 response to the prosperous assurance word concerning the resurrection, the "Disasters occur either to discipline the nevertheless our life and our conduct, ("Run to and fro through the streets of of their age. Jeremiah, however, was word concerning the punishment, the obstinate people or punish evil people" as with our doctrines of religion have not Jerusalem, look and take note! Search … by upbringing, a more word concerning the final rest, concerning declared in Jer 2.30 and Jer 5.2-5. John been lately invented by us, but from the 09-Jul Jeremiah 4-5 Ps 104 (105) her square to see if you can find a conventionally pious person, living in a the Law, the Prophets and in general each Chrysostom preached: "God is merciful to first creation of man, so to speak, have [person] who does justice and seeks period of unprecedented uncertainty. of the Scriptures… lest they entrust what is those who sin because they are spiritually been established by the natural truth; that I may pardon [the city]. Cf. His experience compelled him to said to the pupils too soon before they poor, and he places demands on those understanding of divinely favored men of Abraham's dialogue with the Lord in Gen accept the role of God's independent have prepared the fallow ground in their who act justly because they are spiritually old…. If anyone should asset that all 18.23-33. The Lord says: "I will not make 'assayer' [that is, analyst] to his people souls… 'Break up [that] fallow ground; and rich. To the former he gives freely, on those who have enjoyed the testimony of a full end of you… [but] as you have (6.27; 9.7), but he undertook the task … do not sow among thorns' (Jer 4.3)." account of their [spiritual] poverty. From righteousness, from Abraham back to the forsaken me and served foreign gods in with reluctance (1.4-10) and the latter he collects with great care, on first man, he would not go beyond the your land, so you shall serve strangers in discharged it without zest" [pp. 98- account of their wealth of piety." truth… They also clearly knew the very a land that is not your own" (5.18-19). 99]. However, Jeremiah served the Christ of God…" Lord and the people faithfully. 6.1 predicts the destruction of Jerusalem Heaton writes: "Jeremiah witnessed Clement of Alexandria links Jer 6.16 ("Ask Cyril of Alexandria writes: "God silently Of the cloud in v. 39 Bede writes: "'And and urges the people to "flee for safety." the final collapse of Judah as an for the ancient paths") and Isa 29.14 ("The and noiselessly observes the affairs of when Moses had gone up, a cloud covered Jeremiah confesses to the Lord, "I am full independent kingdom and went into wisdom of their wise men shall perish") to people and watches the course of each the mountain' (Ex 24.15). Just as the of the wrath of the LORD; I am weary of exile in Egypt a broken man and an 1 Cor 1.19-20 ("I will destroy the wisdom one's life." The command in 6.20 that mountain on which Moses received the law holding it in" (6.11). The Lord urges the apparent failure. It is, however, [in] his of the wise"). 7.11 ("Is this house [The "burnt offerings are no longer acceptable" designates the height of perfection that was written down in that law, so does the cloud people: "Stand by the roads, and look, forty years' ministry (626-587 B.C.) Temple], called by My name, a den of supports his insistence that "the will of that covered the mountain suggest the grace and ask for the ancient paths, where the that we [find] the clearest evidence of robbers?") is cited by Jesus in cleansing the God… that … we pray .. thy will be done on of divine protection, which is enjoyed more good way is; and walk in it, and find rest the permanent significance of pre- Temple in Mt 21.12-13, Mk 11.17 and Lk earth, is not that we should conform to the and more the higher one ascends in order to for your souls" (v.16). However, the exilic prophecy. His life and work 19:46. Jerome urges us to look to the law and live according to the [totality] of search out the wonders of God's law, as the people said: "We will not walk in it" provide one of the best explanations future as in Jer 7.23 ("Obey my voice, and I its letter. But we should endavor to live by eyes of one's heart are opened. For surely (6.17). In Jer 7.5-7 the Lord urges: "If you of the claim of Jesus that he had come will be your God, and you shall be my the Gospel." The reflections of Clement of the cloud covered not only the mountain on truly amend your ways and your doings, to 'fill out' the revelation which God people; and walk in the way that I shall Alexandria in Christ the Educator 1.9 apply which Moses was went up, but also the 10-Jul Jeremiah 6-7 if you truly execute justice one with gave to his ancient people…. command you, that it may be well with to Jeremiah: "Let us now proceed to Ps 104 (105) people who were traveling through the another, if you do not oppress the alien, Jeremiah's task was to warn his you") and the words of Paul to Timothy in consider the mode of [God's] loving wilderness. They were by no means able to the fatherless or the widow … and if you contemporaries that they were living Phil 3.13-14 ("I press on toward the goal discipline, with the aid of the prophetic ascend to the higher regions, but the cloud do not go after other gods to your own in a fool's paradise and, in his later for the prize of the upward call of God in testimony. Admonition [by God], then, is sent from heaven overshadowed them hurt, then I will let you dwell in this years, to urge them to look for the Christ Jesus"). The silencing of the "voice loving care's censure and produces nevertheless (Ex 13.21-22)…." place, in the land that I gave of old to hand of God not (as they all did) in the of the bridegroom and the bride" in Jer understanding." This remains true today. your fathers for ever." However, the fall of Babylon, but in the fall of their 7.34 and 16.9 is cited in Rev 18.23. people do not repent. own holy city (6.8). In teaching this lesson to the bitter end, Jeremiah suffered intolerably" [pp. 23, 101].
The theme of how idol worship and Heaton writes: "The falsehood of the 9.24 is quoted in both 1 Cor 1.31 and in 2 Of Jer 8.4 ("When men fall, do they not Augustine linked v.6 ("Both we and our moral degeneration lead to judgment people's idolatrous cults [was joined Cor 10.17 ("Let the one who boasts, boast rise again?) John Chrysostom preached: fathers have sinned") to the woman from the Lord continues (8.1-13), with with] … the false security engendered in the Lord") [See NET Bible-FN, note L, p. "Placing our courage in our [own] accused of adultery: Jesus "was granting the Lord's criticism of saying "Peace, by their idolatrous attitude to the 2187]. Basil cites Hannah in 1 Sam 2.3 and goodness and losing our hope to pardon; but while he was granting it … peace, when there is no peace" (8.11). Temple (Jer 7.1-15; cf. 5.2). The Jeremiah ("Let him that who glories glory wickedness …both … cause [us] to betray [he] said [to her], 'Has no one stoned The Lord sets out the sins of Judah (8.1- priests conspire with the [institutional in this, that he understands and knows me, our salvation…. Let us not despair but have you?' And she did not say, 'Why? What 9.14). He urges, "Hear the word which false] prophets to promote this that I am the Lord") and preached that this good hope in the Master." Of Jer 10.23 have I done, Lord? I am not guilty, am the LORD speaks to you, O house of falsehood, promising that all is well…. "is true glory, and what makes a person John Cassian writes: "The saints have I?...'.What she said was, 'No one, Lord' Israel" (10.1), and He threatens he will The fall of Jerusalem was not (as the great… This constitutes the highest dignity never claimed that their own efforts would (Jn 8.2)…. She confessed, because the "scatter them among the nations" (9.16). exiles were tempted to suppose) a of humankind, this is his glory and have enabled them to find their way along Lord was aware of her guilt but was NASB note on 10.1-25 points out that defeat for God, but rather, his greatness. Truly it is to know what is great the road they were traveling to perfect nonetheless seeking her faith and her 11-Jul Jeremiah 8-10 "idols and their worshipers are deliberate and righteous act of and to cleave to it, and seek after glory virtue. Rather, they sought [the way] from Ps 105 (106) confession…. 'No one, Lord.' 'No one'- condemned in 10.2-5, 8-9, 11, 14-15, judgement on his people's from the Lord of glory." Cyprian cites 9.23 the Lord, praying, 'Guide me in your truth that is a confession of sins; and 'Lord'- while the one true God is praised in the disobedience (Jer 5.19; 9.12-16;…). If on not glorying in wisdom, strength or and teach me' (Ps 25.5/24.5) and 'Direct that is pardon of the punishment she alternate passages (vv. 6-7 10,12-13,16)" the exiles would accept disaster as wealth. The words of Jer 9.26 ("all the the road I should take in your sight' (Ps deserved. 'No one, Lord, I acknowledge [p. 1071]. Jeremiah's hope is: "Correct God's righteous judgement [and] house of Israel is uncircumcised in heart") 5.8/5.9)…. [One grasps] this not only both things. I know who you are, I know [us], O LORD, but with justice…. Pour out respond in penitence… he would be are spoken by Deacon St Stephen in Acts through faith but also through direct who I am. It is to you I am confessing." your wrath on the nations that do not faithful to his promise and restore 7.51 just before he is stoned to death. experience of how things are." We too can confess to the Lord, know you, and on the families that do them to their own land (Jer 18.7-11; whatever our past sins, and "go, and do not call Your name" (10.24-25). 24.4-7…). Thus Israel's judgement not sin again" (Jn 8.11). could become the means of her salvation" [pp. 100-102]. The Lord tells Jeremiah that the people These chapters probably were Of v. 1 ("The word … came to Jeremiah "Why do not Christians obtain all things in Augustine preached of this psalm: "O you have violated their covenant with Him warnings in the late years of King from the LORD") Origen preached: "I do prayer?" asks John Chrysostom in the who sin grievously and despair of salvation, and that he should "not pray for this Josiah whose reign ended in 609 BC. A not know any word of the Lord other than context of Jer 11.14. John replies: and think that because of the magnitude of people" (11.1-17). Then the Lord tells the firm statement is given by the Lord in the one of which [John] the Evangelist "Because they fail for many causes. They your sins you cannot obtain pardon, I prophet that people from his home Jer 13.19 of the coming exile to spoke…. And … Christ was with Moses, often ask things that are inexpedient [that admonish you-rather [David] admonishes you-to give thanks to the Lord, for He is village of Anathoth are making plans to Babylon. Of 11.20 when Jeremiah with Jeremiah, with Isaiah…. How can they is, not appropriate or wise]. Why are you good. Great are your sins, but great is the kill him (11.21-23); and Jeremiah trusts acknowledges that God judges have spoken the word of God if the Word surprised, if this is the case with some, Lord who has pity on you. Confess your sins the Lord for "to thee have I committed "righteously," but "tries the heart and of God did not dwell in them? But these when even Paul heard: 'My grace is to the Lord; do penance and do not despair my cause" (11.20). Jeremiah questions the mind" of those who follow Him," things must be understood especially with sufficient for you, because my strength is of your salvation for the Lord is the Lord, "Why does the way of the Theodoret of Cyr writes: "The Lord respect to us of the church, who want the perfected in weakness'? (2 Cor 12.9)…. To compassionate…. It is not possible for wicked prosper? (12.1);" and the Lord accepts [Jeremiah's] petition [and] God of the law and the gospel to be the Jeremiah he also said, 'Do not pray for this anyone in hell to be sorry for [their] sins. 12-Jul Jeremiah 11-13 responds that he will continue to destroy gives a reply [in which He] threatens same, Christ to be the same both then and people, for I will not hear you,' [but] not Ps 105 (106) While you are still in this world, I beg of you those who "swear by Baal," but will bless punishment and notes that some will now and for all of the ages. For there will wishing to stop Jeremiah from praying (for to repent. Confess and give thanks to the those who "diligently learn the ways of be slaughtered in war and others be those who will cut in two, in their he earnestly longs for our salvation) but to Lord, for in this world only is He merciful. my people to swear by my name" (12.5- destroyed by famine." Anderson opinion, the divinity previous to the terrify them [when the people heard this Here, He is able to be compassionate to the 13.14). Jeremiah is told by the Lord to writes: "Primary attention should be dwelling of the Savior and the divinity from Jeremiah]. Thus the prophet, seeing penitent, but because there, He is judge, He wear only a loin cloth to indicate how given to the prophecies of Jeremiah's proclaimed by Jesus Christ, but we know this, did not cease praying." is not merciful…." closely the people of Israel and Judah later career found in Jer ch.4 to 25. one God both then and now, one Christ should cling to Him (13.1-11). These oracles are supplemented by both then and now." the biographical narratives of chapters 26 to 45" [/33 to 45 in OSB] [p.391n.].
In a drought (14.2-6), Jeremiah prays; Unlike Egypt which is watered by the 14.12 ("I will consume them by the sword, Lindblom writes of 14.21: "Jemiah reminds Augustine preached: "So did my two wills, and the Lord responds (14.7-15.9). Of Nile River, Palestine needs rain, so any by famine, and by pestilence") is echoed in the people of the covenant established at one new, the other old, one spiritual, the 14.9 LXX ("Wilt thou be as a man extended period of drought threatens Rev 6.8. Jer 15.2 is quoted in Rev 13.10. Jer Mount Sinai. To him it was a guarantee of other carnal, fight within me and by their asleep…?") John Chrysostom writes that all life [See NASB, note for 14.4]. The 15.5 ("Who in the world will have pity on Yahweh's mercy to His people; at the same discord undo my soul." As Bede wrote, our "by the word sleep … Jeremiah shows poem in 15.5-9 is a prophetic you, Jerusalem?") is echoed in the lament time it imposed exacting religious and personal present goal is clear: "We must remember that it is God's will, and not our God's patience and forbearance toward description of the imminent of Jesus Christ over Jerusalem in Mt 23.37. moral obligations on the people (11.6nff.). own will, that we must do, for [those] that us…. Do you not see that we need much destruction of Jerusalem [See NASB Jer 15.9 ("The sun had set for her while it Now Israel had broken it (11.10).… The doeth His will shall abide forever, even as He help from our understanding and reason note on 15.5-9]. In Jer 16.14-15 was still day") echoes the obscuring of the Jerusalem with the Temple in its midst is abideth forever." John Chrysostom when we are searching into the treasure (repeated in 23.7-8) the phrase "land sun at the Crucifixion in Mt 27.45, Mk called [by Jeremiah] the throne of encourages all of us: "How should Our Lord house of the divine Scriptures?" Jeremiah of the North" is Babylon. In these two 15.33 and Lk 23.44. Jer 15.16 ("Your words Yahweh's glory (14.21; cf. 17.12)…. fail to grant His graces [and love] to [those] 13-Jul Jeremiah 14-16 complains, "O, mother, how I regret that verses "nearly 1,000 years of Israelite were found; and I ate them") indicates Nevertheless, Jeremiah rebukes the false Ps 106 (107) who ask for them from [their] hearts when you ever gave birth to me!") (15.10) and history" is covered from exodus Jeremiah's awareness that: "I digested estimation of the Temple which was He confers so many blessings even on those asks the Lord, "Why must I continually (c.1446 BC), through the exile (597 them, I assimilated them, I made them a common in the time after Josiah's who do not call on Him? Ah, He would not so suffer such painful anguish?" (15.18). The BC) to the restoration (537 BC) [NASB part of me (see Ezek 2.8-3.3)" [NASB note reform…. In ch. 7 … he combats the false urge … us to pray to Him if He had not a Lord tells Jeremiah, "You must repent of note, p. 1082]. Throughout the Book on 15.16. Cf. NET Bible-FN, note G, p. confidence in the Temple, the mistaken most eager desire to bestow His graces on such words and thoughts" (15.19) and of Jeremiah the joint focus is on how 1413]. See also Rev 10.9-10, "Take the conviction that the Temple would be an us." not to marry, mourn or feast (16.1-9). God has protected the people of Israel scroll and eat it." unconditional guarantee of the welfare of Judgment and deliverance will follow throughout the centuries, but also the people" [pp. 329, 359]. (16.10-21). demanded their obedience to Him. The judgment of Judah continues (17.1- Pagan worship is increasing, especially Jer 17.10 ("I the LORD search the mind and Heaton writes: "A large part of Jeremiah's This psalm begins by urging us to "give 4), but the Lord blesses those who trust of Asherah, the pagan goddess of try the heart" is cited in Rev 2.23 and spiritual anguish sprang from his thanks unto the Lord" (v. 1), and ends in Him (17.5-11). The Lord asks Jeremiah motherhood and fertility (17.2). 22.12. Jer 18.6 ("O house of Israel, can I recognition that [he believed] he himself with a question: "Who is wise and will to tell everyone to "observe the sabbath Therefore, the Lord insists that "my not do with you as this potter has done?") was failing in his response to God. There keep these things, and will understand day as a day set apart to the LORD" blessing is [only] on those people who is echoed in Rom 9.21 ("Has the potter no were occasions when he became conscious- the loving kindness of the Lord?" (v. 43). (17.19-27/17.15-23). Then the Lord trust in me" (17.7). Observance of the right over the clay, to make out of the stricken with the fear that the zeal of his The closing words of the book of the warns that Israel can be discarded like a Sabbath day "was the sign of the same lump one vessel for beauty and denunciations had outstripped in austerity prophet Hosea echo these words: poorly made pot or clay jar (18.1-19.13). Mosaic covenant [See NET Bible-FN, another for menial use?). Jer 19.13 on the the righteous love of God for his people "Whoever is wise, let [them] understand In the Temple courtyard, Jeremiah note N, p. 1418 on the different signs dangers of worshiping idols is cited in Acts (17.14-18). And there were times when his these things; whoever is discerning, let prophesies the Lord will soon bring of the Noahic (Gen 9.12, 13-17), 7.42. Of 17.6 ("Cursed is the man who human sympathy pleaded for pity and him know them…." Theodore of 14-Jul Jeremiah 17-19 disaster on Jerusalem (19.14-15). Heaton Mosaic (Exod 31.13-17) and trusts in man") Cyprian writes: "It is our almost persuaded him to give in and Ps 106 (107) Mopsuestia writes: "A wise and writes: "Jeremiah regards himself as a Abrahamic (Gen 7.11) covenants]. Lord [Christ] that we must pray to, it is our relinquish his mission. A teacher of human understanding person is the one … with man doomed to 'proclaim violence and Jeremiah is told by the Lord to "stand Lord [Christ] that we must win over by our wisdom may decide to retire, but not so a zeal for the things by which it is possible destruction' (20.8; cf. 15.10, 17; 17.16) to in the Benjamin Gate, by which the penitence. For he has said he will deny the prophet (20.9; cf. 5.14; 6.11)…. Jeremiah for people who avoid evil and zealously a people who are obdurately kings of Judah enter" and to warn person who denies him (Mt 10.33), and he proved the intense reality of his prophetic practice good to be established in unresponsive (11.19; 15.10; 17.18; them "take heed [of his words] for the alone has received all power of judgment vocation by faithfulness not only in private freedom from lower things and in 18.22, 23), but with whom, despite their sake of your lives, and do not bear a from his Father." spiritual agony, but also in a public life of enjoyment of higher things … stemming hostility, he feels a profound sympathy burden on the sabbath day or bring it isolation and persecution" [pp. 45-46]. from re-penance as a stimulus to and solidarity" (18.20; cf. 4.8; 8.14)." in by the gates of Jerusalem (17.21)." virtue…."
Jeremiah is flogged and put in prison, but Nebuchadnezzar placed Mattaniah, Of 20.9 in which Jeremiah said that the On the rapid change of mood in 20.12-14 This short psalm is about remaining he tells those who persecute him that Jehoachin's uncle and a son of Josiah, God's "message become like a fire locked from seeking vengeance to praising the "steadfast" in faith in God (v. 1). There is they will all be killed (20.1-6). Of on the throne, renaming him Zedekiah up inside me, burning in my heart and Lord in 20.12-14, see NET Bible-FN note H, an awareness that "with God we will do Jeremiah's perception in 20.7 ("O Lord, (21.1). However, the new king was "a soul," Ambrose wrote: "That fire was a p. 1425. Jeremiah's plea for vengeance in valiantly" because "it is He who will tread you have deceived me") Origen writes: weak and vacillating [that is, type of the Holy Spirit, who was to come 20.12 changes to singing praise to the Lord down our foes" (v. 13). The emphasis is "When guiding children, we speak to constantly changing opinions and down after the Lord's ascension and in 20.13, to cursing the day on which he on perseverance. In The Life of St children and we do not speak to them as decisions] ruler, [who] sometimes forgave the sins of all, and who like fire was born in 20.14. However, as Lindblom Anthony, Athanasius writes: "Anthony we do to mature people, but we speak to befriended Jeremiah and sought his inflames the mind and faithful hearts…. I writes: "Since Yahweh was on his side entreated the vision that appeared, them as children who need training…. advice but at other times allowed the think … we cannot leave out of sight that [Jeremiah] knew that his persecutors saying, 'Where were you? Why didn't you We are all children to God, and we need prophet's enemies to mistreat and fire when we read that the Lord Jesus would stumble and not prevail" [p. 195]. appear in the beginning, so that you the discipline of children." Jeremiah imprison him" [NASB Introduction, p. baptizes with the Holy Spirit (Jn 1.33) and We too often fluctuate in our moods and could stop my distress?' And a voice 15-Jul Jeremiah 20-22 complains to the Lord that because of His 1050]. Methodius writes: "Spiritual with fire (Mt 3.11; Lk 3.16)." Jer 22.5 ("… attitude to God, but can be confident that Ps 107 (108) came to him: 'I was here, Anthony, but I messages "all I experience is trouble and things are far removed from irrational this house shall become a desolation") is God is on our side. Heaton writes: "It is in waited to watch your struggle. And now, grief" (20.18). However, Jeremiah lust and sin. 'But I am carnal, sold echoed in Mt 23.38 ("your house is having become the personal embodiment since you persevered and were not continues his prophecies and confronts under sin' (Rom 7.14). This means, 'I forsaken and desolate") and Lk 13.35. Jer of Israel's Mosaic faith during the course of defeated, I will be your helper forever, the people with a choice "stay in this city am carnal and placed between good 22.16 ("He judged the cause of the poor the most threatening crisis in its history and I will make you famous [and] die in battle or of starvation or and evil as a voIuntary agent, so that I and needy") is expanded in James 1.27 to that Jeremiah's true greatness lies" [p. everywhere.'" Sometimes we too must disease" or "leave the city" and live in have it in my power to choose what I "visit orphans and widows in their 101]. struggle and wait on the Lord, because exile (21.8). wish. For, 'behold, I set before you life affliction, and … keep oneself unstained He is our helper, without making us and death.' (Jer 21.8)…." from the world." famous. New leaders are promised by the Lord to Anderson writes: "At the time of his Leo the Great links "the righteous branch Jer 23.12 ("So the paths [sinners] follow This psalm is a heartfelt plea to God from the kingdoms of Israel and Judah who call, Jeremiah realized that the word of David" (23.5) to "the Lord Jesus Christ, a will be dark and slippery. They will stumble someone who believes they have been will "gather the remnant of my flock out of Yahweh had the double aspect of descendant of David." Irenaeus writes and fall headlong. For I will bring disaster falsely accused. Yet in the midst of of all the countries where I have driven judgment and renewal, doom and that: "The church is the seed of on them") remains true throughout the struggling they can say, "But I am in them, and I will bring them back to their promise. As the determining power in Abraham…. so that we may know that he ages, including today. As Cassiodorus prayer" (v.4). This is the depth of prayer fold and they shall be fruitful and human affairs, the divine word was who 'raises up from the stones children to writes: "Let the way [of sinners] become of which Augustine writes: "Usually multiply" (23.3). The godless prophets released through the prophet both 'to Abraham' (Mt 3.9) in the New Testament is dark and slippery, and let the angel of the prayer is a question of groaning rather and priests of the present are rejected wreck and to ruin' and 'to build and to he who will gather, according to the Old Lord pursue them (Ps 35.6)…. [May] the than speaking, tears rather than words. (23.9-40). The exiles who left Judah for plant…. Jeremiah understood that the Testament, those who will be saved from situation of sinners be wholly arduous For He sets our tears in His sight, and our Babylon are identified as "very good ground had to be swept clean of false all the nations." John Chrysostom writes of [that is, difficult, requiring much energy], groaning is not hidden from Him who figs," but the "very bad-looking figs" are foundations so that God might build 23.23 where God is "at hand" that: "The so that their way, which seems to them made all things by His Word and does not those who remained in Jerusalem; and and plant anew (see Jer 24.6; 42:10; Magi went forth from Persia. You go forth clear and firm as they linger pleasurably on ask for words of man." In the 13th 16-Jul Jeremiah 23-24 the Lord "will bring war, starvation, and 45.4). So he would have been at odds from the affairs of daily life. Make your it may become dark and slippery so that Ps 108 (109) century the Franciscan theologian disease on them until they are with his deepest conviction and the journey to Jesus. It is not far to go if you they cannot stand on it…. What a blessed Bonaventure agreed: "No matter how completely destroyed" (24). Zedekiah the great prophets who preceded him had are willing to make the trip…. If you prove proliferation of so many obstacles!" We much our interior progress is ordered, king of Judah, his princes, the remnant of he not kept his eyes steadily on the your piety and full compunction [that is, must each learn to follow the advice of nothing will come of it unless by divine Jerusalem who remain in this land, and vision of the New People and the New sadness and regret for past sins] you can Ignatius: "As children of light and truth, aid. Divine aid is available to those who those who dwell in the land of Egypt" will Age that lay on the other side of see him without leaving home… The Lord flee from division and wicked doctrines." seek it from their hearts, humbly and all be treated as bad figs who will be catastrophe. This theme of hope is is close to all who call on him in truth" (Ps devoutly; and this means to sigh for it, in made "a horror to all the kingdoms of the prominent in … 'The Little Book of 145.18). this valley of tears, through fervent earth." Comfort' chapters 30-33/37-40" [p. prayer." 419].
Jeremiah complains: "For twenty-three "The fourth year" of the reign of The words of Jeremiah in 26.15/33.15) ("If Lindblom writes: "The subject of the Of the fasting in v. 23 Bishop Nikolai years … the word of the LORD has come Jehoiakim in Jer 25.1 is 605 BC, the first you put me to death, you will bring prophetic religion is in the first place the Velimirovich writes: "Abstaining from to me and I have spoken persistently to year that Nebuchadnezzar was king of innocent blood upon yourselves, on this people as a community…. The national food will not save me. Even if I were to you [people], but you have not listened" Babylon. Jerome writes: "The prophecy city, and on those living here") are echoed religion proclaimed by the prophets also eat only the sand from the lake, You (25.3-4). Theodoret of Cyr writes that [in 26.1-24] preceded in the time to by both Pilate in Mt 27.24 ("I am innocent includes the individual religion; but the would not come to me, unless the fasting [previous] prophecy… The prophecies of Jeremiah "mentions the great number of of this Man's blood") and by the High religion of the people is unmistakably penetrated deeper into my soul…. I have history … are not necessarily composed in years in order to emphasize God's long- Priest of the Jewish Council to Peter in Acts prominent in the preaching of the brought fasting into my mind, so that it chronological order…. But whoever is suffering in putting up with unbelievers 6.28 ("You have filled Jerusalem with your prophets. However, the God of the might [throw out] the world and prepare preparing to speak the word of the Lord for so long." The Lord sends the needs to stand with Moses [in Deut teaching and intend to bring this man's individual is no other than the God of the to receive Your Wisdom. And I have Babylonians under King Nebuchadnezzar 5.31]…." Lindblom writes: "In the blood upon us"). Of Jer 25.14 and how the people and preserves throughout the brought fasting into my heart, so that it to destroy Judah (25.8-11), but later prophets we never find anything that we Lord "will recompense … many nations and features of the national God. Here is the might [overcome] all passions and Babylon itself will be made "an would call a pantheistic tendency [that is, great kings … according to their deeds" marked difference from mysticism [that is, worldly selfishness…. I prescribe fasting 17-Jul Jeremiah 25-27 everlasting waste" (25.12). Jeremiah is the belief that equates all matter and Augustine writes in The City of God 17.1: the belief in the existence of a state of Psalm 108 (109) for my tongue, to break itself of the habit put on trial but continues to insist that forces in the universe with God, or the "We have seen the promises that God reality hidden from ordinary human of idle chatter…. And I have imposed the people and their leaders should "turn belief there are many gods]. The made to Abraham-to be the father, first, of understanding, such as occult or other fasting on my worries so that it might from [their] evil ways (26/44). He prophetic idea of God is throughout the Jewish [people] according to the flesh, mysterious forces]. The religion of the blow them all away … lest they stand like continues to urge submission to Babylon personalistic [that is, based on the and second, of all nations who were to mystics cannot be conceived in forms a dense fog between me and You [Lord], (27/45). [NOTE: The OSB and LXX insert primacy of the human or divine embrace the faith. The development in other than those of individual religion…. and lest they turn my gaze back to the prophecies against the nations at ch. person]…. Consequently, we find in history of The City of God will show how The knowledge of Yahweh which [the world…. And [fasting] has instilled in me [Judaism and Christianity]… the 25.14 to 31 but they are placed in other these promises were kept." Israelite prophets] proclaim … are meant courage, the likes of which I never knew maintenance of the human personality, Bibles from ch. 46 to 51. to be accepted and realized by everybody" when I was armed with every sort of not its absorption in the divine being" [p.307]. [pp. 308-309]. worldly weapon" [cited in Manley-P, p. 419]. Jeremiah is confronted by the false 28/35.1 in the fourth year of the reign The Lord's advice to the Jewish exiles Jerome writes: "So long as we are held NASB note on v.1 states: "Because of the prophet Hananiah, who predicts victory of King Zedekiah would be 593 B.C. about the Babylonians in Jer 29.7/36.7 down by this frail body, so long as we have manner in which [this psalm] has been over Babylon; but Jeremiah is vindicated; when Hananiah began his false ("Seek the welfare of the city where I have our treasures in earthen vessels (2 Cor interpreted in the NT-especially by Jesus and Hananiah dies, as Jeremiah predicted prophecies [NASB note, p. 1101). 2/4 sent you into exile, and pray to the LORD 4.7), so long as the flesh lusts against the [Christ] (see Mt 22.43-45; Mk 12.36-37; (28/35.1-17). Jeremiah sends a letter Kg.24.14 lists the number of those on its behalf, for in its welfare, you will find spirit and the spirit against the flesh (Gal Lk 20.42-44), but also by Peter (see Acts from Jerusalem to the exiles in Babylon, deported from Judah as 10,000, but welfare") is linked by Jerome to Mt 5.44 5.17), there can be no sure victory. 'Our 2.34-36) and the author of Hebrews (see urging them "to build houses and live in "this may include the 7,000 fighting and Lk 27.28 ("Love your enemies, do good adversary the devil goes about as a roaring especially Heb 1.13; 5.6-10; 7.11-28), them…. take wives and have sons and men and 1,000 craftsmen mentioned to those who hate you, bless those who lion seeking whom he may devour" (1 Pet Christians have generally held that this is daughters, … but seek the welfare of the in 24.16 [NASB note, p. 543]. There curse you, pray for those who mistreat 5.8)…. The devil does not look for the most directly 'prophetic' [of the city where [the Lord] has sent you" (29.5- were major deportations during you." Jerome urges "According to the unbelievers, for those who are outside coming of Jesus Christ] of all the psalms." 7/36.5-7). The exiles are promised by different years, especially of leaders, mystical understanding, after we are [the Church]… It is the church of Christ that Elder Aimilianos agrees: "Why is the Jeremiah that "after 70 years they will be fighting men and craftsmen, with expelled on account of our sins from he 'hurries to spoil' (see Is 8.1)." According word 'Lord' used twice?... The first Lord is 18-Jul Jeremiah 28-29 brought back to Jerusalem" (29/36.10). different dates based on different Jerusalem, that is, the church… we must to Habakkuk, 'His food is the choicest' (Hab Ps 109 (110) God the Father. The second Lord is Christ False prophets are condemned (29/36.21- calendars. David Rohl summarises the not be careless or idle, so as to despair 1.16 LXX)." Job is the victim of his the Son. Why then does David refer to 29). Constitution of the Holy Apostles situation brutally, but accurately: inwardly of salvation, but first we must scheming, and after devouring Judas he both the Father and the Son by the same 8.1.2 notes: "Not everyone who "Jerusalem and its magnificent temple build homes on rock, not on sand (Mt 7.24- seeks power to sift [Simon Peter and] the title? To show that God [the Father] and prophesies is holy, nor is everyone who are systematically dismantled by the 25; Lk 6.48-49)." We too should recognise other apostles (Lk 22.31). The Savior came Christ are one, that they are two Persons casts out devils religious…. The devil … Babylonian army and turned into that in a secular world we can be renewed not to send peace on earth but a sword in one nature, that they are one God…. and the demons … are oppressed (that is, mounds of rubble, fit only as the and build Christian homes that glorify (Mt 10.34)…. 'Since there is among you The Word is truly the Son of God, for He afflicted] with ignorance, by reason of abodes [that is, places to dwell] for Christ. envy and strife, are you not carnal and is one in essence with God the Father" [p. their voluntary wickedness." scavengers [people searching for walk as humans?" (1 Cor 3.3)" 54]. usable items in the midst of the rubble] and wild animals" [p. 446].
The Lord acknowledges "It is a time of Anderson writes that Jeremiah's 31.15/38.15 is quoted in Mt 2.18 with King John Cassian writtes of 30.11/37.11: A key verse is v. 10: "Fear of the LORD is distress for Jacob [i. e., the Jewish "prophecy of the new 'covenant' Herod's killing of the infants in Bethlehem "Although we say that trial is twofold, that the beginning of wisdom." Tertullian people] (30/37.7). However, He promises (31.31-34/38.31-34) [became] at the time of the birth of Jesus Christ. is, in prosperity and in adversity, yet you writes: "Where the fear of God is, there "Yet [Jacob] shall be saved out of it… For stamped more indelibly upon later 31.31-34/38.31-34 is quoted in Heb 8:8-12- must know that all people are tried in is seriousness, an honorable and yet I will restore health to you, and your prophetic tradition than anything else the longest direct quotation of the OT in [three different ways]. Often they are tried thoughtful diligence …a safely guarded wounds I will heal" (30/37.7,17). A new Jeremiah said" [p. 421]. Father Eugen the NT. The idea in Jer 32.19/39.19 that for their probation, sometimes for their communion … [and] a united church " In king is promised by the Lord (30/37.9; Pentiuc writes "The expression 'old people are rewarded according to how improvement, and in some cases because Chords from David's Heart, Derek Prince 33.15/40.3 ff.). The Lord promises "a covenant' is a calque [that is, a they live and work is cited in 1 Cor 3.8 their sins deserve it. For their probation writes: "The psalmist … points out that … new covenant with the house of Israel compound word] after the 'new ("Each shall receive [their] wages indeed [as with] Abraham and Job and wisdom and understanding … each … has and the house of Judah," in which He will covenant' mentioned already in Jer according to [their] labour") and in Ephes many of the saints…. For improvement, a moral foundation. The foundation for put His "law within them, and [He] will 31.31-34…. In the NT the phrase 'old 6.8 whether persons "are slave or free." because God chastens his righteous ones wisdom is the fear of the Lord. The write [His] law upon their hearts; and I covenant,' which appears only one Tertullian writes: "You, as a person, know for some small and venial sins to raise foundation for understanding is following 19-Jul Jeremiah 30-32 will be their God, and they shall be my time (2 Cor 3.14), refers to the reading any other person from the way [they] them to a higher state of purity, and he Ps 110 (111) the Lord's precepts. We need to observe people (31/38.31-33). The Lord tells of the Torah. In contrast, the phrase appear outside. You think the way you see. delivers them over to various trials that he a distinction between wisdom and Jeremiah to buy the family estate in 'new covenant' in the NT designates And you see as far only as your eyes do. may purge away all their unclean thoughts, understanding on the one hand, and Anathoth from his uncle by the "right of exclusively the religious institution of But the Scripture says … 'People look at and, to use the prophet's word, the 'dross,' cleverness and intellectual education on redemption" [see Lev 25.23-34] although covenant, not a collection of books; the outward appearance, but God looks at which he sees to have collected in their the other… Too long the devotes of the Babylonian army has surrounded for the latter, the NT uses the term the heart' (1 Sam/1 Kgs 16.7), 'The Lord secret parts…. [And, third] as a punishment secular humanism have worshiped at the Jerusalem, and the land appears to be 'Scripture.' The term 'covenant' in sees and knows his own' (2 Tim 2.19)…. for sins… Remain steadfast in [any] kind of shrine of the intellect. It is time for us to worthless, while the people are starving Greek connotes the idea of And 'the first shall,' as he shows, 'be last' trial…" We will not always know why we lay again the moral foundations of true (chs. 32/39). Jeremiah obeys the Lord. communication and bilateralism (as (Mt 20.16)." are being tried, but this is good advice. wisdom and understanding" [p. 159]. suggested by the particle dia, [meaning] 'among, through' in diath?k?)" [p. 15]. From prison, Jeremiah continues to On several occasions Zedekiah met The promise of the continuation of the Of Ps 9.10-11 and Jer 33.2/40.2 Augustine Augustine writes of v. 1: "The mention of prophesy imminent victory for the privately with Jeremiah, hopeful that Davidic Kingdom and the blessing of the writes: " 'And let them who know your 'man' implies 'woman' [with the word] vir Babylonians besieging the city of the prophet would bring him good Levites (33.21-22) is fulfilled in Jesus name hope in you' [Ps 9.10-11] when they being used here for homo ('human Jerusalem (33.1-13/41.1-7; 34.1-6/42.12- news, but Jeremiah continued to Christ, "the son of David, the son of have ceased hoping in wealth and in the being')." Of v. 6 Augustine preached: 17). Those Judeans who have not freed prophesy victory for the Babylonians, Abraham" (Mt 1.1). The Lord "will give other enticements of this world. For the "The just person will be held in eternal their slaves are condemned by the Lord terrifying the king who respected [Jesus Christ] the throne of his father soul indeed that seeks where to fix its memory…. The reason, you see, that holy (34.8-22/41.8-22). A community of Jeremiah as a prophet. Heaton writes: David" (Lk 1.32). In Rev 5.5 it is Christ, "the hope when it is torn away from this world, church celebrates the anniversary of the nomads, the Rechabites, have obeyed "The people of God had … lost the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the root of David the knowledge of God's name seasonably last days of the just and holy people who the Lord, but the Judeans have not; and integrity which their forefathers had [who] has conquered; so that he can open receives. For the … name of God has now have departed from this world is not the Lord points this out firmly, stressing learnt in the days of Moses. Small and the scroll and its seven seals." Tyconius been published everywhere. When you thereby to increase the honor enjoyed by the importance of listening to Him eccentric groups-like the Rechabites writes that "the whole body of the know someone, you know [their] name. these just persons but to set before us an 20-Jul Jeremiah 33-35 (35/42). Irenaeus writes of the and Nazarites-still clung conservatively prophets … consoled the church as they For the name is not a name for its own Ps 111 (112) example to be imitated." Of v. 10 Rechabites: "The Lord clearly shows all to parts of the ancient tradition, but foretold that Christ would come from the sake but for that which it signifies. Now it Augustine writes: "Whether the Jews that there is one King and Lord, the they were too withdrawn from tribe of Judah and would redeem the has been said, 'The Lord is his name' receive these divine testimonies with joy Father of all…." NASB notes that 33.13 ordinary society to exercise any world by his own blood… When anyone of (33.2/40.2). Therefore, those who willingly or with indignation, nevertheless, when continues "and builds on ch. 32; and … general influence" [pp.58-59]. "The the faithful individually and earnestly submit to God as his servants have known we can, let us proclaim them with great 33.14.26… summarizes a wider range of crisis of the fall of the nation and the weeps for his or her own sins and recalls his name." Throughout the ages this has love for the Jews…. Let us … not savoring earlier passages…. that are not found in exile of the people [would bring] the promises of redemption 'through the been true, as testified by the OT and the of pride but with a deep sense of humility the LXX" [p. 1112]. The historical about a shift from oracles of judgment consolation of the Scriptures,' (Is 11.10) NT and by the teachings of the Orthodox … rejoicing with trembling (Ps 2.11), let appendix of 34-35/41-42 brings to a to oracles of salvation in the [that person] will recognize that he or she Church. We too can "fix [our] hope on the us say, 'Come let us walk in the light of close the first major division of the book. prophecies of Jeremiah and Ezekiel" has the hope of eternal salvation." Lord." the Lord" (Is 2.5). [Anderson, p. 422n.].
As instructed by the Lord, Jeremiah took Jeremiah was forbidden by King "The anticipation of the New [Covenant] In The Heavenly Banquet: Understanding Bede preached: "There [on Sinai], after a scroll, wrote on it a synopsis of the Zedekiah to go to the Temple. This led assumed greater and greater significance the Divine Liturgy (Orthodox Witness, all the legal decrees had been heard, the many messages the Lord had given him, to "a major development in Jeremiah's in the years after the fall of the nation [of Third Edition) Father Emmanuel Hatzidakis entire people answered with one voice, and had his scribe Baruch read it in the preaching career: the shift from Judah], and eventually transposed into a writes: "The Divine Liturgy is the Mystery 'We will hear and do all the words that Temple precincts (36.2-14/43.2-14). King preaching orally … to a written form of new key-it came to assume a central place of union of human beings with God and the Lord has spoken' (Ex 24.3). Here [in Jehoiakim burned the scroll, but it was proclamation…."It is not surprising … in the NT (1 Cor 11.25; Lk 22.20; and Heb the union of human beings among the upper room], after the assembly of replaced by Jeremiah (36.23-32/43.23- that Jeremiah's greatest adversaries 8.8-12)"-with its emphasis upon "the new themselves. [As St John of Damascus has the church, which was being born, had 32). Zedekiah was appointed as King of were the prophets [of the Temple] covenant in [Christ's] blood" [Anderson, p. written…] the purpose of the Divine Liturgy received the enlightenment of the Spirit, Judah by King Nebuchadnezzar (37.1/ who promised a shortcut to divine 422]. As John Chrysostom preached: "Why is to change the sacramental elements they spoke of the wonders of God in all 44.1). Jeremiah was arrested and kept in restoration without going through the does Paul mention that the cup is of the (bread and wine mixed with water) into the languages of the countries. 21-Jul Jeremiah 36-38 Ps 112 (113) prison. However, King Zedekiah still valley of judgment" [Anderson, pp. new covenant? Because there was also a the Sacred Body and Blood of the Lord Doubtlessly it was thanks to a certain asked him, "Is there any word from the 395, 399]. The fall of Jerusalem cup of the old covenant, which contained through the action of the Holy Spirit so [divine] discernment that the observance LORD?" and Jeremiah told the king: confirmed Jeremiah's prophesies, but the libations and the blood of animals…. that the people of God gathered in His of the law was given to only one nation, "There is. You shall be delivered into the the people did not repent [See NET [which] after sacrificing… [used to be Name may commune [that is, that of the Jews, while the word of the hand of the king of Babylon" (37.11- Bible-FN, note A, p. 1474 and note D, poured] out. But now, instead of the blood communicate intimately and confidentially gospel was to be proclaimed to all 21/44.11-21). Jeremiah was placed in a p. 1479]. "Jeremiah remained in the of beasts, Christ has introduced his own with] the divinity of Jesus Christ together nations throughout the world … fulfilling cistern to die but was rescued by Ebed court of the guard until … Jerusalem blood." with His glorified humanity… and thus be the prophecy [in this psalm in vv. 3-4]." Melech (38/45). was taken" (38/45.35). united with Christ and live His life" [p. 39]. Jerusalem falls to the Babylonians. King With the fall of Jerusalem and the ACCS, OT XII, Jeremiah, Lamentations Theodoret of Cyr writes of Jeremiah's Augustine preached: "When Jesus was Zedekiah flees at night, but is captured, exile of "the nobility, the artisans notes that: "The relative [lack] of patristic prophecies: "It is clear that God chose entrusting Peter with [that is, giving him blinded and taken to Babylon with many [and] the highest military ranks … the commentary [on the book of Jeremiah] Israel from the beginning as a kindness to responsibility for] his sheep, he was others. The Babylonians "burned the nation was crippled-at the very time beyond chapter 39 [/46] is no doubt due to the other nations. For the miracles that entrusting him with us. When he was [city] … and broke down the walls of when the need for resourceful at least two factors: (1) The metaphors, took place because of them amazed all and entrusting Peter with us, he was Jerusalem. Some poor people are left to leadership and stable traditions was images and material of chapters 1-38 clearly taught that their God alone was the entrusting the church with its members. look after the fields and vineyards" (39.1- greatest. Into this vacuum moved a recommend themselves more readily to true God; and likewise the disasters So, Lord, … let your church entrust itself 10/46.1-4). Jeremiah and Ebed Melech, new nobility-ill-quipped for the heavy instruction and pastoral care, and (2) befalling them accused them of to you. After, we say, 'Not to us, Lord, not the Ethiopian, are saved by Neburaradan, responsibilities of the hour and even chapters 39-51[/46-52] are rarely cited in lawlessness, on the one hand, and on the to us, but to your name give the glory' the Captain of the Guard, on the less capable of perceiving the religious the NT" [p. 237]. Theodoret of Cyr writes: other proclaimed God's just sentence. Ps 113 (114/115.2). I mean, what are we 22-Jul Jeremiah 39-40 instructions of King Nebuchadnezzar meaning of the crisis. Governed by a "Both Nebuchadnezzar the king and Thus, for example, Nebuchadnezzar said (114,115) without you? Only Peter when he denied (39.11-18/46.4-8). Jeremiah chooses to short-sighted nationalism and swayed Ebedmelech the Ethiopian … although they that the Jews deservedly suffered you three times….-and he wept. Peter live "among the people who had been by the emotional appeal of prophetic were foreigners … respected the prophet punishment and God had acted justly." In washed away his fault with his tears; he left in the land," rather than to go to demagogues [that is, people who seek [Jeremiah], but the Jews … did not want to reading both the OT and the NT, we should poured water from his eyes and baptized Babylon (40.1-6/47.1-6). Gedaliah political power by appealing to pay attention to the divine words … [and] remember both the blessings and his conscience." Teach us, Lord, how to governs Judea with justice (40.7-12/47.7- people's emotions and prejudices] subjected the prophets to punishments of judgment of God. baptise our consciences in order that we 12). these new leaders hastened the every kind." can serve you more completely. downfall of the nation" [Anderson, pp.412-413].
Ishmael, who had been one of Zedekiah's Potok writes that with the killing of None. Heaton writes: "After 587 B.C., Lindblom writes: "After the fall of Athanasius considers the proper celebration chief officers, killed Gedaliah and many Gedaliah, "fearing Babylonian when Jerusalem fell and prophetic threat Jerusalem those who remained in the land of Pascha in v. 18: "The festival of Easter others (41.1-10/48.1-10). "Ishmael's retaliation, many among the became historical fact, the exiles (not wanted to emigrate to Egypt. But first they does not consist in pleasant conversation at loyalty to Zedekiah might explain his remaining populance [of Judah and its unnaturally) called themselves the would make sure this was the will of meals, or splendor of clothing or days of assassination of Gedaliah…. Ancient capital Jerusalem] now fled to Egypt, 'remnant.'… There were among the exiles, Yahweh. They went to the prophet leisure but in the acknowledgment of God and the offering of thanksgiving and of custom with respect to hospitality taking with them an aged and however, [some] who, so far from giving Jeremiah to receive an oracle from him praise to him. Now this belongs to the saints probably made Gedalliah assume that his reluctant Jeremiah and his scribe up hope, came to believe that they had about their plan. At the end of ten days alone, who live in Christ, for it is written, guests would not harm him, much less Baruch…. A near-contemporary poet been providentially spared. Their Jeremiah received a revelation: the people "The dead do not praise the Lord…" For to kill him" [NASB note of 41.1, p. 1122]. lamented the loss of the city of David: confidence found expression in the should stay in their own land and not praise and bless God belongs to those only Johanan rescued some of the people 'Lonely sits the city once great with reinterpretation and development of emigrate. This oracle was, however, not who live in Christ, and by means of this they Ishmael had captured (41.11-19/48.11- people…. Bitterly she weeps in the 'remnant' as a technical term (see Isa 4.3; obeyed (Jer 52.1 ff.)…. It is evident that go up to the feast; for the Passover is not of 23-Jul Jeremiah 41-43 Ps 113 (114,115) 18). Then Johannan sought advice from night, her cheeks wet with tears… 10.20.21, 11.11,16; 28.5, 6; 37.31; 46.3, 4; Jeremiah's revelations were closely the Gentiles or those who are yet Jews in the Jeremiah, who advised him strongly on Jerusalem has greatly sinned, Mic 2.12, 13; 7.18; Zeph 2.7, 9; Jer 23.3, 4; connected with his prayer life (53.3; 37.3 flesh but of those who acknowledge the the basis of a word from the Lord to stay therefore she is an outcast…. See, O 31.7; Zech 8.6, 11). Now it was used to ff; 52.2 ff)…. To Jeremiah the end of the truth in Christ, as he declares who was sent in Judea (42/49), but Johannan and his Lord, my misery…. See, O Lord, and describe their status-no longer as the nation did not mean the complete to proclaim such a feast: 'Our Passover [or followers went to Egypt, taking Jeremiah behold now abject I have become.' 'remnant' left over from a divine judgment annihilation of Judah. Jeremiah continued 'Our paschal lamb'], Christ, is sacrificed' (1 with them (43.1-7/50.1-7). Jeremiah Jerusalem was a heap of roofless which had been deserved-but as the Isaiah's teaching that a minority of the Cor 5.7)." prophesied that the Babylonians would buildings infested with rats. Jackals Remnant proposed by God for the people would inherit a happy future" [pp. plunder Egypt (43.8-13/50.8-13). prowled through her dead streets. fulfilment of his covenant promises" [p. 149, 181, 372]. Large areas of Judah were devastated" 123]. [p. 145]. The Lord said to Jeremiah about the Goldberg and Rayner write in The Theodoret of Cyr paraphrases 45/51.1-5: NASB explains in its "Principles of These verses urge: "Return O my soul, to people of Judah who had come to Egypt: Jewish People: Their History and "The Lord comforts Baruch who was Translation": "The most common name for your rest" (v. 7). Of v. 2 ("He has inclined "Why do you provoke me to anger with Religion: "Presumably, groups of Jews, complaining about the hardships and the Deity is God, a translation of the his ear to me") Basil preached: "The the works of your hands, burning incense not only from Babylon, but also lower feeling vexed [that is, worried]. He original [Hebrew] Elohim. One of the titles divine ear [that hears us], indeed, does to other gods in the land of Egypt where Egypt-where Jeremiah and others had commands him to bear nobly his life full of for God is Lord, a translation of [the not need a voice for perception; it knows you have come to live… Therefore, I will gone after the fall of Jerusalem … pain. [The Lord says to Baruch:] I will still Hebrew] Adonai. There is yet another how to recognize in the movements of take the remnant of Judah … and they continued to drift back to the take care of you… And wherever you live, name which is particularly assigned to God the heart what is sought…. The presence shall all be consumed … by the sword and homeland. Certainly, the population of you will still have my care." NASB notes on as His special or proper name, that is, the of good works is a loud voice before by famine" (44.8, 12/51.8, 12). Judah had doubled by the middle of 45.3: "To some extent Baruch shared four letters YHWH (Exodus 3.14 and Isaiah God." Basil continues by linking v. 7 to St Jeremiah's scribe, Baruch, becomes the fifth century. Nevertheless, it as Jeremiah's anguish (See 8.18-9.2; 20.7- 42.8). This name has not been pronounced Paul in 2 Tim 4.7-8 and urges: "Since you depressed, but the Lord tells him " an unhappy community, under 18)." Cyril of Alexandra links the trials that by the Jews because of reverence for the have fulfilled sufficiently the course of Behold,… what I have planted I am pressure from without, divided within. Baruch experienced to the words of Paul in great sacredness of the divine name. Ps 114 (116:1- this life, turn henceforth into your rest 24-Jul Jeremiah 44-46 plucking up-that is the whole land… but I There was constant friction with 1 Cor 10.13: "As most wise Paul has said, Therefore, it has been consistently 9) 'for the Lord has been bountiful to you.'" will give you your life … in all places to provincial officials in Samaria, who [the Lord] does not permit people to be translated LORD" [p.ix]. The Revised However, continuing the previous verses which you may go" (45.4-5/51.34-35). sent back critical reports to the tried more than they can bear, but with Standard Version (RSV) also follows this from St Paul in Phil 1.21: "If it is to be life Prophecies against foreign nations are in Persian government. Edomite the trial he will make also the way out, practice of using the word LORD in in the flesh [i.e. to continue life on earth] 26-31 in LXX and in 46-51 in other Bible tribesmen harassed their borders. that they may be able to endure capitals; and this is the practice that has that means fruitful labour for me. Yet translations, beginning with the External difficulties increased internal patiently." Happily, this applies to each of been followed in these OT Study Notes which I shall choose I cannot tell. I am Babylonian conquest of Egypt. disillusion…. The line separating Jews us. [See also NET Bible-FN, p. ix]. hard pressed between the two… But to from pagans was blurring, through remain in the flesh is more necessary on numerous intermarriages which your account…." threatened the community's integrity" [p. 54].
Prophecies follow of judgments against Anderson [L] writes: "Since Jeremiah Caesarius of Arles (in France) links 48.10 Lindblom believes that "Ch. 46-49/[29-31 Of v. 12 Augustine preached: "To begin the Philistines (47/29), Moab (48/31), came from a priestly family, it is rather ("Cursed is he who does the work of the LXX]) … were derived from oral tradition, if with, I was nothing, and he made me; I Ammon (49.1-6/30.17-21), Edom (49.7- surprising that the Temple had no central LORD with slackness! [that is, without they were not [available to the collector in] had gotten lost, and he looked for me … 22/30.1-16), Damascus (49.23-27/30.28- place in his pictures of the future diligence]): "I exhort and admonish [that is, … the Baruch scroll. But it is usually and found me…. 'What shall I render to 32), Kedar and Hazor (49.28-33/30.22- restoration. Perhaps this silence resulted warn] you, dearly beloved, that whenever impossible to decide whether a revelation the Lord?' [v.12] You haven't got from his reaction against the false 27), Elam (49.34-39) and Babylon (50/27- the priest prays at the altar or when the was orally transmitted or in writing…. Our anything you can [give him]…. But wait. confidence in the Temple [and] … 28). The people of Judah are urged to deacon intones the prayer in a loud voice, prophetic books frequently supply us with There is something [else] the psalmist centralizing worship in Jerusalem. "flee from the midst of Babylon" (50.8). you devoutly bow your bodies as well as summaries and reports of prophetic wants to say…. He looks around Perhaps it resulted partly from his being These prophecies confirm that "the Israel so preoccupied with the crisis of the your hearts… when the deacon says the utterances instead of verbatim reports. everywhere for something he can [give to is a hunted sheep … but I will restore present that he was not concerned about usual flectamus genua [Latin for 'Let us But… this does not prevent us from the Lord], and …what does he find? 'I will Israel to his pasture" (50.17, 19). Heaton sketching the details of the future [pp. kneel'], most of the people [in the 6th surmising the essential content of what take the cup of salvation' [v. 13]…. You writes: "How … did this consensus about century] frequently remain standing like the prophet said on a certain occasion…. won't find anything you can pay back…. 422-423]. Lindblom views Jer. 50-51 as a Ps 115 (116:10- 25-Jul Jeremiah 47-50 [the] fate [of all these nations] arise?... A straight columns. This is not at all proper Jeremiah thought that the exiles would be Christ loved you before you existed; he later "redactional [that is, edited] 19) regular catalogue of foreign peoples, we addition. The idea that Babylon must be or right for Christians who are praying in released after seventy years. A release of created you… [and] through the agency may suppose, was then already current crushed as a punishment for its outrage church…Since these words are addressed captives could not, of course, occur of your father and mother, he has reared [in the pre-exilic period], which listed 'all upon Israel is entirely alien to Jeremiah, to you in particular and most of all to the without the downfall of the Babylonian you. It is not your parents, you see, who the nations' and, therefore, symbolized who saw in Babylon an instrument of well- negligent, it is just for you to devoutly empire. That Jeremiah really had the made you, though they hand on to you the concept of God's universal deserved punishment on Israel [but] … obey them…. We also ought to fear and downfall of Babylon in view is proved by their family characteristics… Give him sovereignty" (Cf. Num 24.17-19; Psalms Jeremiah expected the exile to end and perfectly accomplish what [Paul] said [in 1 the story of the scroll thrown into the back what he has made. Give him back the Babylonian empire to collapse…." [p. 60.8 83.6-8; Jer 25.15-29; Amos 1.3-2)" Th 5.17-18], 'Constantly pray, in all things Euphrates (51. 59-64/28.58-60 LXX)" [pp. yourself, his creation, not your 282]. [p. 131]. give thanks.'" 255, 159, 259]. perversion [that is, your distortion of what He has created]." 26-Jul The judgment against Babylon continues; "The captive peoples are warned to Ancient Christian Commentaries on "The Book of Jeremiah presents him as … Of vv. 10-14, Pachomius advises: "When and the Judeans and other non-natives flee Babylon in order to avoid being Scripture (ACCS), OT XII, p. 271 links 52.15- conscious throughout of a close union with a thought oppresses you … put up with it are urged to leave (51.1-14/28.1-54 LXX). cut down by her invaders" [NASB 16 in which a remnant of Jews remained in God. His prophetic office, which entailed in courage, saying, 'They swarmed Jeremiah's prophecy is read by Seraiah notes on 50.16, 51.6, pp. 1137, 1139.] Judea with John Chrysostom's sermon on the denunciation of the sins of Judah and around me …, but I drove them back in (Baruch's brother) to King Zedekiah; and 2/4 Kings 25.27-30 and 52.31- Rom 9.29 that cites Isa 1.9 ("If the Lord the proclamation of their punishment, was the name of the Lord.' Divine help will the scroll is cast with a stone into the 34/52.25-28 "conclude with the same had not left us a few survivors [or "a in tragic conflict with his love for his arrive … immediately, and you will drive Euphrates River to symbolise the sinking happy ending" [NASB note on 52.31- seed,"] we would have quickly become like people, which led him to intercede them away from you, and courage … and of Babylon (51.59-64/28.55-60). Ch. 34, p. 1144]. [See also NET Bible-FN, Sodom … [and] like Gomorrah") and had to repeatedly on his nation's behalf" [F. L. Ps 116 , 117 the glory of God will walk with you" (Cf. 26-Jul Jeremiah 51-52 52/46 ff. gives an historical summary of note C, p. 1527 and notes V to X, p. undergo utter destruction. The ACCS Cross & E. A. Livingstone, Dictionary of the (117,118.1-14) Is 58.11). For the ways of God are the fall of Jerusalem (52.1-27), the 1447]. Heaton writes: [Jeremiah's] life heading for the passage is "The Lord Christian Church (DCC), Hendrickson humility of heart and gentleness…. If you people taken into exile (52.12-16/52.21- and work provide one of the best provides in time of need." Jer 51.6, 9, 45 is Publishers, 1997; entry for Jeremiah, pp. move ahead in the ways of the Lord, he 24), as well as King Nebuchadnezzar's explanations of the claim of Jesus cited in part in 2 Cor 6.17. The phrase 865 ff.]. We too can each intercede in will watch over you, and … He will deliver kindness to King Jehoiachin in Babylon [Christ] that he had come to 'fill out' "many waters" links Jer 51.13 and Babylon prayer for our nation and our world at you from the devil, and in your dying day (52.31/52.25-28). the revelation which God gave to his to Rev 18.4. times of crisis. he will grant you his peace." ancient people" [p. 23].
In Babylon, Baruch inspires his fellow Baruch is in both the Orthodox and St Irenaeus cites Bar 3.36-38 (God "found St Irenaeus continues that this coming of In Christ the Educator 1.7.61 Clement of Judeans to repent of their sins, so that Roman Catholic canons of the OT. the whole way to knowledge, and gave her the Son was "in order that humanity, Alexandria writes: "Consider the carefulness they "wept and fasted and prayed before However, Protestants consider it to be to … Israel whom he loved. Afterwards having embraced the Spirit of God, might and wisdom and the power of this Educator: the Lord; and they collected money" for in the Apocrypha [i.e. not in the OT [the Word] appeared upon earth and lived pass into the glory of the Father…. 'He shall not judge according to appearance those in need in Jerusalem (1.5-12, 13- canon]; and it is not included in the among men") as evidence that "the Inasmuch, then, as the Spirit of God or [condemn] according to gossip, but he shall render judgment with humility and 22; 2.1-10). The exiles acknowledge that Hebrew Bible. Biblical scholars prophets, receiving the prophetic gift from pointed out by the prophet what would shall [condemn] the sinners of the earth' (Is they "are few in number, among the disagree about when and how the the same Word, announced his advent happen in the future, forming and 11.3-4). And through the lips of David, he nations where [the Lord] has scattered Book of Baruch was written and according to the flesh, by which the adapting us beforehand for the purpose of says Ps 117/118.18. Indeed, the very act of us" (2.13). They recognise that "the Lord edited, either as early as soon after blending and communion of God and man our being made subject to God-but it was a being chastised and being educated by the is righteous in all his works" and plead the fall of Jerusalem to the took place [with]… the Word of God future thing that humanity, through the Lord as a child, means deliverance from for God's mercy (2.11-3.8) and His Babylonians in 587 B. C. or much later foretelling from the beginning that God good pleasure of the Holy Spirit should see Ps 116, 117/117, 27-Jul Baruch 1-3 death. Again, he says through [David]: 'You wisdom (3.9-4.4) [Trans. The Apocrypha, in the context of the Roman invasion should be seen by human beings and God … and that the Son and the Father 118.15-29 shall rule them with a rod of iron' (Ps 2.9). InterVarsity Press]. The awareness that of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. [Cf. Anderson- interacting with them on the earth; that he should not only be prophetically Similarly, the apostle [Paul] exclaimed when "God is enthroned for ever" (3.3) is L, p. 394, note 3]. The central message would confer with them and be present announced but also be seen by all of his he was aroused by the Corinthians: 'What is stressed by Basil so that Christ "shares about the need for repentance and with his own creation, saving it and members who are sanctified and your wish? Shall I come to you with a rod, or the honor and the throne with the reliance on God's mercy applies over becoming capable of being perceived by it instructed in the things of God." This in love and in the spirit of meekness?' (1 Cor Father." John Chrysostom sees "being many centuries. Theodoret of Cyr and freeing us from … every spirit of applies to all of us today, because we do 4.21)." seated on the throne as a symbol of… stresses how 3.4 ("O Lord Almighty, wickedness; and causing us to serve him in not have to give or hear prophetic stability, durability, proceeding onward, God of Israel, hear now the prayer of holiness and righteousness all of our days utterances to know that we too have been immutability, eternity, infinite life." the dead of Israel") "clearly brought (Lk 1.74-75)." "sanctified and instructed in the things of out the immortality of the soul." God." The Judean exiles are urged to "turn … "The first part of the book of Baruch In 4.4 ("Happy are we, O Israel, for we Writing of 5.1 ("Take off the garment of Bede preached: "'If you know these and take [wisdom; and] walk toward the (1:1-3, 8), containing a confession of know what is pleasing to God"), your sorrow and affliction, O Jerusalem"), things, you will be blessed if you do shining of her light" (4.2). Baruch urges sins by the Jews following the Olympiodorus of Alexandria urges "the Olympiodorus of Alexandria urges the them' (Jn 13.17). This statement of our the people to "take courage, my children, destruction of Jerusalem and the Israelites to be the first to take hold of exiles "to put off the old humanity with its Savior is very helpful for salvation, and and cry to God, for you will be exiles' prayer for forgiveness and grace. In fact, 'it was necessary that the desires" and "to put on the beauty from we must ponder it attentively. We will be remembered by him who brought this salvation, may date from the Persian Word of God first be announced to them' the God of glory forever." He then links blessed if we know the heavenly upon you. For just as you purposed to go or at least from the pre-Maccabean (Acts 13.46). The spiritual Israel speaks in this change in garments and approach to commands, yet still more so if we eagerly astray from God, return with tenfold zeal period. This early section was this way, to whom the Savior addresses life now: "Put off the old humanity with its pursue in our works the things that we to seek him" (4.27-29). Then "he who originally written in Hebrew and himself, saying, 'Blessed are your eyes desires (See Col 3.9), since 'as many of you know. One who neglects to keep his has brought these calamities upon you seems to be very ancient. The other because they see, and your ears, because as have been baptized in Christ have known commandments is not capable of will deliver you from the hand of your two parts (3:9-4:4 and 4:5-5:9) were they hear'" (Mt 13.16)." Olympiodorus also clothed yourselves with Christ' (Gal 3.27)." being happy…. The psalmist agrees with Ps 118:1-13 28-Jul Baruch 4-5 enemies" (4.18). Therefore, "take off the written in Greek or freely translated links this passage to "the church and the This leads to 5.4 ("peace of righteousness this…. Everyone loves happiness but few garment of your sorrow and oppression. from Hebrew or Aramaic. The first is a nature of the mystery, since now 'our and glory of godliness") "because Christ is (119:1-13) ask where it is, he clearly testified as to O Jerusalem, and put on for ever the praise of wisdom: only Israel received knowledge is imperfect' (1 Cor 13.9), and our peace (Ephes 2.14) … and is the model what is the greatest happiness of human beauty from the God of glory forever." wisdom from God, which is the Law of the perfection of knowledge has not yet for our behavior according to justice, and beings in this life saying v. 1. And lest it (5.1-2). "Baruch concludes that: "God will Moses. The last part of the book of arrived (See 1 Cor 13.10)." He refers to by him we also have been called." We too be supposed that this way of the lead Israel with joy, in the light of his Baruch contains Jerusalem's lament "compassion as territory, which increases can move from sorrow to joy as we undefiled and blessed can be laid hold of glory, with the mercy and righteousness over her desolation and her as one grows toward the good." experience the joy and protection of indiscriminately by the ignorant and the that come from him" (5.9). consolation." Christ. untaught, he subsequently continued and [https://www.britannica.com/topic/B said v. 2." ook-of-Baruch]. [See also "The Theme" in the OSB, p.1165].
Throughout Lamentations, Jerusalem NASB notes: "Although Lamentations Ambrose writes of 1.16 ("a comforter is far Prof. Brevard S. Childs notes that "the Jerome writes: "[Listen] that I may tell ("How lonely sits the city that was full of is anonymous and we cannot be from me"): "Repentance came by John book of Lamentations [relates] communal you how you are to walk in the holy people!" 1.1) is treated as a person in certain who wrote it, ancient Jewish [the Baptist], grace by Christ…. The Lord complaint to individual confession … and Scriptures…. 'Open my eyes,' says David, dialogue with the prophet Jeremiah. and Christian tradition ascribes it to gives the one; the other is proclaimed … by addresses the misfortunes of Judah as a 'that I may behold wondrous things out Jerusalem believes that "I am despised!" Jeremiah… Since the prophet the servant. The church, then, keeps both whole" [p.102]. More broadly Childs of your law' (v. 18). Now, if so great a (1.11). The prophet agrees (1.17). Jeremiah was an eyewitness to the that it may attain to grace and not cast writes: "The essential role of the canon [is prophet confesses that he is in the Jerusalem acknowledges that "the Lord is divine judgment on Jerusalem … it is away repentance." Gregory of Nyssa to establish] … theological continuity darkness of ignorance, how deep, do you in the right, for I have rebelled against his reasonable to assume that he was the preached: "When I see the confusion of between the generations by the authority think, must be the night of word" (1.18), but then questions the author of the book that so vividly heresy, this confusion is Babylon. And of sacred scripture." However, he urges us misapprehension with which we … are severity of the judgement (2.20). There is portrays the event" [p.1145]. "The Old when I see the flood of trials that pours in "not to fragment the material through enveloped!... To the multitudes the Lamentations of Ps 118:14-48 29-Jul an underlying awareness that "the law is Testament provided the vocabulary, on us from the confusion of this heresy, I critical analysis or to synthesize it from a Savior spoke only in parables and, to Jeremiah 1-2 no more and her prophets obtain no conceptual world, grammar and say that these are 'the waters of Babylon NT perspective which fails to hear the OT (119:14-48) make it clear that his words had a vision from the LORD" (2.9b). The danger syntax for New Testament Christology. by which we sit down and weep' (Ps witness in its own right" [Old Testament mystical meaning, said, 'He who has ears that "prophets have seen for you false As the semantic field [that is, the 137/136.1/) because there is no one to Theology in a Canonical Context, pp. 137, to hear, let him hear' (Lk 8.8). Unless all and deceptive visions" (2.14) and "lulled meaning of words] in which Jesus of guide us over them…. [Yet] our 238.] This is an Orthodox approach for us things that are written are opened by them into false security" [Lindblom, p. Nazareth was perceived and Bridegroom [Christ] has not been taken today, unifying and respecting both the OT him 'who has the key of David' [i. e., 213] is stressed [See NET Bible-FN, note understood, it remains foundational from us. He stands in our midst, although and the NT. Christ] (Rev 3.7) … no one can undo the Csn, p. 1529]. for the church's confession of Jesus as we see him not." lock or set them before you." the Christ" [ACCS, OT, XXII, p. xxviii]. Childs writes: "Ch. 3 of Lamentations … Childs concludes: "The role of ch. 3 of "Lamentations … served the [Church] Of Ps 118/119.33-40 Johanna Manley Johanna Manley continues: "[David begins with an individual complaint… [in Lamentations is to render the plight of Fathers well as a description of the writes: "Here is what has to be done. Seek considers] how a sinner frees himself which] the writer describes his troubles Israel … into the language of faith and challenges that face a Christian in a fallen from God the outline of the godly way (v. from its bondage, and [how] to stay on (vv. 1-18) and seeks aid from God (19- … to appeal to the whole nation to world" [ACCS, XII, p. xxv]. Origen links 3.25 33), knowledge (v. 34) and strength (v. 35). the right path…. The sinner is … 21). In vv. 22-24 he testifies to his own experience that dimension of faith ("The LORD is good to those who wait for But … [recognize that] you will not get it if awakening from sin [and] resolves to stop faith in divine mercy by making use of testified to by one representative him") to the NT: "As therefore God is you do not apply your own efforts. sinning. Before him are the world with its themes from Israel's traditional credal individual…. Thus the book of frequently called good in the OT, so also Therefore, seek (v. 33), safeguard (v. 34) delights and the Lord with His formulations… [This chapter] effects a Lamentations serves every future the Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ is styled and long for (v. 35) the way through the commandments. Having considered change from a communal to an individual generation of God's suffering people just [and good] in the Gospels." Jerome joint application of freedom and the grace [both], he chooses the law (v. 57). form, and it moves from the sad events for whom history has become links 3.27 ("It is good for a man that he for a true and godly life. Compel yourself However, old habits are not easily of Jerusalem's ruin in 587 BC to an intolerable (3.31-41)" [p. 103]. bears the yoke in his youth") to the lives of to every good deed, take care that your overcome, and he asks help from God (v. individual's personal history…. The pain Anderson writes that the Jewish Paul, Anthony and John the Baptist." John intentions are pure and unselfish (v. 36); 58). Having received God's forgiveness, Lamentations of Ps 118:41-61 30-Jul of this one representative Jew is "exiles in Babylonia … were given a Chrysostom links 3.28 ("Let [a person] sit do not get carried away by vanity (v. 37), he considers a new life (v. 59), yet this Jeremiah 3-5 portrayed in the language of worship, good bit of social freedom and alone in silence" when they are being let the fear of God animate you. However, (119:41-61) decision does not make him a different thus transcending any fixed point in economic opportunity…. Certainly, disciplined") to Mt 7.14 ("The gate is sinful thoughts will slip through; therefore, person on the spot; he has to withstand history…." [p. 102]. Chs. 4 and 5 return their lot in Babylonia was a great deal narrow and the way is hard that leads to let repentance be the background of your and overcome sin (v. 60) and drop his to the lament of the people over better than that of [many] modern life"). In City of God 18.33, Augustine links life (v. 39). Having done all this put former sinful friendships (v. 61). [David] Jerusalem. Then in 5.21-22 there is a plea Jews who have been crowded into Lam 4.20 on the sufferings of "the LORD's yourself into God's hands, striving only to offers powerful means to achieve this: to the Lord: "Restore us to You, O LORD, dingy ghettos or herded into anointed" to Christ, "showing both that please God (v. 40)" [p. 474]. nightly prayer (v. 62), contact with God- that we may be restored; Renew our concentration camps. In fact, 'anti- Christ is our Lord and that he suffered for fearing people (v. 63), and the handing days as of old" (5.21-22). [See NET Bible- Semitism' was quite unknown at that us." over of one's fate to the mercy of God FN, note L, p. 1542]. time. Babylonian Jews were permitted (v.64). See also Ps 71/72, 81-82/83/84" to move about freely… and to carry on [p. 480] their way of life" [pp. 446-447].
This single chapter of 73 verses, also Olympiodorus of Alexandria writes: Quodvultdeus, a friend of Augustine, The primary definition of idolatry is "the Johanna Manley writes: "Mud means known as the sixth chapter of the Book of "Instructed by the [Holy] Spirit that wrote of the Babylonian "gods made of worship of idols; the offering of divine dirt, but mud can be used for healing and Baruch, is accepted by Orthodox and the Jews would be deported, the silver and gold and wood which are carried honours to a created object." However, a out of clay are made useful vessels. In a Roman Catholics as within the canon of prophet [Jeremiah] is commanded by on men's shoulders and inspire fear in the second definition is "excessive devotion to similar way the Lord fashions the soul the OT, but is only in the Apocrypha for God to write the letter even before heathen" (v. 4): "All of these things or veneration for a person or a thing" through various means. They are: [1] Protestants. The opening verse explains the deportation, so that when the regarding the destruction of idols pertain [Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Vol. 2, God's grace and word (v. 65, 66), [2] a that this is "a copy of a letter which time of their imprisonment had also to the Christian people…. These [idols] p. 1321]. In many developed countries in sorrowful or [3] happy life (v. 67, 68), [4] Jeremiah sent to those who were to be arrived, it would be a protection for are made by hands and are nothing and the 21st century, this "excessive devotion" with the Lord's consent, persecution taken to Babylon as captives by the king them so that they would not let can do neither good nor evil, by the fact occurs to a variety of things, including from men (v. 69, 70), and [5] the of the Babylonians." The condemnation themselves be deceived or worship they are nothing. 'Do not fear them. protection of considerable wealth. Idolatry conviction that all this is under God's of idolatry is total: "Why … must anyone the idols of the Babylonians." Sanctify the Lord in your hearts (1 Pet 3:14- remains a danger for Christians today, as it direct influence, and as such, the highest The Epistle of think that they are gods, or call them Olympiodorus adds: "Idolaters are 15) and let him be the object of your fear" was at the time of the Patriarchs, for Ps 118:62-72 good for man (v. 71, 72). In the preceding 31-Jul Jeremiah gods?" (v. 44)…. They are made by similar to idols. Indeed, it is written, (Isa 8.13)…. Against [the] pride [of those Moses and for the Jewish people who (119:62-72) [verses 57 to 64] it has been shown how carpenters and goldsmiths; they can be 'The one who makes them will be like who made idols], Christ's humble people settled in Palestine. Jeremiah strongly a sinner is pulled away from sin and turns nothing but what the craftsmen wish them' (Ps 115.8/113.16 LXX; Ps rose victorious." Olympiodorus of condemned the worship of idols in Jer 2.11- to God, here it is shown how man's inner them to be… The men that make them … 135.18/134.18 LXX)…. [Jeremiah] Alexandria contrasted the ineffectual light 12: "My people have changed their glory perfection is fashioned by the Lord have left only lies and reproach [that is, speaks of idols but says the same of of v. 19 with the "lamp shining in a dark for that which does not profit. Be appalled, through the external circumstances of disgrace and shame]…. (v. 45-47). the leaders of the heretics and of place, until the day dawns and the O heavens, at this, be shocked, be utterly life" [p. 483]. Yet we are often unaware ""Better therefore is a just man who has those who are preoccupied with morning star rises in your hearts" of 2 Pet desolate, says the LORD." when and how the Lord is acting in our no idols, for he will be far from reproach" earthly things. Their eyes are full of 1.19. lives. [v. 73] the devil's dust (cf. v. 17), so that they truly cannot see the diabolical impulses that enter them." Ezekiel receives his first vision in ch.1, is Ezekiel was exiled from Jerusalem to The "four living beings" in 1.5 are cited in Origen writes of the "stormy wind" of 1.4: Of v. 73 Augustine writes: "Let them called as a prophet in ch. 2 and then Babylon in either the first or second Rev 4.6-9. Many Church Fathers link this "When you have been purified by the understand by the hands of God the receives his commission in ch.3. "The group to be deported in 597 and 598 vision to the Church. For example, Gregory sweeping wind, to the extent that it has power and wisdom of God, both of which three major prophets (Isa, Jer, Ezk) and BC. This suggests that Ezekiel was an the Great preached of how the winged swept away every evil from you and titles are given to Christ (cf. 1 Cor 1.24), Zep all have the same basic sequence of important priest. NASB notes: "His creatures represented the four evangelists everything of evil character in your soul, who is also understood under the figure, messages: (1) oracles against Israel, (2) message had much to do with the and Christ Himself: "Because [Matthew] then you will begin to benefit from the 'Arm of the Lord' (cf. Is 53.1)…. 'For on oracles against the nations, (3) temple (see esp. chs. 8-11, 40-48)…. began [with] the generations of great cloud [of the Holy Spirit] that Thy words have I set my hope,' that is, consolation for Israel. In no other book is He was married (see 24.15-18), lived humankind, [he] is justly represented by a envelops the sweeping wind." Jerome the things which You have promised so this pattern as clear as in Ezekiel…. The in a house of his own (see 3.24; 8.1) man; because of the crying in the writes of the fire in 1.4: "The Savior said they may be the sons of promise, the book contains four visions (ch.1-3; 8-11; and, along with his fellow exiles, had a wilderness, Mark is rightly indicated by a that he had come to send fire on earth, seed of Abraham, in whom all nations are 37.1-14; 40-48) and twelve symbolic acts relatively free existence…. For the first lion; because [Luke] started from a and he wanted it to burn in us and in all blessed (cf. Gen 12.3 and 26.4). Who are Ps 118:73-80 01-Aug Ezekiel 1-3 (3.22-26; 4.1-3; 4.4-8; 4.9-11; 4.12.-14; seven years of his ministry (593-586 sacrifice, [he] is well described as an ox; believers." Gregory the Great preached of those who fear God and whom will they (119:73-80) 5.1-6; 12.1-16; 12.17-20; 21.6-7; 21.18- B.C.) he faithfully relayed to his fellow and because [John] begins with the divinity 1.12: "We should carefully examine see and be glad, for on His words has he 24;; 24.15-24; 37.15-28). Five messages Jews the harsh, heart-rending, hope- of the Word, [he] is worthily signified by an ourselves as we do others and place our set his hope? Whether it be the body of are in the form of parables (chs. 15, 16, crushing word of divine judgment: eagle…. Our Saviour … became a man by very selves, so to speak, before our eyes, Christ, that is, the Church, whose words 17, 19, 23)" [NASB, p.1158]. Until the fall Jerusalem would fall (see chs. 1-24)…. being born, an ox in dying, a lion in rising so that unceasingly imitating the winged these are through Christ, or within it, and of Jerusalem, Ezekiel was unable to The only hope the prophet was again and an eagle ascending to the creatures, we always walk before our face, concerning it, these are as it were the speak except when giving a vision (3.26). authorized to extend to his hearers heavens." lest we be ignorant of what we are doing." words of Christ concerning Himself…." was [to live] at peace with themselves and with God during their exile" [pp.1156-1157].
Ezekiel is told to "shut yourself within Prof. John H. Hilber writes in Ezekiel: A Hilber writes: "God relates to national Gregory the Great preached: "A teacher Johanna Manley writes of how vv. 81-88 your house," to stop speaking (3.22-26) Focused Commentary for Preaching Israel at a contractual level in the Old ought to come to know which temptations offer "a short course on how to find the and to perform five further acts and Teaching: "Prophecy in the Covenant. His relationship to believers beset [that is, worry or hinder] the strength and the capability in the endless symbolizing what will happen "the house ancient Near East was treated with today is not governed by such covenant progressing soul in order that he may be struggle against the difficulties in spiritual of Israel:" (1) Take a brick "and portray special care because it was an stipulations…. Although the New Covenant able to prepare it to be on its guard against life." Then we can "learn to understand upon it … Jerusalem [with] siegeworks authoritative word directly from a does not have stipulations pertaining to the traps of the evil spirit…. The teacher God's will and to act in accordance with against it…" (4.1-3); (2) "Lie upon your deity. This was true… [for all the blessings and curses as did the Mosaic lays siege [that is, surrounds something it. In heaven and on earth everything left side … for 390 days … [for] the pagan gods as well as for] Yahweh to Covenant, the concept of temporal [that is, and places it under attack to force it to complies with the will of God (v. 89-91), punishment of the house of Israel … and his people Israel. These ancient in time] discipline for wayward Christians surrender] against the soul of the hearer and we should do likewise. Acting thus, then lie … on your right side … for 40 cultures transmitted divine words with can be found in such passages as 1 Cor 5.4- when he proclaims that traps of we will not perish under humbling days … for punishment of the house of the same respect given to royal, 5; 11.30-32; Rev 3.19; James 5.19-20…. temptations may be laid in everything that circumstances (v. 92); behaving in Judah (4.4-8); (3) While lying on your diplomatic correspondence, whether God holds people responsible for what happens in this life…. Just as the house of Ps 118:81-96 accordance with God's statutes we will 02-Aug Ezekiel 4-6 side, "eat only bread cooked on human delivered orally or in writing. One they have heard and for the actions they Israel physically underwent a siege, so (119:81-96) be quickened [that is, stirred to life with dung" (4.-9-11); (4) drink only a little dared not play fast and loose with it. need to take with potentially serious each soul that now begins to serve God] (v. 93); seeking [those statutes] we water (4.12-14); and (5) Shave your head So we have good reason to be consequences…. Whatever an individual's almighty God perceives the traps that evil will feel God's protection over us (v. 94). and your beard with "a sharp sword… confident that the words recorded in response, he or she bears the spirits are laying siege to it." We may not The understanding of God's testimonies scatter some [hair] to the wind," and Ezekiel are the authoritative voice of responsibility for the choice, as Jesus always know whether "the traps" that will teach us how to avoid enemies (v. "burn [some] in the fire" to indicate the God's prophet. If Ezekiel's oracles warned in correspondence to Ezekiel's draw us away from serving God are from 95), and at last the entry upon the path "fire [that] will come forth into all the were not compiled by the prophet truth, 'Whoever has ears to hear, let them evil spirits, other people or our own sins, of God's will give [us] spaciousness and house of Israel" (5.1-6). Famine and himself, his words were handled hear' (Mark 4.9)" [cf. Ezek 3.27; 12.2] [p. but that danger remains ever-present freedom (v.96). Also see Psalms 77-79/78- destruction will follow (5.7-17), but some carefully and edited into book form 29] today. 80." [pp. 486-490]. people will escape into exile (6.8). under the guidance of inspired scribal editors" [pp. 2-3]. The judgment of the Lord on Israel continues Anderson writes: "So long as Jerusalem Ezek 7.2 ("The end has come upon the four Hilber writes that "bargaining for time Of v. 98 Didymus the Blind writes: "The (7.1-27). Ezekiel is given a vision of the on- was still standing, Ezekiel's message-like corners of the land") is echoed in Rev 7.1. [with God for His mercy] is a foolish invisible enemies that oppress me seek with going desecration of the Temple (8.1 ff.). In a that of Jeremiah-was almost wholly one The fire and brightness coming from gamble, since he sovereignly dictates the great zest to make me prefer pleasure. This further vision, Ezekiel is shown that the Lord of doom. It was his firm conviction that Ezekiel's vision of an angel in 8.2 is similar timing of his judgment. This principle pleasure provokes malcontent before all will "put a mark upon the foreheads of the the fall of Jerusalem was divinely to the brightness of the angel "whose applies to unbelievers, who might arduous work, to the point that one even [innocent people] who [rightly] sigh and ordained and that rebellion against plans to abandon the divine clothes were white as snow" seen by Mary postpone coming to terms with their need groan over all the abominations" being Babuylonia was treason against God" [p. commandment…. But stronger than pleasure Magdalene and Mary, the wife of Cleopas, for salvation. It also applies to people of practised in the Temple (9.4); and those 436]. Hilber writes: "Before the call of and our enemies which are extolling it, is at the empty tomb of Christ in Mt 28.1-7. faith, who live in relationship with God; yet without the mark will be killed (9.5-11). Ezekiel, there was a time in Jerusalem's that which has been given by God if one is Ezekiel cries out: "Ah Lord God! Wilt thou moral and social decay when the prophet Peter Chrysologus preached: "Behold, with both conspicuous and subtle sin stubbornly wise in Thy commandment, while pleasure is destroy all that remains of Israel…? (9.8). Jeremiah offered hope if the city would the Lord's resurrection the evening does remain in the lifelong process of becoming of short duration and transient" Of v. 101 Lindblom writes: "Ezekiel … [is] an repent (Jer 4.3-4; 7.1-; cf. Zeph 2.1-3). not grow dark, it becomes light…. Even as more dependent on God and more like Didymus writes: [The psalmist indicates] the intercessor with Yahweh for his people … As However, in the ways of God, there mortality is transformed into immortality, him in character. It is fortunate that God Ps 118:97-102 free character of his will when he says: 'I 03-Aug Ezekiel 7-9 intercessors with Yahweh the prophets were comes a time when it is too late to turn to corruption into incorruption and flesh into does not expose every dark corner sin in (119:97-102) have restrained my feet.' He … [sees] that not only Yahweh's messengers to His people, him (Ps 32.6' Isa 55.6). It is evident in the Word of God, the darkness is our lies all at once; rather, his Spirit [he has a choice.] It is in his power to set his but representatives of the people before Ezek 7 that the time had passed for transformed into light." A similar "light continually and with increasing subtlety feet on a walk astray [i.e., away from the Yahweh. The prophets were specialists in Jerusalem, underscoring the terrible from heaven flashed around" Paul, when [that is, increasing ability to make fine Lord]. That is in accord with [Ps 33.14]: 'Turn prayer in the same measure as they were consequences of delay. There comes a he was confronted by Jesus Christ on the distinctions] sheds light on our outward away from evil, and do good,' for he who specialists in the … proclaiming of divine point when God says, 'Enough!'…. [Ezek road to Damascus (Acts 9.3). Whiteness behavior and inner thought world. What is distances himself from evil, restrains his feet revelations. A balanced view of the 7] presses upon each person the urgency and fire are also linked to the heavenly demanded [by God] is prompt response 'from every way that is evil,' so that effecting prophetic commission must take both of turning to God. There is a point after the good, he might keep the words of God." being in Rev 1.14. whenever there is conviction [that is, a functions into account" [p. 206]. which turning to God for mercy is too firm belief within us of our sins]" [p. 46]. late…." [p. 46].
Ezekiel has a vision of how God's glory Anderson writes: "We know from The cherubim in 10.9-14 who bring On the balance between "God's forgiving Johanna Manley writes: "There is a leaves the Temple "and stood above the modern history that a legitimate ruler, destruction to Jerusalem are seated on the grace" and his "destructive judgment" in relationship in the manifestations of the cherubim" (10.18) and then moves to a even when living in exile from his or throne of God in Rev 4.1-11. Jerome writes Ezekiel 10, Hilber writes: "In Ezekiel's spiritual life. Every virtue and vice have chariot guided by cherubim (11.23). her own country, continues to be a that when the cherubim left the Temple vision, the balance of these attributes their ancestors and children, and the Ezekiel prophesies against those who do symbol of nationalistic hope. This was this was a sign that "the church of the results in the departure of God's presence Prophet [David] here speaks of them. evil in Jerusalem (11.1-12). However, the true of Jehoiachin, who would have Lord" had been "founded." Eusebius of with judgment in the wake, albeit a God's revelation sanctifies faith (v. 105); Lord tells Ezekiel, "I have been a continued to rule in the succession of Caesarea also sees the cherubim lifting reluctant departure, revealing God's from it comes the firm determination to sanctuary for a while [to those] Josiah and Jehoiakim had it not been their wings in 11.22 as a sign that underlying compassion" [p. 65]. The serve God (v. 106), but in spite of her scattered… far off among the countries for the intervention of the "believers in Christ all congregate from all promise given in 11.20 ("Then they will be strong volition [that is, willpower], the where they have gone" (11.16). He tells Babylonians in the affairs of parts of the world, not as of old time … [to] my people, and I will be their God") is "the soul sees her weakness and humbles Ezekiel that the exiles will return, and He Jerusalem… It seems then that worship in the ancient temple at heart of God's covenant promise [in] Ex herself before God (v. 107). What is done Ps 118:103-112 04-Aug Ezekiel 10-11 "will give them one heart, and put a new Jehoiachin was a symbol of repressed Jerusalem." The new hearts put by God 6.7" [NASB, p. 1170.] See also NET Bible- with zeal is well done (v. 108). So spirit put a within them … [so] that they nationalism among the exiles" [pp. into His people in Ezek 11.19 also appear FN, note R, p. 1566. However, it is clear in (119:103-112) disposed, the soul submits herself may walk in my statutes… and they shall 435-436]. Hilber writes that the key in 2 Cor 3.3. Just as God Himself became "a 11.21 that those who do not follow God's entirely to God's will (v. 109) and in spite be my people, and I will be their God. But themes of ch. 11 include: "God sanctuary" for the exiles from Judea laws will not be protected and will be of any obstacles does not deviate from for those whose heart goes after their [makes] himself [available] to his (11.16), replacing the destroyed Temple, judged. Christians should be aware that the law (v. 110). In the carrying out of detestable things, I will [bring] their people in hard circumstances, even so Jesus Christ said that the Temple would God's love can also be expressed through God's commandments she finds great joy deeds upon their own heads" (11.17-21). situations that are a result of divine be replaced by "the temple of his body judgment if we do not obey His laws. (v. 111) and soars on wings of hope of Ezekiel then tells "the exiles all the things discipline; [and] God transforms [when] he was raised up from the dead" receiving the eternal reward from God (v. that the LORD had showed me" (11.25). people whose inclination is away from (Jn 2.21). [See NET Bible-FN, note L, p. 112), according to our Saviour's God into people who seek him and 2000]. Beatitudes" [p. 493] follow his ways" [p. 67]. Ezekiel is told to "prepare for yourself an Hilbert identifies four key themes in ch. Of Ezekiel and the false prophets of 13.1- The editor of ACCS OT XI writes: "Ezekiel, Johanna Manley writes of vv. 113-120: exile's baggage, and go into exile by day 12: "(1) Sometimes people simply refuse 23 Jerome writes: "Whatever was said at like other books of the OT, was used [by "Here is a discussion of dispositions [that in their sight" (12.2). "Perhaps they will to accept God's truth and its realities set that time to the people of Israel now the Church Fathers] to illustrate and is, tendencies] and decisions of the will understand [what is to happen]; though before them. (2) Any apparent delay in applies to the church. The holy prophets explain the Christian life-in Ezekiel's case that serve as a support of a God-pleasing they are a rebellious house" (12.3). "The God's judgment does not mean its are apostles and apostolic people, but the with perhaps a slightly stronger accent on life. The first such prop is the decision to realization is any less certain. (3) Divine prince" (i.e., King Zedekiah) will try to lying and raging prophets are all heretics, some of its contradictions and paradoxes, love the law (v. 113), followed by the discipline has a redemptive purpose to escape but will be taken to Babylon whose leaders invent things from their such as the reality of Christ from heaven always ready assistance of the grace of spur repentance and restore relationship where he will die (12.12-13). The people own heart; the people are led astray by among us, the responsibility of the God (v. 114). Firm determination and with God, resulting in the vindication of of Israel will be scattered, but I will let "a God's truth before others. (4) False claims them and acquiesce in the falsehoods of believer, God's judgment as well as his God's grace give boldness and make a few of them escape from the sword, to divine knowledge will not prevail others." Origen also links ch. 13 to the determination to forgive sins, the strong [person] out of a weakling (v. from famine and pestilence [that is, against God's sure word" [p. 73]. Hilbert Church: "False prophets are teachers of resurrection of the body, [and] the vision 115). Trust, however, is not based on contagious diseases such as bubonic also notes: "The people's stubbornness to the church whose words or life do not of heaven itself on earth…. For example, Ps 118:113-128 one's own strength, but on the assistance 05-Aug Ezekiel 12-13 plague], that they may confess all their respond (Ezek 12.2) in not due to any lack properly accord with the doctrine that the temple door that is shut (Ezek 44.2) is (113-128) of God's grace (v. 116). These mainstays abominations [that is, evil and immoral of clarity in communication-God speaks they preach…. In the same way that a saint applied by Cyril of Alexandria and John of of a God-pleasing life are upheld by activities] among the nations where they not only through the words of the prays with the Spirit and prays with Damascus to the virgin birth, which prayer (v. 117), the remembrance of go, and may know that I am the LORD" prophet but also through Ezekiel's understanding, so the false prophet probably explains why this passage came God's non-sparing of sinners (v. 118), the (12.16). False prophets, especially those graphic visual aids" [p. 77]. Anderson prophesies according to his own heart and to be read … in the Byzantine and cheerlessness of their lives (v. 119), and who practice divination, are denounced writes: "Ezekiel's words and signs stirred follows not the Spirit of God but his own Orthodox rites at vespers on the festivals especially by the fear of God and the (13). Of 13.1-2 Origen preached: "There up mild interest and curiosity but they spirit…. This is what we are looking for, associated with the Virgin Mary…. That is a remembrance of God's judgments (v. did not evoke repentance or even is no kind of sin about which Scripture is that the Lord will be present as a witness clear example of the relationship between 120)" [p. 494]. Thus, Johanna Manley provoke hostility" [Anderson, p. 437]. silent and about which it does not teach to my words, that he may himself confirm exegesis [that is, critical explanation of a beautifully turns negative possibilities its readers." what is said by witness of his holy Biblical text] and liturgy" [p. xxvi]. into opportunities for positive, personal Scriptures." renewal.
The Lord's rejection of idolatry leads to Anderson writes: "The word 'Jew' … Origen writes: "It is plain that the just and The manner in which Noah, Daniel and Job Of vv. 137-144 Johanna Manley writes: the judgment of Israel (14.1-11; 15; 16.1- gained currency … after the fall of good God of the law and the gospels is one were unable to save other members of "Here are indications of various sides, 45). Noah, Daniel and Job are held up as Jerusalem … during the period of the and the same and that he does good with their families (14.12-20) indicates that aspects or facets of the commandments righteous, but even they cannot save Exile and the period after the return…. justice and punishes in kindness, since each of us are responsible for our own … expressed by a specific disposition. other members of their families (14.12- It was not geographically limited, neither goodness without justice nor decisions. Cyprian points out that the Four of such dispositions are mentioned: 20). Despite the Lord's judgment of Israel however, for although the Jews were justice without goodness can describe the divine will overrides "human opinion" and [1] Faith, the certainly that it is possible some survivors will be left … scattered in countries outside Judah dignity of the divine nature." ACCS XIII requests, but "we each have to take commandments are the truth and the "to lead out sons and daughters, when [Neh 1.2] … they continued to cherish Ezekiel, Daniel summarises Origen's views responsibility for our own lives." John immutable [and unchangeable] verity (v. they come forth to you" (14.22). Neither their Judean background and ties… on 14.3 as: "Hypocrisy [that is, pretending Chrysostom preached: "No one [should] 137, 138), [2] zeal derived from such firm Sodom nor Samaria have "committed Nationality is not the decisive factor in to have feelings, beliefs or principles that despair, though hitherto [they] may have conviction and the desire to carry it out half your sins [Israel] (16.51). Yet after being a Jew…" [p. 435n.]. It is clear one does not actually have] is inflicted by been careless … setting [their] hopes … on Ps 118:133-144 and the love of the commandments (v. 06-Aug Ezekiel 14-16 punishing Israel the Lord promises to that: "Before Israel could know ourselves alone, when we cannot tell the [their] own virtue … [rather than on] God's (119:133-144) 139, 140), [3] humility with hope (v. 141, "establish with you an everlasting Yahweh's forgiveness and enter into a difference between the exterior and the mercy. It is true that the prayers of the 142), [4] endurance of anything that covenant" (16.60). Lindblom writes that new relationship" in an 'everlasting interior person [p. 51]." Yet "when the saints have the greatest power, but only happens on account of faithfulness to Ezekiel is "perhaps influenced by the covenant,' the people had to interior person perseveres according to on condition of our repentance and commandments (v. 143, 144). Here is a ideal of the new covenant in Jeremiah. experience divine judgment in their the image of the Creator, then a person is amendment of life." This is still true today, complete program, and the bread of What is new in Ezekiel is the thought that history…. The sovereignty of Yahweh born, and twice is the person made a especially as the Lord calls us closer to Him spiritual life is eaten in the midst of great the great change [in the people] will be would be demonstrated in acts of person according to the exterior and the by guiding us to know and correct our sins spiritual effort. See also Psalms 59, 68, caused by the spirit of Yahweh" [p. 391]. judgment against a rebellious interior kind." and weaknesses as we mature. 69" [p. 500]. people…." [Anderson, pp. 438-439]. The allegory of the two eagles (17.1-6) Of ch. 17 Hilber writes: "In this oracle, Ezek 18.30-31("Repent and turn from all The proverb in Ezek 18.1-4 that sour Of v. 145 Origen writes: "[A person's] cry indicates that King Zedekiah cannot Ezekiel turns his focus from the your transgressions, lest iniquity be your grapes "shall no longer be used by you in is made a powerful noise by the "break the covenant and escape" inhabitants of Jerusalem to the actions ruin. Cast away from you all the Israel" also applies to us. Augustine importance of its message to God. The punishment (17.7-21). NASB note on of their kings. But the logical force of transgression which you have committed preached: "This whole passage is so righteous do emit a strong sound 17.19 explains: "The king of Judah would his message is the same: considered against me, and get yourselves a new constructed as to show that bad children towards God when [they] demand great have sworn faithfulness to the treaty in from every angle, the city justly heart and a new spirit!") indicates that are not given relief because of good and celestial things. It is as when [the the name of the Lord. To swear such an deserves punishment and so is whether the people will achieve this parents or good children oppressed Lord said]… 'the voice of your brother's oath and then break it was to despise doomed" [p. 105]. Of ch. 18 Hilber blessing depends on their future because of bad parents. So having first blood is crying to me from the ground God." A prophecy about a growing cedar writes that Ezekiel's message is: "It is behaviour. [See also NET Bible-FN, note H, established this absolutely true and rock- (Gen 4.10)….' And (God) says to Moses tree (17.22-24), a proverb about sour not past deeds nor the actions of p. 1578]. In Phil 2.12-13 Paul recognises firm principle on our own account, we go pursued by the Egyptians: 'Why criest grapes (18.1-4), and descriptions of others that finally matter in judgment, this challenge: "Work out your own on now to examine what are our thou to Me?' (Ex 14.15). As for us, when righteousness (18.5-19) and wickedness [but] rather [whether] the heart of the salvation with fear and trembling: for God obligations are in our relations with others. Ps 118:145-160 we become saints, we have this cry 07-Aug Ezekiel 17-18 (18.20-24) are followed by a firm individual [has] turned toward the is at work in you, both to will and work for And here we must be very careful to (145-160) within us: for the Spirit present in us statement that "the ways … of the house ways of God…. Ezek 18 challenges his good pleasure." In seeking "the power distinguish between the effect of salvation cries, 'Abba Father' (Rom 8.15). And of Israel … are not just" (18.25-29); and every individual to examine both their of the resurrection [of Jesus Christ] Paul which we must seek for ourselves and the again, it is in this fashion that I hear the they should "repent" (18.30-32). NASB internal disposition toward God (heart writes in Phil 3.12-13: "Not that I have consideration we must show to our word: 'Jesus stood and cried, saying, 'If note on 18.32 ("I have no pleasure in the and spirit) and their outward behavior already obtained this or am already neighbors. If you are good, you are good any man thirst, let him come unto Me death of anyone, says the Lord GOD; so as an indicator of this state…. As perfect; but I press on to make it my own, with your own goodness, not with and drink' (Jn 7.37). [Who] is it then that turn, and live") is "called by some the Ronald Clements writes, 'We are because Christ Jesus has made me my someone else's. And yet through that cries to God? [Those who] implore Him most important message in the whole neither prisoners of the past nor yet own." This is the pattern of behaviour that goodness of yours… you also rejoice over for great things and do not clamor for book of Ezekiel (cf. 18.23; 16.6)." captive to the sins of others" [pp.111, Ezekiel is urging upon the Jews. another's goodness … by exchanging love." trivia." 115, 116].
Ezekiel laments the state of "the princes Anderson writes: "Within the political Of Ezek 20.32 and the possibility of being Hilber writes of Ezek 20 and 21: "If the Origen writes of v. 160: "Where there is a of Israel"-that is, the kings and queens event of national ruin [Ezekiel] "like the nations," Origen preached: "The reality of God's willingness to judge should beginning, I look for what comes after who have worshipped idols (19.1). discerned the judgment of God. But first Passover belongs to the first people, not be doubted, neither should his ability the beginning, until I arrive at the end. Because of Israel's rebellion and Ezekiel has to face the meaning of the second Passover is ours. For we were to judge. The destiny of the most powerful And in the same way, in relation to the faithlessness (20.1-31), God enters into national calamity at another level. For 'impure in soul' (Num 9.10), who 'used to empire in the Near East, led by King word 'the fear of the Lord is the judgment of those who do not accept the community, although it deserved worship wood and stone' and 'not knowing Nebuchadnezzar, remained under the beginning of wisdom' (Ps 110/111.10), that the Lord God "will be king over you" to suffer divine judgment was made God, we used to serve those things that by LORD's sovereignty and served his since the fear of the Lord is the beginning (20.33). However, God will show mercy up of persons who were caught in the nature were not gods' (Gal 4.8)." Ezek purposes…. The practices of other religious of wisdom, I look for what comes after to the obedient, gathering them "out of coils of tragedy. What, then, about the 20.41 with its "soothing aroma" is communities and the machinations [that is, the beginning and that should be the countries where you have been destiny of the individual?... The compared to the "fragrant offering" of wrong schemes] of government cannot superior to fear and better. I find that it is scattered" (20.40-44). NASB note on 20.5 covenant relationship, while binding Christ's love for us in Ephes 5.2 and Phil thwart God's [There is no]… power that love, in the same fashion as here [in v. states: "Verses 5-26 present Israel's the people together in communal 4.18. Tertullian compares Ezek 20.41 when can offer hope of resistance to his final Ps 118:156-160 160]…. When we are neophytes [that is, 08-Aug Ezekiel 19-20 history in three acts (vv.5-9, Egypt; vv. 10- solidarity, brought a sense of God's Israel in exile repents to being taken out of intention to rule his creation. While the (119:156-160) new converts to religious faith], we 17, Wilderness, Part 1; v. 18-26 concern for each person. Within the prison by Christ: "Consider yourselves as reality of God's ultimate justice brings receive the truth, but without the Wilderness, Part 2) … [with some community individuals had a personal having been transferred from prison to courage to serve him, realization of the knowledge that establishes the truth with consideration of a fourth act in] 20.28 fellowship with God, and within the what we may call a place of safety. totality of horror of coming judgment certainty and without the reasoning that ("when I had brought them into the community their rights were legally Darkness is there, but you are light; chains should prompt grief on the part of demonstrates this truth. That is why the land….").] Each [of the three acts] has protected. In the biblical view, one is are there, but you are free before God…." believers (cf. Ezek 21.6)…." [p. 136]. beginning of the words which man four scenes: (1) revelation, (2) rebellion, truly a person only when standing in a receives for his salvation is not 'wisdom;' (3) wrath, (4) reconsideration." community-in relationship to God and the beginning is not reason, but 'truth.'" to the neighbor" [pp. 439-440]. The Lord's "sword of judgment" is Potok writes: "[Ezekiel] is a watchman, Ezekiel is dealing with the sins of the In OT Theology in a Canonical Context, Joanna Manley writes: "What means of wielded against Jerusalem (21.5/8) and a lookout, warning his people of the community and the relationship of Brevard S. Childs writes: "It is important to protection are given to a person who the Ammonites (21.28-32/33-37). The punishment that follows sin and individuals within that community to sin. see the full biblical picture. The threat to wants to live by the commandments of Amonites were an ancient Semitic people urging repentance. [People] will not His focus is on the need for every the human race does not lie simply in the God? Fear of transgressing the law (v. who lived north of Moab and worshiped be saved through the good of others, individual to repent. This is similar to the proliferation of weapons or in unstable 161), hope for the blessings resulting idols. The sexual and financial sins and nor will they be punished for the evil approach of Jesus Christ to personal sin in alliances…. The problem lies in humanity from its fulfilling (v. 162), love of the law idolatry of the leaders and people of of others. Each will be requited [that Luke 13.1-5 where the Savior urges itself, and no political or economic solution (v. 163)." This protection leads to many Jerusalem are set out (22.1-31). The Lord is, repaid] according to his own merit. everyone that "unless you repent you will can resolve it. The prophets developed no blessings, including walking with God (vv. searched for one man who would "stand Ezekiel rejects the Mosaic claim that all likewise perish" [Cf. Anderson, p. 441]. comprehensive social programmes…. 165-168). Here … are signs by which one in the gap before Me for the land, so that children may be punished for the sins Hilber writes: "There are parallels between Rather, they placed every aspect of Israel's can determine whether one is walking … I would not destroy it; but I found no of their parents; only those who sin Ezek 22 and Ezek 7 regarding the special social life under the light of the divine in the right way…. A soul devoted to God one" (22.30) so He destroyed them are punished, and repentance will culpability [that is, blame] of leaders [for judgment and from this perspective … has learned to pray, to seek Ps 118:161-176 09-Aug Ezekiel 21-22 (22.31). Hilber notes: "The LORD bring forgiveness even to them…. the presence of sin]. But a broader penetrated into every corner of political, understanding and help from God (v. sovereignly controls all agents of Ezekiel urged the people to turn responsibility is also evident. God calls economic and social disorder with (119:161-176) 169, 170), [leading to ardent] prayer and destruction and any heavenly powers inward. [He] saw separateness and everyone, not just leaders, to have the prophetic vision…. The prophets of the OT praise to God … (v. 171), and … directing them…. [It is possible that the the exclusiveness of holiness as the courage to challenge the faith community's remained preachers of God's [declaring] God's ways to other people (v. Israelites] doubted whether God would only path through the desert of departure from the ways of God. There righteousness and not social reformers" [p. 172)… [This] gives daring and increases truly follow through with destruction of captivity. He seems more priest than might be secondary application for the 233]. However, social reformers can listen zeal for salvation (v. 173, 174), as … [the his holy city. Such hope was ill founded prophet. The cult [that is, the system church's voice in the public square, but to and help implement the message of the soul] fills … with assuredness that God then, and so today. God's rebuke of sin of religious belief] is predominant Christians too often call out public sin prophets. will help unto the end (v. 175)…. [David] and his warnings of judgment should not [with] morality and ethics without first applying it to the church" [p. humbles himself before God and appeals be doubted" [pp. 131, 140-141]. secondary…. [pp. 148-149]. However, 142]. to His mercy (v. 176)" [pp. 507, 509]. the cult respects both morality and ethics.
The two sisters, Oholah and Oholibah, Lindblom writes: "Ezekiel's priestly None. Hilber writes: "The Lord's covenant Heaton writes: "The book of Ezekiel Of 120/121) v. 8 ("The LORD will keep both of whom engaged in prostitution interest is evident in several ways. His with Israel was technically a political treaty affirms that the God of Israel is, and must your going out and your coming in from and idol worship, and both of whom prophetic teaching is … dependent on establishing him as the nation's king [with] be seen by the whole world to be the one this time forth and for evermore") were handed over by the Lord to the the sacral law with which as a priest Israel as his vassal [that is, his servant]. For and only God. (See 20.41)…. The fall of Augustine preached: "'Reckon it all joy, Assyrians and killed, represent Samaria he was familiar. His religious ideal is to this reason, making treaties with other Jerusalem, like the fall of Samaria (23.1- my brothers [and sisters], when you fall and Judah (23). The boiling pot a great extent determined by his nations was [the same as] political treason, 10), represented an extreme and into various trials' (Jas 1.2)…. It is easy symbolizes God's judgment on Jerusalem priestly and cultic interest, and it was because it encumbered God's people with exceptional case of God's concern for enough to go in [to trials]; coming out is which God revealed to Ezekiel (24.1-14). the combination in his teaching of commitments to foreign kings, and it holiness being allowed to triumph over his the big thing. But do not worry: … 'God is Ezekiel is told that his wife, "the delight prophetic and priestly ideals which necessitated some allegiance with their care for the honour of his name (24.14)…. Ps 119, 120-122 faithful and does not allow you to be 10-Aug Ezekiel 23-24 of his eyes," is about to die and that he is appropriately provided the norm for gods who were witness to political oaths The purpose of Israel's deliverance from (120, 121, 122) tempted above what you are able to not to mourn her (24.15-18) nor the post-exilic religion. The emphasis on (Exod 23.32; Deut 7.2). But the LORD Egypt at the Exodus … [as well as] the bear, but with the temptation he will also Temple that is about to be destroyed cult [that is, religious belief], and law tolerates no rivals either religiously (other coming deliverance of Israel from Babylon make a way out' (1 Cor 10.13). What is (24.19-26). As a sign from the Lord, was of vital importance for the gods) or politically (other political powers). (28.25, 26) … [was that] God should be the way out? 'That you may be able to Ezekiel becomes able to speak again preservation of Israel's national and He alone is King of kings and LORD of lords acknowledged by the nations" [pp. 115- endure' (1 Cor 10.13). You have gone in, when not giving a prophecy (24.27; cf. religious independence at a time [p. 147]. 119]. you have fallen in, you have endured, 3.26). when it was attacked by paganism on you have come out." every hand" [p. 384]. Ezekiel sets out the coming judgment A NASB note on 25.8, p. 1190 states: 26.13 is cited more fully in Rev 18.22 of Anderson writes: "Eighth century [BC] Of 124/125.4 Augustine writes: "Those against the Gentile nations in chapters 25 "Israel wanted to be like all the Babylon when "the sound of harpers and prophets perceived that … the imminent who are upright of heart … those who to 32. The reasons for judgment differ. nations (see 20.32), but when the minstrels, of flute players and trumpeters, calamity would be the result of the follow the will of God, not their own However, in every situation God [Gentile] nations saw Judah in her shall be heard in [the land] no more." Ezek people's actions: their foolish lifestyle and will… those who wish to follow God, indicates that "Then they will know that I apparent vulnerabilities and lost their 26.16-17 with its strong condemnation of suicidal foreign policy…. These prophets allow Him to go before and themselves am the LORD" (25.7). For some nations, awe of her, they failed to take her God Tyre which has "vanished from the seas" is announced that God personally was acting to follow-not themselves to go before such as Tyre, the instrument for the seriously (cf. Lam 4.12)"-in which "the echoed in Rev 18.9-10 in the context of the in the social sphere, using agencies (like and Him to follow. And in all things they Lord's vengeance will be the Babylonians kings of the earth did not believe … fall of Babylon where "in one hour has thy Assyria) to bring people to their senses…. find Him good, whether chastening, or (26.7-14). For other nations, details are that foe or enemy could enter the judgment come." The international impact Cf. Heb 10.31. The absolute sovereignty of consoling, or exercising, or crowning, or not given. NASB note on 25.1-32.32, p. gates of Jerusalem." A NASB note on of the fall of Tyre in Ezek 27 is lamented in God in human affairs, on the one hand, Ps 122, 123, cleansing, or enlightening. As the Apostle 11-Aug Ezekiel 25-27 1189 states: "Frequently in the prophets, 26.2 explains that Tyre was "the island Rev 8.13 by "the merchants of the earth … and full human responsibility on the other, 124 (123, says: 'We know that all things work God's word of judgment…. While capital of Phoenicia, present-day since no one buys their cargo any more….," are equally important tenets of prophetic 124,125) together for good to them that love God' judgment begins with household of God' Lebanon [that] was involved in an anti- especially in Ezek 27.27-36 which is linked faith, even though the paradox may be (Rom 8.28). Let us come to the heritage (1 Pet 4.17), the pagan nations would not Assyrian coalition in 594 B.C. (see Jer to Rev 18.9-19 and the fall of Babylon. difficult for us to grasp" [p. 312]. We are itself, brethren, for we are sons [and escape God's wrath. Often these 27.3)…. Because of its geographical Clearly, the destruction of both Tyre and often unaware of how the Lord intervenes daughters]. What shall we possess?... judgments are implicit messages of location, its political importance and Babylon has destroyed international trade. in our personal lives, our local community, Peace …Peace is Christ … who has 'made salvation (see 28.25-26) since the Lord's the central role it played in the nation or the world. However, He does [Jews and Gentiles] one, and has broken victories over hostile powers remove an international trade, the anti-Assyrian intervene; and we still exercise free will. down the middle wall of partition enemy of His people …" summit meeting was held there (see between us' (cf. Eph 2.14)…." Jer 27)."
The ruler of Tyre is judged because he Anderson writes: "In fairness to post- Ezek 28.2 can be linked to the arrogant Childs writes: "A canonical approach to OT Of Ps 125/126.7 Bishop Nicholai said, "I am a god." (28.2). Hilber writes: exilic Judaism we must correct certain person in 2 Thess 2.4 or the arrogant beast theology strives to avoid attempts either Velimirovich writes in Prayers by the Lake "The judgment of Tyre played out one-sided views about the place of in Rev 13.5. Augustine preached of the to fragment the material through critical LVIII: "Those who search for life and truth historically over a long period of time. Its Torah in Jewish faith …. A person's mention of Daniel in Ezek 28.3 and the analysis or to synthesize it from a NT have one destination and one direction…. demise came at the hands not only of relation to God, according to the three men Noah, Daniel and Job in Ezek perspective which fails to hear the OT's Do not set out in the ways of your Babylon, … but Persia weakened its Israelite faith, imposes obligations in 14.14 and in Rev 7.14 that in "the three witness in its own right. The topics of thoughts, for they lead you one thought mercantile ambitions, and eventually the the area of worship and social holy men God signifies the three sorts of messianism and the after-life are especially to the next, and they know of no physical destruction of the island fortress relations within the covenant human beings he is going to deliver when vulnerable to the later danger" [pp. 237- destination or way outside themselves. itself was the work of Alexander the community…. The detailed the great tribulation comes on the human 238]. Heaton concludes: "The assertion of Do not set out in the ways of your Great in 322 BC" [p. 162]. Hilbert writes: prescriptions found in the Pentateuch race." Caesararius of Arles sees those in god's invincible sovereignty in history and imaginations, for they allure you to level "The city of Sidon [28.20-23] is part of are the end result of a legal Rev 7.14 who "have washed their robes its re-interpretation in terms of a Temple- Ps 125, 126, river beds until they suddenly plunge into 12-Aug Ezekiel 28-29 the Phoenician culture that shared development that had its source in the and made them white in the blood of the centred cultic community give a strongly- 127 (126, 127, an abyss beneath the earth…. The way to maritime success; and Sidon was second ancient covenant of Sinai…. There is lamb" not as earlier martyrs but as "the flavoured foretaste of the developments 128) the kingdom of blessedness … is [when] only to Tyre in power, succeeding Tyre in no basis for the notion that the Torah whole people in the church. For it does not which were to take place after the Exile" … Life and Truth have been born in your preeminence after its demise" [p. 168]. sets forth a law code to be obeyed as say they washed their robes in their own [p. 119]. Ezekiel's witness focuses on soul, rejoice and be glad, for the Way has [See NET Bible-FN, note M, p. 1596]. The dutifully as the laws of a city or a blood [as martyrs] but in the blood of the God's sovereignty and how He both been born in it as well (cf. Jn 14.6)…. Lord hands over Egypt to the Babylonians state…. The book of Deuteronomy, lamb, that is, in the grace of God through blesses and judges. We too retain personal Whoever draws near to gaze upon My (29). which was the basis for a great social Jesus Christ, our Lord." responsibility for our actions. light within himself [or herself] will not reform, is [an] eloquent expression of be scorched" [cited by Manley-P, p. 533]. Israel's understanding that grace has priority over law." [pp. 533-535]. Chapters 29 to 32 focus on the Lord's Hilber writes: "We cannot be certain The Orthodox scholar Dumitru Staniloae Father Dumitru continues in Orthodox Of Ps 130/131 v. 2 Augustine writes: "The judgment of Egypt and its of the precise identity of … the writes of fear: "With progress, faith Spirituality: "The fear of God is the sacrifices we should offer to God are … 'a implementation through the historical outworking of the oracle" of becomes the fear of God. On the one opposite of the fear of the world. Its troubled spirit: a broken and contrite Babylonians. Of 30.1 NASB notes: "No the breaking of Pharaoh's arms [in hand, faith isn't born from the fear of God, purpose is to overwhelm the fear of the heart' [for that] O God, shall Thou not date is given [for this oracle], but it was 30.20-26]…. The first breaking could but fear from faith, because to be afraid of world. The fear of the pain and of the despise' (Ps 50.17). It is good for [one] probably between January and April of be that of Necho, who was defeated Him, you must believe in Him. On the hardships of the world makes us … chase who grows and is thus taken away from 587 BC. Compare 29.1 with 30.20. by Babylon at the Battle of Carhemish other hand, faith can't develop without after its pleasures and prosperous milk, but the same is hurtful for one who Jerusalem was under siege at this time." by the Babylonians (Jer 46.2). More going through fear, or maybe, even helped situations to protect ourselves from future is still upon his mother's breast. We must Of 30.3 ("the day of the LORD is near") relevant to Ezekiel's interest, from the beginning by fear (Acts 2.37-[in troubles. Fear of the world ties us to the therefore beware, my brethren, and be Hilber writes: "The phrase… denotes any however, is Hophra's aborted attempt which Peter's speech at Pentecost leads his world; it makes us obey it and not be fearful, lest anyone be taken away from event when God intervenes into human to relieve Jerusalem during listeners to fear, repentance and obedient to the high calling from God, Ps 128, 129, milk before [their] time…. Let [them] not 13-Aug Ezekiel 30-31 history in judgment or deliverance…. Nebuchadnezzar's siege (Jer 37.1-8; baptism]). So even at the beginning faith which comes to us by faith…. [Distinguish 130 (129, 130, therefore wish to lift up [their souls], God's interventions have been manifest 2/4 Kings 24.7). The future breaking of isn't purely theoretical, but has, by the fear between] the fear of [God's] punishment, 131) when perchance [they are] not fit to take numerous times over the course of the other arm would be at the hand of which goes with it, an existential character. and the fear from love, that is the fear of meat, but let [them] fulfil the human history, and from the standpoint Nebuchadnezzar (30.24-25). But Faith which hasn't reached fear or isn't not having His blessings. The first [kind of commandments of humility…. Do not of this oracle, Egypt's destruction at the fulfillment of biblical prophecy unfolds accompanied from the beginning by fear fear] belongs to beginners, the second to seek out the things that are too hard for hand of Nebuchadnezzar (30.10) is on progressively;… [Just after] Babylon hasn't gained a high enough degree of the advanced. But the beginning fear of you, and do not search for things that are the horizon (possibly 568 BC)" [p. 180]. was Persia, followed by Alexander the efficiency to lead to action" [p. 130]. God is not only a weakness, but also a above your strength, that is, the things Great, and then Rome. Egypt never great power to confront the fear of the you are not as yet fit to understand." recovered" [p. 181]. In 30.13 the Lord world" [p. 130]. puts "fear in the land of Egypt."
Of the darkness in 32.7-8 Hilber writes: Of the plea for repentance in 33.11, Jerome wrote of 33.7: "The watchman of John of Damascus writes in On Divine Ps 132/133 is said by every Orthodox "When God intervenes in the most Caesarius of Arles writes: "Let your the house of Israel can be understood as Images I.I: "AIthough it is best for us to be deacon, priest and bishop in vesting extreme forms of judgment, the charity believe devoutly and firmly king or [as] a prophet; the watchman of ever aware of our unworthiness and to prayers as they robe with the stole. prophets use cosmic imagery to highlight that God never abandons a person the church can be understood as to be the confess our sins before God, nevertheless Horsiesi, a 4th century monk, writes: "We its scope and severity (cf. Isa 13.10; Joel unless he is first deserted by [them]." bishop or presbyter who has been chosen it is good and necessary to speak when the read … in the Acts of the Apostles 4.32- 2.30-31)… The sun … was the supreme Fulgentius of Ruspe writes of that by the people in the reading of the times demand it, for I see a church that 33. The psalmist is in agreement with deity in Egypt. The LORD's control over verse: "At whatever age a person will Scriptures, recognizing and foreseeing God founded on the apostles and these words when he says: 'Behold how the sun announces the cutting off of all do a true penance for [their] sins and what the future will hold, proclaiming to prophets, its cornerstone being Christ his good and pleasant it is when brothers hope for Egypt's Pharaoh (cf. Exod 10.21- change [their] life for the better under the people and correcting what is wrong" Son, tossed on an angry sea, beaten by dwell in unity!'… We know that the cross Ps 132, 133 14-Aug Ezekiel 32-33 23). The Lord makes Ezekiel "a watchman the illumination of God, [that person] [ACCS, OT XIII, Ezekiel, p. 99]. Benedict rushing waves, shaken and troubled by the of our life is also the foundation of our for the house of Israel; whenever you will not be deprived of the gift of writes in his Rule, Prologue 40-41: "We assaults of evil spirits. Impious people seek (133, 134) doctrine and that 'we must share Christ's hear a word from my mouth, you shall forgiveness." In a very real sense, this must prepare our hearts and bodies for to rend asunder the seamless robe of sufferings' (Rom 8.17), and we must give them warning from me" (33.7). was what happened to the house of the battle of holy obedience to his Christ…. Therefore, I think it is realize that without trials and difficulties Ezekiel learns that the city of Jerusalem Israel in exile, with the guidance of instructions. What is not possible to us by unreasonable to keep silence and hold my no one attains victory. 'Happy the one has fallen (33.21). The people come to Ezekiel's prophecies, as the people nature let us ask the Lord to supply by the tongue." We too must learn when to speak who endures trial' (see Acts 14.22), for listen to Ezekiel and "they hear what [he] began to listen in exile, when they had help of his grace." out for the Church. when he has proved himself, he shall says but they will not do it" (33.31). ignored him earlier before the fall of receive the crown of life' (Jas 1.12)." Jerusalem. The "shepherds of Israel" in 34.2 are Anderson writes that Ezekiel now The sheep scattered in 34.5 are echoed in Hilber writes: "The key emphasis in Ezek Because God created the world and all "those responsible for providing stresses that "the demonstrations that Mt 9.36 and Mk 6.34. The rescuing of the 34 is not on the failure of human leaders. things within it (v. 7), Maximus of Turin leadership, especially the kings and their Yahweh is God … were to be found, sheep in 34.16 is echoed in Lk 19.10 and Lk It is on the exaltation of the LORD's perfect urges: "What human being, then, would officials (see 2 Sam/2 Kings 7.7; Jer 25.18- not only in the those acts of judgment 15.3-7. The judgment of sheep, rams and leadership. While the Twenty-Third Psalm not blush [that is, be ashamed] to end 19), but also the prophets and priests that expose human failure and sin, but goats in 34.17 echoes the words of Jesus has encouraged individuals since time the day without praying the Psalms, (see Is 56.1; Jer 23.9-11)…. For David's also in the divine action which initiates Christ in Mt 25.32 in which the judgment immemorial, the message of Ezekiel would when the birds themselves burst out with rise from shepherd to king see a new beginning in history" [p. 442]. of the nations is compared to judging the direct our attention to the community- the sweetness of the Psalter in order to Ps77/78.70-71" [NASB note, p. 1202]. In Hilber writes: "Beginning in Ezek 34, sheep and goats. Hilber writes: "The wide scope of the LORD'S leadership" [pp. give pleasure…. Imitate, then, the 34.15 the Lord promises: "I myself will be Ezekiel's ministry transitions into a apostles follow Jesus' example, caring for 204-205]. Of "the desert" in 34.25 smallest birds, brother [and sister], by shepherd of my sheep." In 34.17-22 the new season; the gloom of winter has both spiritual and physical needs (cf. Gal Augustine preached: "What is 'in the giving thanks to the Creator morning and good and bad shepherds are discerned turned to the promise of spring. In this 2.10; 2 Cor 8.6-15; Acts 20.28-31)" [p. desert? [It is] in solitude. What is in evening. And if you are more devout, by the Lord. In 34.23-24 the authority of new season, the prophet encourages 204]. Jerome has written that: "Everything solitude? Inside, in the conscience. It is a imitate the nightingale which, since the Ps 134, 135 15-Aug Ezekiel 34-35 David is established. Hilber writes: "The the people with God's promise to that we read in the sacred books shines solitude indeed, because … no other day alone is not sufficient for praise, runs (135, 136) LORD condemns leaders who abuse save. Ezekiel glances back to earlier and glitters even in the outer shell; but the human being [can] even see it. Let us dwell through the night hours with wakeful people under their care or serve to themes of judgment, but only to marrow is sweeter. [Those] who desire to there in hope, because we are not yet song. And you, then, binding the day satisfy their own needs or agendas….The underscore the glorious nature of the eat the kernel must first break open the there in fact. After all, everything we have together with your praises, add the LORD promises restoration to his changes promised by God to restore shell." In a sense, reading the OT is "the outside chops and changes with the storms course of the night to your work and covenant people Israel through the his people to himself and to the outer shell" that enables us to reach "the and trials of the world. The desert is inside; lighten the sleepless activity of the toil agency of a gentle shepherd-king" [pp. blessings of the covenant. These kernel" of the NT. Reading and praying that is where we should interrogate [that that you have taken up with a series of 198-199]. Ezek 35 is a prophecy against changes begin with the LORD's plan to with both the OT and the NT draw us is, examine closely by asking questions of psalms…. [But] … do not … imitate the the people of Edom described as Mount replace Israel's failed leadership with closer to God. the depth of] our faith [and how it guides night owl: although it stays awake during Seir, descendants of Esau, who his own gentle presence" [pp. 198- our lives]." the night it is nonetheless lazy and blind worshiped false gods. 199]. by day…."
The Lord promises to bless Israel and Anderson writes: "It was not because Gregory of Nyssa writes: "Ezekiel, with On "how to move the heart," Father Athanasius writes: "When death reigned, "take out of your flesh the heart of stone of Israel's goodness that Yahweh was prophetic spirit, has surpassed all time and Dimitri Staniloae writes: "By the attention, 'By the waters of Babylon, there we sat and give you a heart of flesh. And I will about to act, Ezekiel insisted, but only space and with his power of prediction the counsel, the teaching, the example down and we wept' (v. 1a)…. But now put my spirit within you" (36.26-27). The because other nations had inferred [he] has stood at the very moment of the which we give to the other person, by that death and the kingdom of the devil dry bones that become alive (37.1-14) from Israel's tragedy that their God Resurrection. Seeing the future already cooperating with [the other person] we is abolished, everything is entirely filled symbolize the restoration of Israel. Childs was powerless to save. This erroneous present, he has brought it before our eyes help [that person] to realize [the] spiritual with joy and gladness. And God is no writes: "Ezekiel … portrays the hideous interpretation of Israel's defeat in his description" [ACCS, OT XIII, Ezekiel, potentials found in [them] and in us. And longer known only in Judea, but in all the quality of sin and corruption with a profaned God's honor, God's holy p. 122]. Hilber writes of God as Shepherd: we work on ourselves by the discipling of earth…. [Therefore,] … we should terrifying realism (ch. 23), but then he name. Therefore, Yahweh resolved to "It is well to meditate on the OT portrait of conduct, by an unceasing attention to approach such a feast … [having] put on pictures the completely unexpected restore a helpless and hopeless God as Shepherd, to allow this image to … everything we do and think, by the good our Lord Jesus (cf. Rom 13.14)…. Israel of 16-Aug Ezekiel 36-37 restoration of the valley of bones into a people so that the nations might know move our hearts to follow his ways as which we do for others. [Then] not only do Ps 136 (137) old, having first, as in a figure [that is, a new people (37.1-5)" [p. 96]. Dead bones who Yahweh is…. Ezekiel insisted that individuals and as a flock. Ezekiel prepares we meet Christ in ourselves, but also in the form in outline], striven for the victory, are also brought to life in Rev 11.11-12. Yahweh would have to effect a radical us for the next step, to consider our Great being of our neighbors…. The activity by came to the feast, for these things were Lindblom writes: "This is the aim of change in human nature…. Israel's Shepherd, Jesus (1 Pet 5.4), who by his which we help our neighbours and then foreshadowed and typified [in the Yahweh's election of Israel, that they "heart" (mind, will) must be sacrificial services calls us to follow him ourselves to grow crystallizes in the virtues OT and then revealed in the NT]. But … should understand that Yahweh is the transformed, a change in the people's (John 10.1-18, 25-30) (the fulfillment of which culminate in love…." [pp. 43-44]. let us go beyond the types, and sing a only God and that they should declare inner disposition must occur, so that a Ezekiel's hope)" [p. 205]. new song of praise." His praise" [p. 381]. new lifestyle would be possible" [p. 444] [Cf. NET Bible-FN, note G, p. 1609]. Many nations will join Gog in invading NASB note on 38.1 states: "The future Ezek 37.27 ("My dwelling place shall be The blessing that the Lord offers "to pour Of v. 2 Augustine writes: "What is the Israel (38.5-6), but they will be restoration of Israel under the reign with them; and I will be their God, and out my Spirit on the house of Israel" place where God is to be worshipped?... slaughtered (38.18-39.24). The Lord "will of the house of David (ch. 37) will they shall be my people") is quoted in 2 (39.29) and to give them "a new heart … 'The temple of God is holy,' says the be zealous for [His] holy name" and bring about a massive coalition of Cor 6.16. The "great earthquake" in Ezek [and] a new spirit" (36.26) is also offered Apostle [St Paul], 'and that temple you promises to gather the Israelites "into world powers to destroy God's 38.19 can be linked to the sense that "our to each of us today. Father Dimitri are' (1 Cor 3.17b). But assuredly,… God their own land … [and] leave none of kingdom. But the vast horde that God is a consuming fire" in Heb 12.29. The Staniloae writes of the "need for the dwells in the angels. Therefore, when our them remaining [in exile] among the comes against Jerusalem will end up word "Gog" in 38.2, 9, 15 is mentioned in sharpening of the mind and the joy, being in spiritual things, not in nations any longer" (39.25-29). Lindblom as dead bodies strewn over the fields Rev 20.8.-the only mention in the New purification of the heart during this life by earthly, takes up a song to God, to sing writes: "The most famous prophecy in of the promised land…." [p. 1208]. Testament. The invitation from the Lord in and for more satisfactory knowledge of the before the angels, that very assembly of Ezekiel against the Gentiles is the oracles [See also NET Bible-FN, note B, p. 39.4,17-20 for the birds and the beasts to logoi of things [that is, divine reason angels is the temple of God; we worship 17-Aug Ezekiel 38-39 against Gog in ch.38-39…. In the 1613]. Hilber writes that the key "eat flesh and drink blood … of warriors implicit in the cosmos]… as a preparation Ps 137 (138) toward God's temple. There is a Church conception of the enemy from the north themes of Ezek 38 and 39 are: "[1] [and] princes" is echoed by the angel in for "the life to come [when] we will below; there is a Church above also. The there is a fusion of mythological and The LORD assures the ultimate defeat Rev 19.17-18 when "all the birds" are eternally contemplate in God…. Thus, the Church below is in all the faithful; the historical elements… [that is,] of things of all enemies of his people to assure urged to "come … to eat your fill of the moral and intellectual effort of man during Church above, in all the angels…. 'I will that would come to pass [in the their permanent security in blessing; flesh of kings, the flesh of generals, the the course of earthly life and in general worship towards thy holy temple.' I immediate future and] in the age to [2] God's people will enjoy the favor flesh of powerful people, the flesh of creation with its logoi and the relations mean, not the temple made with hands, come" [pp. 398, 399n.] Hilber writes: of his glorious presence; [and 3] In the horses and those who ride them and the they impose, appear to us as having not but that which Thou [Jesus Christ] hast "There is no consensus of opinion end, no questions will remain flesh of all people…." only a passing role, but an eternal value…." made for Thyself." [among Biblical commentators] on the regarding the integrity of God's [p. 354]. identity of 'Gog'" [p. 229]. holiness and glory" [p. 228].
Over many years, Ezekiel is given by the Barrois writes: "The vision … of Ezekiel Of 40.3 Jerome wrote: "The man who Of 40.6-13 Gregory the Great preached: "If Of vv. 5-6 Basil preached: "In truth, to Lord a vision of the new temple that is to was never built… [but] it [strongly] spoke to Ezekiel was a true master builder, the gate in this passage is interpreted as know oneself seems to be the hardest of be built and told to "declare all that you influenced … the theology and whom Paul … imitated when he said 1 Cor being each preacher, [then] the outer things. Not only our eye … does not use see to the house of Israel" (40.4) to architecture of the second temple. Ch. 3.10." Of 40.5 and the wall around the threshold in the gate is the active life, but the sense of sight on itself, but even our enable a second temple to be built to 40-42 of the Book of Ezekiel … [are] Temple, Jerome writes: "We liken this to the inner is the contemplative…. Certain mind, which contemplates another's sin, replace the Temple of Solomon that had not … a … list of specifications for an the church of Christ, and each day see it faithful so love almighty God that they are is slow in the recognition of its own been destroyed by the Babylonians. architect …, but … the record of a being built in the saints" [ACCS, OT XIII, p. both perfect in works and suspended in defects. Therefore, even … our speech, Extensive measurements and prophetic revelation for the 127]. Barrois describes the visits of Jesus contemplation… Some things are closed so after eagerly investigating matters instructions are given on how to build encouragement of the Jewish exiles…. Christ to the temple in his book, Jesus that when we do not understand them and pertaining to others, is slow and hesitant the entire Temple precinct (40.6-42.40). The temple … [in Ezekiel's] vision Christ and the Temple, which include the recognize our blindness, we may advance in the examination of its own nature. Yet 18-Aug Ezekiel 40-41 ACCS, OT XIII, Ezekiel, Daniel comments would no longer be the seat of a presentation of the new-born Jesus Christ to humility rather than to intelligence" Ps 138 (139) … [by] intelligently examining [oneself, that "the vision is so mysterious that royally controlled institution, but of in the Temple (Lk 2.21-38), his teaching in [ACCS, OT XIII, pp. 129-130]. Reaching out one can] learn to know God better…. [So interpreters have to tread carefully" [p. the restored theocracy…. The the Temple at the age of 12 (Lk 2.41-52) for the active and contemplative sides of Basil retranslates verse 6 as:] 'Your 125]. Balancing history and allegory in commanding idea … of the ideal and his later driving the traders from The life was important to Ezekiel and the knowledge is become wonderful from which the characters represent moral or temple is the absolute transcendence Temple (Lk 19.45-48) and teaching in the Church Fathers and is also important to us. myself;' that is, having carefully observed spiritual ideas or messages is challenging. of God, which finds its architectural Temple (Lk 20.1-18). myself, I have understood the expression in the radical separation of superabundance of wisdom in you." the temple from the royal palace" [p. 63]. Ezekiel's visions of the interior of the The second Temple did not compare The act of measuring the Temple in 42.15- Of the man whom Ezekiel experiences Athanasius writes of "the wicked" as Temple (42) and the return of God's glory in splendor to the Temple of 20 echoes the act of measuring the New standing beside him in 43.6 Theodoret of demons: "Now these demons, if they see (43) continue the prophecies about the Solomon…. We are told that when the Jerusalem in Rev 21.9-17. However, in Rev Cyr writes that this man "was an angel- all Christians … making progress, first second Temple. NASB notes that 43.2 old men who remembered the former there is "no temple in the city, because the probably holy Michael in person, the one attack by attempting to place stumbling (when "the glory of the God of Israel" Temple saw the foundations of the Lord God … and the Lamb are its temple" entrusted with the care of the people" (cf. blocks … of filthy thoughts in their way…. returns to the Temple) is "the high point second Temple, they wept with a loud (Rev 21.22). Nevertheless, "Ezekiel's vision Dan 12.1 [in which Archangel Michael But there is no need for us to fear…. of chs. 40-48. The temple had been voice (Ezra 3.12-13). And yet the of the New Jerusalem has had a profound "stands guard over your people"]). We will Through prayer and fasting and faith in prepared for this moment, and all that modest new Temple served as the effect upon later portrayals of the end- often not know when angels look after us, the Lord the demons immediately fall. follows flows from this appearance [of center and bulwark of Israel's life in time, such as the vision of 'the holy city of but it is important to appreciate that Having fallen, however, they do not stop the Lord]" [p. 1216]. Furthermore, "the the post-exilic period. What was Jerusalem coming down from heaven from angels can be present unseen when we but advance once more with deceit and 19-Aug Ezekiel 42-43 Ps 139 (140) distinction between God's holy temple lacking in architectural beauty was God, described in the last book of the NT need help and seek their intervention, as cunning. Since they have been unable to and the rest of the world is a central idea covered over by the great devotion (Rev 21)" [Anderson, p. 445]. Jerome views well as at times when we are in danger deceive the heart openly through filthy in the book of Ezekiel (see 43.12; 44.23)" that the people lavished upon it, and the wall in 43.8 as "a very short wall [that] and are not aware of the danger. As Psalm pleasure, they renew their attacks on us [NASB note, p. 1217]. Ezekiel's visions above all, by the conviction that it was divides the sacrifices of the priests and the 91.11 says: "[God] will give his angels by … fabricating apparitions…. include not only the design of the the place where Yahweh tabernacled place for the mystery of the body and charge of you to guard you in all your Nevertheless, we need have no fear of Temple, but also how to worship there in the midst of Israel [Anderson, p. blood of Christ." ways." their apparitions … especially if each (43.18-27). [See also NET Bible-FN, note 520]. person protects [themselves] with faith E, p. 1619]. and the sign of the cross."
Ezekiel is told to take special care about Wearing linen garments (which do not The experience in Ezek 44.4 when "the Gregory the Great preached: "You who are Of v. 5 Augustine wrote to Jerome: "If who should be allowed to enter the cause sweat) in the inner court (44.17- glory of the LORD filled the temple of the pastors [as were the Levite priests], you have time to read [this], please be sanctuary (44.1-9). Those Levite priests 19) was also set out in Lev 6.10/3 and LORD" occurs again in Rev 15.8 when "the consider that you are pasturing God's completely candid and merciless in your who have sinned during exile are Lev 16.4. Gregory the Great preached: temple was filled with smoke from the flock. We often see a block of salt put out criticism. [These verses mean to me] that demoted to sacristans and doorkeepers "When the priest approaches the holy glory of God and from his power." for animals to lick for their well-being. the real friend heals me by [their] (44.10-14) but the Lord appoints other ministry, he must be vested in a finer However, in Rev the presence of the Lord Priests among the people should be like criticism, but the false friend merely Levites to serve as priests (44.15-16). understanding, as with a linen is preceded by "the seven angels with the blocks of salt. They should counsel flatters me. I cannot be a fair critic of my Hilber writes that these instructions garment. But when he goes outside to seven plagues" coming out of the temple. everyone in their flocks in such a way that own work because I am either too strict reinforce "the wisdom of limiting full the people, he has to lay aside the Of the punishment of the Levites in 44.10- all those with whom they come in contact or not strict enough. For I sometimes see priestly rights to the family that showed garments in which he had ministered 14, Gregory the Great writes: "No one may be seasoned with eternal life as if my own faults, but I would rather hear a itself faithful, the Zadokites who within because … if he perseveres in does more harm in the church than he they had been sprinkled with salt…. Let the better judge, just in case I begin to flatter descended from Aaron (Ezek 44.15-16; the solemnity that he held at the time who has the title or rank of holiness and teacher [and priest] who must speak of the myself after a harsh bit of self-criticism, 20-Aug Ezekiel 44-45 Ps 140 (141) cf. 2 Chr 6.3-8)" [p. 257]. Guidelines for of prayer he [is not able to] accept the acts in an evil way. [Often] no one control of discipline know that he is a table because I decide I am too hard on the behaviour and clothing of the priests words of external things. And what is presumes to take to task such a of God, and let him bend his lip inward so myself." Augustine also cited Prov 9.8 are set out in detail (44.17-31). Land is the flock to do about necessities if delinquent. The offense serves as an that what he says in preaching he may ("Reprove a wise man and he will love allotted according to the tribes of Israel, their shepherd refuses to hear and example and has far-reaching vigilantly practice [with] the spirit of you") which was preceded by "Do not with land and offerings set aside for both ponder what [their] present time consequences when the sinner is honored discernment." reprove a scoffer [that is, one who has priests and the king (i. e. "the prince") requires? Therefore, a priest who goes out of the respect paid to his rank." contempt for others and jeers at them], (45). out to the people puts on thicker or he will hate you." garments … for the benefit of his children, even to bear earthly cares." How "the prince" (i.e., the king) and the Anderson writes: "Israel's life and "Ezekiel's temple vision provided ample Hilber writes: "The goal of interpretation … Of v. 3b Symeon writes: "Do not run people should worship in the Temple is thought were nourished in the imagery to John's vision of the new is to understand what the speaker or looking for monks of renown…. If by the set out in detail (46). The waters that [second] Temple until its final heavens and the new earth: (1) a visionary author communicates…. When we hear grace of God you have found a spiritual flow "from under the threshold" of the destruction in [70 AD]. Because it was [visit] to a high mountain (Rev 21.10); (2) a speech or read words on a page, our brains father, tell him your thoughts, to him Temple" turn into a river (47). Hilber not always possible for Jews living new world with a new city … (Rev 21.1-2, are capable of processing all possible alone; if you have not [found a spiritual writes: "Seeking literalism in the vision outside Jerusalem to attend the 10); (3) God in the midst of his people (Rev meanings simultaneously, whether they be father] raise your eyes constantly to [of water emerging from the Temple] Temple services, however, 21.3-4); (4) God's glory in the city (Rev literal options or figurative ones. Based on Christ and always view Him as the one misses the point…. Various texts and synagogues began to dot the 21.11); (5) a heavenly interpreter with a context … our brains narrow the meaning spectator of your despondency and pictures from the ancient Near East Palestinian countryside during the measuring rod (Rev 21.15-17); (6) a to the one that best fits the context and affliction…. Send me a man who knows depict deities in their temples holding post-exilic period and eventually were symmetrical city plan with walls and optimizes the relevance of the message. In You [i.e., Christ], [so] that by entirely vessels from which flow streams of found throughout the dispersion, as, twelve gates for the twelve tribes (Rev fact, some studies have shown that people submitting to his service … and by 21-Aug Ezekiel 46-47 water… The OT shows familiarity with for instance, during Paul's missionary 21.11-21); (7) purity and holiness abide actually adopt metaphorical meaning over Ps 141 (142) fulfilling Your will by doing his, I may the link between temples and life-giving travels. The synagogue made a deep (Rev 21.27); (8) a river of life with literal when possible, because figurative please You, the only God, and be waters (Pss 36.8-9; 46.4)" [p. 261]. The impression upon Israel's life and flourishing trees (Rev 22.1-2)….[9] the language conveys more relevant meaning awarded Your kingdom, even I, a sinner." "Great Sea" in 47.10 is the thought, and in the long run outlived absence of chaos and curse (Rev 21.1, than … dictionary meaning…. This is the ACCS OT VIII, p. 452 writes of Symeon the Mediterranean Sea. The precise the Temple. During the post-exilic 22.3); and [10] the healing of all suffering best way to approach much of the New Theologian (c. 949-1022): "He boundaries are set out of the land that is period, however, there was no real (Rev 21.4; 22.1)." [Block's Ezekiel 25-48, language of judgment in Ezekiel" [pp. 234- believed that the divine light could be to be divided "for inheritance among the substitute for the Temple…. The book pp. 502-503; cited by Hilber, p. 264]. 236]. perceived and received through the twelve tribes of Israel" (47.13-23). of Psalms [has] sometimes been called practice of mental prayer." 'the hymnbook of the second Temple'" [p. 520].
The final chapter of the book of Ezekiel Hilber writes: "The … central message The process of measuring the Temple in Ezekiel's prophecies prepared the people Bishop Nikolai Velimirovich's words in sets out how the land is to be divided of these [final] chapters [is]… first, Ezek in Ezekiel's vision in 48.16-18) occurs for repentance. Father Dimitru Staniloae Prayers by the Lake XLV can be linked to among the tribes of Israel (vv. 1-7) and Ezek 43.13-44.31 depicts the also in the city in Rev. 21.15-16. Careful writes: "The fear of God, sustained by the v. 4: "Where can shadows dance except the portions of land that are to be "set restoration of proper respect for instructions about gates are given in both consciousness of a sinful life, leads both to in light? Is this light not my mind? Would apart" for the Lord and the priests (vv. 8- sacred space created by God's Ezek 31.34 and Rev 21.12-13. The final repentance for past sins and to the the shadows not gradually grow smaller 9). Territory is allotted to the Levites (vv. presence. Atonement means removal sentence Ezek 48.35b ("The name of the avoidance, by self-control, of future ones. to the degree that the light of the mind 13-14), for "common use by the city, for of sin and purging of its contaminating city from that day forward will be: 'The 'Repentance is a second grace (after grows stronger? Yet is not my mind houses and for open space" (vv. 15-17), effects…. [Second, note] the LORD is there.'") echoes the final verses of baptism),' says St. Isaac the Syrian, 'and is nothing more than a frail shadow of the for "food for the workers of the city" (vv. meticulous details of land allocation, the book of Revelation (Rev 21.12-21) in born in the heart from faith and fear.' mind of God? Alas for me if my mind- 18-20) and for the king (v. 21). The together with the emphatic warning which the Saviour says, "I, Jesus, have sent 'Repentance is the renewal of baptism,' after it is separated from the body … is to "gates of the city will be named for the against exploitation and injustice. my angel to you with this testimony for the writes St. John Climacus, 'the cleansing of be left alone in eternity with such a 22-Aug Ezekiel 48 Ps 142 (143) tribes of Israel" (vv. 30-34). In the final God's people are treated with equity churches. I am the root and the offspring the conscience.'" Unlike the ancient terrifying tapestry!... O my King [Christ], I verse of the Book of Ezekiel the name in the inheritance they enjoy…. The of David, the bright morning star" (21.16). Israelites, we experience that "the work of hear your mysterious whisper, and I "the LORD is there" is given to the city of book … closes with the answer to the In a similar way, Ezekiel was sent angels purification is realized by the powers understand; I see Your light, and I Jerusalem (v.36). Hilber writes: "The central problem facing the exiles and "to testify" to the people of Israel how to which flow from the Mysteries of Baptism comprehend (cf. Jn 8.12). And when I sound of the name in Hebrew, yahweh [set out] in Ezekiel's opening vision- return to their worship of the Lord. and Repentance … while union with God is understand and comprehend, joy brings shammah, is similar to the name of where is their God? He [states] in Ezek an effect of the Eucharist" [p. 135]. tears to my eyes, and I cry: 'My salvation Jerusalem, yerushalayim" [p. 262]. 48.35; he will live permanently in their is in my Lord!'" [cited by Manley-P, p. midst" [pp. 262-263]. [See NET Bible- 598]. FN, note B, p. 1554]. The book of Susanna is in the Septuagint The books of the Apocrypha were written Hippolytus points out that Susanna "was a Jerome, citing Origen, writes of how well Of v. 1 Augustine preached: "There is a (LXX) as part of the Apocrypha and in The at different times "from the period 300 holy daughter, born from a holy family… the parents of Susanna "taught their war a person wages with [themselves], OSB at the opening of Daniel. False BC-AD 100 approx., and mostly from 200 the brother of Jeremiah the prophet … daughter according to the law of Moses" engaging evil desire, curbing greed, accusations of adultery are brought BC-AD 70…. At the Reformation, [and] the daughter of Hilkiah, the priest and reflects: "It is well to make use of this crushing pride, stifling ambition, against Susanna by two lustful elders (vv. Protestant leaders, ignoring the who found the book of the Law in the testimony in order to exhort [that is, slaughtering lust. You fight these battles traditional acceptance of the Septuagint 1-40). Susanna is condemned to death (v. house of the Lord [2 Kings 22-23]… [and strongly advise] parents to educate with in secret, and [then] you do not lose in the early Church and desiring to return 41), but the lies of the elders are then was] of the priestly line, of the tribe of the divine law and testimony of God not them in public!... It is for love of this to biblical authority purged of medieval exposed by Daniel (vv. 44-62). This single Levi, intermarried with the tribe of Judah, only their sons but also their daughters…. world … that people slave away at all tradition, refused the status of inspired chapter with its 63 verses focuses on the Scripture to those books of the Vulgate thus in herself joining these two righteous The beauty [of Susannah] was the beauty their affairs. But as for you, make sure importance of being obedient to God and [translation] not to be found in the tribes from whom the righteous seed of of faith, wisdom and holiness." Jerome's you slave away at all your good works, behaving with integrity. Until the 4th Hebrew Canon…. Having been read as Christ would appear…" "[This] description reflections on educating daughters, as well not for love of this world but for the sake century the Church accepted all the Scripture by the pre-Nicene Church and of Susanna's kin appears in several ancient as the deeper meaning of beauty remain of the eternal rest that God promises 23-Aug Susanna books of the LXX as canonical [See many post-Nicene Fathers [these books] authors, but it has no scriptural important today. Jerome also follows Ps 143 (144) you." Of v. 15 Augustine writes: ""Happy Dictionary of the Christian Church [DCR], have gained increasing respect in modern foundation" [See ACCS, OT XV, Apocrypha, Origen in praising Susanna for taking a the people whose God is the LORD.' That p. 84]. ACCS OT XV, Apocrypha notes that times even from those who do not hold pp. 461-468 and the OSB notes.] The walk in the garden "since back then one we may belong to that people and that the Book of Susannah is "generally them to be equally canonical with the genealogy of Jesus Christ in Mt 1.11-12 did well to take a walk in order to keep we may be able to attain to interpreted as [a story] of God's rest of the OT," especially in the context mentions Jeconiah (or Joachim), who was [their] own body healthy"-which remains contemplation of him and to eternal life intervening to free his righteous people… of understanding the events and theology born in Babylon from Susanna, according true today. with him; 'The end of the commandment The story depicts the final triumph of of the period between the end of the OT to Hippolytus, who also sees Susanna as "a is charity from a pure heart and a good with Ezra/Nehemiah and the coming of good over evil through the action of a figure of the Church [and] her husband conscience and an unfeigned faith (1 Tim Christ [DCR, pp. 84-85]. youthful Daniel…." [p. xxiii]. Joachim [as] a figure of Christ." 1.5). 'Faith … and hope and charity' (1 Cor 13.13) lead the praying soul to God…."
Having been taken 800 miles to Babylon, The four empires in the king's dream in Augustine preached that the great In After Secularization: Religious Faith In V. 3 can be linked to Augustine's Daniel and three other young men from 5.28 are (1) Babylon (626 BC-539 BC; (2) mountain that Daniel saw in 2.35 is "Christ, Modern Europe, Russia, and Asia (St Confessions 1.1: "I shall look for you, Judah, "handsome and skillful in all Medo-Persia (539 BC-330 BC); (3) Greece coming from the nations of the Jews, Sebastian Press, 2020), the Orthodox Lord, by praying to you, and as I pray I wisdom" were chosen to be prepared to (330 BC-63 BC); and (4) Rome (63 BC ff.). which was also a mountain, you see, priest, Father Stephen C. Headley, shows shall believe in you…. It is my faith that enter King Nebuchadnezzar's service in "The book was probably completed about because it has the kingdom [of God]." Both how "secularism … does not have the calls to you Lord, the faith that you gave 530 B.C., shortly after the capture of three years' time (Dan 1.1-7). As the Augustine and Gregory of Nyssa see the power to prevent subsequent generations me…." Of v. 14 ("the LORD upholds all Babylon by Cyrus in 539" [NASB notes p. Christian author Douglas Connelly writes stone "cut from a mountain by no human from discerning God's determination to who are falling, and raises up all who are 1226 and 1356 and chart on p. 1239] [See in A Deeper Look at Daniel: Spiritual hand" (Dan 2.45) as Christ. Jerome (c. 347- correct human failings through the bowed down") Leo preached: "Whoever also NET-FN, note D, p. 1633]. Some Living in a Secular World (InterVarsity scholars including Anderson (pp. 618- 420) writes of 2.33: "Now the fourth classical source of social compassion" (p. finds the healing of correction to be Press): "A crisis of conscience erupted 619) propose a later date in the 2nd empire, which clearly refers to the 12). This was the approach of Daniel and difficult should flee to the mercy of God when the first meal was served" that century AD to avoid accepting the validity Romans, is the iron empire that breaks in his friends, grounded in the Law, rather for help and beg that the chains of evil contained food Jews were forbidden to of the prophecies of Daniel that are pieces and overcomes all others. But its than social compassion. We too are habit should be broken away from them, 24-Aug Daniel 1-2 eat (p. 13). With the hesitant agreement predicted to occur many hundreds of feet and toes are partly iron and challenged to resist contemporary Ps 144 (145) for 'the Lord lifts up all who collapse and of the chief cook, Daniel and his friends years later. However, the earlier date has earthenware, a fact clearly reveal in the secularisation; and Douglas Connelly prays raises up all who have been broken declined the rich diet of the court, ate been accepted in The OSB and in NASB. present moment. For [now] … in these last to the Lord: "The culture and people down.'… The prayer of a believer will not vegetables and water (1.8-17), gained Furthermore, linguistic evidence from the days there is nothing more feeble, since around us try by pressure and intimidation be empty, since our merciful God 'will health and wisdom, and later entered Dead Sea Scrolls, the first of which were we require the assistance of barbarian and seduction to move us away from a life accomplish the intentions of those who the King's service (1.18-21). Then Daniel found in 1947, strongly supports the tribes both in our civil wars and against of obedience to you. Give us the courage fear him' (v. 19). He will give what has received from God an interpretation of earlier date [See NASB notes cited above; foreign nations." Rev 11.15 fulfils Daniel's and wisdom to be faithful to you…. Thank been asked for, since he provided the cf. ACCS, OT XIII, Ezekiel and Daniel, p. an important dream of the King that prophecy in 2.44 of "a kingdom that which you that every test provides us an inspiration to ask it. Through our Lord 150]. puzzled the king (2.1-45); and the king shall never be destroyed." opportunity to trust you more." In the Jesus Christ, living and reigning with the rewarded Daniel with further name of Christ. Amen. Father and the Holy Spirit forever and responsibilities (2.46-49). ever." King Nebuchadnezzar erects a huge As a pagan polytheist who believes in Of the fourth man whom the king sees Augustine writes of 3.26/93: "Let faith be Of v. 8 Gregory of Nazianzus preached golden statue, demands worship of it by many gods, Nebuchadnezzar is quick walking in the furnace in 3.24-25, Jerome yours, and God will be with you in your that his sister Gorgonia "owed her everyone in his kingdom (v. 5) and to issue a decree that "any people, wrote: "This angel of the Son of God trouble. There are waves on the sea, and recovery to none other than to [God] …. threatens that those who refuse "shall nation, or language that speaks foreshadows our Lord Jesus Christ, who you are tossed about in your cabin, This will provide a lesson for people in immediately be cast into a burning, fiery anything against the God of Shadrach, descended into the furnace of hell [or because Christ sleeps…. If you allow faith the future who exhibit a high degree of furnace" (v. 6). Shadrach, Meshach and Meshach, and Abednego shall be torn more accurately sheol, the abode of the to sleep in your heart, Christ is, you might faith in the midst of suffering and Abednego refuse to worship the golden limb from limb, and their houses laid dead]… in order that he might without say, sleeping with you in your ship. patience in calamity, but in a still higher statue (vv. 13-18). The King "was full of in ruins; for there is no other god who suffering any scorching by fire or injury to Because Christ dwells in you through faith, degree promise to the righteous 'though fury" and had them thrown into the is able to deliver in this way," and the his person deliver those who were held when you begin to be tossed about, awake he fall he shall not be utterly broken' (Ps furnace (vv. 19-23). Then the three men king promotes the three Jewish exiles imprisoned by chains of death." The fiery Christ from his sleep. Awaken your faith, 37.24/LXX 36.24) has been added [the 25-Aug Daniel 3:1-50 were seen by the king "walking in the (3.29-30/96-97). Connelly writes that furnace here is cited in Heb 11.34. Symeon and you shall be assured he will not desert Ps 145 (146) experience of Jesus Christ], 'though he be midst of the fire;" and they walked this is not a "fairy tale; it's part of the the New Theologian writes of 3.24-26 how you. You may think that you are forsaken, utterly broken, he shall speedily be raised through the fire unharmed, accompanied redemptive history of God's people…. the Lord delivers us from "the flames of because he did not rescue you at the very up and glorified.' For if her misfortune by the appearance of a fourth man (3.24- We face the same pressures these innate desire … [and from] the abyss of moment you desire. But did he not deliver was unreasonable, her recovery was 30/92-93) [See note in The OSB, p. 1247]. men faced-not the pressure to bow ignorance and the love of this world." the three [Israelites] from the fire?" extraordinary, so that health soon In the LXX Azariah/Abednego and the down to an image, perhaps, but the replaced the injury and the cure became three men together praise the Lord (v. 25- pressure to compromise what is right more celebrated than the illness." 90). before God in order to gain something for ourselves" [p. 57].
The three young men rescued from the After reigning for 43 years and The prophecy to Nebuchadnezzar in 4.26 Throughout the book of Daniel, a central Of v. 3 Cassiodorus writes: If we wish to fire by the Lord praise Him (3.51-90 LXX). building a great kingdom, the king to become humble is echoed in Mt 5.3. theme is that God is the true ruler in all be restored we must make ourselves Nebuchadnezzar relates a second dream died peacefully in 562 BC. Of 4.20-22 Basil the Great links the Spirit in Daniel to nations (4.25). Jerome advises: "People contrite [that is, deeply sorry for past sin of a great tree that is chopped down to Theodoret of Cyr writes: "Daniel's St Paul's experience of the Holy Spirit: "To [such as] Nebuchadnezzar are lifted up not and resolved to avoid future sin] in a its taproot (4.10-18) that Daniel again wisdom is worth admiring: he did not the extent that we are purified from evil, by the greatness of their virtues but by most vigorous way. This contrition … is understands. Daniel tells the king of his say simply [of the king], the big tree, each receives a smaller or larger portion of their own pride; and for that reason they aimed at renewal and leads to a full possible downfall and mental but grown to great size and strength- the Spirit's help that each may offer the are cut down and fall into ruin. Therefore, recovery.… Those skilled in techniques of disintegration (4.19-27) unless the king in other words, instead of being great sacrifice of praise to God. If we offer glory it is good to follow the teaching of our Lord healing … bind broken and bruised bones breaks away from his sins and is merciful from the beginning, you became great to God, in the Spirit, we mean that the in the Gospel: 'Learn from me, for I am with linen bandages…. In the same way 26-Aug Daniel 3:51- 4:37 to the poor (4.28). The king ignores gradually, and instead of having Spirit enables us to fulfill the requirements meek and lowly in heart' (Mt 11.29)." That 146 (147:1-11) the heavenly physician treats the hearts Daniel's advice, insisting that "I have built strength from the outset, you of true religion.… The words of Paul are advices applies to everyone in all of penitents when they are battered with this great Babylon … by my mighty gradually acquired it…. It was very appropriate: 'I think I have the Spirit of generations, because self-pride blocks us heavy affliction. He binds and power;" and he does go insane (4.29-33). appropriate of [Daniel to say … [the God' (1 Cor 7.40)… Likewise it is said from receiving the guidance of God and His strengthens them by wrapping them, so However, later the king's sanity is king's] lordship had reached the ends concerning Daniel, 'the Holy Spirit of God is angels and His saints in our lives. to say, with the bandage of his devoted restored; and he praises the Lord (4.34- of the earth, that is, his authority, in you.'" love and impels them to the strongest 37). It is not known if the king did go whereas it was not yet his lordship hope of recovery…." insane. [that had reached to heaven] but [only] his imaginings." Nebuchadnezzar's grandson, Belshazzar, For interpreting the writing on the The idols of pagan gods in Dan 5.23 are Douglas Connelly writes of Dan 5: Of vv. 12-14 Augustine preached: is on the throne, when at a lavish wall, Belshazzar had offered the prize cited in Rev 9.20. The phrase "stopped the "Belshazzar chose God's judgment for "Whatever pains and difficulties we may banquet, the revelers drink from cups of becoming third ruler in the mouth of lions" in Heb 11.33 refers to the himself…. In fact, when God judges, he have endured in this world … good things taken from the Temple (5.2-4). A human kingdom, as his father Nabonidus was prophet Daniel in 6.22, although Daniel is simply gives men and women what they are coming that will not come to an end; hand writes on the wall words that first ruler and Belshazzar second ruler not mentioned by name, simply as a choose with all of its implications and it is through toil and troubles that we Daniel interprets as ending the rule of (5.7). There is considerable prophet. Citing Dan 5.12-14, Theodoret of consequences. When we reject God's come to them…. The gates of Jerusalem Belshazzar (5.17-28). The king dies that disagreement among historians about Cyr writes that Daniel "having become "a grace, we are really saying to God, 'I reject are closed; their bars are also put in night; and Darius the Mede becomes king the chronology of events during this receptacle of the divine Spirit, gives wise you as my sovereign ruler. I refuse to live place, so that it may be said to that city, (5.30). The new king then appoints period, as well as the role of Darius advice on everything." Ambrose states under your authority.' And in response 'Praise the Lord, Jerusalem; Zion, praise Daniel as one of his three supervisors of the Mede in these events [See NET- firmly that "Daniel received the Holy Spirit God gives us what we choose. He Ps 147 (147:12- your God, because he has strengthened 27-Aug Daniel 5-6 the kingdom (6.1). However, others are FN, note H, p. 1642 and note V, p. and therefore prophesied [and that] the withdraws the blessings of his reign and 20) the bars of your gates, he has blessed jealous of him and manipulate the king to 1646]. However, it is now clear that king advanced him because he had the we receive the consequences of rejecting your children with you, he has made have Daniel thrown into a lion's den (6.6- Belshazzar was the grandson, not the grace of the Spirit…. And further on it is him…. Like it or not, God holds each of us peace in your borders.' The gates being 18). Daniel survives (6.19); and King son of Nebuchadnezzar [See written: 'And Daniel was set over them, responsible for the choices we make" [p. shut, the bars bolted home, no friend can Darius rules that the God of Daniel is be Anderson, p. 625n.]. Confusion had because an excellent Spirit was in him.'" 85]. But at the same time, God "is just as go out, no enemy come in. There [in shown reverence and fear, because "he arisen earlier, because of a concerned about each of us [as about] heaven] we are to enjoy true and real is the living God… [whose] kingdom shall misunderstanding of the meaning of Daniel in the lion's den" [pp. 85, 151]. security, if here [on earth] we have not never be destroyed" (6.26-27). the Aramaic word for "ancestor." let go of true reality."
The four beasts of the first vision (7.1-28) Dan 7-12 is rightly described as The thrones of Dan 7.9 foreshadow the Of 7.10 Gregory of Nyssa wrote: "What Gregory Nazianzus preached: "came up out of the great sea" which "apocalyptic literature" applying twelve thrones in Mt 12.28. Dan 7.13 higher blessings than these can we imagine "[Pentecost] took place in an upper was "the watery chaos, the mythical either to the return of Christ or to a refers to "a son of man"-a term often used for you? …. To be crucified with Christ, to chamber … because those who should source of powers hostile to God's revelation of the future, especially by Jesus Christ that is open to different present yourself [as] a sacrifice to God, to receive it were to ascend…. And Jesus creation" [Anderson, p. 626]. The angel's future destruction or violence [See interpretations here [See NET-FN, note M, become a priest to the most high God, to Himself in an upper chamber gave the interpretation of "the holy ones" in 7.21- note on p. 1252 in The OSB on p. 1643]. Numerous verses in the book of make yourself worthy of the vision of the Communion of the Sacrament to those 25 is considered in NET-FN-note W, p. apocalyptic literature.] For the dating Daniel receive comments from many of Almighty…. And the consequence of being who were being initiated into the higher 1643. The Archangel Gabriel interprets of the different visions see NET-FN- the ten Church Fathers who wrote crucified with Christ is that we shall live mysteries, so that [it was clear] on the the second vision of a goat and a ram, as note I, p. 1642 and NET-FN-note P, p. commentaries on this book. ACCS, OT XIII with him, and be glorified and reign with one hand that God must come down to being "for days yet to come" (8.14). 1644]. Theodoret of Cyr writes: "Up to notes that these commentaries enable us him." Jerome sees the two books in 7.10 as us, as … He did … to Moses, and on the Ishodad writes of 7.10 that God does not [this point] the blessed Daniel has to hear "the voice of the church as it disclosing "the consciences of humankind other hand that we must go up to Him…. 28-Aug Daniel 7-8 Ps 148 need "books, but the prophet is speaking written his prophecy more in the style weaves the book of Daniel into the lives of and the deeds of individuals … whether For as long as either remains on its own in human terms, … which speak of a historian…. Now [in Dan 7] Daniel Christians…. The book of Daniel is a good or bad…. The judgment of God footing, the One in His Glory, the other in materially with material beings: in begins to expound [the] predictions complex scriptural text as it joins historical descends for the humbling of pride. Hence his lowliness, … the goodness of God addition, he says that in order to show that he had learned through narrative to dreams and visions that are the Roman Empire also will be destroyed, cannot mingle with us…. This was the rigorous examination, on which the revelation." NASB note on 7.1 gives [filled] with highly symbolic images [p. because [it is] the horn [that] was uttering proclaimed by the prophets in … Isa 61.1, judgments of God are based, that [God] the date of the first year of Belshazzar 154] [See notes in The OSB; cf. Anderson, the lofty words." This is a powerful 11.2, 63.14; 4/2 Kg 2.11; Joel 2.28;…. and judges with equity and forbearance." as "probably 553 B.C." and indicates p. 627]. warning to repent of sin. then afterwards by Jesus… (cf. Jn 17.1ff.)" that "the events of ch. 7 preceded those of ch. 5." [p. 1238]. Daniel prays for his people, especially the In Dan 9.3, Daniel reads the book of Daniel's vision of desolation in 9.26-27 is The angel advises Daniel in 10.11-12 that Of v. 1a Augustine preached: "My city of Jerusalem (9.1-19). NASB note on the prophet Jeremiah and realises that cited in Mt 24.15 and Mk 13.14. His vision (1) he is "greatly beloved" by God; (2) to brothers and sisters… O you that have 9.3-19 states: "Daniel's prayer contains the 70 years of exile have almost in Dan10.5-6 of "a man … [whose] face listen to him; and (3) to "stand upright" been born again in Christ and been born humility (v. 3), worship (v. 4), confession ended [See Connelly, p. 123]. The [had] the appearance of lightning, his eyes [NASB translation]. This remains good from above listen to me…. 'Sing to the (vv. 5-15) and petition (vv. 16-19)." In precise date of Daniel's prayer in 9.12- like flaming torches, his arms and legs like advice to each of us. We can each Lord a new song.' 'Well, I am singing," Dan 9.18 Daniel is not praying to God "on 19 is not clear, because of confusion the gleam of burnished bronze" is similar recognise that God loves us, wants us to you say. Yes, you are singing…. I can hear account of any merits of [his] own, but about Darius and his family, and their to the visions in Rev 1.13-14 and Rev 2.18. listen to him and to "stand upright," you. But do not let your life give evidence on account of [God's] great compassion." relationship to Cyrus. King Cyrus of Theodoret of Cyr writes of Dan 10.7: experiencing our self-worth while retaining against your tongue. Sing with your 29-Aug Daniel 9-10 Ps 149 Gabriel explains the timing for the Persia conquered Babylon in 539 BC. "These events resemble the things that humility. This enables us to pray for God's voices, sing also with your hearts;… sing renewal of Jerusalem (9.20-27). In Dan In 538 BC King Cyrus granted the Jews happened to Paul on the road near guidance in any situation that confronts us also with your conduct…. Be yourselves 10.19 an angel appears to Daniel and the right to return to Judah and Damascus. There he too saw a light that or others, without seeking great visions of what you sing. You are his praise if you urges him to "be strong and of good rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem. For flashed around him. His companions saw the future of the world or of our own lead good lives…. You ask 'Where is [his courage" [See NET-FN, note b, p. 1646 further details about the vision in Dan nothing but only heard a voice (Acts 9.3- futures. praise] to be found?' Look at yourselves: for the origin of YHWH]. 10.1 see NET-FN-note b, p. 1648. 7)." you are it…."
An angel tells Daniel of four kings that Jerome notes: "It should be observed Athanasius writes of the Roman Daniel 11.33 ("the intelligent of the people Cyril of Jerusalem writes: "But someone will come in the future, with the fourth that after he has specified the four destruction of Jerusalem set out in 11.31 shall understand much, yet they shall fall will say: if the divine nature is king "far richer than all of them" (11.2). kings of Persia after Cyrus, Daniel that Jesus "breathed on the disciples and by the sword and by flame and by incomprehensible, then why do you Numerous battles are described in omits the nine others and passes right said to them, 'Receive the Holy Spirit (Jn captivity") has been linked in Heb 11.36-40 [speak or write] about these things? Well considerable detail. This prophecy covers on to Alexander. For the spirit of 20.22).' As soon as these things were done, to many of the faithful throughout the OT then, because I cannot drink up the from the 6th century to the 2nd century prophecy was not concerned about everything was finished. The altar was who "though well attested by their faith, whole stream, am I not even to take in BC with remarkable accuracy of future preserving historical detail but in broken, and the veil of the temple was did not receive what was promised, since proportion to my need?... I praise and events, especially military conflicts. The summarizing only the most important torn from top to bottom. And although the God had foreseen something better for us, glorify him who made us; for it is a divine prophecy begins in the first year of Cyrus matters." Theodoret of Cyr agrees city was not yet sacked and destroyed, the that apart from us they should not be command that says, 'Let everything that 30-Aug Daniel 11 (or Darius, commentators disagree) and that Alexander is the fourth king abomination of desolation was soon to made perfect"-that is, until the coming of Ps 150 has breath praise the Lord!' (v. 6). I am sets out the extensive conflict between whose kingdom is broken up in 11.4. rest on the temple and the city…" Of 11.32 Jesus Christ as a fulfillment of their and our endeavoring now to glorify the Lord, not "the king of the north and the king of the Later Christian interpretations of Jerome states firmly: "This will take place hope for salvation. to describe him, though I know that I south." [See extensive notes in NET-FN, Daniel's prophecies focus on Christ's in the time of the antichrist." shall fall short of glorifying him worthily; pp. 1650-1652 and The OSB, pp. 1257- Second Coming and the battle with still I consider it a godly work to try all the 1259.] the antichrist. [See The OSB note, p. same. For the Lord Jesus encourages my 647]. weakness when he says, 'No one has at any time seen God' (Jn 1.15)." The first 12 verses of Dan 12 appear in all The relationship between history and The angel commands Daniel in 12.4 to Irenaeus writes of 12.3 ("And those who This psalm is only in the LXX. John Biblical translations. However, the prophecy is often difficult to "seal the book until the end of time." are wise shall shine like the brightness of Chrysostom preached: "'Not many following 42 verses about Bel (the chief understand. Irenaeus reflects: "[As] Theodoret of Cyr reflects: "'Add to the the firmament"): "The person who loves mighty, not many noble are called' (1 Cor god in Babylon), as set out in the Jeremiah says, 'In the last days they book the seals of obscurity, and do not God shall arrive at such excellence as even 1.26), for these are [often] filled with Septuagint (LXX) appear in both the shall understand these things' (Jer make matters clear to all until knowledge to see God, and hear his word and from pride. And nothing is so useless towards Orthodox and Roman Catholic canon, but 23.20). For every prophecy, before its is increased and the whole earth is filled the hearing of his discourse be glorified to an accurate knowledge of God as only in the Apocrypha for Protestants fulfillment, appears to people to be with the knowledge of the Lord…. The such an extent that others cannot behold arrogance, being nailed down to wealth. under the title, "Bel and the Dragon". full of enigmas and ambiguities. But grace of the divine Spirit along with the the glory of his countenance." We cannot For these dispose a [person] to admire Dan 12.1 anticipates "a time of [great] when the time has arrived and the appearance of our Savior has removed the see God during our lives on earth, but we things present, and to make no account tribulation, but at that time thy people prediction has come to pass, the seals and has made clear to believers what can listen prayerfully to His word in the of the future, and they stop up the ears 31-Aug Daniel 12 shall be delivered." Daniel himself is told: prophecies have a clear and certain had been unclear." See Rev 6.1-17 in Bible, in the liturgy and to face the Ps 151 through the multitude of cares…. 'And "You will stand in your allotted place at meaning." We should accept that the which the Lamb, who is Christ, opens the challenges of our daily lives, so that His God has chosen the weak things of the the end of days" (v.12/13). Daniel shows timing of the fulfilment of any seals. glory begins to shine within us, even if it is world to shame those who are powerful' that Bel is "but clay inside and brass prophecy is in the hands of the Lord, not visible. (1 Cor 1.27; cf. 2 Cor 12.9)…. So He has outside" and kills the dragon who is even if historical events are the means shown forth His great power, casting being worshiped. of fulfilling the prophecy. down the great …. God Himself has shown that it is not possible for us to be saved by ourselves alone, and this He did from the beginning…."